the fulton county grand jury said friday an investigation of atlanta 's recent primary election produced no evidence that any irregularities took place
the jury further said in term-end presentments that the city executive committee which had over-all charge of the election deserves the praise and thanks of the city of atlanta for the manner in which the election was conducted
the september-october term jury had been charged by fulton superior court judge durwood pye to investigate reports of possible irregularities in the hard-fought primary which was won by mayor-nominate ivan allen jr.
only a relative handful of such reports was received the jury said considering the widespread interest in the election the number of voters and the size of this city
the jury said it did find that many of georgia 's registration and election laws are outmoded or inadequate and often ambiguous
it recommended that fulton legislators act to have these laws studied and revised to the end of modernizing and improving them
the grand jury commented on a number of other topics among them the atlanta and fulton county purchasing departments which it said are well operated and follow generally accepted practices which inure to the best interest of both governments
however the jury said it believes these two offices should be combined to achieve greater efficiency and reduce the cost of administration
the city purchasing department the jury said is lacking in experienced clerical personnel as a result of city personnel policies
it urged that the city take steps to remedy this problem
implementation of georgia 's automobile title law was also recommended by the outgoing jury
it urged that the next legislature provide enabling funds and re-set the effective date so that an orderly implementation of the law may be effected
the grand jury took a swipe at the state welfare department 's handling of federal funds granted for child welfare services in foster homes
this is one of the major items in the fulton county general assistance program the jury said but the state welfare department has seen fit to distribute these funds through the welfare departments of all the counties in the state with the exception of fulton county which receives none of this money
the jurors said they realize a proportionate distribution of these funds might disable this program in our less populous counties
nevertheless we feel that in the future fulton county should receive some portion of these available funds the jurors said
failure to do this will continue to place a disproportionate burden on fulton taxpayers
the jury also commented on the fulton ordinary 's court which has been under fire for its practices in the appointment of appraisers guardians and administrators and the awarding of fees and compensation
the jury said it found the court has incorporated into its operating procedures the recommendations of two previous grand juries the atlanta bar association and an interim citizens committee
these actions should serve to protect in fact and in effect the court 's wards from undue costs and its appointed and elected servants from unmeritorious criticisms the jury said
regarding atlanta 's new multi-million-dollar airport the jury recommended that when the new management takes charge jan. # the airport be operated in a manner that will eliminate political influences
the jury did elaborate but it added that there should be periodic surveillance of the pricing practices of the concessionaires for the purpose of keeping the prices reasonable
ask jail deputies
on other matters the jury recommended that #
four additional deputies be employed at the fulton county jail and a doctor medical intern or extern be employed for night and weekend duty at the jail
fulton legislators work with city officials to pass enabling legislation that will permit the establishment of a fair and equitable pension plan for city employes
the jury praised the administration and operation of the atlanta police department the fulton tax commissioner 's office the bellwood and alpharetta prison farms grady hospital and the fulton health department
mayor william b. hartsfield filed suit for divorce from his wife pearl williams hartsfield in fulton superior court friday
his petition charged mental cruelty
the couple was married aug. # ####
they have a son william berry jr. and a daughter mrs. j. m. cheshire of griffin
attorneys for the mayor said that an amicable property settlement has been agreed upon
the petition listed the mayor 's occupation as attorney and his age as ##
it listed his wife 's age as ## and place of birth as opelika ala.
the petition said that the couple has lived together as man and wife for more than a year
the hartsfield home is at ### e. pelham rd. aj
henry l. bowden was listed on the petition as the mayor 's attorney
hartsfield has been mayor of atlanta with exception of one brief interlude since ####
his political career goes back to his election to city council in ####
the mayor 's present term of office expires jan. #
he will be succeeded by ivan allen jr. who became a candidate in the sept. ## primary after mayor hartsfield announced that he would run for reelection
georgia republicans are getting strong encouragement to enter a candidate in the #### governor 's race a top official said wednesday
robert snodgrass state gop chairman said a meeting held tuesday night in blue ridge brought enthusiastic responses from the audience
state party chairman james w. dorsey added that enthusiasm was picking up for a state rally to be held sept. # in savannah at which newly elected texas sen. john tower will be the featured speaker
in the blue ridge meeting the audience was warned that entering a candidate for governor would force it to take petitions out into voting precincts to obtain the signatures of registered voters
despite the warning there was a unanimous vote to enter a candidate according to republicans who attended
when the crowd was asked whether it wanted to wait one more term to make the race it voted no and there were no dissents
the largest hurdle the republicans would have to face is a state law which says that before making a first race one of two alternative courses must be taken #
five per cent of the voters in each county must sign petitions requesting that the republicans be allowed to place names of candidates on the general election ballot or #
the republicans must hold a primary under the county unit system a system which the party opposes in its platform
sam caldwell state highway department public relations director resigned tuesday to work for lt. gov. garland byrd 's campaign
caldwell 's resignation had been expected for some time
he will be succeeded by rob ledford of gainesville who has been an assistant more than three years
when the gubernatorial campaign starts caldwell is expected to become a campaign coordinator for byrd
the georgia legislature will wind up its #### session monday and head for home where some of the highway bond money it approved will follow shortly
before adjournment monday afternoon the senate is expected to approve a study of the number of legislators allotted to rural and urban areas to determine what adjustments should be made
gov. vandiver is expected to make the traditional visit to both chambers as they work toward adjournment
vandiver likely will mention the $### million highway bond issue approved earlier in the session as his first priority item
meanwhile it was learned the state highway department is very near being ready to issue the first $## million worth of highway reconstruction bonds
the bond issue will go to the state courts for a friendly test suit to test the validity of the act and then the sales will begin and contracts let for repair work on some of georgia 's most heavily traveled highways
a highway department source said there also is a plan there to issue some $# million to $# million worth of rural roads authority bonds for rural road construction work
a revolving fund
the department apparently intends to make the rural roads authority a revolving fund under which new bonds would be issued every time a portion of the old ones are paid off by tax authorities
vandiver opened his race for governor in #### with a battle in the legislature against the issuance of $## million worth of additional rural roads bonds proposed by then gov. marvin griffin
the highway department source told the constitution however that vandiver has been consulted yet about the plans to issue the new rural roads bonds
schley county rep. b. d. pelham will offer a resolution monday in the house to rescind the body 's action of friday in voting itself a $## per day increase in expense allowances
pelham said sunday night there was research being done on whether the quickie vote on the increase can be repealed outright or whether notice would have to first be given that reconsideration of the action would be sought
while emphasizing that technical details were fully worked out pelham said his resolution would seek to set aside the privilege resolution which the house voted through ##-##
a similar resolution passed in the senate by a vote of ##-#
as of sunday night there was no word of a resolution being offered there to rescind the action
pelham pointed out that georgia voters last november rejected a constitutional amendment to allow legislators to vote on pay raises for future legislature sessions
a veteran jackson county legislator will ask the georgia house monday to back federal aid to education something it has consistently opposed in the past
rep. mac barber of commerce is asking the house in a privilege resolution to endorse increased federal support for public education provided that such funds be received and expended as state funds
barber who is in his ##th year as a legislator said there are some members of our congressional delegation in washington who would like to see it the resolution passed
but he added that none of georgia 's congressmen specifically asked him to offer the resolution
the resolution which barber tossed into the house hopper friday will be formally read monday
it says that in the event congress does provide this increase in federal funds the state board of education should be directed to give priority to teacher pay raises
after a long hot controversy miller county has a new school superintendent elected as a policeman put it in the coolest election i ever saw in this county
the new school superintendent is harry davis a veteran agriculture teacher who defeated felix bush a school principal and chairman of the miller county democratic executive committee
davis received #,### votes in saturday 's election and bush got ###
ordinary carey williams armed with a pistol stood by at the polls to insure order
this was the coolest calmest election i ever saw colquitt policeman tom williams said
being at the polls was just like being at church
i didn't smell a drop of liquor and we didn't have a bit of trouble
the campaign leading to the election was so quiet however
it was marked by controversy anonymous midnight phone calls and veiled threats of violence
the former county school superintendent george p. callan shot himself to death march ## four days after he resigned his post in a dispute with the county school board
during the election campaign both candidates davis and bush reportedly received anonymous telephone calls
ordinary williams said he too was subjected to anonymous calls soon after he scheduled the election
many local citizens feared that there would be irregularities at the polls and williams got himself a permit to carry a gun and promised an orderly election
sheriff felix tabb said the ordinary apparently made good his promise
everything went real smooth the sheriff said
there wasn't a bit of trouble
austin , texas
committee approval of gov. price daniel 's abandoned property act seemed certain thursday despite the adamant protests of texas bankers
daniel personally led the fight for the measure which he had watered down considerably since its rejection by two previous legislatures in a public hearing before the house committee on revenue and taxation
under committee rules it went automatically to a subcommittee for one week
but questions with which committee members taunted bankers appearing as witnesses left little doubt that they will recommend passage of it
daniel termed extremely conservative his estimate that it would produce ## million dollars to help erase an anticipated deficit of ## million dollars at the end of the current fiscal year next aug. ##
he told the committee the measure would merely provide means of enforcing the escheat law which has been on the books since texas was a republic
it permits the state to take over bank accounts stocks and other personal property of persons missing for seven years or more
the bill which daniel said he drafted personally would force banks insurance firms pipeline companies and other corporations to report such property to the state treasurer
the escheat law cannot be enforced now because it is almost impossible to locate such property daniel declared
dewey lawrence a tyler lawyer representing the texas bankers association sounded the opposition keynote when he said it would force banks to violate their contractual obligations with depositors and undermine the confidence of bank customers
if you destroy confidence in banks you do something to the economy he said
you take out of circulation many millions of dollars
rep. charles e. hughes of sherman sponsor of the bill said a failure to enact it would amount to making a gift out of the taxpayers' pockets to banks insurance and pipeline companies
his contention was denied by several bankers including scott hudson of sherman gaynor b. jones of houston j. b. brady of harlingen and howard cox of austin
cox argued that the bill is probably unconstitutional since he said it would impair contracts
he also complained that enough notice was given on the hearing since the bill was introduced only last monday
austin , texas
senators unanimously approved thursday the bill of sen. george parkhouse of dallas authorizing establishment of day schools for the deaf in dallas and the four other largest counties
the bill is designed to provide special schooling for more deaf students in the scholastic age at a reduced cost to the state
there was no debate as the senate passed the bill on to the house
it would authorize the texas education agency to establish county-wide day schools for the deaf in counties of ###,### or more population require deaf children between # and ## years of age to attend the day schools permitting older ones to attend the residential texas school for the deaf here
operating budget for the day schools in the five counties of dallas harris bexar tarrant and el paso would be $###,### which would be a savings of $###,### yearly after the first year 's capital outlay of $##,### was absorbed parkhouse told the senate
the tea estimated there would be ### scholastics to attend the day school in dallas county saving them from coming to austin to live in the state deaf school
dallas may get to hear a debate on horse race parimutuels soon between reps. v. e. red berry and joe ratcliff
while details are still to be worked out ratcliff said he expects to tell home folks in dallas why he thinks berry 's proposed constitutional amendment should be rejected
we're getting more pro letters than con on horse race betting said ratcliff
but i believe if people were better informed on this question most of them would oppose it also
i'm willing to stake my political career on it
rep. berry an ex-gambler from san antonio got elected on his advocacy of betting on the ponies
a house committee which heard his local option proposal is expected to give it a favorable report although the resolution faces hard sledding later
the house passed finally and sent to the senate a bill extending the state health department 's authority to give planning assistance to cities
the senate quickly whipped through its meager fare of house bills approved by committees passing the three on the calendar
one validated acts of school districts
another enlarged authority of the beaumont navigation district
the third amended the enabling act for creation of the lamar county hospital district for which a special constitutional amendment previously was adopted
without dissent senators passed a bill by sen. a. r. schwartz of galveston authorizing establishment in the future of a school for the mentally retarded in the gulf coast district
money for its construction will be sought later on but in the meantime the state hospital board can accept gifts and donations of a site
two tax revision bills were passed
one by sen. louis crump of san saba would aid more than ##,### retailers who pay a group of miscellaneous excise taxes by eliminating the requirement that each return be notarized
instead retailers would sign a certificate of correctness violation of which would carry a penalty of one to five years in prison plus a $#,### fine
it was one of a series of recommendations by the texas research league
the other bill by sen. a. m. aikin jr. of paris would relieve real estate brokers who pay their own annual licensing fee from the $## annual occupation license on brokers in such as stocks and bonds
natural gas public utility companies would be given the right of eminent domain under a bill by sen. frank owen # of el paso to acquire sites for underground storage reservoirs for gas
marshall formby of plainview former chairman of the texas highway commission suggested a plan to fill by appointment future vacancies in the legislature and congress eliminating the need for costly special elections
under formby 's plan an appointee would be selected by a board composed of the governor lieutenant governor speaker of the house attorney general and chief justice of the texas supreme court
austin , texas
state representatives decided thursday against taking a poll on what kind of taxes texans would prefer to pay
an adverse vote of ## to ## kept in the state affairs committee a bill which would order the referendum on the april # ballot when texas votes on a u.s. senator
rep. wesley roberts of seminole sponsor of the poll idea said that further delay in the committee can kill the bill
the west texan reported that he had finally gotten chairman bill hollowell of the committee to set it for public hearing on feb. ##
the proposal would have to receive final legislative approval by two-thirds majorities before march # to be printed on the april # ballot roberts said
opponents generally argued that the ballot couldn't give enough information about tax proposals for the voters to make an intelligent choice
all dallas members voted with roberts except rep. bill jones who was absent
austin , texas
paradise lost to the alleged water needs of texas' big cities thursday
rep. james cotten of weatherford insisted that a water development bill passed by the texas house of representatives was an effort by big cities like dallas and fort worth to cover up places like paradise a wise county hamlet of ### people
when the shouting ended the bill passed ### to # sending it to the senate where a similar proposal is being sponsored by sen. george parkhouse of dallas
most of the fire was directed by cotten against dallas and sen. parkhouse
the bill would increase from $#,###,### to $##,###,### the maximum loan the state could make to a local water project
cotten construed this as a veiled effort by parkhouse to help dallas and other large cities get money which cotten felt could better be spent providing water for rural texas
statements by other legislators that dallas is paying for all its water program by local bonds and that less populous places would benefit most by the pending bill did sway cotten 's attack
the bill 's defenders were mostly small-town legislators like j. w. buchanan of dumas eligio kika de la garza of mission sam f. collins of newton and joe chapman of sulphur springs
this is a poor boy 's bill said chapman
dallas and fort worth can vote bonds
this would help the little peanut districts
austin , texas
a houston teacher now serving in the legislature proposed thursday a law reducing the time spent learning educational methods
rep. henry c. grover who teaches history in the houston public schools would reduce from ## to ## semester hours the so-called teaching methods courses required to obtain a junior or senior high school teaching certificate
a normal year 's work in college is ## semester hours
grover also would require junior-senior high teachers to have at least ## semester hours credit in the subject they are teaching
the remainder of the #-year college requirement would be in general subjects
a person with a master 's degree in physics chemistry math or english yet who has taken education courses is permitted to teach in the public schools said grover
college teachers in texas are required to have the education courses
fifty-three of the ### representatives immediately joined grover as co-signers of the proposal
paris , texas ( sp. )
the board of regents of paris junior college has named dr. clarence charles clark of hays kan. as the school 's new president
dr. clark will succeed dr. j. r. mclemore who will retire at the close of the present school term
dr. clark holds an earned doctor of education degree from the university of oklahoma
he also received a master of science degree from texas a & i college and a bachelor of science degree from southwestern state college weatherford okla.
in addition dr. clark has studied at rhode island state college and massachusetts institute of technology
during his college career dr. clark was captain of his basketball team and was a football letterman
dr. clark has served as teacher and principal in oklahoma high schools as teacher and athletic director at raymondville texas high school as an instructor at the university of oklahoma and as an associate professor of education at fort hays kan. state college
he has served as a border patrolman and was in the signal corps of the u.s. army
denton , texas ( sp. )
principals of the ## schools in the denton independent school district have been re-elected for the ####-## session upon the recommendation of supt. chester o. strickland
state and federal legislation against racial discrimination in employment was called for yesterday in a report of a blue ribbon citizens committee on the aid to dependent children program
the report culminating a year long study of the adc program in cook county by a new york city welfare consulting firm listed ## long range recommendations designed to reduce the soaring adc case load
the report called racial discrimination in employment one of the most serious causes of family breakdown desertion and adc dependency
must solve problem
the monthly cost of adc to more than ###,### recipients in the county is #.# million dollars said c. virgil martin president of carson pirie scott & co. committee chairman
we must solve the problems which have forced these people to depend upon adc for subsistence martin said
the volume of adc cases will decrease martin reported when the community is able to deal effectively with two problems relatively limited skills and discrimination in employment because of color
these he said are two of the principal underlying causes for family breakups leading to adc
calls for extension
other recommendations made by the committee are
extension of the adc program to all children in need living with any relatives including both parents as a means of preserving family unity
research projects as soon as possible on the causes and prevention of dependency and illegitimacy
several defendants in the summerdale police burglary trial made statements indicating their guilt at the time of their arrest judge james b. parsons was told in criminal court yesterday
the disclosure by charles bellows chief defense counsel startled observers and was viewed as the prelude to a quarrel between the six attorneys representing the eight former policemen now on trial
bellows made the disclosure when he asked judge parsons to grant his client alan clements ## a separate trial
bellows made the request while the all-woman jury was out of the courtroom
fears prejudicial aspects
the statements may be highly prejudicial to my client bellows told the court
some of the defendants strongly indicated they knew they were receiving stolen property
it is impossible to get a fair trial when some of the defendants made statements involving themselves and others
judge parsons leaned over the bench and inquired you mean some of the defendants made statements admitting this
yes your honor replied bellows
what this amounts to if true is that there will be a free-for-all fight in this case
there is a conflict among the defendants
washington , july ##
president kennedy today pushed aside other white house business to devote all his time and attention to working on the berlin crisis address he will deliver tomorrow night to the american people over nationwide television and radio
the president spent much of the week-end at his summer home on cape cod writing the first drafts of portions of the address with the help of white house aids in washington with whom he talked by telephone
shortly after the chief executive returned to washington in midmorning from hyannis port mass. a white house spokesman said the address text still had quite a way to go toward completion
decisions are made
asked to elaborate pierre salinger white house press secretary replied i would say it 's got to go thru several more drafts
salinger said the work president kennedy advisers and members of his staff were doing on the address involved composition and wording rather than last minute decisions on administration plans to meet the latest berlin crisis precipitated by russia 's demands and proposals for the city
the last ## cases in the investigation of the nov. # election were dismissed yesterday by acting judge john m. karns who charged that the prosecution obtained evidence by unfair and fundamentally illegal means
karns said that the cases involved a matter of even greater significance than the guilt or innocence of the ## persons
he said evidence was obtained in violation of the legal rights of citizens
karns' ruling pertained to eight of the ## cases
in the two other cases he ruled that the state had been unable to make a case
contempt proceedings originally had been brought against ### persons in ### precincts by morris j. wexler special prosecutor
issue jury subpoenas
wexler admitted in earlier court hearings that he issued grand jury subpenas to about ### persons involved in the election investigation questioned the individuals in the criminal courts building but did take them before the grand jury
mayer goldberg attorney for election judges in the ##th precinct of the ##d ward argued this procedure constituted intimidation
wexler has denied repeatedly that coercion was used in questioning
karns said it was a wrongful act for wexler to take statements privately and outside of the grand jury room
he said this constituted a very serious misuse of the criminal court processes
actually the abuse of the process may have constituted a contempt of the criminal court of cook county altho vindication of the authority of that court is the function of this court said karns who is a city judge in east st. louis sitting in cook county court
faced seven cases
karns had been scheduled this week to hear seven cases involving ## persons
wexler had charged the precinct judges in these cases with complementary miscount of the vote in which votes would be taken from one candidate and given to another
the cases involved judges in the ##d ##th and ##d precincts of the ##st ward the ##st and ##th precincts of the ##th ward the ##th precinct of the #th ward and the #th precinct of the ##d ward
the case of the judges in the ##th precinct of the ##d ward had been heard previously and taken under advisement by karns
two other cases also were under advisement
claims precedent lacking
after reading his statement discharging the ##d ward case karns told wexler that if the seven cases scheduled for trial also involved persons who had been subpenaed he would dismiss them
washington , feb. #
president kennedy today proposed a mammoth new medical care program whereby social security taxes on ## million american workers would be raised to pay the hospital and some other medical bills of ##.# million americans over ## who are covered by social security or railroad retirement programs
the president in a special message to congress tied in with his aged care plan requests for large federal grants to finance medical and dental scholarships build ## new medical and ## new dental schools and expand child health care and general medical research
the aged care plan similar to one the president sponsored last year as a senator a fight on capitol hill
it was defeated in congress last year
cost up to $## a year
it would be financed by boosting the social security payroll tax by as much as $## a year for each of the workers now paying such taxes
the social security payroll tax is now # per cent # per cent on each worker and employer on the first $#,### of pay per year
the kennedy plan alone would boost the base to $#,### a year and the payroll tax to #.# per cent #.## per cent each
similar payroll tax boosts would be imposed on those under the railroad retirement system
the payroll tax would actually rise to #.# per cent starting jan. # #### if the plan is approved because the levy is already scheduled to go up by # per cent on that date to pay for other social security costs
outlays would increase
officials estimated the annual tax boost for the medical plan would amount to #.# billion dollars and that medical benefits paid out would run # billion or more in the first year ####
both figures would go higher in later years
other parts of the kennedy health plan would entail federal grants of ### million to # billion dollars over the next ## years
these would be paid for out of general payroll taxes
nursing home care
the aged care plan carries these benefits for persons over ## who are under the social security and railroad retirement systems #
full payment of hospital bills for stays up to ## days for each illness except that the patient would pay $## a day of the cost for the first nine days
full payment of nursing home bills for up to ### days following discharge from a hospital
a patient could receive up to ### days paid-for nursing home care under a unit formula allowing more of such care for those who use none or only part of the hospital-care credit
hospital outpatient clinic diagnostic service for all costs in excess of $## a patient
community visiting nurse services at home for up to ### days an illness
the president noted that congress last year passed a law providing grants to states to help pay medical bills of the needy aged
calls proposal modest
he said his plan is designed to meet the needs of those millions who have no wish to receive care at the taxpayers' expense but who are nevertheless staggered by the drain on their savings or those of their children caused by an extended hospital stay
this is a very modest proposal cut to meet absolutely essential needs he said and with sufficient deductible requirements to discourage any malingering or unnecessary overcrowding of our hospitals
this is a program of socialized medicine
it is a program of prepayment of health costs with absolute freedom of choice guaranteed
every person will choose his own doctor and hospital
wouldn't pay doctors
the plan does cover doctor bills
they would still be paid by the patient
apart from the aged care plan the president 's most ambitious and costly proposals were for federal scholarships and grants to build or enlarge medical and dental schools
the president said the nation 's ## medical and ## dental schools cannot now handle the student load needed to meet the rising need for health care
moreover he said many qualified young people are going into medicine and dentistry because they can't afford the schooling costs
contributions to schools
the scholarship plan would provide federal contributions to each medical and dental school equal to $#,### a year for one-fourth of the first year students
the schools could use the money to pay #-year scholarships based on need of up to $#,### a year per student
in addition the government would pay a $#,### cost of education grant to the schools for each $#,### in scholarship grants
officials estimated the combined programs would cost #.# million dollars the first year and would go up to ## millions by ####
the president recommended federal matching grants totaling ### million dollars in ## years for constructing new medical and dental schools or enlarging the capacity of existing ones
more for nursing homes
in the area of community health services the president called for doubling the present ## million dollar a year federal grants for nursing home construction
he asked for another ## million dollar initial appropriation for stimulatory grants to states to improve nursing homes
he further proposed grants of an unspecified sum for experimental hospitals
in the child health field the president said he will recommend later an increase in funds for programs under the children 's bureau
he also asked congress to approve establishment of a national child health institute
asks research funds
the president said he will ask congress to increase grants to states for vocational rehabilitation
he did say by how much
for medical research he asked a ## million dollar a year increase from ## to ## millions in matching grants for building research facilities
the president said he will also propose increasing by an unspecified amount the ### million dollars in the ####-## budget for direct government research in medicine
the president said his proposals combine the indispensable elements in a sound health program people knowledge services facilities and the means to pay for them
reaction as expected
congressional reaction to the message was along expected lines
legislators who last year opposed placing aged-care under the social security system criticized the president 's plan
those who backed a similar plan last year hailed the message
senate republican leader dirksen ill. and house republican leader charles halleck ind. said the message did persuade them to change their opposition to compulsory medical insurance
halleck said the voluntary care plan enacted last year should be given a fair trial first
house speaker sam rayburn d. tex. called the kennedy program a mighty fine thing but made no prediction on its fate in the house
washington , feb. #
acting hastily under white house pressure the senate tonight confirmed robert c. weaver as the nation 's federal housing chief
only ## senators were on the floor and there was no record vote
a number of scattered ayes and noes was heard
customary senate rules were ignored in order to speed approval of the negro leader as administrator of the housing and home finance agency
in the last eight years all presidential appointments including those of cabinet rank have been denied immediate action because of a senate rule requiring at least a ## hour delay after they are reported to the floor
enforce by demand
the rule was enforced by demand of sen. wayne morse d. ore. in connection with president eisenhower 's cabinet selections in #### and president kennedy 's in ####
the most positive element to emerge from the oslo meeting of north atlantic treaty organization foreign ministers has been the freer franker and wider discussions animated by much better mutual understanding than in past meetings
this has been a working session of an organization that by its very nature can only proceed along its route step by step and without dramatic changes
in oslo the ministers have met in a climate of candor and made a genuine attempt to get information and understanding one another 's problems
this atmosphere of understanding has been particularly noticeable where relations are concerned between the colonialist powers and those who have never or for a long time had such problems
the nightmare of a clash between those in trouble in africa exacerbated by the difficulties changes and tragedies facing them and other allies who intellectually and emotionally disapprove of the circumstances that have brought these troubles about has been conspicuous by its absence
in the case of portugal which a few weeks ago was rumored ready to walk out of the nato council should critics of its angola policy prove harsh there has been a noticeable relaxation of tension
the general remarkably courteous explanation has left basic positions unchanged but there has been no explosion in the council
there should even be no more bitter surprises in the un general assembly as to nato members' votes since a new ad hoc nato committee has been set up so that in the future such topics as angola will be discussed in advance
canada alone has been somewhat out of step with the oslo attempt to get all the allied cars back on the track behind the nato locomotive
even norway despite daily but limited manifestations against atomic arms in the heart of this northernmost capital of the alliance is today closer to the nato line
on the negative side of the balance sheet must be set some disappointment that the united states leadership has been as much in evidence as hoped for
one diplomat described the tenor of secretary of state dean rusk 's speeches as inconclusive
but he hastened to add that if united states policies were always clear despite mr. rusk 's analysis of the various global danger points and setbacks for the west this may merely mean the new administration has yet firmly fixed its policy
a certain vagueness may also be caused by tactical appreciation of the fact that the present council meeting is a semipublic affair with no fewer than six soviet correspondents accredited
the impression has nevertheless been given during these three days despite mr. rusk 's personal popularity that the united states delegation came to oslo in a somewhat tentative and exploratory frame of mind more ready to listen and learn than to enunciate firm policy on a global scale with detailed application to individual danger spots
the secretary of state himself in his first speech gave some idea of the tremendous march of events inside and outside the united states that has preoccupied the new administration in the past four months
but where the core of nato is concerned the secretary of state has only reiterated the united states' profound attachment to the alliance cornerstone of its foreign policy but has announced that five nuclear submarines will eventually be at nato 's disposal in european waters
the secretary of state has also solemnly repeated a warning to the soviet union that the united states will stand for another setback in berlin an affirmation once again taken up by the council as a whole
the secretary 's greatest achievement is perhaps the rekindling of nato realization that east-west friction wherever it take place around the globe is in essence the general conflict between two entirely different societies and must be treated as such without regard to geographical distance or lack of apparent connection
the annual spring meeting has given an impetus in three main directions more deeper and more timely political consultation within the alliance the use of the organization for economic cooperation and development when ratified as a method of coordinating aid to the underdeveloped countries and the need for strengthening conventional forces as well as the maintenance of the nuclear deterrent
this increase in the threshold as the conventional forces strengthening is called will prove one of the alliance 's most difficult problems in the months to come
each ally will have to carry out obligations long since laid down but never completely fulfilled
the kennedy administration moves haltingly toward a geneva conference on laos just as serious debate over its foreign policy erupts for the first time
there is little optimism here that the communists will be any more docile at the conference table than they were in military actions on the ground in laos
the united states state department officials explain now is mainly interested in setting up an international inspection system which will prevent laos from being used as a base for communist attacks on neighboring thailand and south viet nam
they count on the aid of the neutral countries attending the geneva conference to achieve this
the united states hopes that any future lao cabinet would become communist dominated
but it is apparent that no acceptable formula has been found to prevent such a possibility
the inclination here is to accept a de facto cease-fire in laos rather than continue to insist on a verification of the cease-fire by the international control commission before participating in the geneva conference
this is another of the modifications of policy on laos that the kennedy administration has felt compelled to make
it excuses these actions as being the chain reaction to basic errors made in the previous administration
its spokesmen insist that there has been time enough to institute reforms in military and economic aid policies in the critical areas
but with the months moving on and the immediate confrontations with the communists showing no gain for the free world the question arises
how effective have kennedy administration first foreign policy decisions been in dealing with communist aggression
former vice-president richard m. nixon in detroit called for a firmer and tougher policy toward the soviet union
he was critical of what he feels is president kennedy 's tendency to be too conciliatory
it does take a gallup poll to find out that most republicans in congress feel this understates the situation as republicans see it
they can hardly restrain themselves from raising the question of whether republicans if they had been in power would have made amateurish and monumental blunders in cuba
one republican senator told this correspondent that he was constantly being asked why he didn't attack the kennedy administration on this score
his reply he said was that he agreed to the need for unity in the country now
but he further said that it was better politics to let others question the wisdom of administration policies first
the republicans some weeks ago served notice through senator thruston b. morton r of kentucky chairman of the republican national committee that the kennedy administration would be held responsible if the outcome in laos was a coalition government susceptible of communist domination
kennedy administration policies also have been assailed now from another direction by ## harvard boston university brandeis and massachusetts institute of technology educators
this group pleads with the administration to give no further support for the invasion of cuba by exile groups
it recommends that the united states seek instead to detach the castro regime from the communist bloc by working for a diplomatic detente and a resumption of trade relations
and concentrate its constructive efforts on eliminating in other parts of latin america the social conditions on which totalitarian nationalism feeds
mr. nixon for his part would oppose intervention in cuba without specific provocation
but he did recommend that president kennedy state clearly that if communist countries shipped any further arms to cuba that it would be tolerated
until the cuban fiasco and the communist military victories in laos almost any observer would have said that president kennedy had blended a program that respected generally the opinions voiced both by mr. nixon and the professors
aid plans revamped
very early in his administration he informed the kremlin through diplomatic channels a high official source disclosed that the new administration would react even tougher than the eisenhower administration would during the formative period of the administration
strenuous efforts were made to remove pin pricking from administration statements
policies on nuclear test ban negotiations were reviewed and changed
but thus far there has been no response in kind
foreign aid programs were revamped to give greater emphasis to economic aid and to encourage political reform in recipient nations
in laos the administration looked at the eisenhower administration efforts to show determination by sailing a naval fleet into southeast asian waters as a useless gesture
again and again it asked the communists to freeze the military situation in laos
but the communists aided the pathet lao at an even faster rate
and after several correspondents went into pathet lao territory and exposed the huge build-up administration spokesmen acclaimed them for performing a great service and laid the matter before the southeast asia treaty organization
seato was steamed up and prepared contingency plans for coping with the military losses in laos
but the communists never gave sufficient provocation at any one time for the united states to want to risk a limited or an all-out war over laos
some seato nations disagreed however
there was the further complication that the administration had very early concluded that laos was ill suited to be an ally unlike its more determined neighbors thailand and south viet nam
the administration declared itself in favor of a neutralized laos
the pro-western government which the united states had helped in a revolt against the souvanna phouma neutralist government never did appear to spark much fighting spirit in the royal lao army
there certainly was any more energy displayed after it was clear the united states would back the pro-western government to the hilt
if the administration ever had any ideas that it could find an acceptable alternative to prince souvanna phouma whom it felt was too trusting of communists it gradually had to relinquish them
one factor was the statement of senator j. w. fulbright d of arkansas chairman of the senate foreign relations committee
he declared on march ## that the united states had erred a year and a half ago by encouraging the removal of prince souvanna
the white house is taking extraordinary steps to check the rapid growth of juvenile delinquency in the united states
the president is deeply concerned over this problem and its effect upon the vitality of the nation
in an important assertion of national leadership in this field he has issued an executive order establishing the president 's committee on juvenile delinquency and crime to be supported and assisted by a citizens advisory council of recognized authorities on juvenile problems
the president asks the support and cooperation of congress in his efforts through the enactment of legislation to provide federal grants to states for specified efforts in combating this disturbing crime trend
the president has also called upon the attorney general the secretary of health education and welfare and the secretary of labor to coordinate their efforts in the development of a program of federal leadership to assist states and local communities in their efforts to cope with the problem
simultaneously the president announced thursday the appointment of david l. hackett a special assistant to the attorney general as executive director of the new committee on juvenile delinquency and youth crime
his sense of urgency in this matter stems from the fact that court cases and juvenile arrests have more than doubled since #### each year showing an increase in offenders
among arrests reported by the federal bureau of investigation in #### about half for burglary and larceny involved persons under ## years of age
east providence should organize its civil defense setup and begin by appointing a full-time director raymond h. hawksley the present city cd head believes
mr. hawksley said yesterday he would be willing to go before the city council or anyone else locally to outline his proposal at the earliest possible time
east providence now has no civil defense program
mr. hawksley the state 's general treasurer has been a part-time cd director in the city for the last nine years
he is interested in being named a full-time director
noting that president kennedy has handed the defense department the major responsibility for the nation 's civil defense program mr. hawksley said the federal government would pay half the salary of a full-time local director
he expressed the opinion the city could hire a cd director for about $#,### a year and would only have to put up half that amount on a matching fund basis to defray the salary costs
mr. hawksley said he believed there are a number of qualified city residents who would be willing to take the full-time cd job
one of these men is former fire chief john a. laughlin he said
along with a director the city should provide a cd headquarters so that pertinent information about the local organization would be centralized
mr. hawksley said
one advantage that would come to the city in having a full-time director he said is that east providence would become eligible to apply to the federal government for financial aid in purchasing equipment needed for a sound civil defense program
matching funds also can be obtained for procurement of such items as radios sirens and rescue trucks he said
mr. hawksley believes that east providence could use two more rescue trucks similar to the cd vehicle obtained several years ago and now detailed to the central fire station
he would assign one of the rescue trucks to the riverside section of the city and the other to the rumford area
speaking of the present status of civil defense in the city mr. hawksley said he would be willing to bet that more than one person in a hundred would know what to do or where to go in the event of an enemy attack
the narragansett race track grounds is one assembly point he said and a drive-in theater in seekonk would be another
riverside residents would go to the seekonk assembly point
mr. hawksley said he was critical of city residents for knowing what to do or where to assemble in case of an air attack
such vital information he said has to be made available to the public frequently and at regular intervals for residents to know
if the city council fails to consider appointment of a full-time cd director mr. hawksley said then he plans to call a meeting early in september so that a civil defense organization will be developed locally
one of the first things he would do he said would be to organize classes in first aid
other steps would be developed after information drifts down to the local level from the federal government
rhode island is going to examine its sunday sales law with possible revisions in mind
governor notte said last night he plans to name a committee to make the study and come up with recommendations for possible changes in time for the next session of the general assembly
the governor 's move into the so-called blue law controversy came in the form of a letter to miss mary r. grant deputy city clerk of central falls
a copy was released to the press
mr. notte was responding to a resolution adopted by the central falls city council on july ## and sent to the state house by miss grant
the resolution urges the governor to have a complete study of the sunday sales laws made with an eye to their revision at the next session of the legislature
while the city council suggested that the legislative council might perform the review mr. notte said that instead he will take up the matter with atty. gen. j. joseph nugent to get the benefit of his views
he will then appoint the study committee with mr. nugent 's cooperation the governor said
i would expect the proposed committee to hold public hearings mr. notte said to obtain the views of the general public and religious labor and special-interest groups affected by these laws
the governor wrote miss grant that he has been concerned for some time with the continuous problem which confronts our local and state law enforcement officers as a result of the laws regulating sunday sales
the attorney general has advised local police that it is their duty to enforce the blue laws
should there be evidence they are shirking he has said the state police will step into the situation
there has been more activity across the state line in massachusetts than in rhode island in recent weeks toward enforcement of the sunday sales laws
the statutes similar in both the bay state and rhode island and dating back in some instances to colonial times severely limit the types of merchandise that may be sold on the sabbath
the central falls city council expressed concern especially that more foods be placed on the eligible list and that neighborhood grocery and variety stores be allowed to do business on sunday
the only day they have a chance to compete with large supermarkets is on sunday the council 's resolution said
the small shops must be retained for they provide essential service to the community according to the resolution which added that they also are the source of livelihood for thousands of our neighbors
it declares that sunday sales licenses provide great revenue to the local government
the council advised the governor that large supermarkets factory outlets and department stores be allowed to do business on sunday
they operate on a volume basis it was contended and are essential to provide the more limited but vital shopping needs of the community
liberals and conservatives in both parties democratic and republican should divorce themselves and form two independent parties george h. reama nationally known labor-management expert said here yesterday
mr. reama told the rotary club of providence at its luncheon at the sheraton-biltmore hotel that about half of the people in the country want the welfare type of government and the other half want a free enterprise system
he suggested that a regrouping of forces might allow the average voter a better pull at the right lever for him on election day
he said he was confessing that i was a member of the socialist party in ####
that he added was when he was a very young man a machinist and toolmaker by trade
that was before i studied law
some of my fellow workers were grooming me for an office in the socialist party
the lawyer with whom i studied law steered me off the socialist track
he steered me to the right track the free enterprise track
he said that when he was a socialist in #### the party called for government operation of all utilities and the pooling of all resources
he suggested that without the socialist party ever gaining a national victory most of its original program has come to pass under both major parties
mr. reama who retired as vice president of the american screw co. in #### said both parties in the last election told us that we need a five per cent growth in the gross national product but neither told us how to achieve it
he said he favors wage increases for workers but manufacturers are caught in a profit squeeze and raises should only come when the public is conditioned to higher prices he added
indicating the way in which he has turned his back on his #### philosophy mr. reama said a socialist is a person who believes in dividing everything he does own
mr. reama far from really being retired is engaged in industrial relations counseling
a petition bearing the signatures of more than #,### johnston taxpayers was presented to the town council last night as what is hoped will be the first step in obtaining a home rule charter for the town
william a. martinelli chairman of the citizens group of johnston transferred the petitions from his left hand to his right hand after the council voted to accept them at the suggestion of council president raymond fortin sr.
the law which governs home rule charter petitions states that they must be referred to the chairman of the board of canvassers for verification of the signatures within ## days and mr. martinelli happens to hold that post
mr. martinelli explained that there should be more than enough signatures to assure the scheduling of a vote on the home rule charter and possible election of a nine member charter commission within ## days
he explained that by law the council must establish procedures for a vote on the issue within ## days after the board of canvassers completes its work
a difference of opinion arose between mr. martinelli and john p. bourcier town solicitor over the exact manner in which the vote is handled
mr. martinelli has in recent weeks been of the opinion that a special town meeting would be called for the vote while mr. bourcier said that a special election might be called instead
mr. bourcier said that he had consulted several superior court justices in the last week and received opinions favoring both procedures
he assured mr. martinelli and the council that he would study the correct method and report back to the council as soon as possible
mr. martinelli said yesterday that the citizens group of johnston will meet again july ## to plan further strategy in the charter movement
he said that the group has no candidates for the charter commission in mind at present but that it will undoubtedly endorse candidates when the time comes
after inspiring this i think we should certainly follow through on it he declared
it has become our responsibility and i hope that the citizens group will spearhead the movement
he said he would be surprised if some of the more than ## members of the group are interested in running on the required non-partisan ballot for posts on the charter commission
our most immediate goal is to increase public awareness of the movement he indicated and to tell them what this will mean for the town
he expects that if the present timetable is followed a vote will be scheduled during the last week in september
some opposition to the home rule movement started to be heard yesterday with spokesmen for the town 's insurgent democratic leadership speaking out against the home rule charter in favor of the model municipal league charter
increasing opposition can be expected in coming weeks it was indicated
misunderstanding of the real meaning of a home rule charter was cited as a factor which has caused the citizens group to obtain signatures under what were termed false pretenses
several signers affixed their names it was learned after being told that no tax increase would be possible without consent of the general assembly and that a provision could be included in the charter to have the town take over the johnston sanitary district sewer system
action on a new ordinance permitting motorists who plead guilty to minor traffic offenses to pay fines at the local police station may be taken at monday 's special north providence town council meeting
council president frank sanantonio said yesterday he may ask the council to formally request town solicitor michael a. abatuno to draft the ordinance
at the last session of the general assembly the town was authorized to adopt such an ordinance as a means of making enforcement of minor offenses more effective
nothing has been done yet to take advantage of the enabling legislation
at present all offenses must be taken to sixth district court for disposition
local police have hesitated to prosecute them because of the heavy court costs involved even for the simplest offense
james p. mitchell and sen. walter h. jones r-bergen last night disagreed on the value of using as a campaign issue a remark by richard j. hughes democratic gubernatorial candidate that the gop is campaigning on the carcass of eisenhower republicanism
mitchell was for using it jones against and sen. wayne dumont jr. r-warren did mention it when the three republican gubernatorial candidates spoke at staggered intervals before ### persons at the park hotel
the controversial remark was first made sunday by hughes at a westfield young democratic club cocktail party at the scotch plains country club
it was greeted with a chorus of boos by ### women in trenton monday at a forum of the state federation of women 's clubs
hughes said monday it is the apparent intention of the republican party to campaign on the carcass of what they call eisenhower republicanism but the heart stopped beating and the lifeblood congealed after eisenhower retired
now he 's gone the republican party is going to be able to sell the tattered remains to the people of the state
sunday he had added we can love eisenhower the man even if we considered him a mediocre president but there is nothing left of the republican party without his leadership
mitchell said the statement should become a major issue in the primary and the fall campaign
how can a man with any degree of common decency charge this
the former secretary of labor said he was proud to be an eisenhower republican and proud to have absorbed his philosophy while working in his adminstration
mitchell said the closeness of the outcome in last fall 's presidential election did mean that eisenhower republicanism was a dead issue
jones said he regretted hughes had made a personal attack on a past president
he is wrong to inject eisenhower into this campaign he said because the primary is being waged on state issues and i will be forced into re-arguing an old national campaign
the audience last night did respond with either applause or boos to mention of hughes' remark
dumont spoke on the merit of having an open primary
he then launched into what the issues should be in the campaign
state aid to schools the continuance of railroad passenger service the proper uses of surplus funds of the port of new york authority and making new jersey attractive to new industry
mitchell decried the high rate of unemployment in the state and said the meyner administration and the republican-controlled state senate must share the blame for this
noting that plainfield last year had lost the mack truck co. plant he said industry will come into this state until there is tax reform
but i am in favor of a sales or state income tax at this time mitchell said
jones unhappy that the candidates were limited to eight minutes for a speech and no audience questions saved his barbs for mitchell
he said mitchell is against the centralization of government in washington but looks to the kennedy administration for aid to meet new jersey school and transportation crises
he calls for help while saying he is against centralization but you can't have it both ways jones said
the state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes whether on utilities real estate or motor vehicles he said and i challenge mitchell to tell the people where he stands on the tax issue
earlier mitchell said in a statement
i think that all americans will resent deeply the statements made about president eisenhower by richard j. hughes
his reference to discredited carcass or tattered remains of the president 's leadership is an insult to the man who led our forces to victory in the greatest war in all history to the man who was twice elected overwhelmingly by the american people as president of the united states and who has been the symbol to the world of the peace-loving intentions of the free nations
i find it hard to understand how anyone seeking a position in public life could demonstrate such poor judgment and bad taste
such a vicious statement can only have its origin in the desire of a new political candidate to try to make his name known by condemning a man of world stature
it can only rebound to mr. hughes' discredit
sees jones ahead
sen. charles w. sandman r-cape may said today jones will run well ahead of his gop opponents for the gubernatorial nomination
sandman state campaign chairman for jones was addressing a meeting in the military park hotel newark of essex county leaders and campaign managers for jones
sandman told the gathering that reports from workers on a local level all over the state indicate that jones will be chosen the republican party 's nominee with the largest majority given a candidate in recent years
sandman said the announcement that sen. clifford case aj has decided to spend all his available time campaigning for mr. mitchell is a dead giveaway
it is a desperate effort to prop up a sagging candidate who has proven he cannot answer any questions about new jersey 's problems
we have witnessed in this campaign the effort to project mr. mitchell as the image of a unity candidate from washington
we are now witnessing an effort to transfer to mr. mitchell some of the glow of sen. case 's candidacy of last year
that too will fail
sandman announced the appointment of mrs. harriet copeland greenfield of ### woodland ave. westfield as state chairman of the republican women for jones committee
mrs. greenfield is president of the westfield women 's republican club and is a westfield county committeewoman
county supervisor weldon r. sheets who is a candidate for the democratic gubernatorial nomination today called for an end to paper ballots in those counties in the state which still use them
the proposal sheets said represents part of his program for election reforms necessary to make democracy in new jersey more than a lip service word
sheets said that his proposed law would offer state financing aid for the purchase of voting machines enabling counties to repay the loan over a ##-year period without interest or charge
sheets added that he would ask for exclusive use of voting machines in the state by january ####
although he pointed out that mandatory legislation impinging on home rule is basically distasteful he added that the vital interest in election results transcended county lines
the candidacy of mayor james j. sheeran of west orange for the republican nomination for sheriff of essex county was supported today by edward w. roos west orange public safety commissioner
sheeran a lawyer and former fbi man is running against the republican organization 's candidate freeholder william macdonald for the vacancy left by the resignation of neil duffy now a member of the state board of tax appeals
my experience as public safety commissioner roos said has shown me that the office of sheriff is best filled by a man with law enforcement experience and preferably one who is a lawyer
jim sheeran fits that description
william j. seidel state fire warden in the department of conservation and economic development has retired after ## years of service
a citation from conservation commissioner salvatore a. bontempo credits his supervision with a reduction in the number of forest fires in the state
seidel joined the department in #### as a division fire warden after graduation in #### from the university of michigan with a degree in forestry and employment with private lumber companies
in october #### he was appointed state warden and chief of the forest fire section
under his supervision the state fire-fighting agency developed such techniques as plowing of fire lines and established a fleet of tractor plows and tractor units for fire fighting
he also expanded and modernized the radio system with a central control station
he introduced regular briefing sessions for district fire wardens and first aid training for section wardens
he is credited with setting up an annual co-operative fire prevention program in co-operation with the red cross and state department of education
richard j. hughes made his morris county debut in his bid for the democratic gubernatorial nomination here last night with a pledge to carry the issues to every corner of the state
he promised nearly ### democratic county committee members at the meeting in the puddingstone inn when i come back here after the november election you'll think you're my man you're the kind of governor we're glad we elected
he said we democrats must resolve our issues on the test of what is right and just and what is expedient at the time
in his only attack on the republicans hughes said the three republican candidates for governor are tripping over their feet for popular slogans to win the primary
but we'll have a liberal well planned forward looking honest platform
we'll talk out of one side of our mouth in morris county and out of the other side in hudson
we'll take the truth to the people and the people will like the truth and elect their candidate and party in november
he said you can see signs of the republicans' feeble attack on the meyner administration
but i shall campaign on the meyner record to meet the needs of the years ahead
he urged new jersey to become a full partner in the courageous actions of president kennedy
he called for a greater attraction of industry and a stop to the piracy of industry by southern states and a strong fight against discrimination in business and industry
we must keep the bloodstream of new jersey clean the former superior court judge said
to prevent hoodlums from infiltrating the state as they did in the republican administration in the early ####s
calling the democrats the party that lives breathes and thinks for the good of the people hughes asked a representative democratic vote in the primary for a springboard toward victory in november
hughes supported gov. meyner 's green acres plan for saving large tracts of open land from the onrush of urban development
he said legislation for a $## million bond issue to underwrite the program is expected to be introduced monday
the plan will provide $## million for purchase of open land by the state
the other $## million is to be alloted to municipalities on a matching fund basis
hughes said this is a plan to conquer space but to conserve it pointing out the state population has increased ###,### each year since ####
he said morris county is rapidly changing and unless steps are taken to preserve the green areas there will be no land left to preserve
hughes would comment on tax reforms or other issues in which the republican candidates are involved
he said no matter what stand he takes it would be misconstrued that he was sympathetic to one or the other of the republicans
after the primary he promised i'll be explicit on where i stand to bring you a strong dynamic administration
i'm afraid to tangle with the republican nominee
fifteen members of the republican state committee who are retiring voluntarily this year were honored yesterday by their colleagues
the outgoing members whose four-year terms will expire a week after the april ## primary election received carved wooden elephants complete with ivory tusks to remember the state committee by
there may be other #### state committee retirements come april ## but they will be leaving by choice of the republican voters
a special presentation was made to mrs. geraldine thompson of red bank who is stepping down after ## years on the committee
she also was the original gop national committeewoman from new jersey in the early ####s following adoption of the women 's suffrage amendment
she served one four-year term on the national committee
resentment welled up yesterday among democratic district leaders and some county leaders at reports that mayor wagner had decided to seek a third term with paul r. screvane and abraham d. beame as running mates
at the same time reaction among anti-organization democratic leaders and in the liberal party to the mayor 's reported plan was generally favorable
some anti-organization democrats saw in the program an opportunity to end the bitter internal fight within the democratic party that has been going on for the last three years
the resentment among democratic organization leaders to the reported wagner plan was directed particularly at the mayor 's efforts to name his own running mates without consulting the leaders
some viewed this attempt as evidence that mr. wagner regarded himself as bigger than the party
some democratic district and county leaders are reported trying to induce state controller arthur levitt of brooklyn to oppose mr. wagner for the mayoral nomination in the sept. # democratic primary
these contend there is a serious question as to whether mr. wagner has the confidence of the democratic rank and file in the city
their view is that last-minute changes the mayor is proposing to make in the democratic ticket only emphasize the weakness of his performance as mayor
in an apparent effort to head off such a rival primary slate mr. wagner talked by telephone yesterday with representative charles a. buckley the bronx democratic leader and with joseph t. sharkey the brooklyn democratic leader
mayor visits buckley
as usual he made no attempt to get in touch with carmine g. de sapio the manhattan leader
he is publicly on record as believing mr. de sapio should be replaced for the good of the party
last night the mayor visited mr. buckley at the bronx leader 's home for a discussion of the situation
apparently he believes mr. buckley holds the key to the democratic organization 's acceptance of his choices for running mates without a struggle
in talks with mr. buckley last week in washington the mayor apparently received the bronx leader 's assent to dropping controller lawrence e. gerosa who lives in the bronx from this year 's ticket
but mr. buckley seems to have assumed he would be given the right to pick mr. gerosa 's successor
screvane and beame hailed
the mayor declined in two interviews with reporters yesterday to confirm or deny the reports that he had decided to run and wanted mr. screvane who lives in queens to replace abe stark the incumbent as the candidate for president of the city council and mr. beame who lives in brooklyn to replace mr. gerosa as the candidate for controller
the mayor spoke yesterday at the united irish counties feis on the hunter college campus in the bronx
after his speech reporters asked him about the report of his political intentions published in yesterday 's new york times
the mayor said
it didn't come from me
but as i have said before if i announce my candidacy i will have something definite to say about running mates
boston , june ##
a wave of public resentment against corruption in government is rising in massachusetts
there is a tangible feeling in the air of revulsion toward politics
the taxi driver taking the visitor from the airport remarks that politicians in the state are all the same
it 's see joe see jim he says
the hand is out
a political scientist writes of the growth of alienated voters who believe that voting is useless because politicians or those who influence politicians are corrupt selfish and beyond popular control
these voters view the political process as a secret conspiracy the object of which is to plunder them
corruption is hardly a recent development in the city and state that were widely identified as the locale of edwin o'connor 's novel the last hurrah
but there are reasons for the current spotlight on the subject
a succession of highly publicized scandals has aroused the public within the last year
graft in the construction of highways and other public works has brought on state and federal investigations
and the election of president kennedy has attracted new attention to the ethical climate of his home state
a reader of the boston newspapers can hardly escape the impression that petty chicanery or worse is the norm in massachusetts public life
day after day some new episode is reported
the state public works department is accused of having spent $#,### to build a private beach for a state judge on his waterfront property
an assistant attorney general is directed to investigate
washington , june ##
congress starts another week tomorrow with sharply contrasting forecasts for the two chambers
in the senate several bills are expected to pass without any major conflict or opposition
in the house the southern-republican coalition is expected to make another major stand in opposition to the administration 's housing bill while more jockeying is expected in an attempt to advance the aid-to-education bill
the housing bill is now in the house rules committee
it is expected to be reported out tuesday but this is a little uncertain
the panel 's action depends on the return of representative james w. trimble democrat of arkansas who has been siding with speaker sam rayburn 's forces in the rules committee in moving bills to the floor
mr. trimble has been in the hospital but is expected back tuesday
leadership is hopeful
the housing bill is expected to encounter strong opposition by the coalition of southern democrats and conservative republicans
the democratic leadership however hopes to pass it sometime this week
the $#,###,###,### measure which was passed last monday by the senate provides for forty-year mortgages at low down-payments for moderate-income families
it also provides for funds to clear slums and help colleges build dormitories
the education bill appears to be temporarily stalled in the rules committee where two northern democratic members who usually vote with the administration are balking because of the religious controversy
they are james j. delaney of queens and thomas p. o'neill jr. of massachusetts
three groups to meet
what could rescue the bill would be some quick progress on a bill amending the national defense education act of ####
this would provide for long-term federal loans for construction of parochial and other private-school facilities for teaching science languages and mathematics
mr. delaney and mr. o'neill are willing to vote on the public-school measure until the defense education bill clears the house education and labor committee
about half of all peace corps projects assigned to voluntary agencies will be carried out by religious groups according to an official of the corps
in the $##,###,### budget that has been submitted for congressional approval $##,###,### would be spent through universities and private voluntary agencies
twelve projects proposed by private groups are at the contract-negotiation stage gordon boyce director of relations with the voluntary agencies said in a washington interview
six of these were proposed by religious groups
they will be for teaching agriculture and community development in southeast asia africa the middle east and latin america
interviews with several church leaders have disclosed that this development has raised the question whether the peace corps will be able to prevent confusion for church and state over methods means and goals
there are a number of ways this could happen the churchmen pointed out and here is an example
last month in ghana an american missionary discovered when he came to pay his hotel bill that the usual rate had been doubled
when he protested the hotel owner said
why do you worry
the u. s. government is paying for it
the u. s. government pays for all its overseas workers
i don't work for the government the american said
i'm a missionary
the hotel owner shrugged
same thing he said
and then some churchmen remarked there is a more classical church-state problem
can religious agencies use government funds and peace corps personnel in their projects and still preserve the constitutional requirement on separation of church and state
r. sargent shriver jr. director of the corps is certain that they can
no religious group he declared in an interview will receive peace corps funds unless it forswears all proselytizing on the project it proposes
moscow , june ##
at a gay party in the kremlin for president sukarno of indonesia premier khrushchev pulled out his pockets and said beaming look he took everything i had
mr. khrushchev was jesting in the expansive mood of the successful banker
indonesia is one of the twenty under-developed countries of asia africa and latin america that are receiving soviet aid
the soviet union and other members of the communist bloc are rapidly expanding their economic technical and military assistance to the uncommitted nations
the communist countries allocated more than $#,###,###,### in economic aid alone last year according to western estimates
this was the biggest annual outlay since the communist program for the under-developed countries made its modest beginning in ####
in #### more than #,### communist technicians were present in those countries
united nations , n. y. , june ##
a committee of experts has recommended that a country 's population be considered in the distribution of professional posts at the united nations
this was disclosed today by a responsible source amid intensified efforts by the soviet union to gain a greater role in the staff and operation of the united nations
one effect of the proposal which puts a premium on population instead of economic strength as in the past would be to take jobs from european nations and give more to such countries as india
india is the most populous united nations member with more than ###,###,### inhabitants
the new formula for filling staff positions in the secretariat is one of a number of recommendations made by a panel of eight in a long and detailed report
the report was completed after nearly eighteen months of work on the question of the organization of the united nations
formula is due this week
the advisory committee on administrative and budgetary questions is expected to receive the report this week
the jobs formula is understood to follow these lines
each of the organization 's ninety-nine members would get two professional posts such as political affairs officer a department head or an economist to start
each member would get one post for each ##,###,### people in its population up to ###,###,### people or a maximum of fifteen posts
each member with a population above ###,###,### would get one additional post for each additional ##,###,### people up to an unspecified cut-off point
geneva , june ##
the three leaders of laos agreed today to begin negotiations tomorrow on forming a coalition government that would unite the war-ridden kingdom
the decision was made in zurich by prince boun oum premier of the pro-western royal government
prince souvanna phouma leader of the nation 's neutralists and recognized as premier by the communist bloc and prince souphanouvong head of the pro-communist pathet lao forces
the latter two are half-brothers
their joint statement was welcomed by the western delegations who will attend tomorrow the nineteenth plenary session of the fourteen-nation conference on the future of laos
an agreement among the princes on a coalition government would ease their task diplomats conceded
but no one was overly optimistic
tactics studied in geneva
w. averell harriman of the united states malcolm macdonald of britain maurice couve de murville france 's foreign minister and howard c. green canada 's minister of external affairs concluded meanwhile a round of consultations here on future tactics in the conference
the pace of the talks has slowed with each passing week
princess moune prince souvanna phouma 's young daughter read the princes' statement
they had a two-hour luncheon together in an atmosphere of cordial understanding and relaxation she said
the three laotians agreed upon a six-point agenda for their talks which are to last three days
the princess said it was too early to say what would be decided if no agreement was reached after three days
to deal with principles
the meetings in zurich the statement said would deal only with principles that would guide the three factors in their search for a coalition government
appointment of william s. pfaff jr. ## as promotion manager of the times-picayune publishing company was announced saturday by john f. tims president of the company
pfaff succeeds martin burke who resigned
the new promotion manager has been employed by the company since january #### as a commercial artist in the advertising department
he is a native of new orleans and attended allen elementary school fortier high school and soule business college
from june #### until december #### pfaff served in the army air corps
while in the service he attended radio school at scott field in belleville ill.
before entering the service pfaff for five years did clerical work with a general merchandising and wholesale firm in new orleans
he is married to the former audrey knecht and has a daughter karol ##
they reside at #### miles dr.
thousands of bleacher-type seats are being erected along pennsylvania avenue between the capitol and the white house for the big inaugural parade on jan. ##
assuming the weather is halfway decent that day hundreds of thousands of persons will mass along this thoroughfare as president john f. kennedy and retiring president dwight d. eisenhower leave capitol hill following the oath-taking ceremonies and ride down this historic ceremonial route
pennsylvania avenue named for one of the original ## states perhaps is the most impressive street in the district of columbia from a commercial standpoint
but from a historic viewpoint none can approach it
within view of the avenue are some of the united states government 's tremendous buildings plus shrines and monuments
of course #### pennsylvania the white house is the most famous address of the free world
within an easy walk from capitol hill where pennsylvania avenue comes together with constitution avenue begins a series of great federal buildings some a block long and all about seven-stories high
great chapters of history have been recorded along the avenue now about ### years old
in the early spring of #### a few hundred thousand persons turned out to watch #### women parade
they were the suffragettes and they wanted to vote
in the #### presidential election they had that right and many of them did vote for the first time
seats on square
along this avenue which saw marching soldiers from the war between the states returning in #### is the national archives building where hundreds of thousands of this country 's most valuable records are kept
also the department of justice building is located where j. edgar hoover presides over the federal bureau of investigation
street car tracks run down the center of pennsylvania powered with lines that are underground
many spectators will be occupying seats and vantage points bordering lafayette square opposite the white house
in this historic square are several statues but the one that stands out over the others is that of gen. andrew jackson hero of the battle of new orleans
moving past the presidential viewing stand and lafayette square will be at least ## marching units
about ##,### military members of all branches of the armed forces will take part in the parade
division one of the parade will be the service academies
division two will include the representations of massachusetts and texas the respective states of the president and of vice-president l. b. johnson
then will come nine other states in the order of their admission to the union
division three will be headed by the marines followed by ## states
division four will be headed by the navy followed by ## states
division five by the air force followed by ## states
division six will be headed by the coast guard followed by the reserve forces of all services five states puerto rico the virgin islands guam american samoa the trust territories and the canal zone
jackson , miss.
what does #### offer in political and governmental developments in mississippi
even for those who have been observing the political scene a long time no script from the past is worth very much in gazing into the state 's immediate political future
this is largely because of the unpredictability of the man who operates the helm of the state government and is the elected leader of its two million inhabitants gov. ross barnett
barnett who came into office with no previous experience in public administration has surrounded himself with confusion which only keeps his foes guessing but his friends as well
consequently it is uncertain after nearly ## months in office just which direction the barnett administration will take in the coming year
could be scramble
some predict the administration will settle down during #### and iron out the rough edges which it has had thus far
the builtin headache of the barnett regime thus far has been the steady stream of job-seekers and others who feel they were given commitments by barnett at some stage of his eight-year quest for the governor 's office
there are many who predict that should barnett decide to call the legislature back into special session it will really throw his administration into a scramble
certainly nobody will predict that the next time the lawmakers come back together barnett will be able to enjoy a re-enactment of the strange but successful honeymoon he had in the #### legislative session
if barnett doesn't call a special session in #### it will be the first year in the last decade that the legislature has met in regular or special session
the odds favor a special session more than likely early in the year
legislators always get restless for a special session whether for the companionship or the $##.## per diem is certain and if they start agitating
barnett is expected to be able to withstand the pressure
the issue which may make it necessary to have a session is the highly sensitive problem of cutting the state 's congressional districts from six to five to eliminate one congressional seat
with eyes focused on the third congressional district the historic delta district and congressman frank e. smith as the one most likely to go the redistricting battle will put to a test the longstanding power which lawmakers from the delta have held in the legislature
mississippi 's relations with the national democratic party will be at a crossroads during #### with the first democratic president in eight years in the white house
split badly during the recent presidential election into almost equally divided camps of party loyalists and independents the democratic party in mississippi is currently a wreck
and there has been no effort since the election to pull it back together
barnett as the titular head of the democratic party apparently must make the move to reestablish relations with the national democratic party or see a movement come from the loyalist ranks to completely bypass him as a party functionary
with a democratic administration party patronage would normally begin to flow to mississippi if it had held its democratic solidarity in the november election
now the picture is clouded and even us sens. james o. eastland and john c. stennis who remained loyal to the ticket are uncertain of their status
reports are that it is more than probable that the four congressmen from mississippi who did support the party ticket will be stripped of the usual patronage which flows to congressmen
baton rouge , la.
the gov. jimmie h. davis administration appears to face a difficult year in #### with the governor 's theme of peace and harmony subjected to severe stresses
the year will probably start out with segregation still the most troublesome issue
but it might give way shortly to another vexing issue that of finances in state government
the transition from segregation to finances might already be in progress in the form of an administration proposal to hike the state sales tax from # per cent to # per cent
the administration has said the sales tax proposal is merely part of the segregation strategy since the revenues from the increase would be dedicated to a grant in aid program
but the tardiness of the administration in making the dedication has caused legislators to suspect the tax bill was related more directly to an over-all shortage of cash than to segregation
indeed the administration 's curious position on the sales tax was a major factor in contributing to its defeat
the administration could say why $## million was needed for a grant-in-aid program
the effectiveness of the governor in clearing up some of the inconsistencies revolving about the sales tax bill may play a part in determining whether it can muster the required two-thirds vote
the tax bill will be up for reconsideration wednesday in the house when the legislature reconvenes
davis may use the tax bill as a means to effect a transition from special sessions of the legislature to normalcy
if it fails to pass he can throw up his hands and say the legislature would support him in his efforts to prevent integration
he could terminate special sessions of the legislature
actually davis would have to toss in the towel soon anyway
many legislators are already weary and frustrated over the so-far losing battle to block token integration
this is the sort of thing most politicos would care to acknowledge publicly
they would like to convey the notion something is being done even though it is something they know to be ineffectual
passage of the sales tax measure would also give davis the means to effect a transition
he could tell the legislature they had provided the needed funds to carry on the battle
then he could tell them to go home while the administration continued to wage the battle with the $## million in extra revenues the sales tax measure would bring in over an eight months period
it is difficult to be certain how the administration views that $## million since the views of one leader may be the same as the views of another one
but if the administration should find it does need the $## million for a grant-in-aid program a unlikely conclusion it could very well seek a way to use the money for other purposes
this would be in perfect consonance with the underlying concern in the administration the shortage of cash
it could become an acute problem in the coming fiscal year
if the administration does succeed in passing the sales tax bill or any other tax bill it could very well be faced this spring at the fiscal session of the legislature with an interesting dilemma
since the constitution forbids introduction of a tax bill at a fiscal session the administration will either have to cut down expenses or inflate its estimates of anticipated revenues
in either case it could call a special session of the legislature later in #### to make another stab at raising additional revenues through a tax raiser
the prospect of cutting back spending is an unpleasant one for any governor
it is one that most try to avoid as long as they can see an alternative approach to the problem
but if all alternatives should be clearly blocked off it can be expected the davis administration will take steps to trim spending at the spring session of the state legislature
this might be done to arouse those who have been squeezed out by the trims to exert pressure on the legislature so it would be more receptive to a tax proposal later in the year
a constant problem confronting davis on any proposals for new taxes will be the charge by his foes that he has tried to economize
any tax bill also will revive allegations that some of his followers have been using their administration affiliations imprudently to profit themselves
the new year might see some house-cleaning either genuine or token depending upon developments to give davis an opportunity to combat some of these criticisms
city controller alexander hemphill charged tuesday that the bids on the frankford elevated repair project were rigged to the advantage of a private contracting company which had an inside track with the city
estimates of the city 's loss in the $###,### job have ranged as high as $###,###
hemphill said that the hughes steel erection co. contracted to do the work at an impossibly low cost with a bid that was far less than the legitimate bids of competing contractors
the hughes concern then took shortcuts on the project but got paid anyway hemphill said
the controller 's charge of rigging was the latest development in an investigation which also brought these disclosures tuesday
the city has sued for the full amount of the $###,### performance bond covering the contract
the philadelphia transportation co. is investigating the part its organization played in reviewing the project
the signature of harold v. varani former director of architecture and engineering in the department of public property appeared on payment vouchers certifying work on the project
varani has been fired on charges of accepting gifts from the contractor
managing director donald c. wagner has agreed to cooperate fully with hemphill after a period of sharp disagreement on the matter
the announcement that the city would sue for recovery on the performance bond was made by city solicitor david berger at a press conference following a meeting in the morning with wagner and other officials of the city and the ptc as well as representatives of an engineering firm that was pulled off the el project before its completion in ####
the hughes company and the consolidated industries inc. both of #### n. #d st. filed for reorganization under the federal bankruptcy law
on monday the hughes concern was formally declared bankrupt after its directors indicated they could draw up a plan for reorganization
business relations between the companies and city have been under investigation by hemphill and district attorney james c. crumlish jr.
intervenes in case
the suit was filed later in the day in common pleas court # against the hughes company and two bonding firms
travelers indemnity co. and the continental casualty co.
at berger 's direction the city also intervened in the hughes bankruptcy case in u. s. district court in a move preliminary to filing a claim there
i am taking the position that the contract was clearly violated berger said
the contract violations mostly involve failure to perform rehabilitation work on expansion joints along the el track
the contract called for overhauling of ### joints
the city paid for work on ## of which no more than ## were repaired hemphill charged
wide range in bids
hemphill said the hughes concern contracted to do the repairs at a cost of $### for each joint
the bid from a. belanger and sons of cambridge mass. which listed the same officers as hughes was $### per joint
but hemphill added bids from other contractors ranged from $#### to $#### per joint
berger 's decision to sue for the full amount of the performance bond was questioned by wagner in the morning press conference
wagner said the city paid only $##,### to the hughes company
we won't know the full amount until we get a full report wagner said
we can claim on the maximum amount of the bond berger said
wagner replied can't you just see the headline city hooked for $###,###
know enough to sue
berger insisted that we know enough to sue for the full amount
douglas m. pratt president of the ptc who attended the meeting said the transit company is reviewing the work on the el
we want to find out who knew about it pratt said
certain people must have known about it
the ptc is investigating the whole matter pratt said
samuel d. goodis representing the philadelphia hotel association objected on tuesday to a proposed boost by the city in licensing fees saying that occupancy rates in major hotels here ranged from ## to ## percent last year
goodis voiced his objection before city council 's finance committee
for hotels with #### rooms the increased license fee would mean an expense of $#### a year goodis said
testifies at hearing
his testimony came during a hearing on a bill raising fees for a wide variety of licenses permits and city services
the new fees are expected to raise an additional $###,### in the remainder of #### and $#,###,### more a year after that
the ordinance would increase the fee for rooming houses hotels and multi-family dwellings to $# a room
the cost of a license now is $# with an annual renewal fee of $#
goodis said that single rooms account for ## percent of the accomodations in some hotels
the city expects the higher rooming house hotel and apartment house fees to bring in an additional $###,### a year
the increase also was opposed by leonard kaplan spokesman for the home builders association of philadelphia on behalf of association members who operate apartment houses
a proposal to raise dog license fees drew an objection from councilwoman virginia knauer who formerly raised pedigreed dogs
the ordinance would increase fees from $# for males and $# for females to a flat $# a dog
mrs. knauer said she did think dog owners should be penalized for the city 's services to animal care
in reply deputy police commissioner howard r. leary said that the city spends more than $###,### annually to license and regulate dogs but collects only $##,### in fees
he reported that the city 's contributions for animal care included $##,### to the women 's s.p.c.a.
$##,### to pay six policemen assigned as dog catchers and $##,### to investigate dog bites
backs higher fees
city finance director richard j. mcconnell indorsed the higher fees which he said had been under study for more than a year
the city is adequately compensated for the services covered by the fees he said
the new fee schedule also was supported by commissioner of licenses and inspections barnet lieberman and health commissioner eugene a. gillis
petitions asking for a jail term for norristown attorney julian w. barnard will be presented to the montgomery county court friday it was disclosed tuesday by horace a. davenport counsel for the widow of the man killed last nov. # by barnard 's hit-run car
the petitions will be presented in open court to president judge william f. dannehower davenport said
barnard who pleaded no defense to manslaughter and hit-run charges was fined $### by judge warren k. hess and placed on two years' probation providing he does drive during that time
he was caught driving the day after the sentence was pronounced and given a warning
victim of the accident was robert lee stansbery ##
his widow started the circulation of petitions after barnard was reprimanded for violating the probation
the city planning commission on tuesday approved agreements between two redevelopers and the redevelopment authority for the purchase of land in the $###,###,### eastwick redevelopment area project
the commission also approved a novel plan that would eliminate traffic hazards for pedestrians in the project
one of the agreements calls for the new eastwick corp. to purchase a #### acre tract for $##,###,###
the tract is bounded by island ave. dicks ave. ##st st. and eastwick ave.
four parks planned
it is designated as stage # residential on the redevelopment authority 's master plan and will feature row houses garden apartments four small parks schools churches a shopping center and several small clusters of stores
the corporation was formed by the reynolds metal co. and the samuel a. and henry a. berger firm a philadelphia builder for work in the project
the second agreement permits the authority to sell a ###-acre tract west of stage # residential to philadelphia builders eastwick corp. a firm composed of ## philadelphia area builders which is interested in developing part of the project
would bar vehicles
the plan for eliminating traffic hazards for pedestrians was developed by dr. constantinos a. doxiadis former minister of reconstruction in greece and a consulting planner for the new eastwick corp.
the plan calls for dividing the project into ## sectors which would be barred to vehicular traffic
it provides for a series of landscaped walkways and a central esplanade that would eventually run through the center of the entire two-and-a-half-mile length of the project
the esplanade eliminates grovers ave. which on original plans ran through the center of the development
the esplanade would feature pedestrian bridges over roads in the project
kansas city , mo. , feb. # ( upi )
the president of the kansas city local of the international association of fire fighters was severly injured today when a bomb tore his car apart as he left home for work
battalion chief stanton m. gladden ## the central figure in a representation dispute between the fire fighters association and the teamsters union suffered multiple fractures of both ankles
he was in baptist memorial hospital
ignition sets off blast
the battalion chief said he had just gotten into his #### model automobile to move it from the driveway of his home so that he could take his other car to work
i'd just turned on the ignition when there was a big flash and i was lying on the driveway he said
gladden 's wife and two of his sons john ## and jim ## were inside the house
the younger boy said the blast knocked him out of bed and against the wall
hood flies over house
the explosion sent the hood of the car flying over the roof of the house
the left front wheel landed ### feet away
police laboratory technicians said the explosive device containing either tnt or nitroglycerine was apparently placed under the left front wheel
it was first believed the bomb was rigged to the car 's starter
gladden had been the target of threatening telephone calls in recent months and reportedly received one last night
the fire department here has been torn for months by dissension involving top personnel and the fight between the fire fighters association and the teamsters union
led fight on teamsters
gladden has been an outspoken critic of the present city administration and led his union 's battle against the teamsters which began organizing city firemen in ####
the fire fighters association here offered a $#,### reward for information leading to the arrest of the person or persons responsible for the bombing
a $### reward was offered by the association 's local in kansas city kas.
the association said it would post ## hour guards at gladden 's home and at those of james mining and eugene shiflett
mining is secretary-treasurer of the local and shiflett is a member of its executive committee
both have been active in the association
ankara , turkey , oct. ## ( ap )
turkish political leaders bowed today to military pressure and agreed to form an emergency national front government with gen. cemal gursel as president
an agreement between the leaders of four parties which contested indecisive elections on oct. ## was reached after almost ## hours of political bargaining under the threat of an army coup d'etat
by-passing the military junta which has ruled turkey since the overthrow of premier adnan menderes ## months ago the army general staff led by gen. cedvet sunay had set a deadline for the parties to join in a national coalition government
the army leaders threatened to form a new military government if the parties failed to sign an eight point protocol agreeing on gen. gursel as president
gen. gursel has headed the military junta the last ## months
the military also had demanded pledges that there would be no changes in the laws passed by the junta and no leaders of the menderes regime now in prison would be pardoned
party leaders came out of the final meeting apparently satisfied and stated that complete agreement had been reached on a solution to the crisis created by the elections which left no party with enough strength to form a government on its own
vincent g. ierulli has been appointed temporary assistant district attorney it was announced monday by charles e. raymond district attorney
ierulli will replace desmond d. connall who has been called to active military service but is expected back on the job by march ##
ierulli ## has been practicing in portland since november ####
he is a graduate of portland university and the northwestern college of law
he is married and the father of three children
helping foreign countries to build a sound political structure is more important than aiding them economically e. m. martin assistant secretary of state for economic affairs told members of the world affairs council monday night
martin who has been in office in washington d. c. for ## months spoke at the council 's annual meeting at the multnomah hotel
he told some ### persons that the united states' challenge was to help countries build their own societies their own ways following their own paths
we must persuade them to enjoy a way of life which if identical is congenial with ours he said but adding that if they do develop the kind of society they themselves want it will lack ritiuality and loyalty
insuring that the countries have a freedom of choice he said was the biggest detriment to the soviet union
he cited east germany where after ## years of soviet rule it has become necessary to build a wall to keep the people in and added so long as people rebel we must give up
martin called for patience on the part of americans
the countries are trying to build in a decade the kind of society we took a century to build he said
by leaving our doors open the united states gives other peoples the opportunity to see us and to compare he said
individual help best
we have no reason to fear failure but we must be extraordinarily patient the assistant secretary said
economically martin said the united states could best help foreign countries by helping them help themselves
private business is more effective than government aid he explained because individuals are able to work with the people themselves
the united states must plan to absorb the exported goods of the country at what he termed a social cost
martin said the government has been working to establish firmer prices on primary products which may involve the total income of one country
the portland school board was asked monday to take a positive stand towards developing and coordinating with portland 's civil defense more plans for the city 's schools in event of attack
but there seemed to be some difference of opinion as to how far the board should go and whose advice it should follow
the board members after hearing the coordination plea from mrs. ralph h. molvar #### sw maplecrest dr. said they thought they had already been cooperating
chairman c. richard mears pointed out that perhaps this was strictly a school board problem in case of atomic attack but that the board would cooperate so far as possible to get the children to where the parents wanted them to go
dr. melvin w. barnes superintendent said he thought the schools were waiting for some leadership perhaps on the national level to make sure that whatever steps of planning they took would be more fruitful and that he had found that other school districts were as far along in their planning as this district
los angeles has said they would send the children to their homes in case of disaster he said
nobody really expects to evacuate
i think everybody is agreed that we need to hear some voice on the national level that would make some sense and in which we would have some confidence in following
mrs. molvar who kept reiterating her request that they please take a stand said we must have faith in somebody on the local level and it wouldn't be possible for everyone to rush to a school to get their children
dr. barnes said that there seemed to be feeling that evacuation plans even for a high school where there were lots of cars might be realistic and would work
mrs. molvar asked again that the board join in taking a stand in keeping with jack lowe 's program
the board said it thought it had gone as far as instructed so far and asked for more information to be brought at the next meeting
it was generally agreed that the subject was important and the board should be informed on what was done is going to be done and what it thought should be done
salem ( ap )
the statewide meeting of war mothers tuesday in salem will hear a greeting from gov. mark hatfield
hatfield also is scheduled to hold a public united nations day reception in the state capitol on tuesday
his schedule calls for a noon speech monday in eugene at the emerald empire kiwanis club
he will speak to willamette university young republicans thursday night in salem
on friday he will go to portland for the swearing in of dean bryson as multnomah county circuit judge
he will attend a meeting of the republican state central committee saturday in portland and see the washington-oregon football game
beaverton school district no. ## board members examined blueprints and specifications for two proposed junior high schools at a monday night workshop session
a bond issue which would have provided some $#.# million for construction of the two ###-student schools was defeated by district voters in january
last week the board by a # to # vote decided to ask voters whether they prefer the #-#-# junior high school system or the #-# system
board members indicated monday night this would be done by an advisory poll to be taken on nov. ## the same date as a $###,### bond election for the construction of three new elementary schools
secretary of labor arthur goldberg will speak sunday night at the masonic temple at a $##-a-plate dinner honoring sen. wayne l. morse aj
the dinner is sponsored by organized labor and is scheduled for # p.m.
secretary goldberg and sen. morse will hold a joint press conference at the roosevelt hotel at #:## p.m. sunday blaine whipple executive secretary of the democratic party of oregon reported tuesday
other speakers for the fund-raising dinner include reps. edith green and al ullman labor commissioner norman nilsen and mayor terry schrunk all democrats
oak grove ( special )
three positions on the oak lodge water district board of directors have attracted ## candidates
the election will be dec. # from # a.m. to # p.m.
polls will be in the water office
incumbent richard salter seeks re-election and is opposed by donald huffman for the five-year term
incumbent william brod is opposed in his re-election bid by barbara njust miles c. bubenik and frank lee
five candidates seek the place vacated by secretary hugh g. stout
seeking this two-year term are james culbertson dwight m. steeves james c. piersee w.m. sexton and theodore w. heitschmidt
a stronger stand on their beliefs and a firmer grasp on their future were taken friday by delegates to the ##th general council of the assemblies of god in session at the memorial coliseum
the council revised in an effort to strengthen the denomination 's ## basic beliefs adopted in ####
the changes unanimously adopted were felt necessary in the face of modern trends away from the bible
the council agreed it should more firmly state its belief in and dependence on the bible
at the adoption the rev. t. f. zimmerman general superintendent commented the assemblies of god has been a bulwark for fundamentalism in these modern days and has without compromise stood for the great truths of the bible for which men in the past have been willing to give their lives
new point added
many changes involved minor editing and clarification
however the first belief stood for entire revision with a new third point added to the list
the first of ## beliefs of the denomination now reads
the scriptures both old and new testament are verbally inspired of god and are the revelation of god to man the infallible authoritative rule of faith and conduct
the third belief in six points emphasizes the diety of the lord jesus christ and
emphasizes the virgin birth
the sinless life of christ
his substitutionary work on the cross
his bodily resurrection from the dead
and his exaltation to the right hand of god
super again elected
friday afternoon the rev. t. f. zimmerman was reelected for his second consecutive two-year term as general superintendent of assemblies of god
his offices are in springfield mo.
election came on the nominating ballot
friday night the delegates heard the need for their forthcoming program breakthrough scheduled to fill the churches for the next two years
in his opening address wednesday the rev. mr. zimmerman urged the delegates to consider a ##-year expansion program with breakthrough the theme for the first two years
the rev. r. l. brandt national secretary of the home missions department stressed the need for the first two years' work
surveys show that one out of three americans has vital contact with the church
this means that more than ### million have no vital touch with the church or religious life he told delegates friday
church loses pace
talking of the rapid population growth upwards of ##,### babies born daily with an immigrant entering the united states every #-# minutes he said our organization has been keeping pace with this challenge
in ## years we have opened #,### churches the rev. mr. brandt said adding that the denomination had a national goal of one church for every ##,### persons
in this light we need #,### churches in illinois where we have ###
### in southern new england we have ##
we need ### in rhode island we have none he said
to step up the denomination 's program the rev. mr. brandt suggested the vision of #,### new assemblies of god churches in the next ## years
to accomplish this would necessitate some changes in methods he said
church meets change
the church 's ability to change her methods is going to determine her ability to meet the challenge of this hour
a capsule view of proposed plans includes
encouraging by every means all existing assemblies of god churches to start new churches
engaging mature experienced men to pioneer or open new churches in strategic population centers
surrounding pioneer pastors with vocational volunteers laymen who will be urged to move into the area of new churches in the interest of lending their support to the new project
arranging for ministerial graduates to spend from #-## months as apprentices in well-established churches
u.s. dist. judge charles l. powell denied all motions made by defense attorneys monday in portland 's insurance fraud trial
denials were of motions of dismissal continuance mistrial separate trial acquittal striking of testimony and directed verdict
in denying motions for dismissal judge powell stated that mass trials have been upheld as proper in other courts and that a person may join a conspiracy without knowing who all of the conspirators are
attorney dwight l. schwab in behalf of defendant philip weinstein argued there is no evidence linking weinstein to the conspiracy but judge powell declared this is a matter for the jury to decide
proof lack charged
schwab also declared there is no proof of weinstein 's entering a conspiracy to use the u.s. mails to defraud to which federal prosecutor a. lawrence burbank replied
it is necessary that a defendant actually have conpired to use the u.s. mails to defraud as long as there is evidence of a conspiracy and the mails were then used to carry it out
in the afternoon defense attorneys began the presentation of their cases with opening statements some of which had been deferred until after the government had called witnesses and presented its case
miami , fla. , march ##
the orioles tonight retained the distinction of being the only winless team among the eighteen major-league clubs as they dropped their sixth straight spring exhibition decision this one to the kansas city athletics by a score of # to #
indications as late as the top of the sixth were that the birds were to end their victory draught as they coasted along with a #-to-o advantage
siebern hits homer
over the first five frames jack fisher the big righthander who figures to be in the middle of oriole plans for a drive on the #### american league pennant held the a 's scoreless while yielding three scattered hits
then dick hyde submarine-ball hurler entered the contest and only five batters needed to face him before there existed a #-to-# deadlock
a two-run homer by norm siebern and a solo blast by bill tuttle tied the game and single runs in the eighth and ninth gave the athletics their fifth victory in eight starts
house throws wild
with one down in the eighth marv throneberry drew a walk and stole second as hyde fanned tuttle
catcher frank house 's throw in an effort to nab throneberry was wide and in the dirt
then heywood sullivan kansas city catcher singled up the middle and throneberry was across with what proved to be the winning run
rookie southpaw george stepanovich relieved hyde at the start of the ninth and gave up the a 's fifth tally on a walk to second baseman dick howser a wild pitch and frank cipriani 's single under shortstop jerry adair 's glove into center
the orioles once again performed at the plate in powderpuff fashion gathering only seven blows off the offerings of three kansas city pitchers
three were doubles brooks robinson getting a pair and marv breeding one
bill kunkel bob hartman and ed keegan did the mound chores for the club down from west palm beach to play the game before ### paying customers in miami stadium
the birds got five hits and all three of their runs off kunkel before hartman took over in the top of the fourth
hartman purchased by the a 's from the milwaukee braves last fall allowed no hits in his scoreless three-inning appearance and merited the triumph
keegan a #-foot-#-inch ###-pounder gave up the orioles' last two safeties over the final three frames escaping a load of trouble in the ninth when the birds threatened but failed to tally
robinson doubles again
in the ninth robinson led off with his second double of the night a blast off the fence ### feet deep into left
whitey herzog performing in right as the orioles fielded possibly their strongest team of the spring worked keegan for a base on balls
then three consecutive pinch-hitters failed to produce
pete ward was sent in for house and after failing in a bunt attempt popped to howser on the grass back of short
john powell batting for adair fanned after fouling off two #-and-# pitches and buddy barker up for stepanovich bounced out sharply to jerry lumpe at second to end the #-hour-and-##-minute contest
the orioles got a run in the first inning when breeding along with robinson the two birds who got a pair of hits doubled to right center moved to third on russ snyder 's single to right and crossed on kunkel 's wild pitch into the dirt in front of the plate
the flock added a pair of tallies in the third on three straight hits after two were out
jackie brandt singled deep into the hole at short to start the rally
jim gentile bounced a hard shot off kunkel 's glove and beat it out for a single and when lumpe grabbed the ball and threw it over first baseman throneberry 's head brandt took third and gentile second on the error
then robinson slammed a long double to left center to score both runners
when robinson tried to stretch his blow into a triple he was cut down in a close play at third tuttle to andy carey
the detailed rundown on the kansas city scoring in the sixth went like this
lumpe worked a walk as the first batter to face hyde and romped around as siebern blasted hyde 's next toss ### feet over the scoreboard in right center
carey singled on a slow-bouncing ball to short which robinson cut across to field and threw wide to first
it was ruled a difficult chance and a hit
then throneberry rapped into a fast double play
breeding to adair to gentile setting up tuttle 's ###-foot homer over the wall in left center
if the orioles are to break their losing streak within the next two days it will have to be at the expense of the american league champion new york yankees who come in here tomorrow for a night game and a single test sunday afternoon
miami , fla. , march ##
the flavor of baltimore 's florida grapefruit league news ripened considerably late today when the orioles were advised that ron hansen has fulfilled his obligations under the army 's military training program and is ready for belated spring training
hansen who slugged the #### oriole high of ## homers and drove in ## runs on a
freshman average completes the birds' spring squad at ## players
the big ##-year-old shortstop the #### american league rookie-of-the-year flew here late this afternoon from baltimore signed his contract for an estimated $##,### and was a spectator at tonight 's #-to-# loss to kansas city the winless birds' sixth setback in a row
## pounds lighter
the #-foot #-inch hansen checked in close to ### pounds ## pounds lighter than his reporting weight last spring
he hopes to melt off an additional eight pounds before the flock breaks camp three weeks hence
when he was inducted into the army at fort knox ky. hansen 's weight had dropped to ### too light for me to be at my best he said
i feel good physically hansen added but i think i'll move better carrying a little less weight than i'm carrying now
seeks improved fielding
the rangy albany cal. native a surprise slugging sensation for the flock last year as well as a defensive whiz set improved fielding as his #### goal
i think i can do a better job with the glove now that i know the hitters around the league a little better he said
hansen will engage in his first workout at miami stadium prior to the opening tomorrow night of a two-game weekend series with the new york yankees
skinny brown and hoyt wilhelm the flock 's veteran knuckleball specialists are slated to oppose the american league champions in tomorrow 's # p.m. contest
duren , sheldon on hill
ryne duren and roland sheldon a rookie righthander who posted a ##-# record last year for the yanks' auburn n.y. farm club of the class-d new york-pennsylvania league are the probable rival pitchers
twenty-one-year-old milt pappas and jerry walker ## are scheduled to share the oriole mound chores against the bombers' art ditmar in sunday 's # p.m. encounter
ralph houk successor to casey stengel at the yankee helm plans to bring the entire new york squad here from st. petersburg including joe dimaggio and large crowds are anticipated for both weekend games
the famed yankee clipper now retired has been assisting as a batting coach
squad cut near
pitcher steve barber joined the club one week ago after completing his hitch under the army 's accelerated wintertime military course also at fort knox ky.
the ##-year-old southpaw enlisted earlier last fall than did hansen
baltimore 's bulky spring-training contingent now gradually will be reduced as manager paul richards and his coaches seek to trim it down to a more streamlined and workable unit
take a ride on this one brooks robinson greeted hansen as the bird third sacker grabbed a bat headed for the plate and bounced a third-inning two-run double off the left-centerfield wall tonight
it was the first of two doubles by robinson who was in a mood to celebrate
just before game time robinson 's pretty wife connie informed him that an addition to the family can be expected late next summer
unfortunately brooks 's teammates were in such festive mood as the orioles expired before the seven-hit pitching of three kansas city rookie hurlers
hansen arrived just before nightfall two hours late in company with lee macphail
j. a. w. iglehart chairman of the oriole board of directors and public relations director jack dunn
their flight was delayed dunn said when a boarding ramp inflicted some minor damage to the wing of the plane
ex-oriole clint courtney now catching for the a 's is all for the american league 's #### expansion to the west coast
but they shouldda brought in tokyo too added old scrapiron
then we'd really have someplace to go
bowie , md. , march ##
gaining her second straight victory norman b. small jr. 's garden fresh a #-year-old filly downed promising colts in the $#,### st. patrick 's day purse featured seventh race here today and paid $#.## straight
toying with her field in the early stages garden fresh was asked for top speed only in the stretch by jockey philip grimm and won by a length and a half in #.## #-# for the # furlongs
#,### attend races
richard m. forbes 's paget which had what seemed to be a substantial lead in the early stages tired rapidly nearing the wire and was able to save place money only a head in front of glen t. hallowell 's milties miss
a bright sun and brisk wind had the track in a fast condition for the first time this week and #,### st. patty day celebrants bet $###,### on the well-prepared program
prior to the featured race the stewards announced that apprentice james p. verrone is suspended ten days for crowding horses and crossing the field sharply in two races on wednesday
culmone gets first win
garden fresh the result of a mating of better self and rosy fingered seems to improve with each start and appeared to win the st. patrick 's day purse with some speed in reserve
she was moving up to the allowance department after winning a $##,### claiming event
cleveland , march ## ( ap )
george kerr the swift-striding jamaican set a meet record in the ###-yard run in the knights of columbus track meet tonight beating purdue 's dave mills in a hot duel in #.##.#
kerr who set the world record earlier this month in new york with a clocking of #.##.# wiped out mills 's early pace and beat the young big ## quarter-mile king by # yards
both were under the meet mark of #.##.# set in #### by mal whitfield
mills shot out in front and kept the lead through two thirds of the race
then kerr a graduate student from illinois moved past him on a straightaway and held off mills 's challenge on the final turn
mills was timed in #.##.#
the crowd at the twenty-first annual k. of c. games final indoor meet of the season got a thrill a few minutes earlier when a slender bespectacled woman broke the one-week-old world record in the half-mile run
mrs. grace butcher of nearby chardon a ##-year-old housewife who has two children finished in #.##.#
she snapped five tenths of a second off the mark set by helen shipley of wellsley college in the national a.a.u. meet in columbus ohio
san francisco , march ## ( ap )
bobby waters of sylvania ga. relief quarterback for the san francisco ##ers of the national football league will undergo a knee operation tomorrow at franklin hospital here
waters injured his left knee in the last game of the #### season
while working out in sylvania a swelling developed in the knee and he came here to consult the team physician
st. petersburg , fla. , march ## ( ap )
two errors by new york yankee shortstop tony kubek in the eleventh inning donated four unearned runs and a #-to-# victory to the chicago white sox today
austin , texas
a texas halfback who doesn't even know the team 's plays eldon moritz ranks fourth in southwest conference scoring after three games
time stands still every time moritz a ##-year-old army signal corps veteran goes into the field
although he never gets to play while the clock is running he gets a big kick several every saturday in fact out of football
moritz doesn't even have a nose guard or hip pads but he 's one of the most valuable members of the longhorn team that will be heavily favored saturday over oklahoma in the cotton bowl
that 's because he already has kicked ## extra points in ## tries
he ran his string of successful conversions this season to ## straight before one went astray last saturday night in the ##-# slaughter of washington state
moritz is listed on the longhorn roster as a right halfback the position at which he lettered on the #### team
but ask coach darrell royal what position he plays and you'll get the quick response place-kicker
a ###-pound #-foot #-inch senior from stamford moritz practices nothing but place-kicking
last year when he worked out at halfback all season he didn't get into a single game
this year coach royal told me if i'd work on my place-kicking he thought he could use me said moritz
so i started practicing on it in spring training
moritz was bothered during the first two games this year by a pulled muscle in the thigh of his right kicking leg and as a result several of his successful conversions have gone barely far enough
moritz said monday his leg feels fine and as a result he hopes to start practicing field goals this week
he kicked several while playing at stamford high school including one that beat anson #-# in a #### district game
i kicked about ### extra points in ### tries during three years in high school he said and made ## in a row at one time
i never did miss one in a playoff game i kicked about ## in the five playoff games my last two years
moritz came to texas in #### but his freshman football efforts were hampered by a knee injury
he missed the #### season because of an operation on the ailing knee then played ## minutes in ####
his statistical record that year when texas won only one game and lost nine was far from impressive he carried the ball three times for a net gain of ## yards punted once for ## yards and caught one pass for ## yards
he went into the army in march #### and returned two years later
but he was scholastically ineligible in #### and merely present last season
place kicking is largely a matter of timing moritz declared
once you get the feel of it there 's much to it
i've tried to teach some of the other boys to kick and some of them can't seem to get the feel
practice helps you to get your timing down
it 's kind of like golf if you don't swing a club very often your timing gets off
moritz however kicks only about ## or ## extra points during each practice session
if you kick too much your leg gets kinda dead he explained
in their first three games the longhorns have had the ball ## times and scored ## times or ## per cent
their total passing yardage in three games ### on ## completions in ## attempts is only ## yards short of their total passing yardage in #### when they made ### on ## completions in ## tries
tailback james saxton already has surpassed his rushing total for his brilliant sophomore season when he netted ### yards on ## carries
he now has ### yards in ## tries during three games
saxton has made only one second-half appearance this season and that was in the washington state game for four plays he returned the kickoff ## yards gained five yards through the line and then uncorked a ##-yard touchdown run before retiring to the bench
wingback jack collins injured a knee in the washington state game but insists he'll be ready for oklahoma
last week when royal was informed that three longhorns were among the conference 's top four in rushing he said that won't last long
monday he had four longhorns in the top four
a good feeling prevailed on the smu coaching staff monday but attention quickly turned from saturday 's victory to next week 's problem rice university
the mustangs don't play this week
we're just real happy for the players coach bill meek said of the #-# victory over the air force academy
i think the big thing about the game was that our kids for the third straight week stayed in there pitching and kept the pressure on
it was the first time we've been ahead this season when john richey kicked what proved to be the winning field goal
assistant coach john cudmore described victory as a good feeling i think on the part of the coaches and the players
we needed it and we got it
meek expressed particular gratification at the defensive performances of end happy nelson and halfback billy gannon
both turned in top jobs for the second straight game
nelson played magnificent football meek praised
he knocked down the interference and made key stops lots of times
and he caused the fumble that set up our touchdown
he broke that boy air force fullback nick arshinkoff in two and knocked him loose from the football
gannon contributed saving plays on the falcons' aerial thrusts in the late stages
one was on a fourth-down screen pass from the mustang ## after an incomplete pass into gannon 's territory
as soon as it started to form gannon spotted it meek said
he timed it just right and broke through there before the boy halfback terry isaacson had time to turn around
he really crucified him he nailed it for a yard loss
the air force 's and the game 's final play was a long pass by quarterback bob mcnaughton which gannon intercepted on his own ## and returned ## yards
he just lay back there and waited for it meek said
he almost brought it back all the way
except for sophomore center mike kelsey and fullback mike rice meek expects the squad to be physically sound for rice
kelsey is very doubtful for the rice game meek said
he'll be out of action all this week
he got hit from the blind side by the split end coming back on the second play of the game
there is definitely some ligament damage in his knee
rice has played since injuring a knee in the opener with maryland
he 's looking a lot better and he 's able to run meek explained
we'll let him do a lot of running this week but i don't know if he'll be able to play
the game players saw the air force film monday ran for ## minutes then went in while the reserves scrimmaged for ## minutes
we'll work hard tuesday wednesday and thursday meek said and probably will have a good scrimmage friday
we'll work out about an hour on saturday then we'll work monday and tuesday of next week then taper off
smu will play the owls at rice stadium in houston in a night game saturday oct. ##
held out of texas tech 's sweat-suits drill monday at lubbock was tackle richard stafford who is undergoing treatment for a leg injury suffered in the raiders' ##-# loss to texas a & m because of its important game with arkansas coming up saturday baylor worked out in the rain monday mud or no mud
end gene raesz who broke a hand in the owl 's game with lsu was back working out with rice monday and john nichols sophomore guard moved back into action after a week 's idleness with an ankle injury
the texas aggies got a day off monday a special gift from coach jim myers for its conference victory last saturday night but myers announced that halfback george hargett shaken up in the tech game would play against trinity saturday
halfback bud priddy slowed for almost a month by a slowly-mending sprained ankle joined tcu 's workout monday
the dallas texans were back home monday with their third victory in four american football league starts a ##-## triumph over the denver broncos but their visit will be a short one
the texans have two more road games at buffalo and houston before they play for the home folks again and it looks as if coach hank stram 's men will meet the bills just as they are developing into the kind of team they were expected to be in pre-season reckonings
buffalo coach buster ramsey who has become one of the game 's greatest collectors of quarterbacks apparently now has found a productive pair in two ex-national football leaguers m. c. reynolds and warren rabb
rabb the former louisiana state field general came off the bench for his debut with the bills sunday and directed his new team to a ##-## upset victory over the houston oilers defending league champions
just our luck
buster would solve that quarterback problem just as we head that way
ramsey has a thing or two to mutter about himself for the dallas defensive unit turned in another splendid effort against denver and the texans were able to whip the dangerous broncs without the fullbacking of a top star jack spikes though he did the team 's place-kicking while nursing a knee injury
our interior line and out linebackers played exceptionally well said stram monday after he and his staff reviewed movies of the game
in fact our whole defensive unit did a good job
the texans won the game through ball control with quarterback cotton davidson throwing only ## passes
we always like to keep the ball as much as we can against denver because they have such an explosive attack explained stram
they can be going along doing little damage then bang bang they can hit a couple of passes on you for touchdowns and put you in trouble
the broncs did hit two quick strikes in the final period against the texans but dallas had enough of a lead to hold them off
the principal tactic in controlling the ball was giving it to abner haynes the flashy halfback
he was called upon ## times more than all of the other ball-carriers combined and delivered ### yards
the texans made themselves a comforting break on the opening kickoff when denver 's al carmichael was jarred loose from the ball when dave grayson the speedy halfback hit him and guard al reynolds claimed it for dallas
a quick touchdown resulted
that permitted us to start controlling the ball right away said stram quipping i think i'll put that play in the book
the early southwest conference football leaders texas arkansas and texas a & m made a big dent in the statistics last week
texas' ###-yard spree against washington state gave the longhorns a #-game total offense of #,### yards #,### rushing and ### passing a new swc high
arkansas combined ### yards rushing with ## yards passing on # completions in # tosses and a tough defense to whip tcu and a & m with a ##-point bulge against texas tech ran up its biggest total loop play since ####
completing ## of ## passes for ### yards the aggies had a total offense of ### yards
texas leads in per-game rushing averages ### yards and passing ### to baylor 's ### but idle baylor has the best defensive record ###.# yards per game to texas' ###
a & m has the best defense against passes ##.# yards per game
satisfied with various unofficial checks on the liveliness of baseballs currently in use the major leagues have ordered their own tests which are in progress at massachusetts institute of technology
rookie ron nischwitz continued his pinpoint pitching monday night as the bears made it two straight over indianapolis #-#
the husky #-# ###-pound lefthander was in command all the way before an on-the-scene audience of only ### and countless of television viewers in the denver area
it was nischwitz' third straight victory of the new season and ran the grizzlies' winning streak to four straight
they now lead louisville by a full game on top of the american association pack
nischwitz fanned six and walked only charley hinton in the third inning
he has given only the one pass in his ## innings an unusual characteristic for a southpaw
the bears took the lead in the first inning as they did in sunday 's opener and never lagged
dick mcauliffe cracked the first of his two doubles against lefty don rudolph to open the bear 's attack
after al paschal gruonded out jay cooke walked and jim mcdaniel singled home mcauliffe
alusik then moved cooke across with a line drive to left
jay porter drew a base on balls to fill the bases but don wert 's smash was knocked down by rudolph for the putout
the bears added two more in the fifth when mcauliffe dropped a double into the leftfield corner paschal doubled down the rightfield line and cooke singled off phil shartzer 's glove
nischwitz was working on a #-hitter when the indians bunched three of their eight hits for two runs in the sixth
chuck hinton tripled to the rightfield corner cliff cook and dan pavletich singled and gaines' infield roller accounted for the tallies
the bears added their last run in the sixth on alusik 's double and outfield flies by porter and wert
gaines hammered the ball over the left fence for the third indianapolis run in the ninth
despite the ##-degree weather the game was clicked off in #:## thanks to only three bases on balls and some good infield play
chico ruiz made a spectacular play on alusik 's grounder in the hole in the fourth and wert came up with some good stops and showed a strong arm at third base
bingles and bobbles :
cliff cook accounted for three of the tribe 's eight hits
it was the season 's first night game and an obvious refocusing of the lights are in order
the infield was well flooded but the expanded outfield was much too dark
mary dobbs tuttle was back at the organ
among the spectators was the noted exotic dancer patti waggin who is mrs. don rudolph when off the stage
lefty wyman carey another denver rookie will be on the mound against veteran john tsitouris at # o'clock tuesday night
ed donnelly is still bothered by a side injury and will miss his starting turn
dallas , tex. , may # ap
kenny lane of muskegon mich. world 's seventh ranked lightweight had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over rip randall of tyler tex. here monday night
st. paul-minneapolis , may # ap
billy gardner 's line double which just eluded the diving minnie minoso in left field drove in jim lemon with the winning run with two out in the last of the ninth to give the minnesota twins a #-# victory over the chicago white sox monday
lemon was on with his fourth single of the game a liner to center
he came all the way around on gardner 's hit before #### fans
it was gardner 's second run batted in of the game and his only ones of the year
turk lown was tagged with the loss his second against no victories while ray moore won his second game against a single loss
the twins tied the score in the sixth inning when reno bertoia beat out a high chopper to third base and scored on lenny green 's double to left
the white sox had taken a #-# lead in the top of the sixth on a pair of pop fly hits a triple by roy sievers and single by camilo carreon a walk and a sacrifice fly
jim landis' ###-foot home run over left in the first inning gave the sox a #-# lead but harmon killebrew came back in the bottom of the first with his second homer in two days with the walking bob allison aboard
al smith 's ###-blast over left in the fourth his fourth homer of the campaign tied the score and carreon 's first major league home run in the fifth put the sox back in front
a double by green allison 's run-scoring #-baser an infield single by lemon and gardner 's solid single to center put the twins back in front in the last of the fifth
ogden , utah , may # ap
boston red sox outfielder jackie jensen said monday night he was through playing baseball
i've had it he told a newsman
i know when my reflexes are gone and i'm going to be any ##th man on the ball club
this was the first word from jensen on his sudden walkout
jensen got only six hits in ## at-bats for a batting average in the first ## games
he took a midnight train out of cleveland saturday without an official word to anybody and has stayed away from newsmen on his train trip across the nation to reno nev. where his wife former olympic diving champion zoe ann olsen awaited
she said when she learned jackie was heading home i'm just speculating but i have to think jack feels he 's hurting boston 's chances
the union pacific railroad streamliner city of san francisco stopped in ogden utah for a few minutes
sports writer ensign ritchie of the ogden standard examiner went to his compartment to talk with him
the conductor said to ritchie i don't think you want to talk to him
you'll probably get a ball bat on the head
he 's mad at the world
but jackie had gone into the station
ritchie walked up to him at the magazine stand
i told him who i was and he was quite cold
but he warmed up after a while
i told him what liston had said and he said liston was a double-crosser and said anything he liston got was through a keyhole
he said he had never talked to liston
liston is bill liston baseball writer for the boston traveler who quoted jensen as saying
i can't hit anymore
i can't run
i can't throw
suddenly my reflexes are gone
just when it seems baseball might be losing its grip on the masses up pops heroics to start millions of tongues to wagging
and so it was over the weekend what with ##-year-old warren spahn pitching his no-hit masterpiece against the giants and the giants' willie mays retaliating with a record-tying #-homer spree sunday
both of course were remarkable feats and further embossed the fact that baseball rightfully is the national pastime
of the two cherished achievements the elderly spahn 's hitless pitching probably reached the most hearts
it was a real stimulant to a lot of guys i know who have moved past the #-score-year milestone
and one of the milwaukee rookies sighed and remarked wish i was ## and a top-grade big leaguer
the modest and happy spahn waved off his new laurels as one of those good days
but there surely can be no doubt about the slender southpaw belonging with the all-time great lefthanders in the game 's history
yes with bob grove carl hubbell herb pennock art nehf vernon gomez et al
spahn only is a superior pitcher but a gentlemanly fine fellow a ball player 's ball player as they say in the trade
i remember his beardown performance in a meaningless exhibition game at bears stadium oct. ## #### before a new record crowd for the period of ##,###
spahnie doesn't know how to merely go through the motions remarked enos slaughter another all-out guy who played rightfield that day and popped one over the clubhouse
the spectacular mays who reaches a decade in the big leagues come may ## joined six other sluggers who walloped four home runs in a span of nine innings
incidentally only two did it before a home audience
bobby lowe of boston was the first to hit four at home and gil hodges turned the trick in brooklyn 's ebbetts field
ed delahanty and chuck klein of the phillies the braves' joe adcock lou gehrig of the yankees pat seerey of the white sox and rocky colavito then with cleveland made their history on the road
willie 's big day revived the running argument about the relative merits of mays and mickey mantle
this is an issue which boils down to a matter of opinion depending on whether you're an american or national fan and anti or pro-yankee
the record books however would favor the giants' ace
in four of his nine previous seasons mays hit as many as ## home runs and stole as many as ## bases
once the figure was ##-##
willie 's lifetime batting average of is ## points beyond mickey 's
the giants who had been anemic with the bat in their windy candlestick park suddenly found the formula in milwaukee 's park
it will forever be a baseball mystery how a team will suddenly start hitting after a distressing slump
the denver-area tv audience was privileged to see mays' four home runs thanks to a new arrangement made by bob howsam that the games are to be blacked out when his bears are playing at home
this rule providing for a blackout of televised baseball ## minutes before the start of a major or minor league game in any area comes from the game 's top rulers
the last couple of years the bears management got the business from the living room athletic club when games were cut off
actually they were helpless to do anything about the nationwide policy
this year i am told the cbs network will continue to abide by the rule but nbc will play to a conclusion here
there are two more sunday afternoons when the situation will arise
it is an irritable rule that does baseball more harm than good especially at the minor league level
you would be surprised how many fans purposely stayed away from bears stadium last year because of the television policy
this dissatisfaction led to howsam 's request that the video be terminated before the end of the game
cincinnati , ohio ( ap )
the powerful new york yankees won their ##th world series in a #-game romp over outclassed cincinnati crushing the reds in a humiliating ##-# barrage monday in the loosely played finale
with mickey mantle and yogi berra both out of action due to injuries the american league champs still mounted a ##-hit attack against a parade of eight cincinnati pitchers the most ever used by one team in a series game
johnny blanchard mantle 's replacement slammed a #-run homer as the yankees routed loser joey jay in a #-run first inning
hector lopez subbing for berra smashed a #-run homer off bill henry during another #-run explosion in the fourth
the yanks also took advantage of three cincinnati errors
the crowd of ##,### had only two chances to applaud
in the third frank robinson hammered a long home run deep into the corner of the bleachers in right center about ### feet away with two men on
momentarily the reds were back in the ball game trailing only #-# but the drive fizzled when john edwards fouled out with men on second and third and two out
in the fifth wally post slashed a #-run homer off bud daley but by that time the score was ##-# and it really didn't matter
the yankee triumph made ralph houk only the third man to lead a team to both a pennant and a world series victory in his first year as a manager
only bucky harris the boy-manager of washington in #### and eddie dyer of the st. louis cardinals in #### had accomplished the feat
philadelphia , jan. ##
nick skorich the line coach for the football champion philadelphia eagles was elevated today to head coach
skorich received a three-year contract at a salary believed to be between $##,### and $##,### a year
he succeeds buck shaw who retired at the end of last season
the appointment was announced at a news conference at which skorich said he would retain two members of shaw 's staff jerry williams and charlie gauer
williams is a defensive coach
gauer works with the ends
choice was expected
the selection had been expected
skorich was considered the logical choice after the club gave norm van brocklin permission to seek the head coaching job with the minnesota vikings the newest national football league entry
van brocklin the quarterback who led the eagles to the title was signed by the vikings last wednesday
philadelphia permitted him to seek a better connection after he had refused to reconsider his decision to end his career as a player
with skorich at the helm the eagles are expected to put more emphasis on running rather than passing
in the past the club depended largely on van brocklin 's aerials
skorich however is a strong advocate of a balanced attack split between running and passing
coach played # years
skorich who is ## years old played football at cincinnati university and then had a three-year professional career as a lineman under jock sutherland with the pittsburgh steelers
an injury forced skorich to quit after the #### season
he began his coaching career at pittsburgh central catholic high school in ####
he remained there for four years before moving to rensselaer polytechnic institute in troy n. y.
he was there one season before rejoining the steelers as an assistant coach
four years later he resigned to take a similar job with the green bay packers
the eagles signed him for shaw 's staff in ####
skorich began his new job auspiciously today
at a ceremony in the reception room of mayor richardson dilworth the eagles were honored for winning the championship
shaw and skorich headed a group of players coaches and team officials who received an engrossed copy of an official city citation and a pair of silver cufflinks shaped like a football
with the announcement of a special achievement award to william a. bill shea the awards list was completed yesterday for sunday night 's thirty-eighth annual dinner and show of the new york chapter baseball writers' association of america at the waldorf-astoria hotel
shea the chairman of mayor wagner 's baseball committee will be joined on the dais by warren spahn the southpaw pitching ace of the milwaukee braves
frank graham the journal-american sports columnist
bill mazeroski the world series hero of the pittsburgh pirates and casey stengel the former manager of the yankees
stengel will receive the ben epstein good guy award
mazeroski whose homer beat the yankees in the final series game will receive the babe ruth award as the outstanding player in the #### world series
graham will be recognized for his meritorious service to baseball and will get the william j. slocum memorial award
to spahn will go the sid mercer memorial award as the chapter 's player of the year
show follows ceremonies
a crowd of #,### is expected for the ceremonies which will be followed by the show in which the writers will lampoon baseball personalities in skit dance and song
the ##-year-old shea a prominent corporation lawyer with a sports background is generally recognized as the man most responsible for the imminent return of a national league club to new york
named by mayor wagner three years ago to head a committee that included james a. farley bernard gimbel and clint blume shea worked relentlessly
his goal was to obtain a national league team for this city
the departure of the giants and the dodgers to california left new york with only the yankees
despite countless barriers and disappointments shea moved forward
when he was unable to bring about immediate expansion he sought to convince another national league club to move here
when that failed he enlisted branch rickey 's aid in the formation of a third major league the continental with new york as the key franchise
the continental league never got off the ground but after two years it forced the existing majors to expand
flushing stadium in works
the new york franchise is headed by mrs. charles shipman payson
a big-league municipal stadium at flushing meadow park is in the works and once the lease is signed the local club will be formally recognized by commissioner ford c. frick
shea 's efforts figure prominently in the new stadium
shea and his wife nori make their home at sands point l. i.
bill jr. ## kathy ## and patricia # round out the shea family
shea was born in manhattan
he attended new york university before switching to georgetown university in washington
he played basketball there while working toward a law degree
later shea owned and operated the long island indians a minor league professional football team
he was the lawyer for ted collins' old boston yankees in the national football league
all was quiet in the office of the yankees and the local national leaguers yesterday
on friday roger maris the yankee outfielder and winner of the american league 's most-valuable-player award will meet with roy hamey the general manager
maris is in line for a big raise
arnold palmer and sam snead will be among those honored at the national awards dinner of the metropolitan golf writers association tonight
the dinner will be held at the hotel pierre
palmer golf 's leading money-winner in #### and snead will be saluted as the winning team in the canada cup matches last june in dublin
deane beman the national amateur champion and all the metropolitan district champions including bob gardner the amateur title-holder also will receive awards
the writers' gold tee award will go to john mcauliffe of plainfield n. j. and palm beach fla. for his sponsorship of charity tournaments
horton smith of detroit a former president of the professional golfers association will receive the ben hogan trophy for his comeback following a recent illness
the principal speaker will be senator stuart symington democrat of missouri
golf 's golden boy
arnold palmer has been a blazing figure in golf over the past twelve months
he won the masters the united states open and a record $##,### in prize money
he was heralded as sportsman of the year by sports illustrated and last night was acclaimed in rochester as the professional athlete of the year a distinction that earned for him the $##,### diamond-studded hickok belt
but he also achieved something that endeared him to every duffer who ever flubbed a shot
a couple of weeks ago he scored a monstrous ## on a par-# hole
it made him human
and it also stayed the hands of thousands of brooding incompetents who were meditating the abandonment of a sport whose frustrations were driving them to despair
if such a paragon of perfection as palmer could commit such a scoring sacrilege there was hope left for all
it was neither a spirit of self-sacrifice nor a yen to encourage the downtrodden that motivated arnold
he merely became victimized by a form of athletics that respects no one and aggravates all
the world 's best golfer shooting below par came to the last hole of the opening round of the los angeles open with every intention of delivering a final crusher
he boomed a ###-yard drive
then the pixies and the zombies took over while the banshees wailed in the distance
no margin for error
on the narrow fairway of a ###-yard hole arnold whipped into his second shot
the ball went off in a majestic arc an out-of-bounds slice
he tried again and once more sliced out of bounds
he hooked the next two out of bounds on the opposite side
it is possible that i over-corrected he said ruefully
each of the four wayward shots cost him two strokes
so he wound up with a dozen
it was a nice round figure that ## he said as he headed for the clubhouse too much perturbed
from the standpoint of the army of duffers however this was easily the most heartening exhibition they had had since ben hogan fell upon evil ways during his heyday and scored an ## in the texas open
the idol of the hackers of course is ray ainsley who achieved a ## in the united states open
their secondary hero is another pro willie chisholm who drank his lunch during another open and tried to blast his way out of a rock-strewn gully
willie 's partner was long jim barnes who tried to keep count
stickler for rules
how many is that jim
asked willie at one stage of his excavation project
thirteen said long jim
nae man said willie ye must be countin' the echoes
he had a ##
palmer 's dozen were honestly earned
nor were there any rules to save him
if there had been he would have found a loophole because arnold is one golfer who knows the code as thoroughly as the man who wrote the book
this knowledge has come in handy too
his first shot in the open last year landed in a brook that flowed along the right side of the fairway
the ball floated downstream
a spectator picked up the ball and handed it to a small boy who dropped this suddenly hot potato in a very playable lie
arnold sent for joe dey the executive secretary of the golf association
joe naturally ruled that a ball be dropped from alongside the spot where it had originally entered the stream
i knew it all along confessed arnold with a grin but i just happened to think how much nicer it would be to drop one way up there
for a serious young man who plays golf with a serious intensity palmer has such an inherent sense of humor that it relieves the strain and keeps his nerves from jangling like banjo strings
yet he remains the fiercest of competitors
he'll even bull head-on into the rules when he is sure he 's right
that 's how he first won the masters in ####
it happened on the twelfth hole a ###-yarder
arnold 's iron shot from the tee burrowed into the bunker guarding the green an embankment that had become soft and spongy from the rains thereby bringing local rules into force
ruling from on high
i can remove the ball can't i
asked palmer of an official
no said the official
you must play it where it lies
you're wrong said arnold a man who knows the rules
i'll do as you say but i'll also play a provisional ball and get a ruling
he scored a # for the embedded ball a # with the provisional one
the golfing fathers ruled in his favor
so he picked up a stroke with the provisional ball and won the tournament by the margin of that stroke
until a few weeks ago however arnold palmer was some god-like creature who had nothing in common with the duffers
but after that ## at los angeles he became one of the boys a bigger hero than he ever had been before
a formula to supply players for the new minneapolis vikings and the problem of increasing the #### schedule to fourteen games will be discussed by national football league owners at a meeting at the hotel warwick today
other items on the agenda during the meetings which are expected to continue through saturday concern television rules changes professional football 's hall of fame players' benefits and constitutional amendments
the owners would like each club in the fourteen-team league to play a home-and-home series with teams in its division plus two games against teams in the other division
however this would require a lengthening of the season from thirteen to fourteen weeks
pete rozelle the league commissioner pointed out
we'll have the problem of baseball at one end and weather at the other
nine of the league 's teams play in baseball parks and therefore face an early-season conflict in dates
if the cardinals heed manager gene mauch of the phillies they won't be misled by the pirates' slower start this season
pittsburgh definitely is the team to beat mauch said here the other day
the pirates showed they could outclass the field last year
they have the same men no age problem no injuries and they also have vinegar bend mizell for the full season along with bobby shantz
tonight at # o'clock the cardinals who gave the pirates as much trouble as anyone did in #### breaking even with them will get their first #### shot at baseball 's world champions
the pirates have a #-# record this year and the redbirds are #-#
change in pitchers .
solly hemus announced a switch in his starting pitcher from bob gibson to ernie broglio for several reasons # broglio 's #-# won-lost record and #.## earned-run mark against pittsburgh a year ago
# the desire to give broglio as many starts as possible
# the redbirds' disheartening ##-# collapse against the phillies sunday
manager hemus eager to end a pitching slump that has brought four losses in the five games on the current home stand moved gibson to the wednesday night starting assignment
after thursday 's open date solly plans to open with larry jackson against the cubs here friday night
harvey haddix set back by the flu this season will start against his former cardinal mates who might be playing without captain kenny boyer in tonight 's game at busch stadium
boyer is suffering from a stiff neck
haddix has a ##-# record against the redbirds despite only a #-# mark in ####
pirate manager danny murtaugh said he hadn't decided between mizell and vern law for wednesday 's game
mizell has won both of his starts
nieman kept in lineup .
after a lengthy workout yesterday an open date hemus said that bob nieman definitely would stay in the lineup
that means stan musial probably will ride the bench on the seventh anniversary of his record five-home run day against the giants
i have to stay with nieman for a while hemus said
bill white sore ankles should be ready
with a lefthander going for pittsburgh i may use don taussig in center
lindy mcdaniel threw batting practice about ## minutes and he looked good hemus said
he should be getting back in the groove before long
our pitching is much better than it has shown
the statistics hardly indicated that the pirates needed extra batting practice but murtaugh also turned his men loose at busch stadium yesterday
six bucks over .
until the bucs' bats quieted down a bit in cincinnati over the weekend the champions had eight men hitting over
despite the recession pittsburgh came into town with this imposing list of averages smoky burgess gino cimoli bill virdon bob clemente and dick groat each
dick stuart don hoak
and bob skinner
bill mazeroski with and hal smith with were the only pirates dragging their feet
perhaps the pirate who will be the unhappiest over the news that musial probably will sit out most of the series is bob friend who was beaten by the man twice last season on dramatic home runs
friend is off to a great start with a #-# record but isn't likely to see action here this week
we're getting friend some runs for a change and he has been pitching good murtaugh said
virdon has been blasting the ball
no plunkers for him
six bucs over .
the pirates jumped off to an ##-# start by may # last year when the redbirds as well as the dodgers held them even over the season
on last may # the cardinals stood at #-# ending a two-season fall-off on that milestone
in #### the birds were #-## on may #
a year later they were #-##
since #### the st. louis club has been below on may # just four times
the '## team was off to a so-so #-# beginning then fell as low as ##-## on may ## before finishing with ## victories
the '## cards were #-# on may # but ended with ## triumphs the club 's top since ####
then last season the birds tumbled as low as ##-## on may ## before recovering to make a race of it and total ## victories
since #### the only national league club that got off to a hot start and made a runaway of the race was the '## dodger team
those dodgers won their first ## games and owned a ##-# mark and a nine-game lead by may #
the club that overcame the worst start in a comparable period to win the pennant was new york 's '## giants who dropped ## of their first ##
they honored the battling billikens last night
speakers at a tipoff club dinner dealt lavish praise to a group of st. louis university players who in the words of coach john benington had more confidence in themselves than i did
the most valuable player award was split three ways among glen mankowski gordon hartweger and tom kieffer
in addition a special award was given to bob bevo nordmann the #-foot-## center who missed much of the season because of a knee injury
you often hear people talk about team spirit and that sort of thing benington said in a conversation after the ceremonies but what this team had was a little different
the boys had a tremendous respect for each other 's ability
they knew what they could do and it was often a little more than i thought they could do
several times i found the players pepping me up where it usually is the coach who is supposed to deliver the fight talk
we'd be losing at halftime to a good team and hartweger would say don't worry coach we'll get 'em all right
the trio who shared the most-valuable honors were introduced by bob broeg sports editor of the post-dispatch
kieffer the only junior in the group was commended for his ability to hit in the clutch as well as his all-round excellent play
mankowski the ball-hawking defensive expert was cited for his performance against bradley in st. louis u. 's nationally televised victory
benington said i've never seen a player have a game as great as mankowski did against bradley that day
benington recalled that he once told hartweger that he doubted gordon would ever play much for him because he seemed to be lacking in all of the accepted basketball skills
after the coach listed all the boy 's faults hartweger said coach before i leave here you'll get to like me
mrs. benington admired gordon 's spirit and did what she could to persuade her husband that the boy might help the team
as hartweger accepted his silver bowl he said i want to thank coach 's wife for talking him into letting me play
bob burnes sports editor of the globe-democrat presented bob nordmann with his award
bevo was congratulated for his efforts to stay in shape so that he could help the team if his knee healed in time
within a week after the injury suffered in st. louis 's victory in the final game of the kentucky tournament nordmann was sitting on the bill 's bench doing what he could to help benington
on the clock given him was the inscription for outstanding contribution to billiken basketball ####-##
other lettermen from the team that compiled a ##-# record and finished as runner-up in the national invitation tournament were art hambric donnell reid bill nordmann dave harris dave luechtefeld and george latinovich
this team set a precedent that could be valuable in the future benington pointed out
by winning against bradley kentucky and notre dame on those teams' home courts they showed that the home court advantage can be overcome anywhere and that it doesn't take a super team to do it
st. louis university found a way to win a baseball game
larry scherer last night pitched a no-hit game said to be the first in billiken baseball history as the blue and white beat southeast missouri state college #-# at crystal city
the victory was the first of the season for the billikens after nine defeats and a tie
the tie was against southeast missouri last friday
scherer also had a big night at bat with four hits in five trips including a double len boehmer also was #-for-# with two doubles and dave ritchie had a home run and a triple
st. louis u. was to be in action again today with a game scheduled at # against washington university at ligget field
the game opened a busy week for washington
the bears are set to play at harris teachers college at #:## tomorrow and have a doubleheader at quincy ill. saturday
if it 's true that contented cows give more milk why shouldn't happy ball players produce more base hits
the two top talents of the time mickey mantle and willie mays have hit the ball harder and more successfully so far this early season than at any period in careers which to be frank about it never have quite reached expectations
and that 's meant as a boost a knock
mays and mantle both ##-year men at ## have so much ability that baseball men agree they've never hit the heights
their heights that is
mantle the bull-necked blond switch-hitter had one sensational triple-crown season #### when he batted and also led the american league in home runs ## and rbi 's ###
like the yankees' slugger mays the terror of the giants has had seasons that would be considered the ultimate by most players but by or for willie
his best years were #### when he hit with ## homers and '## when he belted ## home runs drove in ### and stole ## bases
now apparently happier under new managers mays and mantle the perfect players are behaving as though they're going to pass those previous peaks
yes we know they're professionals men paid to play and they shouldn't care how they're handled just as long as their names are spelled correctly on the first and fifteenth of each month
the truth is though that men react differently to different treatment
for that matter stan musial is rare possessing the disposition that enabled him to put out the same for seven managers reserving his opinions but his effort
mantle it 's apparent resented casey stengel 's attempts to push and prod him into the perfection the veteran manager saw as a thrilling possibility
the old man was almost too possessive
stengel inherited dimaggio rizzuto but he brought up mantle from class c to the majors from joplin to new york
with the speed and power of the body beautiful he saw before him ol' case wanted no. # to be only the best homerun hitter but also the best bunter base-runner and outfielder
stengel probably preached too much in the early days when the kid wanted to pop his bubble gum and sow his oats
inheriting a more mature mantle who now has seen the sights on and off broadway ralph houk quietly bestowed no pun intended the mantle of authority on mickey
the major decided that rather than be led the slugger could lead
and what leadership a proud mantle has given so far
the opinion continues here that with a ###-game schedule pitching spread thin through a ##-team league and a most inviting target in los angeles' wrigley field jr. mantle just might break the most glamorous record on the books babe ruth 's ## homers of ####
four for alvin
mays' day came a day earlier for willie than for the kids and commies this year
willie 's wonderful walloping sunday four home runs served merely to emphasize how happy he is to be playing for alvin dark
next to leo durocher dark taught mays the most when he was a grass-green rookie rushed up to the polo grounds ## years ago this month to help the giants win a dramatic pennant
romantic news concerns mrs. joan monroe armour and f. lee h. wendell who are to be married at #:## p.m. tomorrow in the lake forest home of her brother j. hampton monroe and mrs. monroe
only the families and a dozen close friends will be present
the bride 's brother walter d. monroe jr. will give her in marriage
in the small group will be the junior and senior mrs. walter monroe
the bridegroom 's parents the barrett wendells who are returning from a winter holiday in sarasota fla. for the occasion
and his brother mr. wendell jr. and his wife who will arrive from boston
mr. wendell jr. will be best man
also present will be the bride 's children joan ## and kirkland ##
their father is charles b. armour
the bridegroom 's children were here for the christmas holidays and can't return
young peter wendell a student at the westminster school has measles and his sister mrs. andrew thomas and her husband who live in missoula mont. have a new baby
their mother is mrs. camilla alsop wendell
mr. wendell and his bride will live in his lake forest house
they will take a wedding trip later
back with the met
we are back with the met again now that the met is back in chicago bulletins mrs. frank s. sims president of the women 's board of the university of chicago cancer research foundation
the new york metropolitan opera company will be here in may and the board will sponsor the saturday night may ## performance of turandot as a benefit
birgit nilsson will be starred
housed in the new mccormick place theater this should prove to be an exciting evening adds mrs. sims
the board 's last money raising event was a performance by harry belafonte quite off-beat for this group decided some of the members
mrs. henry t. sulcer of winnetka a new board member will be chairman of publicity for the benefit
her husband recently was appointed vice president of the university bringing them back here from the east
because of the recent death of the bride 's father frederick b. hamm the marriage of miss terry hamm to john bruce parichy will be a small one at noon tomorrow in st. bernadine 's church forest park
a small reception will follow in the oak park arms hotel
mrs. hamm will come from vero beach fla. for the wedding
however mr. parichy and his bride will go to vero beach on their wedding trip and will stay in the john g. beadles' beach house
the beadles formerly lived in lake forest
harvey b. stevens of kenilworth will give his niece in marriage
mr. and mrs. stevens and the bride 's other uncles and aunts the rush c. butlers the homer e. robertsons and the david q. porters will give the bridal dinner tonight in the stevenses' home
here and there
the chicago press club will fete george e. barnes president of the united states lawn tennis association at a cocktail party and buffet supper beginning at #:## p.m. tomorrow
later a bus will carry members to the chicago stadium to see jack kramer 's professional tennis matches at # p.m.
with loud huzzahs for the artistic success of the presbyterian-st. luke 's fashion show still ringing in her ears its director helen tieken geraghty mrs. maurice p. geraghty is taking off tomorrow on a ## day world trip which should earn her even greater acclaim as director of entertainment for next summer 's international trade fair
armed with letters from embassies to ministers of countries especially those in the near and far east mrs. geraghty will beat the bushes for oriental talent
we the chicago association of commerce and industry expect to establish closer relations with nations and their cultural activities and it will be easy as a member of the fair staff to bring in acts explains mrs. geraghty
for instance djakarta indonesia has three groups of dancers interested in coming here
i'm even going to try to get the whirling dervishes of damascus
the last obstacle in mrs. geraghty 's globe-girdling trip was smoothed out when a representative of syria called upon her to explain that his brother would meet her at the border of that country so newly separated from egypt and the united arab republic that she hadn't been able to obtain a visa
first , honolulu
honolulu will be mrs. geraghty 's first stop
then japan hong kong manila india pakistan damascus beirut and to rome london and paris to look over wonderful talent
dec. ## is the deadline for mrs. geraghty 's return
the geraghtys' youngest daughter molly bows in the passavant debutante cotillion the next night
molly already has her cotillion gown and it 's fitted says her mother
also invitations have been addressed to molly 's debut tea the afternoon of dec. ## in the arts club
it won't be a tea however but more of an international folk song festival with singers from chicago 's foreign groups to sing christmas songs from around the world
the international theme will be continued with the balkan strings playing for a dinner the byron harveys will give in the racquet club after the tea
miss abra prentice 's debut supper dance in the casino will wind up the day
the richard s. burkes' home in wayne may be the setting for the wedding reception for their daughter helen lambert and the young italian she met last year while studying in florence during her junior year at smith college
he is aldo rostagno son of the guglielmo rostagnos of florence whom the burkes met last year in europe
the burkes who now live in kankakee are telling friends of the engagement
miss burke a graduate of miss hall 's school stayed on in florence as a career girl
her fiance who is with a publishing firm translates many books from english into italian
he will be coming here on business in december when the wedding is to take place in wayne
miss burke will arrive in december also
here and there
a farewell supper mr. and mrs. charles h. sethness jr. planned sunday for italian consul general and mrs. giacomo profili has been canceled because mr. sethness is in illinois masonic hospital for surgery
mrs. william odell mrs. clinton b. king john holabird jr. norman boothby and actress maureen o'sullivan will judge the costumes in the grand march at the affaire old towne bal masque tomorrow in the germania club
the party is to raise money for the old town art center and to plant more crabapple trees along the streets of old town
lyon around columnist walter winchell well and rat-a-tat-tatty again wheeled thru town between trains yesterday en route to his phoenix ariz. rancho portable typewriter in hand
if w. w. 's retiring soon as hinted he ain't talking yet
pretty sunny ainsworth the ex-mrs. tommy manville and the ex-mrs. bud arvey joined playboy-show-biz illustrated as a promotional copy writer
she 's a whiz
you can get into an argument about fallout shelters at the drop of a beer stein in clubs and pubs these nights
everybody has a different idea on the ethics and morals of driving away neighbors when and if
comic gary morton signed to play the living room here dec. ## because that 's the only time his heart lucille ball can come along
and watch for a headline from this pair any time now
the living room has another scoop jane russell will make one of her rare night club singing appearances there opening jan. ##
la russell 's run in skylark debuting next week at drury lane already is a sellout
johnny ray at the same l. r. has something to cry about
he 's been warbling in severe pain
a medico 's injection inflamed a nerve and johnny can barely walk
charley simonelli top universal-international film studio exec makes an honest man out of this column
as we bulletin'd way back he'll wed pretty rosemary strafaci of the golf mag staff in n. y. c. today
handsome bachelor charley was a favorite date of many of hollywood 's glamor gals for years
george simon exec director of danny thomas a. l. s. a. c. aiding leukemia stricken american children fund raising group filled me in on the low-down phonies who are using phones to solicit funds for danny 's st. jude hospital in memphis
there is no such thing as an emergency telephone building fund drive
the only current event they're staging is the big show at the stadium nov. ## when danny will entertain thousands of underprivileged kids
you can mail contribs to danny thomas post office box #### chicago
so if anybody solicits by phone make sure you mail the dough to the above
olivia de havilland signed to do a broadway play for garson kanin this season a gift of time
she'll move to gotham after years in paris
gorgeous doris day and her producer-hubby marty melcher drive in today from a motor tour thru new england
d. d. will pop up with u-i chief milt rackmil at the carnegie theater tomorrow to toast ### movie exhibitors
it'll be an all day affair with screenings of doris' new one lover come back and flower drum song
whee the people lovely thrush annamorena gave up a promising show biz career to apply glamor touches to her hubby ray lenobel 's fur firm here
typical touch she sold a $##,### morning light mink to sportsman freddie wacker for his frau jana mason also an ex-singer
in honor of the wackers' new baby
fur goodness sake
emcee jack herbert insists dick nixon 's campaign slogan for governor of california is knight must fall
give generously when you buy candy today for the brain research foundation
it 's one of our town 's worthiest charities
best bet for tonight that darlin' dazzler from paree genevieve opening in the empire room
dave trager who is quite a showman and boss of chicago 's new pro basketball packers is debuting a new international club for the exclusive use of season ticket holders in the stock yards inn
jump off is tomorrow night when the packs meet st. louis in their season home opener
nobody 's mentioned it but when ol' casey stengel takes over as boss of the new york mets he'll be the only baseballight ever to wear the uniform of all new york area clubs past and present yankees dodgers giants and now the mets
and bernie kriss calls the bayonet clashes at berlin 's brandenburg gate the battle of the sentry
the jotted lyon this mad world dept. khrush and the kremlin crowd are confident all right
they're contaminating the earth 's atmosphere including their own via mighty megaton bombs but their own peasants still don't know about it
more on the free world side
albert john luthuli awarded a nobel prize for his south african integration struggles has to get permission to fly to collect his honor
hmpf but on to the frothier side johnny weissmuller the only real tarzan telephoned maureen o'sullivan his first jane now at drury lane and muttered me tarzan this jane
snapped maureen me jane
actually johnny is a glib garrulous guy with a rare sense of humor
everywhere he went in town people sidled up gave him the guttural bit or broke into a frightening tarzan yodel
he kids his tarzan roles more than anyone
la dolce vita the dynamite italian flicker opens at popular prices at the loop theater nov. #
my idea of masterful movie making
bill veeck 's health is back to the dynamo stage but his medics insist he rest for several more months before getting back into the baseball swim
william keeps up with our town 's doings daily via the tribune and he tells me he never misses the ticker
that 's our boy bill
jean fardulli 's blue angel is the first top local club to import that crazy new dance the twist
they'll start lessons too pronto
a cheer here for francis lorenz state treasurer who will meet with the probate advisory board of the chicago bar association for suggestions on how to handle the opening of safety deposit boxes after somebody dies
after being closed for seven months the garden of the gods club will have its gala summer opening saturday june #
music for dancing will be furnished by allen uhles and his orchestra who will play each saturday during june
members and guests will be in for an added surprise with the new wing containing ## rooms and suites each with its own private patio
gene marshall genial manager of the club has announced that the garden of the gods will open to members thursday june #
beginning july # there will be an orchestra playing nightly except sunday and monday for the summer season
mrs. j. edward hackstaff and mrs. paul luette are planning a luncheon next week in honor of mrs. j. clinton bowman who celebrates her birthday on tuesday
mr. and mrs. jerry chase announce the birth of a daughter sheila on wednesday in mercy hospital
grandparents are mr. and mrs. robert l. chase and mr. and mrs. guy mullenax of kittredge
mrs. chase is the former miss mary mullenax
back to w. coast
mrs. mcintosh buell will leave sunday to return to her home in santa barbara calif. after spending a week in her polo grounds home
mrs. john c. vroman jr. of manzanola is spending several days in her sherman plaza apartment
mr. and mrs. merrill shoup have returned to their home in colorado springs after spending a few days at the brown palace hotel
brig. gen. and mrs. robert f. mcdermott will entertain at a black tie dinner wednesday may # in the officers' club at the air force academy
mr. and mrs. piero de luise will honor italian consul and mrs. emilio bassi at a cocktail party tuesday may # from # to # p.m. in their home
the bassis are leaving soon for their new post
there will be a stag dinner friday evening at the denver country club which will precede the opening of the #### golf season
cocktails will be served from # to # p.m. with dinner at # and entertainment in the main dining room immediately following
miss betsy parker was one of the speakers on the panel of the eastern women 's liberal arts college panel on wednesday evening in the security life bldg.
guests were juniors in the public high schools
the committee for the annual central city fashion show has been announced by mrs. d. w. moore chairman
the event staged yearly by neusteters will be held in the opera house wednesday aug. ##
it will be preceded by luncheon in the teter house
mrs. roger mead is head of the luncheon table decorations
mrs. stanley wright is ticket chairman and mrs. theodore pate is in charge of publicity
members of the committee include mrs. milton bernet mrs. j. clinton bowman mrs. rollie w. bradford mrs. samuel butler jr. mrs. donald carr campbell mrs. douglas carruthers mrs. john c. davis # mrs. cris dobbins mrs. william e. glass mrs. alfred hicks # mrs. donald magarrell mrs. willett moore mrs. myron neusteter mrs. richard gibson smith mrs. james s. sudier # and mrs. thomas welborn
the first committee meeting will be held on may ##
mr. and mrs. andrew s. kelsey of washington d.c. announce the birth of a daughter kira ann kelsey on monday in washington d.c.
grandparents are mr. and mrs. r.l. rickenbaugh and mr. and mrs. e.o. kelsey of scarsdale n.y.
mrs. kelsey is the former miss ann rickenbaugh
a cheery smile a compassionate interest in others and a practical down-to-earth approach
those qualities make esther marr a popular asset at the salvation army 's social center at #### larimer st.
the pert gray-haired woman who came to denver three years ago from buffalo n.y. is a civilian with the army
her position covers a number of daily tasks common to any social director
the job also covers a number of other items
mom marr as the more than ## men at the center call her is the link that helps to bridge the gulf between alcoholics and the outside world and between parolees and society
her day starts early but no matter how many pressing letters there are to be written and during may which is national salvation army week there are plenty schedules to be made or problems to be solved mrs. marr 's office is always open and the welcome mat is out
mrs. marr is the first contact a skid row figure talks to after he decides he wants to pick himself up
she sees that there is a cup of steaming hot coffee awaiting him and the two chat informally as she presents the rules of the center and explains procedures
usually at this point a man is withdrawn from society and one of my jobs is to see that he relearns to mingle with his fellow men mrs. marr explained
the denverite has worked out an entire program to achieve this using the facilities of the center
and i bum tickets to everything i can she said
i've become the greatest beggar in the world
in addition to the tickets to the movies sporting events and concerts mrs. marr lines up candy and cookies because alcoholics require a lot of sweets to replace the sugar in their system
mrs. marr also has a number of parolees to mother watching to see that they do break their parole and that they also learn to readjust to society
by mid-june millions of americans will take to the road on vacation trips up and down and back and forth across this vast and lovely land
in another four weeks with schools closed across the nation the great all-american summer safari will be under way
by july # six weeks from now motel-keepers all over the nation will by # p.m. be switching on that bleak to motorists sign no vacancy
no matter how many americans go abroad in summer probably a hundred times as many gas up the family car throw suitcases kids and comic books in the back seat and head for home
and where is home that magic place of the heart
ah that is simple
home is where a man was born reared went to school and most particularly where grandma is
that is where we turn in the good old summertime
the land lies ready for the coming onslaught
my husband and i a month ahead of the rush have just finished a #-day motor journey of #### miles from tucson ariz. to new york city
set for influx
i can testify that motels service and comfort stations they go together like scots and heather dog wagons roadside restaurants souvenir stands and snake farms are braced and waiting
i hope it can be said without boasting that no other nation offers its vacationing motorists such variety and beauty of scene such an excellent network of roads on which to enjoy it and such decent far-flung over-night accommodations
maybe motel-keeping isn't the nation 's biggest industry but it certainly looks that way from the highway
there are motels for all purposes and all tastes
there are even motels for local weather peculiarities in shamrock tex. as i discovered
there the royal motel advertises all facilities vented heat air conditioned carpeted free tv storm cellar
many with pools
innumerable motels from tucson to new york boast swimming pools swim at your own risk is the hospitable sign poised at the brink of most pools
some even boast two pools one for adults and one for children
but the royal motel in shamrock was the only one that offered the comfort and security of a storm cellar
motorists like myself who can remember the old tourists accommodated signs on farm houses and village homes before world war # can only marvel at the great size and the luxury of the relatively new and fast-grossing motel business
all for $## ! !
at the boxwood motel in winchester va. we accidentally drew the honeymoon suite an elegant affair with wall-to-wall carpeting gold and white furniture pink satin brocade chairs ##-inch tv and a pink tile bath with masses of pink towels
all for $##
that made up for the best motel in norman okla. where the proprietor knocked $# off the $#.## tab when we found ants in the pressed-paper furniture
oxnard calif. will be the home of the rev. robert d. howard and his bride the former miss judith ellen gay who were married saturday at the munger place methodist church
parents of the bride are mr. and mrs. ferris m. gay #### coronado
the bridegroom is the son of mrs. james baines of los angeles calif. and carl e. howard of santa monica calif.
he is a graduate of ucla and perkins school of theology aj
dr. w. b. i. martin officiated and the bride was given in marriage by her father
honor attendants for the couple were miss sandra branum and warren v. mcroberts
the couple will honeymoon in sequoia national park calif.
miss joan frances baker a graduate of smu was married saturday to elvis leonard mason an honor graduate of lamar state college of technology in the chapel of the first presbyterian church of houston
the bride daughter of rhodes semmes baker jr. of houston and the late mrs. baker was president of kappa kappa gamma and a member of mortar board at aj
her husband who is the son of alton john mason of shreveport la. and the late mrs. henry cater parmer was president of alpha tau omega and a member of delta sigma pi at lamar tech and did graduate work at rhodes university in grahamstown south africa on a rotary fellowship
the rev. richard freeman of texas city officiated and charles pabor and mrs. marvin hand presented music
the bride was given in marriage by her father
she wore a court-length gown of organdy designed with bateau neckline and princesse skirt accented by lace appliques
her veil was caught to a crown and she carried gardenias and stephanotis
miss mary ross of baird was maid of honor and bridesmaids were miss pat dawson of austin mrs. howard m. dean of hinsdale ill. and mrs. james a. reeder of shreveport la.
cecil mason of hartford conn. was best man for his brother and groomsmen were rhodes s. baker # of houston dr. james carter of houston and conrad mceachern of new orleans la.
lee jackson and ken smith both of houston and alfred neumann of beaumont seated guests
after a reception at the mayfair the newlyweds left for a wedding trip to new orleans la.
they will live in corpus christi
miss shirley joan meredith a former student of north texas state university was married saturday to larry w. mills who has attended arlington state college
they will live at #### fitzhugh after a wedding trip to corpus christi
parents of the couple are ray meredith of denton and the late mrs. meredith and mrs. hardy p. mills of floresville and the late mr. mills
the rev. melvin carter officiated at the ceremony in slaughter chapel of the first baptist church
dan beam presented music and the bride was given in marriage by her father
she wore a gown of satin designed along princesse lines and featuring a flared skirt and lace jacket with bateau neckline
her veil was caught to a pearl headdress and she carried stephanotis and orchids
miss glenda kay meredith of denton was her sister 's maid of honor and vernon lewelleyn of san angelo was best man
robert lovelace and cedric burgher jr. seated guests
a reception was held at the church
the first christian church of pampa was the setting for the wedding last sunday of miss marcile marie glison and thomas earl loving jr. who will live at #### gaston after a wedding trip to new orleans la.
the bride daughter of mr. and mrs. charles ervin glison of pampa has attended texas woman 's university and will continue her studies at aj
a night in new orleans is the gayety planned by members of the thrift shop committee for may # at philmont country club
the women have a reputation for giving parties that are different and are fun and this year 's promises to follow in this fine tradition
mrs. h. j. grinsfelder is chairman
the louisiana city is known of course for its fine food good music and its colorful hospitality and when guests arrive at philmont that night says mrs. grinsfelder that is exactly what we expect to offer them
we've been working for weeks
the prospects look great
we are keeping a number of surprises under our hats
but we can't tell it all now and then have no new excitement later
basin street beat
but she does indicate festivities will start early that a jazz combo will give with the basin street beat during the cocktail and dinner hours and that lester lanin 's orchestra will take over during the dancing
as for food mrs. henry louchheim chairman of this phase is a globetrotter who knows good food
she says of course i've had the best
it is just bad luck that we are having the party in a month with no r 's so no oysters
but we have lots of other new orleans specialties
i know they will be good
we've tried them out on the club chef or say he has tried them out on us and we have selected the best
guests will be treated to gulf coast scenic effects
there will be masses of flowers reproductions of the handsome old buildings with their grillwork and other things that are typical of new orleans
mrs. harry k. cohen is chairman of this phase and she is getting an artistic assist from a. van hollander display director of gimbel brothers
the gala is the thrift shop 's annual bundle party and as all thrift shop friends know that means the admission is a bundle of used clothing in good condition contributions of household equipment bric-a-brac and such to stock the shelves at the shop 's headquarters at #### walnut st.
for the convenience of guests bundle centers have been established throughout the city and suburbs where the donations may be deposited between now and the date of the big event
in addition to the bundles guests pay the cost of their dinners
members of the young set who would like to come to the party only during the dancing time are welcomed
the thrift shop with mrs. bernhard s. blumenthal as president is one of the city 's most successful fund-raisers for the federation of jewish agencies
some idea of the competence of the women is indicated in the contribution made by them during the past ## years that totals $###,###
it 's big business
big business this little thrift shop business say the members
for most of the ## years the operation was under feminine direction
in the past few years the men mostly husbands of members have taken an interest
louis glazer is chairman of the men 's committee that among other jobs takes over part of the responsibility for staffing the shop during its evening hours
mrs. theodore kapnek is vice chairman of the committee for the gala
mrs. richard newburger is chairman of hostesses
mrs. arthur loeb is making arrangements for a reception
mrs. joan lichtenstein for publicity
mrs. harry m. rose jr. for secretarial duties
mrs. ralph taussig for junior aides
mr. and mrs. b. lewis kaufnabb for senior aides and mrs. samuel p. weinberg for the bundles
in addition mr. and mrs. allan goodman are controllers mrs. paul stone is treasurer and mrs. albert quell is in charge of admittance for the dancing at # p.m.
besides the bundle centers where contributions may be made there will be facilities at philmont country club for those who would like to bring the bundles on the night of the party
the women 's committee of st. david 's church will hold its annual pre-fair pink parade a dessert bridge and fashion show at # p.m. on monday april ## in the chapel assembly room wayne
mrs. robert o. spurdle is chairman of the committee which includes mrs. james a. moody mrs. frank c. wilkinson mrs. ethel coles mrs. harold g. lacy mrs. albert w. terry mrs. henry m. chance #d mrs. robert o. spurdle jr. mrs. harcourt n. trimble jr. mrs. john a. moller mrs. robert zeising mrs. william g. kilhour mrs. hughes cauffman mrs. john l. baringer and mrs. clyde newman
the fashion show by natalie collett will have mrs. john newbold as commentator
models will be mrs. samuel b. d. baird mrs. william h. meyle jr. mrs. richard w. hole mrs. william f. harrity mrs. robert o. spurdle mrs. e. h. kloman mrs. robert w. wolcott jr. mrs. frederick c. wheeler jr. mrs. william a boyd mrs f. vernon putt
col. clifton lisle of chester springs who headed the troop committee for much of its second and third decades is now an honorary member
each year he invites the boys to camp out on his estate for one of their big week ends of the year
the troop is proud of its camping-out program on year-round schedule and was continued even when sub-zero temperatures were registered during the past winter
we worry say the mothers
but there never is any need
the boys love it
mrs. john charles cotty is chairman of publicity for the country fair and mrs. francis g. felske and mrs. francis smythe of posters
they all are of wayne
meet the artist is the invitation issued by members of the greater philadelphia section of the national council of jewish women as they arrange for an annual exhibit and sale of paintings and sculpture at the philmont country club on april # and #
a preview party for sponsors of the event and for the artists is set for april #
the event will be open to the public the following day
proceeds will be used by the section to further its program in science education and social action on local national and international levels
mrs. monte tyson chairman says the work of ### artists well known in the delaware valley area will be included in the exhibition and sale
among them will be marc shoettle ben shahn nicholas marsicano alfred van loen and milton avery
mr. shoettle has agreed to do a portrait of the family of the person who wins the door prize
the event is the sixth on the annual calendar of the local members of the national council of jewish women
it originated with the wissahickon section
when this and other units combined to form the present group it was taken on as a continuing fund-raiser
mrs. jerome blum and mrs. meyer schultz are co-chairmen this year
assisting as chairmen of various committees are mrs. alvin blum mrs. leonard malmud mrs. edward fernberger mrs. robert cushman
also mrs. berton korman mrs. morton rosen mrs. jacques zinman mrs. evelyn rosen mrs. henry schultz mr. and mrs. i. s. kamens mrs. jack langsdorf mrs. leonard liss mrs. gordon blumberg mrs. oscar bregman mrs. alfred kershbaum and mrs. edward sabol
dr. and mrs. n. volney ludwick have had as guests mr. and mrs. john j. evans jr. of kimbolton house rockhall md.
mrs. edward app will entertain the members of her book club on tuesday
mrs. a. voorhees anderson entertained at a luncheon at her home on monday
mr. and mrs. anderson were entertained at dinner on sunday by mr. and mrs. frank coulson of fairless hills
mr. and mrs. major morris and their son-in-law and daughter mr. and mrs. thomas glennon and their children will spend several days in brigantine n. j.
mr. and mrs. james janssen announce the birth of a daughter patricia lynn janssen on march #
mr. and mrs. charles marella announce the engagement of their daughter miss mary ann marella to mr. robert l. orcutt son of mr. and mrs. donald r. orcutt of drexel hill
miss eileen grant is spending several weeks visiting in florida
mr. and mrs. frederick heinze are entertaining mr. walter lehner of vienna
mr. ingo dussa of dusseldorf germany and mr. bietnar haaek of brelin
mr. and mrs. harry d. hoaps jr. have returned to their home in drexel park after spending some time in delray beach fla.
mr. and mrs. james f. mitchell with their daughter anne and son james jr. are spending several weeks in florida and will visit in clearwater
cmdr. warren taylor usn. and mrs. taylor of e. greenwich r. i. will have with them for the easter holidays the latter 's parents mr. and mrs. john b. walbridge of drexel hill
mr. and mrs. l. deforest emmert formerly of drexel hill and now of newtown square are entertaining mr. and mrs. ashman e. emmert of temple pa.
mrs. william h. merner of drexel park entertained at a luncheon at her home on wednesday
mr. and mrs. robert brown will return next week from bermuda
mrs. h. e. godwin will entertain the members of her book club at her home on tuesday
dr. and mrs. richard peter vieth announce the engagement of their daughter miss susan ann vieth to mr. conrad wall # son of dr. conrad wall # and mrs. nell kennedy wall
the marriage will be quietly celebrated in early february
miss vieth was graduated from the louise s. mcgehee school and is attending wellesley college in wellesley mass.
her mother is the former miss stella hayward
mr. wall is a student at tulane university where he is a member of delta kappa epsilon fraternity
their majesties the queen of carnival and the queen of comus have jointly issued invitations for shrove tuesday evening at midnight at which time they will entertain in the grand ballroom of a downtown hotel following the balls of rex and comus
mr. and mrs. richard b. mcconnell and their son-in-law and daughter mr. and mrs. raymond b. walker will be hosts this tuesday evening at dinner at the state st. home of the walkers honoring mrs. mcconnell 's debutante niece miss barbara williams
debutante miss lady helen hardy will be feted at luncheon this tuesday at which the hostess will be mrs. edwin socola of waveland miss.
she will entertain at a vieux carre restaurant at # o'clock in the early afternoon
another debutante miss virginia richmond will also be the honoree this wednesday at luncheon at which mrs. john dane will be hostess entertaining at a downtown hotel
miss katherine vickery who attends sweet briar college in virginia will rejoin her father dr. eugene vickery at the family home in richmond pl. wednesday for part of the carnival festivities
when the achaeans entertained wednesday last at their annual carnival masquerade ball miss margaret pierson was chosen to rule over the festivities presented at the muncipal auditorium and chosen as her ladies in waiting were misses clayton nairne eleanor eustis lynn chapman irwin leatherman of robinsonville miss. and helene rowley
the large municipal hall was ablaze with color which shown out from the bright array of chic ballgowns worn by those participating in the maskers' dances
the mother of young queen mrs. g. henry pierson jr. chose a white brocade gown made on slim lines with panels of tomato-red and bright green satin extending down the back
mrs. thomas jordan selected a black taffeta frock made with a skirt of fringed tiers and worn with crimson silk slippers
mrs. clayton nairne whose daughter was among the court maids chose a deep greenish blue lace gown
mrs. fenwick eustis whose daughter was also a maid to the queen wore an ashes of roses slipper satin gown
mrs. peter feringa jr. last year 's achaeans' queen chose an eggshell white filmy lace short dress made with a wide decolletage trimmed with an edging of tulle
mrs. eustis reily 's olive-green street length silk taffeta dress was embroidered on the bodice with gold threads and golden sequins and beads
the baltimore and ohio railroad announced yesterday it would reduce the total amount of its payroll by ## per cent through salary cuts and lay-offs effective at ##:## a.m. next saturday
the current monthly payroll comes to about $##,###,###
howard e. simpson the railroad 's president said a drastic decline in freight loading due principally to the severe slump in the movement of heavy goods has necessitated this regrettable action
the reduction in expenses will affect employees in the thirteen states in which the b. & o. operates
salary cut and lay-offs
it will be accomplished in two ways #
a flat reduction of ## per cent in the salary of all officers supervisors and other employees belonging to unions
there are about #,### officers and employees in this class
sufficient lay-offs of union employees to bring about a ## per cent cut in the union payroll expense
since the railroad cannot reduce the salary of individual union members under contract it must accomplish its payroll reduction by placing some of the men on furlough a b. & o. spokesman said
those union members kept on their jobs therefore will take a cut in their wages
the spokesman said the number to be furloughed cannot be estimated since the lay-offs must be carried out in each area depending on what men are most needed on the job
a thug struck a cab driver in the face with a pistol last night after robbing him of $## at franklin and mount streets
the victim norman b. wiley ## of the ### block north charles street was treated for cuts at franklin square hospital after the robbery
the driver told police he followed as the negro man got out of the cab with his money
the victim was beaten when he attempted to stop the bandit
he said the assailant who was armed with a automatic entered the taxi at pennsylvania avenue and gold street
in another attack samuel verstandig ## proprietor of a food store in the #### block aiken street told police two negroes assaulted him in his store and stole $### from the cash register after choking and beating him
a baby was burned to death and two other children were seriously injured last night in a fire which damaged their one-room anne arundel county home
the victim darnell somerville negro # was pronounced dead on arrival at anne arundel general hospital in annapolis
his sister and brother marie louise # and john raymond jr. ## months were admitted to the hospital
the girl was in critical condition with burns over ## per cent of her body
boy in fair condition
the boy received second-degree burns of the face neck and back
his condition was reported to be fair
police said the children 's mother mrs. eleanor somerville was visiting next door when the fire occurred
the house is on old annapolis road a mile south of severna park at jones station police said
annapolis , jan. #
the anne arundel county school superintendent has asked that the board of education return to the practice of recording its proceedings mechanically so that there will be no more question about who said what
the proposal was made by dr. david s. jenkins after he and mrs. d. ellwood williams jr. a board member and long-time critic of the superintendent argued for about fifteen minutes at this week 's meeting
the disagreement was over what dr. jenkins had said at a previous session and how his remarks appeared in the minutes presented at the following meeting
mrs. williams had a list which she said contained about nine or ten discrepancies between her memory of dr. jenkins 's conversation and how they were written up for the board 's approval
i hate to have these things come up again and again dr. jenkins commented as he made his suggestion
these are the board 's minutes
i'll write what you tell me to
for a number of years the board used a machine to keep a permanent record but abandoned the practice about two years ago
it was about that time a board member said later that dr. thomas g. pullen jr. state superintendent of schools told dr. jenkins and a number of other education officials that he would talk to them with a recording machine sitting in front of him
the board of county commissioners the sanitary commission the planning and zoning board and other county official bodies use recording machines for all public business in order to prevent law suits and other misunderstandings about what actually happened at their meetings
dr. jenkins notes however that most of the school boards in the state do do so
state senator joseph a. bertorelli d. first baltimore had a stroke yesterday while in his automobile in the ### block of west pratt street
he was taken to university hospital in a municipal ambulance
doctors at the hospital said he was partially paralyzed on the right side
his condition was said to be fair
police said he became ill while parked in front of a barber shop at ### west pratt street
he called vincent l. piraro proprietor of the shop who summoned police and an ambulance
the vice president of the city council complained yesterday that there are deficiencies in the city 's snow clearing program which should be corrected as soon as possible
councilman william d. schaefer d. fifth said in a letter to mayor grady that plowing and salting crews should be dispatched earlier in storms and should be kept on the job longer than they were last month
conceding that several cities to the north were in worse shape than baltimore after the last storm mr. schaefer listed several improvements he said should be made in the snow plan here
he said the snow plan was put in effect too slowly in december
equipment should be in operation almost immediately after the first snowfall mr. schaefer said
the councilman who is the administration floor leader also criticized bernard l. werner public works director for halting snow operations on tuesday night after the sunday storm
sent home for rest
mr. werner said yesterday that operations continued through the week
what he did mr. werner said was let manual laborers go home tuesday night for some rest
work resumed wednesday he said
mr. schaefer also recommended that the snow emergency route plan under which parking is banned on key streets and cars are required to use snow tires or chains on them should be strictly enforced
admitting that main streets and the central business district should have priority the councilman said it is also essential that small shopping areas be overlooked if our small merchants are to survive
recounting personal observations of clearance work the councilman cited instances of inefficient use of equipment or supplies by poorly trained workers and urged that plow blades be set so they do leave behind a thin layer of snow which eventually freezes
annapolis , jan. # ( special )
the ##-year-old adopted son of a washington attorney and his wife who were murdered early today in their chesapeake bay-front home has been sent to spring grove state hospital for detention
the victims were h. malone dresbach ## and his wife shirley ##
each had been shot in the back several times with a
automatic rifle according to capt. elmer hagner chief of anne arundel detectives
judge benjamin michaelson signed the order remanding the boy to the hospital because of the lack of juvenile accommodations at the anne arundel county jail
the circuit court jurist said the boy will have a hearing in juvenile court
younger son calls police
soon after ## a.m. when police reached the #-# brick home in the franklin manor section ## miles south of here on the bay in response to a call from the dresbach 's other son lee ## they found mrs. dresbach 's body on the first-floor bedroom floor
her husband was lying on the kitchen floor police said
the younger son told police his brother had run from the house after the shootings and had driven away in their mother 's car
the description of the car was immediately broadcast throughout southern maryland on police radio
two brothers adopted
police said the boys are natural brothers and were adopted as small children by the dresbachs
trooper j. a. grzesiak spotted the wanted car with three boys at a route # service station just outside annapolis
the driver admitted he was the dresbachs' son and all three were taken to the edgewater station police said
annapolis , jan. #
governor tawes today appointed lloyd l. simpkins his administrative assistant as maryland 's secretary of state
mr. simpkins will move into the post being vacated by thomas b. finan earlier named attorney general to succeed c. ferdinand sybert who will be elevated to an associate judgeship on the maryland court of appeals
governor tawes announced that a triple swearing-in ceremony will be held in his office next friday
simpkins from somerset
mr. simpkins is a resident of somerset county and he and the governor also a somerset countian have been friends since mr. simpkins was a child
now ## mr. simpkins was graduated from the university of maryland 's college of agriculture in ####
five years later he was awarded the university 's degree in law
mr. simpkins made a name for himself as a member of the house of delegates from #### through ####
from the outset of his first term he established himself as one of the guiding spirits of the house of delegates
maryland contracts for future construction during october totaled $##,###,### up to ## per cent compared to october #### f. w. dodge dodge corporation reported
dodge reported the following breakdown
nonresidential at $##,###,### down ## per cent
residential at $##,###,### up ### per cent
and heavy engineering at $#,###,### down ## per cent
the cumulative total of construction contracts for the first ten months of #### amounted to $###,###,### a # per cent increase compared to the corresponding period of last year
a breakdown of the ten-month total showed
nonresidential at $###,###,### up ## per cent
residential at $###,###,### up ## per cent
and heavy engineering at $###,###,### down ## per cent
residential building consists of houses apartments hotels dormitories and other buildings designed for shelter
the share of the new housing market enjoyed by apartments which began about six years ago has more than tripled within that span of time
in #### it is estimated that multiple unit dwellings will account for nearly ## per cent of the starts in residential construction
while availability of mortgage money has been a factor in encouraging apartment construction the generally high level of prosperity in the past few years plus rising consumer income are among the factors that have encouraged builders to concentrate in the apartment-building field
although economic and personal circumstances vary widely among those now choosing apartments leo j. pantas vice president of a hardware manufacturing company pointed out recently that many apartment seekers seem to have one characteristic in common a desire for greater convenience and freedom from the problems involved in maintaining a house
convenience held key
convenience is therefore the key to the housing market today
trouble-free long-life quality components will play an increasingly important part in the merchandising of new housing in #### pantas predicted
sixty-seven living units are being added to the ###-unit harbor view apartments in the cherry hill section
ultimately the development will comprise ### units in two-story and three-story structures
various of the apartments are of the terrace type being on the ground floor so that entrance is direct
others which are reached by walking up a single flight of stairs have balconies
the structures housing the apartments are of masonry and frame construction
heating is by individual gas-fired forced warm air systems
construction in #### will account for about ## per cent of the gross national product according to a study by johns-manville corporation
london , feb. #
vital secrets of britain 's first atomic submarine the dreadnought and by implication of the entire united states navy 's still-building nuclear sub fleet were stolen by a london-based soviet spy ring secret service agents testified today
the dreadnought was built on designs supplied by the united states in #### and was launched last year
it is a killer sub that is a hunter of enemy subs
it has a hull patterned on that of the united states navy 's nautilus the world 's first atomic submarine
its power unit however was derived from the reactor of the more modern american nuclear submarine skipjack
five held for trial
the announcement that the secrets of the dreadnought had been stolen was made in bow st. police court here at the end of a three day hearing
a full trial was ordered for
two british civil servants miss ethel gee ## and her newly devoted friend harry houghton ## and divorced
they are accused of whisking secrets out of naval strongrooms over which they kept guard
gordon a. lonsdale ## a mystery man presumed to be russian although he carries a canadian passport
when arrested he had the submarine secrets on a roll of candid camera film as well as anti-submarine secrets in christmas gift wrapping it was testified
flashed to moscow
a shadowy couple who call themselves peter kroger bookseller and wife joyce
in washington the federal bureau of investigation identified the krogers as morris and lola cohen an american couple formerly of new york city
in their suburban cottage the crown charges the krogers received secrets from the mystery man usually on the first saturday evening of each month and spent much of the week-end getting the secrets off to moscow either on a powerful transmitter buried under the kitchen floor or as dots posted over period marks in used books
each dot on magnification resumed its original condition as a drawing a printed page or a manuscript
all five pleaded innocent
only miss gee asked for bail
her young british lawyer james dunlop pleaded that she was sorely needed at her portland home by her widowed mother ## her maiden aunt also ## and bedridden for ## years and her uncle ## who once ran a candy shop
refuses to grant bail
i am prepared to grant bail to any of them said the magistrate k.j.p. baraclough
the trial will be held probably the first week of march in the famous old bailey central criminal court where klaus fuchs the naturalized british german born scientist who succeeded in giving american and british atomic bomb secrets to russia and thereby changed world history during the ####s was sentenced to ## years in prison
fourteen years is the maximum penalty now faced by the new five who may have altered history in the ####s
fuchs after nine and a half years was released being given time off for good behavior
he promptly went to communist east germany
the magistrate tonight refused to return to the five $##,### in american and british currency mostly $## bills and in british government bonds and stocks
this is russian money said mervin griffith-jones for the attorney general 's office
he asserted that the krogers were the bankers for moscow lonsdale the red paymaster and the two civil servants the recipients for selling their country 's secrets
of highest value
the fact that secrets of the dreadnought and thereby of the american undersea fleet were involved in the spy case had been hinted at earlier
but just before luncheon today the fact was announced grimly by the british navy 's chief adviser to the cabinet on underwater warfare capt. george symonds
he said that drawings of the dreadnought and printed details about the ship were found reproduced in an undeveloped roll of film taken from lonsdale when he was arrested with the two civil servants outside the old vic theater saturday afternoon jan. #
the information he said would have been of the highest value to a potential enemy
just how many sub secrets were being handed over when the ring watched for six months was broken remained untold
the british defending lawyers who today increased from three to four demanded to know if they could make the information involved seem of little value to a jury the chances of their clients would improve
so in the name of justice the magistrate cleared the court of all except officials to allow the captain to elaborate for almost an hour
almost any information about the dreadnought would also reveal secrets about the american underwater fleet
britain began designing the ship in #### but got nowhere until the american government decided to end a ban on sharing military secrets with britain that had been imposed after fuchs blabbed
the united states offered to supply a complete set of propelling equipment like that used in the skipjack
with the machinery went a complete design for the hull
the skipjack was a second generation atomic sub much advanced on the nautilus and the other four which preceded it
navy 's future involved
much of the navy 's future depends upon her an american naval announcement said on the skipjack 's first arrival in british waters in august #### for exhibition to selected high officers at portland underwater research station
it was there that the two accused civil servants were at work
her basic hull form a teardrop and her nuclear power plant will be used for almost all new submarines including the potent polaris missile submarines the statement went on
the atom reactor water cooled was the result of almost a decade of research at the naval reactors branch of the atomic energy commission and westinghouse electric corp.
thru development the reactor and its steam turbines had been reduced greatly in size and also in complexity allowing a single propeller to be used the navy said
the hull was also a result of almost a decade of work
it was first tried out on a conventional submarine the albacore in ####
the skipjack became the fastest submarine ever built
reputedly it could outrun underwater the fastest destroyers
it could reputedly go ##,### miles without refueling and stay down more than a month
it was of the hunter-killer type designed to seek out ships and other submarines with its most advanced gear and destroy them with torpedoes
the navy captain disclosed also that a list of questions found in miss gee 's purse would if completed and handed back have given the kremlin a complete picture of our current anti-submarine effort and would have shown what we are doing in research and development for the future
interested in detector
the spy ring also was particularly interested in asdic the underwater equipment for detecting submarines it was testified
range was a vital detail
designs of parts were sought
six radiomen told how twice on two days after the ring was nabbed a transmitter near moscow was heard calling using signals times and wavelengths specified on codes found hidden in cigaret lighters in lonsdale 's apartment and the krogers' house and also fastened to the transmitter lid
oddly the calls were still heard ## days after the five were arrested
the charge that the federal indictment of three chicago narcotics detail detectives is the product of rumor combined with malice and individual enmity on the part of the federal narcotics unit here was made yesterday in their conspiracy trial before judge joseph sam perry in federal district court
the three miles j. cooperman sheldon teller and richard austin and eight other defendants are charged in six indictments with conspiracy to violate federal narcotic laws
in his opening statement to a jury of eight women and four men bernard h. sokol attorney for the detectives said that evidence would show that his clients were entirely innocent
had to know peddlers
when they became members of the city police narcotics unit sokol said they were told they would have to get to know certain areas of chicago in which narcotics were sold and they would have to get to know people in the narcotics racket
they on occasion posed as addicts and peddlers
although federal and city narcotic agents sometimes worked together sokol continued rivalries developed when they were aiming at the same criminals
this he added brought about petty jealousies and petty personal grievances
in the same five year period that the united states says they the detectives were engaged in this conspiracy sokol continued these three young men received a total of ## creditable mentions and many special compensations and were nominated for the lambert tree award and the mayor 's medal
no comments by u.s.
in opening d. arthur connelly assistant united states attorney read the indictment but made no comments
attorneys for the eight other defendants said only that there was no proof of their clients' guilt
cooperman and teller are accused of selling $#,### worth of heroin to a convicted narcotics peddler otis sears ## of #### indiana av.
among other acts teller and austin are accused of paying $### to sears
the first witness moses winston mardis #### michigan av. a real estate agent and former bail bondsman took the stand after opening statements had been made
but court adjourned after he testified he introduced james white and jeremiah hope pullings two of the defendants and also introduced pullings to jessy maroy a man mentioned in the indictment but indicted
buaford robinson ## of #### stewart av. a cta bus driver was slugged and robbed last night by a group of youths at ##st street and south park way
robinson was treated at a physician 's office for a cut over his left eyebrow and a possible sprained knee
his losses included his money bag containing $## to $## and his $### paycheck
robinson told policemen james jones and morgan lloyd of the wabash avenue district that ## youths boarded his south bound express bus in front of dunbar vocational high school ##th street and south park way and began skylarking
when ##st street was reached robinson related he stopped the bus and told the youths he was going to call the cta supervisor
as he left the bus with his money bag robinson added the largest youth accosted him a quarrel ensued and the youth knocked him down
then the youths fled with his money
mrs. blanche dunkel ## who has spent ## years in the dwight reformatory for women for the murder in #### of her son-in-law ervin lang then ## appealed for a parole at a hearing yesterday before two illinois pardon and parole board members john m. bookwalter and joseph carpentier
she had been sentenced to ### years in prison but former gov. stratton commuted her term to ## years making her eligible for parole as one of his last acts in office
mrs. dunkel admitted the slaying and said that the son-in-law became her lover after the death of her daughter in ####
it was when he attempted to end the relationship that the murder took place
the son of a wealthy evanston executive was fined $### yesterday and forbidden to drive for ## days for leading an evanston policeman on a high speed chase over icy evanston and wilmette streets jan. ##
the defendant william l. stickney # ## of #### park pl. evanston who pleaded guilty to reckless driving also was ordered by judge james corcoran to attend the evanston traffic school each tuesday night for one month
stickney is a salesman for plee-zing inc. #### green bay rd. evanston a food brokerage and grocery chain firm of which his father william l. jr. is president
patrolman james f. simms said he started in pursuit when he saw young stickney speeding north in stewart avenue at central street
at jenks street simms said the car skidded completely around just missed two parked cars and sped east in jenks
the car spun around again simms said before stickney could turn north in prairie avenue and then violated two stop lights as he traveled north into wilmette in prairie
st. johns , mich. , april ## .
a jury of seven men and five women found ##-year-old richard pohl guilty of manslaughter yesterday in the bludgeon slaying of mrs. anna hengesbach
pohl received the verdict without visible emotion
he returned to his cell in the county jail where he has been held since his arrest last july without a word to his court-appointed attorney jack walker or his guard
the verdict brought vindication to the dead woman 's stepson vincent hengesbach ## who was tried for the same crime in december #### and released when the jury failed to reach a verdict
mrs. hengesbach was killed on aug. ## ####
hengesbach has been living under a cloud ever since
when the verdict came in against his young neighbor hengesbach said
i am very pleased to have the doubt of suspicion removed
still i don't wish to appear happy at somebody else 's misfortune
lives on welfare
hengesbach who has been living on welfare recently said he hopes to rebuild the farm which was settled by his grandfather in westphalia ## miles southwest of here
hengesbach has been living in grand ledge since his house and barn were burned down after his release in ####
pohl confessed the arson while being questioned about several fires in the westphalia area by state police
he also admitted killing mrs. hengesbach
however the confession which was the only evidence against him was retracted before the trial
charges in doubt
assistant prosecutor fred lewis who tried both the hengesbach and pohl cases said he did know what would be done about two arson charges pending against pohl
circuit judge paul r. cash did set a date for sentencing
pohl could receive from # to ## years in prison or probation
walker said he was considering filing a motion for a new trial which would contend that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence and that there were several errors in trial procedure
locked in motel
a verdict against pohl came at #:## p.m. after almost ##-# hours of deliberation
the jury which was locked up in a motel overnight was canvassed at the request of walker after the verdict was announced
the jury foreman mrs. olive heideman of rural elsie said that a ballot was even taken until yesterday morning and that the first day of deliberation was spent in going over the evidence
she said the jurors agreed that pohl 's confession was valid
the jury asked judge cash to send in his written definition of the difference between first and second-degree murder and manslaughter
the verdict came three hours later
some ## spectators remained in the court during the day and were on hand to hear the verdict read
the trial had packed the large courtroom for more than a week
a sterling township family of six surviving children whose mother died yesterday as the aftermath to a fire that also killed one of the children found today they had the help of hundreds of neighbors and school friends
while neighbor women assumed some of the dead mother 's duties fund-raising events were being planned by a homeowners association and a student council for the hard-hit henry kowalski family ##### viceroy
mrs. eleanor kowalski ## died yesterday afternoon in holy cross hospital of burns suffered in a fire that followed a bottled gas explosion saturday night at the flat of her widowed mother mrs. mary pankowski in the adjoining suburb of warren
funeral services for mrs. kowalski and her daughter christine ## who died of burns at the same hospital monday have been scheduled for ## a.m. tomorrow in st. anne 's catholic church ##### mound in warren
the mother and daughter who will be buried side by side in mt. olivet cemetery rested together today in closed caskets at the lyle elliott funeral home ##### mound warren
mrs. pankowski ## remained in holy cross hospital as a result of the explosion which occurred while mrs. kowalski fueled a cook stove in the grandmother 's small upstairs flat at #### eight mile road east
assistant fire chief chester cornell said gas fumes apparently were ignited by a candle which one of the three kowalski girls present held for her mother because the flat lacked electricity
christine 's twin sister patricia and darlene kowalski # escaped with minor burns
they are home now with the other kowalski children vicky ##
and bernardine #
all we have left in the world is one another and we must stay together the way mother wanted kowalski said in telling his children of their mother 's death yesterday afternoon
kowalski a roofer who seldom worked last winter already was in arrears on their recently purchased split-level home when the tragedy staggered him with medical and funeral bills
neighbor women such as mrs. sidney baker #### serra sterling township have been supplying the family with meals and handling household chores with kowalski 's sister-in-law mrs. anna kowalski ##### david east detroit
another neighbor mrs. frank c. smith #### pall mall sterling township surprised kowalski by coming to the home yesterday with $### collected locally toward the $### funeral costs
john c. houghton president of the tareytown acres homeowners association followed that by announcing plans last night for a door-to-door fund drive throughout their subdivision on behalf of the kowalski family
students help out
houghton said # p.m. friday had been set for a canvass of all ### homes in the subdivision which is located northeast of dequindre and ## mile road east
he said contributions also could be mailed to post office box ### warren village station
vicky kowalski meanwhile learned that several of her fellow students had collected almost $## for her family during the lunch hour yesterday at fuhrmann junior high school #### fourteen mile road east
principal clayton w. pohly said he would allow a further collection between classes today and revealed that y-teen club past surpluses had been used to provide a private hospital nurse monday for mrs. kowalski
funds from dances
student council officers announced today the kowalski family would be given the combined proceeds from a school dance held two weeks ago and another dance for fuhrmann 's ### students this friday night
furhmann 's faculty is proud that this has been a spontaneous effort started largely among the students themselves because of fondness for vicky and sympathy for her entire family pohly said
there also were reports of a collection at the county line elementary school ####o dequindre which has been attended this year by four of the kowalski children including christine
kowalski has spoken but little since the fire last saturday
but today he wanted to make a public statement
i never knew there were such neighbors and friends around me and my family
i wasn't sure there were such people anywhere in the world
i'll need more than a single day to find the words to properly express my thanks to them
an alert ##-year-old safety patrol boy was congratulated by police today for his part in obtaining a reckless driving conviction against a youthful motorist
patrolman george kimmell of mcclellan station said he would recommend a special safety citation for ralph sisk #### vernor east a third grader at the scripps school for his assistance in the case
kimmell said he and ralph were helping children across belvidere at kercheval monday afternoon when a car heading north on belvidere stopped belatedly inside the pedestrian crosswalk
gets car number
kimmell ordered the driver to back up watched the children safely across and was approaching the car when it suddenly took off at high speed he said narrowly missing him
commandeering a passing car kimmell pursued the fleeing vehicle but lost it in traffic
returning to the school crossing the officer was informed by the sisk boy that he recognized the driver a neighbor and had obtained the license number
the motorist later was identified as richard sarkees ## of #### mcclellan currently on probation and under court order to drive
given ## days
he was found guilty of reckless driving yesterday by traffic judge george t. murphy who continued his no-driving probation for another year and ordered him to spend ## days in the detroit house of correction
the jail sentence is to begin the day after sarkees graduates from eastern high school in june
the long crisis in laos appeared nearing a showdown today
britain announced that it is asking the soviet union to agree tomorrow to an immediate cease-fire
in vientiane the royal laotian government decided today to ask its friends and neighbors for help in fighting what it called a new rebel offensive threatening the southeast asian kingdom
britain 's plans to press russia for a definite cease-fire timetable was announced in london by foreign secretary lord home
he said britain also proposed that the international truce commission should be reconvened sent to new delhi and from there to laos to verify the cease-fire
a ##-power conference on laos should then meet on may # he said
plea for arms
the laos government plea for help was made by foreign minister tiao sopsaisana
he indicated that requests would be made for more u.s. arms and more u.s. military advisers
he declared the government is thinking of asking for foreign troops if the situation worsens
one of the first moves made after a cabinet decision was to request the united states to establish a full-fledged military assistance group instead of the current civilian body
a note making the request was handed to u.s. ambassador winthrop g. brown
the laos government said four major pathet lao rebel attacks had been launched heavily supported by troops from communist north viet nam
the minister describing the attacks which led up to the appeal said that ##,### communist north vietnamese were fighting royal army troops on one front near thakhek in southern-central laos
there was no confirmation of such massive assaults from independent sources
in the past such government claims have been found exaggerated
havana , april ## .
two americans and seven cubans were executed by firing squads today as castro military tribunals began decreeing the death penalty for captured invasion forces and suspected collaborators
a havana radio broadcast identified the americans as howard anderson and august jack mcnair
the executions took place at dawn only a few hours after havana radio announced their conviction by a revolutionary tribunal at pinar del rio where the executions took place
arms plot charged
the broadcast said anderson a seattle ex-marine and havana businessman and mcnair of miami were condemned on charges of smuggling arms to cuban rebels
anderson operated three havana automobile service stations and was commander of the havana american legion post before it disbanded since the start of fidel castro 's regime
anderson 's wife and four children live in miami
mcnair ## was seized march ## with four cubans and accused of trying to land a boatload of rifles in pinar del rio about ## miles from havana
report others held
at least ## other americans were reported to have been arrested in a mass political roundup
among them were a number of newsmen including henry raymont of united press international and robert berrellez of associated press
so many cubans were reported being swept into the castro dragnet that the massive sports palace auditorium and at least one hotel were converted into makeshift jails
more than #,### were said to have been arrested ### of them roman catholic priests
of the millions who have served time in concentration camps in siberia as political prisoners of the soviet state few emerge in the west to tell about it
m. kegham the name is a pseudynom was a teacher in bucharest and a member of the armenian revolutionary federation arf two reasons the communists put him away when they arrived in ####
today m. kegham was in detroit en route to join his wife and children in california
emory university 's board of trustees announced friday that it was prepared to accept students of any race as soon as the state 's tax laws made such a step possible
emory university 's charter and by-laws have never required admission or rejection of students on the basis of race board chairman henry l. bowden stated
but an official statement adopted by the ##-man emory board at its annual meeting friday noted that state taxing requirements at present are a roadblock to accepting negroes
the statement explained that under the georgia constitution and state law tax-exempt status is granted to educational institutions only if they are segregated
emory could continue to operate according to its present standards as an institution of higher learning of true university grade and meet its financial obligations without the tax-exemption privileges which are available to it only so long as it conforms to the aforementioned constitutional and statutory provisions the statement said
the statement did mention what steps might be taken to overcome the legal obstacles to desegregation
an emory spokesman indicated however that the university itself did intend to make any test of the laws
the georgia constitution gives the legislature the power to exempt colleges from property taxation if among other criteria all endowments to institutions established for white people shall be limited to white people and all endowments to institutions established for colored people shall be limited to colored people
at least two private colleges in the atlanta area now or in the past have had integrated student bodies but their tax-exempt status never has been challenged by the state
emory is affiliated with the methodist church
some church leaders both clerical and lay have criticized the university for taking the lead in desegregation
urged in ####
the student newspaper the emory wheel as early as the fall of #### called for desegregation
from its beginning the trustees' statement said friday emory university has assumed as its primary commitment a dedication to excellence in christian higher learning
teaching research and study according to highest standards under christian influence are paramount in the emory university policy
as a private institution supported by generous individuals emory university will recognize no obligation and will adopt no policy that would conflict with its purpose to promote excellence in scholarship and christian education
there is now nor has there ever been in emory university 's charter or by-laws any requirement that students be admitted or rejected on the basis of race color or creed
insofar as its own governing documents are concerned emory university could now consider applications from prospective students and others seeking applications from prospective students and others seeking the opportunity to study or work at the university irrespective of race color or creed
on the other hand emory university derives its corporate existence from the state of georgia
when and if it can do so without jeopardizing constitutional and statutory tax-exemption privileges essential to the maintenance of its educational program and facilities emory university will consider applications of persons desiring to study or work at the university without regard to race color or creed continuing university policy that all applications shall be considered on the basis of intellectual and moral standards and other criteria designed to assure the orderly and effective conduct of the university and the fulfillment of its mission as an institution of christian higher education
a young man was killed and two others injured at midnight friday when the car they were riding slid into a utility pole on lake avenue near waddell street ne police said
the dead youth was identified as robert e. sims ## of #### oak knoll cir. aj
patrolman g. e. hammons said the car evidently slid out of control on rain-slick streets and slammed into the pole
the other occupants were james willard olvey ## of ### ponce de leon ave. ne and larry coleman barnett ## of ### hill st. se both of whom were treated at grady hospital for severe lacerations and bruises
the atlanta negro student movement renewed its demands for movie theater integration friday and threatened picketing and stand-ins if negotiations failed
the demands were set forth in letters to seven owners of first-run theaters by the committee on appeal for human rights
intend to attend
we intend to attend the downtown theaters before the first of the year the identically worded letters said
the letters set a nov. ## deadline for the start of negotiations
they indicated that stand-ins and picketing would be started if theater owners failed to cooperate
downtown and art theater managers and owners contacted friday night for comment on the coahr request said they had no knowledge of such a letter and that it was in the friday mail
however three of the managers did say that they would agree to attend the proposed meeting if all of the other managers decided to attend
the coahr letter comes on the eve of a large gathering of theater managers and owners scheduled to begin here sunday
several theater operators said however that there is little likelihood of the subject being discussed during the three-day affair
student leaders began sporadic efforts to negotiate theater integration several months ago
charles a. black coahr chairman said friday that three theater representatives had agreed to meet with the students on oct. ## but had failed to show up
he declined to name the three
friday 's letters asked for a nov. ## meeting
failure to attend the meeting or explain inability to attend the letters said would be considered a sign of indifference
black said coahr hoped to be able to integrate the theaters without taking direct action but we are pledged to using every legal and nonviolent means at our disposal
a prepared statement released by the student group friday stated that extensive research by coahr into techniques and methods of theater integration in other cities indicated that the presence of picket lines and stand-ins before segregated theaters causes a drop in profits
besides managers of downtown theaters the students sent letters to owners of art theaters in the uptown area and buckhead
r. e. killingsworth
raymond e. killingsworth ## died sunday at his home at ### venable st. aj
mr. kililngsworth was a foreman with s and w cafeteria
he was born in pittsboro miss. and was a veteran of world war #
he was a member of the baptist church
survivors include two brothers c. e. killingsworth atlanta and john killingsworth warren ohio
and two sisters miss minnie kililngsworth and mrs. bessie bloom both of gettysburg pa.
john w. ball
john william ball ## of ### marietta st. nw apartment ###b died sunday at his home
mr. ball was a house painter
he was a member of the oakland city methodist church and a native of atlanta
funeral services will be at # p.m. tuesday at blanchard 's chapel with the rev. j. h. hearn officiating
survivors include his sister mrs. emma b. odom of atlanta
mrs. lola harris
mrs. lola m. harris a native of atlanta died sunday at her home in garland tex.
survivors include a son charles r. fergeson memphis tenn.
two daughters mrs. gene f. stoll and miss nancy harris both of garland
her father h. t. simpson greenville s.c. and three sisters mrs. w. e. little and mrs. hal b. wansley both of atlanta and mrs. bill wallace wilmington n.c.
a ##-year-old atlanta man was arrested sunday after breaking into the home of relatives in search of his wife hitting his uncle with a rock and assaulting two police officers who tried to subdue him police said
patrolmen j. w. slate and a. l. crawford jr. said they arrested ronald m. thomas of #### nakoma st. nw after he assaulted the officers
the officers gave this account
thomas early sunday went to the home of his uncle and aunt mr. and mrs. r. c. thomas ### blanche st. nw looking for his wife margaret lou thomas ## and their ##-month-old baby
the younger thomas ripped a screen door breaking the latch and after an argument struck his uncle with a rock scratching his face
he also struck his aunt and wife and during the melee the baby also suffered scratches
when police arrived the man was still violent slate said
he attacked one of the officers and was restrained
about five minutes later he jumped up slate said and struck the two policemen again
he was then subdued and placed in the police car to be taken to grady hospital for treatment of scratches received in the melee
then he attacked the two officers again and was again restrained slate related
slate said he and crawford received cuts and scratches and their uniforms were badly torn
thomas was charged with four counts of assault and battery
two counts of assault on an officer resisting arrest disturbance and cursing police said
a hearing was set for ## a.m. tuesday
mrs. mary self who knows more than any other person about the #,### city employes for whom she has kept personnel records over the years has closed her desk and retired
over the weekend mrs. self personnel clerk was a feted and honored guest of the atlanta club organization of women employes at city hall
after ## years in the personnel office she has taken a disability pension on advice of her doctors
as personnel clerk she handled thousands of entries ranging from appointments to jobs to transfers to other employments to pensions
i have enjoyed it and will feel a bit lost at least for a while she said wistfully friday
one of the largest crowds in the club 's history turned out to pay tribute to mrs. self and her service
georgia 's department of agriculture is intensifying its fire ant eradication program in an effort to stay ahead of the fast-spreading pest
the department is planning to expand its eradication program soon to four additional counties troup pierce bryan and bulloch to treat ###,### acres infested by the ants according to w. e. blasingame state entomologist
low-flying planes will spread a granular-type chemical heptachlor over ##,### acres in troup ##,### acres in pierce and ##,### acres in bulloch and bryan counties
the eradication effort is being pushed in bibb and jones counties over ##,### acres
the department has just finished treating ##,### acres in urban areas of macon
also being treated are houston bleckley tift turner and dodge counties blasingame said
the fire ant is thought to infest approximately two million acres of land in georgia attacking crops young wildlife and livestock and can be a serious health menace to humans who are allergic to its venom blasingame said
the north-bound entrance to the expressway at ##th street will be closed during the afternoon rush traffic hours this week
this is being done so that georgia tech can complete the final phase of a traffic survey on the north expressway
students have been using electric computers and high speed movie cameras during the study
perhaps the engineers can find out what causes all the congestion and suggest methods to eliminate it
incidentally ##th street and the expressway is the high accident intersection during daylight hours
it is followed by cain street and piedmont avenue ne
the junction of the northeast and northwest expressways and jones avenue and marietta street aj
four persons died in georgia weekend traffic crashes two of them in a fiery crash near snellville the state patrol said sunday
the latest death reported was that of #-year-old claude douglas maynor of calvary
troopers said the child ran into the path of a passing car a half-mile north of calvary on georgia ### in grady county
that death occurred at ## p.m. friday and was reported sunday the patrol said
bursts into flames
an auto overturned skidding into a stopped tractor-trailer and burst into flames near snellville the patrol said
bobby bester hammett ## of rte. # lawrenceville and mrs. lucille herrington jones ## of lawrenceville died in the flaming car the patrol said
salem ( special )
for a second month in a row multnomah county may be short of general assistance money in its budget to handle an unusually high summer month 's need the state public welfare commission was told friday
it is the only county in the state so far this month reporting a possible shortage in ga category for which emergency allotment can be given by the state if necessary
william smythe director of field service told the commissioners that multnomah as of aug. ## had spent $##,### out of its budgeted $##,### in the category leaving only $#,### for the rest of the month
at the rate of need indicated in the early weeks of the month this could mean a shortage of as high as $##,###
but it probably will be less because of a usual slackening during the last weeks of each month smythe said
no request for emergency allotment had yet been received however
board oks pact
the commission meeting for the first time with both of its newly-appointed commissioners roy webster of hood river and dr. ennis keizer of north bend approved a year 's contract for a consultant in the data processing department who has been the center of considerable controversy in the past
the contract with ray field who has been converting the agencies electronic data processing program to magnetic tape would renew his present salary of $# an hour up to a maximum of ### hours a month
field does the planning for the machine operations and fiscal processes and the adapting of the data processing system to new programs as they are made necessary by legislative and policy changes
acting administrator andrew f. juras said that because of field 's unique position and knowledge in the program the agency now would be seriously handicapped if he was continued for a period
but he emphasized that the agency must train people within its own employ to fulfill what field handles and he said he personally regrets very much that the agency has done this in the past
he pointed out to the commissioners that the agency was literally dependent now on the machine processing and the whole wheels of the agency would stop if it broke down or the three or four persons directing it were to leave
salary termed modest
juras said he insisted field be continued on a consultant basis only and be answerable directly to the administrator of the agency and to other agencies of the government
he also said that the salary in terms of going rates in the field was modest in terms of the man 's responsibility
the conversion to magnetic tape is yet completed he said and added field 's long service in state government and welfare employ gave him familiarity with the welfare program
do you feel you can stand up to the next legislative session and defend this contract
asked mrs. grace o. peck representative from multnomah county of the commission chairman joseph e. harvey jr.
my feeling at the moment he said is that we have no alternative irrespective of some of the arguments about him
the continued operation of this program depends on having his service
mrs. peck later joined by the commission 's vice-chairman mrs. lee patterson took harvey to task for comments he had made to the north portland rotary club tuesday
a publicity release from oregon physicians service of which harvey is president quoted him as saying the welfare office move to salem instead of crippling the agency had provided an avenue to correct administrative weaknesses with the key being improved communications between f & a and the commission staff
i rather resent she said you speaking to those groups in portland as though just the move accomplished this
i think you fell short of the real truth in the matter that the move is working out through the fine cooperation of the staff and all the people
the staff deserves a lot of credit working down here under real obstacles
harvey said his objective was to create a better public image for welfare
the wife of convicted bank robber lawrence g. huntley was arrested in phoenix ariz. last week and will be returned to portland to face charges of assault and robbery portland detectives said friday
mrs. lavaughn huntley is accused of driving the getaway car used in a robbery of the woodyard bros.' grocery #### e. burnside st. in april of ####
her husband who was sentenced to ## years in the federal prison at mcneil island last april for robbery of the hillsdale branch of multnomah bank also was charged with the store holdup
secret grand jury indictments were returned against the pair last week detective murray logan reported
the phoenix arrest culminates more than a year 's investigation by detective william taylor and other officers
taylor said mrs. huntley and her husband also will be questioned about a series of ## portland robberies in spring of #### in which the holdup men bound their victims with tape before fleeing
mrs. huntley was held on $##,### bond in phoenix
she was arrested by phoenix police after they received the indictment papers from portland detectives
a ##-year-old girl susan elaine smith #### ne schuyler st. was in serious condition friday at bess kaiser hospital victim of a bicycle-auto collision in the gateway shopping center parking area deputy sheriff w. h. forsyth reported
funeral for william joseph brett #### ne ##th ave. who died thursday in portland will be monday # p.m. at the riverview abbey
mr. brett born in brooklyn n.y. dec. ## #### came to portland in ####
he owned a logging equipment business here from #### to #### and later became northwest district manager for macwhyte co.
he retired in ####
survivors are his widow alice
a son william seattle wash.
three sisters mrs. eugene horstman los angeles mrs. lucy brett andrew new york city and mrs. beatrice kiefferm new york city and five grandchildren
employes of montgomery ward & co. at the dalles in a national labor relations board election thursday voted to decertify local #### retail clerks international association afl-cio as their collective bargaining agent
the nlrb said that of ## potentially eligible voters eight voted against the union two voted for it and one vote was challenged
monte brooks ## theatrical producer and band leader collapsed and died thursday in a lloyd center restaurant
he lived at #### n. willamette blvd.
for many years he had provided music and entertainment for functions throughout the northwest
these included oregon state fair for which he had been booked on and off for ## years
he collaborated with many of the big name entertainers visiting portland among the most recent being jimmy durante and phil silvers
he had conducted the ##-piece band in a series of concerts at blue lake park during the summer months
mr. brooks was born in new york and came to portland in ####
he planned at one time to enter the legal profession but gave up the plan in favor of the entertainment field
he was a member of harmony lodge no. ## af & am scottish rite
al kader temple of the shrine
order of elks lodge no. ###
## & # voiture no. ## musician 's union local ##
he was a former commander of willamette heights post and a member of nevah sholom congregation
survivors are his widow tearle
a son sheldon brooks
a daughter mrs. sidney s. stein jr. dorenzo calif.
a sister mrs. birdie gevurtz
two brothers charley and aaron cohn san francisco
and five grandchildren
services will be at ## p.m. monday at holman & son funeral home with interment in neveh zebek cemetery
the family requests that flowers be omitted
a ##-year-old portland businessman and his junior achievement company have been judged the company of the year in national competition completed this week at ohio state university columbus ohio
tim larson a junior at wilson high school and president of spice-nice is the young executive who guided his firm to the top-ranking position over the #,### other junior achievement companies in the united states and canada
the award is the first such honor in the ##-year history of ja activities in portland according to ralph scolatti local executive director for junior achievement
spice-nice counseled by georgia-pacific corp. had previously taken first-place honors in both local competition and the regional conference at san francisco
the pocket-size company set records with $#,### in sales of its products a selection of barbecue spices and paid stockholders a ## per cent dividend on their investment
youngsters do business
the junior achievement program is designed to give teenagers practical experience in business by allowing them actually to form small companies under the guidance and sponsorship of business firms
the youngsters sell stock produce and sell a product pay taxes and show a profit or loss just like full-scale businesses
national competition was the culmination of work which began with the school year last fall and continued until just before summer vacation
participants in the ## portland companies worked one night a week through the school year guided and counseled by adult advisors drawn from local business and industry
over ### portland firms contributed funds for the maintenance of junior achievement headquarters here
for winning larson will receive a $### u.s. savings bond from the junior achievement national organization
his company spice-nice will receive a $### award which will be distributed among the ## charter members
g-p men served
advisors for the national champion company were john k. morgan william h. baker leonard breuer and william f. stephenson all of georgia-pacific corp.
young larson is the son of mr. and mrs. lawrence larson #### sw nevada ct. portland
other members of the portland delegation attending the conference in columbus are kathleen mason jefferson high school
phil reifenrath madison high school
ann wegener madison
richard e. cohn grant
karen kolb franklin
and shelby carlson cleveland
hillsboro ( special )
washington county 's ##th annual fair will close saturday evening with #-h and ffa awards program at # public dance at # and variety show at #:##
on the day 's schedule are a flower show #-h horsemanship contest and clown shows the latter at ## a.m. and # p.m.
attendance continued to run ahead of last year 's during the five-day show with clear skies helping attract fairgoers
exhibition ballroom dancers from the studio of helen wick walters of hillsboro won the all-county talent contest
bill davis quartet of hillsboro was second and baton twirler sue ann nuttall of reedville third
finalists from the county 's east end failed to place
janet jossy of north plains won grand champion honors of the #-h sheep showman contest
blue ribbons went to stephanie shaw of hillsboro larry hinton of beaverton
joan zurcher of hillsboro phyllis jossy of north plains jane cox of north plains
kathy jossy of hillsboro carol jossy of north plains and lorlyn and tom zurcher of hillsboro
tom day of beaverton exhibited the grand champion #-h market hog a chester white
also winning blue ribbons were bob day of beaverton tony traxel of beaverton and steve hutchins of banks
swine showmanship championship went to bob day with tom day and hutchins winning other blues
charles reynolds of pumpkin ridge was rabbit showmanship champion
in poultry judging blues were won by john nyberg of tualatin anne batchelder of hillsboro jim shaw of hillsboro stephanie shaw of hillsboro and lynn robinson of tigard
blue ribbon for one dozen white eggs was taken by nyberg
in open class poultry donald wacklin of sherwood had the champion male and female bird and grand champion bird
john haase & son of corneilus was the only entrant in open class swine and swept all championships
carol strong ## of cedar mill cooked the championship junior dollar dinner
millie jansen high school senior from verboort had the championship dollar dinner and jody jaross of hillsboro also won a blue ribbon
barbara borland of tigard took top senior individual home economics honors with a demonstration called filbert hats
about ## north providence taxpayers made appeals to the board of tax assessors for a review of their #### tax assessments during the last two days at the town hall in centredale
these were the last two days set aside by the board for hearing appeals
appeals were heard for two days two weeks ago
about ## persons appeared at that time
louis h. grenier clerk of the board said that the appeals will be reviewed in december at the time the board is visiting new construction sites in the town for assessment purposes
they also will visit properties on which appeals have been made
any adjustments which are made mr. grenier said earlier this month will appear on the balance of the tax bill since most of the town 's taxpayers take the option of paying quarterly with the balance due next year
john pezza ## of ### hartford avenue providence complained of shoulder pains after an accident in which a car he was driving collided with a car driven by antonio giorgio ## of ## desoto st. providence on greenville avenue and cherry hill road in johnston yesterday
mr. giorgio had started to turn left off greenville avenue onto cherry hill road when his car was struck by the pezza car police said
both cars were slightly damaged
mr. pezza was taken to a nearby johnston physician dr. allan a. disimone who treated him
mr. giorgio was uninjured
thieves yesterday ransacked a home in the garden hills section of cranston and stole an estimated $#,### worth of furs jewels foreign coins and american dollars
mr. and mrs. stephen m. kochanek reported the theft at their home on ## garden hills drive at about # last night
they told police the intruders took a mink coat worth $### a black persian lamb jacket worth $###
a wallet with $### in it
a collection of english french and german coins valued at $###
four rings a watch and a set of pearl earrings
one of the rings was a white gold band with a diamond setting valued at $###
the others were valued at $### $## and $##
the watch was valued at $### and the earrings at $##
the kochaneks told police they left home at # a.m. and returned about ## p.m. and found the house had been entered
patrolman robert j. nunes who investigated said the thieves broke in through the back door
drawers and cabinets in two bedrooms and a sewing room were ransacked
the city sewer maintenance division said efforts will be made sunday to clear a stoppage in a sewer connection at eddy and elm streets responsible for dumping raw sewage into the providence river
the division said it would be impossible to work on the line until then because of the large amount of acid sewage from jewelry plants in the area flowing through the line heavy vehicle traffic on eddy street and tide conditions
a two-family house at ### brook street has been purchased by brown university from lawrence j. sullivan according to a deed filed monday at city hall
f. morris cochran university vice president and business manager said the house has been bought to provide rental housing for faculty families particularly for those here for a limited time
employes of pawtucket 's garbage and rubbish collection contractor picketed the firm 's incinerator site yesterday in the second day of a strike for improved wages and working conditions
thomas rotelli head of rhode island incinerator service inc. said four of the company 's eight trucks were making collections with both newly hired and regular workers
sydney larson a staff representative for the united steel workers which the firm 's ## workers joined before striking said the state labor relations board has been asked to set up an election to pick a bargaining agent
a ##-year-old smithfield man lester e. stone of ## beverly circle was in satisfactory condition last night at our lady of fatima hospital north providence with injuries suffered when a car he was driving struck a utility pole on woonasquatucket avenue in north providence near stevens street
mr. stone suffered fractured ribs and chest cuts hospital authorities said
he was taken to the hospital by the north providence ambulance
before hitting the pole mr. stone 's car brushed against a car driven by alva w. vernava ## of ## maple ave. north providence tearing away the rear bumper and denting the left rear fender of the vernava car police said
mr. vernava was uninjured
the impact with the utility pole caused a brief power failure in the immediate area of the accident
one house was without power for about half an hour a narragansett electric co. spokesman said
the power was off for about five minutes in houses along smith street as far away as fruit hill avenue shortly before # p.m. when the accident occurred
the fight over the warwick school committee 's appointment of a coordinator of audio-visual education may go to the state supreme court it appeared last night
two members of the democratic-endorsed majority on the school board said they probably would vote to appeal a ruling by the state board of education which said yesterday that the school committee acted improperly in its appointment of the coordinator francis p. nolan #rd the democratic-endorsed committee chairman could be reached for comment
in its ruling the state board of education upheld dr. michael f. walsh state commissioner of education who had ruled previously that the warwick board erred when it named maurice f. tougas as coordinator of audio-visual education without first finding that the school superintendent 's candidate was suitable
supt. clarence s. taylor had recommended roger i. vermeersch for the post
milton and rosella lovett of cranston were awarded $##,### damages from the state in superior court yesterday for industrial property which they owned at ## atwells ave. providence and which was condemned for use in construction of interstate route ##
the award was made by judge fred b. perkins who heard their petition without a jury by agreement of the parties
the award without interest compared with a valuation of $##,### placed on the property by the property owners' real estate expert and a valuation of $##,### placed on it by the state 's expert
the property included a one-story brick manufacturing building on #,### square feet of land
saul hodosh represented the owners
atty. gen. j. joseph nugent appeared for the state
santa 's lieutenants in charge of the journal-bulletin santa claus fund are looking for the usual generous response this year from cranston residents
persons who find it convenient may send their contributions to the journal-bulletin 's cranston office at ### park avenue
all contributed will be acknowledged
the fund 's statewide quota this year is $#,### to provide christmas gifts for needy youngsters
scores of cranston children will be remembered
cranston residents have been generous contributors to the fund over the years
public school children have adopted the fund as one of their favorite christmas charities and their pennies nickels dimes and quarters aid greatly in helping santa to reach the fund 's goal
bernard parrillo ## of ## fletcher ave. cranston was admitted to roger williams hospital shortly before ##:## a.m. yesterday after a hunting accident in which a shotgun he was carrying discharged against his heel
mr. parrillo was given first aid at johnston hose #
thornton where he had been driven by a companion
the two had been hunting in the simmonsville area of town and mr. parrillo dropped the gun which fired as it struck the ground
hospital officials said the injury was severe but the youth was in good condition last night
a check for $#,###.## representing the last payment of a $##,### federal grant to rhode island hospital was presented to the hospital administrator oliver g. pratt yesterday by governor notte
the hospital has used the money to assist in alterations on the fifth floor of the jane brown hospital part of rhode island hospital
the work added eight beds to the hospital giving it a total capacity of ### general beds
vincent sorrentino founder and board chairman of the uncas mfg. co. has been designated a cavaliere of the order of merit of the republic of italy
the decoration will be presented by a. trichieri italian consul general in boston at a ceremony at ## p.m. on dec. # at the plant which this year is celebrating its golden anniversary
about ### employes of the firm will be on hand to witness bestowal of the honor upon mr. sorrentino
mr. sorrentino will be honored on the evening of dec. # at a dinner to be given by the aurora club at the sheraton-biltmore hotel
the newport-based destroyer picket escort kretchmer has arrived back at newport after three months' patrol in north atlantic waters marked by mercy jobs afloat and ashore
on sept. # the kretchmer rescued the crew of a trawler they found drifting on a life raft after they had abandoned a sinking ship
in august while stopping in greenock scotland three members of the crew on liberty rendered first aid to a girl who fell from a train
local authorities credited the men with saving the girl 's life
birmingham , ala. ap
the fbi yesterday arrested on a perjury charge one of the members of the jury that failed to reach a verdict in the freedom rider bus burning trial four weeks ago
u.s. attorney macon weaver said the federal complaint charged that the juror gave false information when asked about ku klux klan membership during selection of jury
he identified the man as lewis martin parker ## a farmer of hartselle ala.
eight men were tried together in u.s. district court in anniston ala. on charges of interfering with interstate transportation and conspiracy growing out of a white mob 's attack on a greyhound bus carrying the first of the freedom riders
the bus was burned outside anniston
one of the eight defendants was freed on a directed verdict of acquittal
a mistrial was declared in the case against the other seven when the jury was unable to agree on a verdict
the arrest of mr. parker marks the third charge of wrongdoing involving the jury that heard the case
the first incident occurred before the trial got under way when judge h. hobart grooms told the jury panel he had heard reports of jury-tampering efforts
he asked members of the panel to tell him if anyone outside the court had spoken to them about the case
two members of the panel later told in court about receiving telephone calls at their homes from anonymous persons expressing interest in the trial
neither was seated on the jury
then when the case went to the jury the judge excused one of the jurors saying the juror had told him he had been accosted by masked men at his motel the night before the trial opened
the juror said the masked men had advised him to be lenient
the judge replaced the juror with an alternate
no formal charges have been filed as a result of either of the two reported incidents
at the opening of the trial the jury panel was questioned as a group by mr. weaver about ku klux klan connections
one member of the panel mr. parker indicated he had been a member of the kkk at one time
he was seated on the jury
the perjury charge against mr. parker carries a maximum penalty of $#,### fine and five years imprisonment on conviction
new york upi
the new york university board of trustees has elected the youngest president in the ###-year history of nyu it was announced yesterday
the new president is ##-year-old dr. james mcn. hester currently dean of the nyu graduate school of arts and sciences
he will take over his new post jan. #
dr. hester also one of the youngest men ever to head a major american university succeeds dr. carroll v. newsom who resigned last september to join prentice-hall inc. publishing firm
dr. hester of princeton n.j. is a native of chester pa. he joined nyu in september ####
prior to that he was associated with long island university in brooklyn
asilomar , march ##
vast spraying programs conducted by technicians with narrow training and little wisdom are endangering crops and wildlife carl w. buchheister president of the national audubon society said today
it is like handing a loaded automatic to an #-year-old and telling him to run out and play he commented
buchheister told delegates to the west coast audubon convention that aerial spraying in louisiana failed to destroy its target the fire ant
but it did destroy the natural controls of a borer and released a new plague that wrecked a sugar cane crop he said
the conservation leader said other mistakes in spraying had caused serious damage in ohio and wyoming
there have even been serious errors in the u. s. forest service whose officials pride themselves in their scientific training he added
the news of their experiments reaches the farmers who forgetting that birds are the most efficient natural enemies of insects and rodents are encouraged to try to get rid of all birds that occasionally peck their grapes or their blueberries buchheister told the delegates
in addition to urging greater restrictions on aerial spraying buchheister called for support of the wilderness bill creation of national seashore parks including point reyes
preservation of the wetlands where birds breed
a pesticides co-ordination act
stronger water pollution control programs and federal ratification of an international convention to halt pollution of the sea by oil
the reed rogers da fonta wild life sanctuary in marin county on friday officially became the property of the national audubon society
mrs. norman livermore president of the marin conservation league handed over the deed to the ###-acre tidelands tract south of greenwood beach to carl w. buchheister president of the society
the presentation was made before several hundred persons at the annual meeting of the league at olney hall college of marin kentfield
buchheister pledged the land would be an inviolate sanctuary for all birds animals and plants
seventeen years ago today german scientist willy fiedler climbed into a makeshift cockpit installed in a v-# rocket-bomb that was attached to the underbelly of a heinkel bomber
the world war # german bomber rolled down a runway and took off
the only way fiedler could get back to earth alive was to fly the pulse jet missile and land it on the airstrip
this had never been done before
now a quiet-spoken middle-aged man fiedler is an aeronautical engineer for lockheed 's missiles and space division at sunnyvale where he played a key role in the development of the navy 's polaris missile
he sat in his office yesterday and recalled that historic flight in ####
the first two pilots had crashed he said
i had developed the machines and therefore knew them
it was time to go up myself
fiedler was then technical director of hitler 's super-secret reichenberg project which remained unknown to the allies until after the war
about ### of the special v-# rocket-bombs were to be made ready for manned flight with an explosive warhead
the target was allied shipping a desperate effort to stave off the allied invasion of europe
the success of the project depended upon fiedler 's flight
squeezed into the few cubic feet normally filled by the rocket 's automatic guidance mechanism the scientist waited while the bomber gained altitude
at ##,### feet fiedler signaled release and started the roaring pulse-jet engine then streaked away from beneath the heinkel
to the german pilot in the bomber the rocket became a faint black speck hurtling through the sky at the then incredible speed of ### m.p.h.
it was probably man 's first successful flight in a missile
she flew beautifully said fiedler
there was only one power control a valve to adjust the fuel flow
i had exactly ## minutes to get down to the test strip
using a steering system that controlled the modified rocket 's tail surfaces and wings equipped with ailerons fiedler was to land the missile on a skid especially bolted under the fuselage
he managed to maneuver the missile to a landing speed of ### m.p.h. fast even for a modern jet plane touchdown and banked into the airfield
moments later the v-# skimmed across the landing strip edging closer and closer to a touchdown then in a streamer of dust it landed
fiedler went on to make several other test flights before german pilots took over the reichenberg missiles
the missiles were to be armed with an underwater bomb
pilots would steer them in a suicide dive into the water striking below the waterline of individual ships
a crack corps of ## pilots was formed from the ranks of volunteers but the project was halted before the end of the war and the missiles later fell into allied hands
now a family man with three children fiedler lives in a quiet residential area near the lockheed plant at sunnyvale
his spare time is spent in soaring gliders
it 's so quiet he said so slow serene and so challenging
john di massimo has been elected president of the #### columbus day celebration committee it was announced yesterday
other officers are angelo j. scampini vice president joseph v. arata treasurer and fred j. casassa secretary
judge john b. molinari was named chairman of the executive committee
elected to the board of directors were
elios p. anderlini attilio beronio leo m. bianco frederic campagnoli joseph cervetto armond j. de martini grace duhagon john p. figone john p. figone jr. stephen mana john moscone calude perasso angelo petrini frank ratto and george r. reilly
dr. albert schweitzer world-famous theologian and medical missionary has endorsed an easter march for disarmament which begins tomorrow in sunnyvale
members of the san francisco american friends service a quaker organization will march to san francisco for a rally in union square at # p.m. saturday
in a letter to the american friends service dr. schweitzer wrote
leading nations of the west and of the east keep busy making newer nuclear weapons to defend themselves in the event the constantly threatening nuclear war should break out
they cannot do otherwise than live in dread of each other since these weapons imply the possibility of such grisly surprise attack
the only way out of this state of affairs is agreement to abolish nuclear weapons
otherwise no peace is possible
governments apparently do feel obligated to make the people adequately aware of this danger
therefore we need guardians to demonstrate against the ghastly stupidity of nuclear weapons and jolt the people out of their complacency
a federal grand jury called ## witnesses yesterday in an investigation of the affairs of ben stein ## who collected big fees as a labor consultant and operator of a janitors' service
before he testified for ## minutes stein who lives at #### lake shore dr. admitted to reporters that he had a wide acquaintance with crime syndicate hoodlums
glimco a buddy
among his gangland buddies he said were joseph joey glimco a mob labor racketeer and four gang gambling chiefs gus slim alex ralph pierce joe caesar divarco and jimmy monk allegretti
another hoodlum louis arger drew $##,### from stein 's janitor firm the national maintenance company in three years ending in #### stein disclosed in an interview
i put arger on the payroll because he promised to get my firm the stevedore account at navy pier stein said
but arger never was able to produce it so i cut him off my payroll
connection is sought
other witnesses after appearances before the jury which reportedly is probing into possible income tax violations disclosed that government prosecutors were attempting to connect stein and his company with a number of gangsters including glimco and alex
the federal lawyers according to their witnesses also were tracing stein 's fees as a labor consultant
under scrutiny two of the witnesses said were payments and loans to stein 's national maintenance company at ### madison st.
the company supplies janitors and workmen for mccormick place and factories liquor firms and other businesses
lee a witness
among the witnesses were ed j. lee director of mccormick place
jerome leavitt a partner in the union liquor company #### s. kedzie av. dominic senese a teamster union slugger who is a buddy of stein and a cousin of tony accardo onetime gang chief
and frank w. pesce operator of a glimco dominated deodorant firm the best sanitation and supply company #### blue island av.
lee said he had told the jury that he made an agreement in april with stein to supply and supervise janitors in mccormick place
stein 's fee lee said was ## per cent of the janitors' pay
stein estimated this amount at about $#,### or $#,### a month
a $##,### payment
leavitt as he entered the jury room said he was prepared to answer questions about the $##,### his liquor firm paid to stein for labor consultant work with five unions which organized leavitt 's workers
leavitt identified the unions as a warehouseman 's local the teamsters union a salesman 's union the janitors' union and a bottling workers' union
government attorneys leavitt said have questioned him closely about five or six loans totaling about $##,### which the liquor company made to stein in the last year
all of the loans in amounts up to $#,### each have been repaid by stein according to leavitt
stein said he needed the money leavitt said to meet the payroll at national maintenance company
the deodorant firm run by pesce has offices in the headquarters of glimco 's discredited taxi drivers' union at ####-## blue island av.
the radiation station of the chicago board of health recorded a reading of # micro-microcurie of radiation per cubic meter of air over chicago yesterday
the reading which has been watched with interest since russia 's detonation of a super bomb monday was # on tuesday and # last saturday a level far below the danger point according to the board of health
the weather bureau has estimated that radioactive fallout from the test might arrive here next week
a board of health spokesman said there is no reason to believe that an increase in the level here will occur as a result of the detonation
curtis allen huff ## of #### lake av. wilmette was arrested yesterday on a suppressed federal warrant charging him with embezzling an undetermined amount of money from the first federal savings and loan association # s. dearborn st. where he formerly was employed as an attorney
federal prosecutors estimated that the amount may total $##,### altho a spokesman for the association estimated its loss at approximately $##,###
lien payments involved
huff 's attorney antone f. gregorio quoted his client as saying that part of the embezzlement represented money paid to huff as attorney for the loan association in satisfaction of mechanic 's liens on property on which the association held mortgages
huff told gregorio that he took the money to pay the ordinary bills and expenses of suburban living
huff who received a salary of $### a week from the loan association from october of #### until september of this year said that his private practice was lucrative
huff lives with his wife sue and their four children # to ## years old in a $##,### home with a $##,### mortgage
charge lists # checks
the complaint on which the warrant was issued was filed by leo blaber an attorney for the association
the shortage was discovered after huff failed to report for work on sept. ##
on that date according to gregorio huff left his home and took a room in the new lawrence hotel at #### lawrence av.
there gregorio said huff wrote a complete statement of his offense
later huff cashed three checks for $### each at the sherman house using a credit card
when huff attempted to cash another $### check there monday hotel officials called police
bonn , oct. ## ( upi )
greece and west germany have ratified an agreement under which germany will pay $##,###,### to greek victims of nazi persecution it was announced today
probably the hottest thing that has hit the dallas investment community in years was the morton foods stock issue which was sold to the public during the past week
for many reasons the demand to buy shares in the dallas-headquartered company was tremendous
it was a case of the investment bankers having to sell the stock
it was more one of allotting a few shares to a number of customers and explaining to others why they had no more to sell
investors who wanted ### shares in many cases ended up with ## and customers who had put in a bid to buy ### shares found themselves with ### and counted themselves lucky to get that many
in fact very few customers anywhere in the nation were able to get more than ### shares
some dallas investment firms got only ### shares for all of their customers
a measure of how hot the stock was can be found in what happened to it on the market as soon as trading began
the stock was sold in the underwriting at a price of $##.## a share
the first over-the-counter trade wednesday afternoon at eppler guerin & turner the managing underwriter was at $## a share
and from that the stock moved right on up until it was trading thursday morning at around $## a share
but the morton foods issue was hot long before it was on the market
indeed from the moment the reports of the coming issue first started circulating in dallas last january the inquiries and demand for the stock started building up
letters by the reams came in from investment firms all over the nation all of them wanting to get a part of the shares that would be sold ###,### to the public at $##.## with another #,### reserved for morton foods employes at $##.## a share
there was even a cable in french from a bank in switzerland that had somehow learned about the dallas stock offering
we subscribe ### shares of morton foods of texas
cable confirmation it said translated
but e.g.t. could let the swiss bank have even ## shares
after it allotted shares to ## underwriters and ## selling group members from coast to coast there were many shares for anyone
but the result of it all was e.g.t. partner dean guerin believes an effective distribution of the stock to owners all over the nation
i feel confident the stock will qualify for the national list he said meaning its market price would be quoted regularly in newspapers all over the country
he was also pleased with the wide distribution because he thought it proved again his argument that dallas investment men can do just as good a job as the big new york investment bankers claim only they can do
but what made the morton foods stock issue such a hot one
the answer is that it was a combination of circumstances
first the general stock market has been boiling upward for the last few months driving stocks of all kinds up
as a result it is easy to find a stock priced as the morton issue was priced at roughly ## times #### earnings to yield a little over # per cent on the ##-cent anticipated dividend
second the potato chip industry has caught the fancy of investors lately and until morton foods came along there were only two potato chip stocks frito and h. w. lay on the market
both of those have had dynamic run-ups in price on the market in recent months both were selling at higher price-earnings and yield bases than morton was coming to market at and everyone who knew anything about it expected the morton stock to have a fast run-up
and third the potato chip industry has taken on the flavor of a growth industry in the public mind of late
foods which long had been considered recession resistant but hardly dynamic stocks have been acting like growth stocks going to higher price-earnings ratios
the potato chip industry these days is growing only as a result of population increase and public acceptance of convenience foods but also because of a combination of circumstances that has led to growth by merger
the history of the u.s. potato chip industry is that many of today 's successful companies got started during the deep depression days
those that remain are those that were headed by strong executives men with the abilities to last almost ## years in the competitive survival of the fittest
but today many of those men are reaching retirement age and suddenly realizing that they face an estate tax problem with their closely held companies and also that they have no second-echelon management in their firms
so they go looking for mergers with other firms that have publicly quoted stock and almost daily they pound on the doors of firms like frito
all those things combined to make the morton foods stock the hot issue that it was and is
now if morton 's newest product a corn chip known as chip-o 's turns out to sell as well as its stock did the stock may turn out to be worth every cent of the prices that the avid buyers bid it up to
dallas and north texas is known world-wide as the manufacturing and distribution center of cotton gin machinery and supplies valued in the millions of dollars
more than ## companies maintain facilities in dallas and one large manufacturer is located to the north at sherman
it is no coincidence that the texas cotton ginner 's association is meeting here this week for the ##th time in their ##-year history
the exhibition of cotton ginning machinery at the state fair grounds is valued at more than a million dollars
it weighs in the tons so the proximity of factory and exhibition area makes it possible for an outstanding exhibit each year
a modern cotton gin plant costs in the neighborhood of $###,### and it 's a safe assumption that a large percentage of new gins in the u.s. and foreign countries contain machinery made in this area
the murray co. of texas inc. originated in dallas in ####
they've occupied a ##-acre site since the early #### 's
more than ### employees make gin machinery that 's sold anywhere cotton is grown
murray makes a complete line of ginning equipment except for driers and cleaners and this machinery is purchased from a dallas-based firm
the continental gin co. began operations in dallas in ####
the present company is a combination of several smaller ones that date back to ####
headquarters is in birmingham ala.
factories are located here and in prattville ala.
about ## per cent of the manufacturing is done at the dallas plant by more than ### employes
the company sells a complete line of gin machinery all over the cotton-growing world
hardwicke-etter co. of sherman makes a full line of gin machinery and equipment
the firm recently expanded domestic sales into the southeastern states as a result of an agreement with cen-tennial gin co.
they export also
the company began operation in #### with hardware and oil mill supplies
in #### they began making cotton processing equipment
presently hardwicke-etter employs ###-### people depending on the season of the year
the lummus cotton gin co. has had a sales and service office in dallas since ####
factory operations are in columbus ga.
the district office here employs about ##
the moss gordin lint cleaner co. and gordin unit system of ginning have joint headquarters here
the cleaner equipment firm began operations in #### and the unit system which turns out a complete ginning system began operations in ####
gordin manufacturing operations are in lubbock
the john e. mitchell co. began work in dallas in ####
the firm is prominent in making equipment for cleaning seed cotton driers and heaters and they lay claim to being the first maker #### of boil extraction equipment
the increase in mechanical harvesting of cotton makes cleaning and drying equipment a must for modern gin operation
mitchell employs a total of about ### people
they export cotton ginning machinery
the hinckley gin supply co. is a maker of overhead equipment
this includes driers cleaners burr extractors separators and piping that 's located above gin stands in a complete gin
the firm began operations back in #### and sells equipment in the central cotton belt including the mississippi delta
the cen-tennial gin supply co. has home offices and factory facilities here
they make gin saws and deal in parts supplies and some used gin machinery
the stacy co. makes cleaning and drying equipment for sale largely in texas
they've been in dallas since ####
cotton belt gin service inc. of dallas makes gin saws and started here ## years ago
they distribute equipment in ## states
the firm also handles gin and oil mill supplies such as belting bearings etc.
cotton processing equipment is a sizable segment of dallas business economy
new car sales in dallas county during march showed slight signs of recovering from the doldrums which have characterized sales this year
registrations of new cars in dallas county cracked the #,### mark in march for the first time this year
totaling #,### sales jumped ## per cent over february 's #,###
however compared with march #### new car sales of #,### this march was off ## per cent
on a quarter-to-quarter comparison the first quarter of #### total of #,### cars was ## per cent behind the previous year 's #-month total of ##,###
this year-to-year decline for dallas county closely follows the national trend estimated sales of domestic cars in the u.s. for first three months of #### were about #,###,### or ## per cent of the total in the first quarter a year earlier
with the march pickup dealers are optimistic that the april-june quarter will equal or top last year
the march gain plus this optimism has been encouraging enough to prompt auto makers to boost production schedules for the next quarter
on the local level compacts continue to grab a larger share of the market at the expense of lower-priced standard models and foreign cars
only three standard models buick chrysler and mercury had slight year-to-year gains in march sales in the county
the top # students from ## participating dallas county high schools will be honored by the dallas sales executives club at a banquet at # p.m. tuesday in the sam houston room of the sheraton-dallas hotel as the club winds up its annual distributive education project
now in its third year the program is designed to provide a laboratory for those youngsters seeking careers in marketing and salesmanship
business firms provide ## weeks of practical employment to supplement classroom instruction in these fields
more than ### juniors and seniors are taking part in the program and ### firms offer jobs on an educational rather than a need basis
principal address will be delivered by gerald t. owens national sales manager for isodine pharmical corp. of new york
the ## honored students are mike trigg raymond arrington and ronald kaminsky of bryan adams janice whitney fil terral and carl david page of w. h. adamson
bill burke tommie freeman and lawrence paschall of n. r. crozier tech. paulah thompson gerald kestner and nancy stephenson of hillcrest
arnold hayes mary ann shay and lloyd satterfield of thomas jefferson
william cluck deloris carrel carty and edna earl eaton of north dallas
patricia ann neal johnny carruthers and david mclauchlin of rylie of seagoville
david wolverton sharon flanagan and james weaver of w. w. samuels
william austin gary hammond and ronnie davis of south oak cliff
bill eaton carolyn milton and ronnie bert stone of sunset
and charles potter ronnie moore and robert bailey of woodrow wilson
the kennedy administration 's new housing and urban renewal proposals particularly their effect on the federal housing administration came under fire in dallas last week
the administration 's proposals complex and sweeping as they are all deal with fringe areas of the housing market rather than its core stated caron s. stallard first vice-president of the mortgage bankers association of america
the present recovery movement will gather steady momentum to lift the economy to a new historic peak by this autumn beryl w. sprinkel economist of harris trust & savings bank chicago predicted at the closing session here tuesday of investment bankers assn. california group conference
another speaker william h. draper jr. former under secretary of the army and now with the palo alto venture capital firm of draper gaither & anderson urged the u.s. to throw down the gauntlet of battle to communism and tell moscow bluntly we won't be pushed around any more
he urged support for president kennedy 's requests for both defense and foreign aid appropriations
not flash in pan
sprinkel told conferees that the recent improvement in economic activity was a temporary flash in the pan but the beginning of a substantial cyclical expansion that will carry the economy back to full employment levels and witness a renewal of our traditional growth pattern
in view of the current expansion which promises to be substantial he said the odds appear to favor rising interest rates in coming months but there is reason to believe the change will be as abrupt as in #### nor as severe as in late #### and ####
sprinkel strongly refuted the current neo-stagnationist thesis that we are facing a future of limited and slow growth declaring that this pessimism is based on very limited and questionable evidence
rather than viewing the abortive recovery in ####-## as a reason for believing we have lost prospects for growth he said it should be viewed as a lesson well learned which will increase the probability of substantial improvement in this recovery
he cautioned that the greater danger in this recovery may be excessive stimulation by government which could bring moderate inflation
the economist does look for a drastic switch in the budget during this recovery and believes it even more unlikely that the federal reserve will aggressively tighten monetary policy in the early phases of the upturn as was the case in ####
the unsatisfactory ####-## expansion he said was due to inadequate growth forces inherent in our economy but rather to the adverse effect of inappropriate economic policies combined with retrenching decisions resulting from the steel strike
draper declared as i see it this country has never faced such great dangers as threaten us today
we must justify our heritage
we must be ready for any needed sacrifice
he said that from his experience of two years with gen. clay in west berlin administration that russia respects our show of strength but that presently we're acting as we should and must
he called the cuban tractor plan an outright blackmail action and noted that in war you can't buy yourself out and that 's what we're trying to do
while he declined to suggest how he said that sooner or later we must get rid of castro for unless we do we're liable to face similar situations in this hemisphere
its the start of a direct threat to our own security and i don't believe we can permit that
new york ( ap )
stock market tuesday staged a technical recovery erasing all of monday 's losses in the associated press average and making the largest gain in about two weeks
analysts saw the move as a continuation of the recovery drive that got under way late monday afternoon when the list sank to a hoped-for support level represented by around ### in the dow jones industrial average
it was a level at which some of the investors standing on the sidelines were thought likely to buy the pivotal issues represented in the averages
some good news
although it looked like a routine technical snapback to wall streeters it was accompanied by some good news
a substantial rise in new orders and sales of durable goods was reported for last month
treasury secretary douglas dillon said the economy is expected to advance by a whopping #% next year paving the way for lower taxes
the dow jones industrial average advanced #.## to ###.##
of #,### issues traded ### advanced and ### declined
new highs for the year totaled nine and new lows ##
trading was comparatively dull throughout the day
volume dipped to #.## million shares from #.## million monday
a $## billion advertising budget in an $### billion economy was envisioned for the ####s here tuesday by peter g. peterson head of one of the world 's greatest camera firms in a key address before the american marketing assn.
however peterson president of bell & howell warned ### u.s. marketing leaders attending a national conference at the ambassador that the future will belong to the industrialist of creative and unconventional wisdom
as we look to the $### billion economy that is predicted for #### and the increase of about ##% in consumer expenditures that will be required to reach that goal management can well be restless about how this tremendous volume and number of new products will be created and marketed peterson said
with this kind of new product log-jam the premium for brilliant product planning will obviously go up geometrically
the executive paid tribute to research and development and technology for their great contributions in the past but he also cautioned industry that they tend to be great equalizers because they move at a fairly even pace within an industry and fail to give it the short-term advantage which it often needs
nothing to fear
peterson said america has nothing to fear in world competition if it dares to be original in both marketing and product ideas
he cited as an example how the american camera industry has been able to meet successfully the competition of japan despite lower japanese labor costs by improving its production know-how and technology
he also used as an example the manufacturer who introduced an all-automatic camera in germany with the result that it became the best selling camera in the german market
election of howard l. taylor to membership in pacific coast stock exchange effective tuesday has been announced by thomas p. phelan president of the exchange
taylor president and voting stockholder of taylor and co. beverly hills has been active in the securities business since ####
union oil co. of california tuesday offered $### million in debentures to the public through a group of underwriters headed by dillon read & co. to raise money to retire a similar amount held by gulf oil corp.
gulf 's holdings could have been converted into #,###,### shares of union oil common upon surrender of debentures plus cash according to union
under the new offering only $## million in debentures are convertible into ###,### common shares
due in ####
the new offering tuesday consisted of $## million worth of #-# debentures due june # #### at ###% and $## million of #-# convertible subordinated debentures due june # #### at ###%
the convertible debentures are convertible into common shares at $## a share by june # ####
$## by ####
$## by ####
$## by ####
$## by #### and $## thereafter
new york ( ap )
american stock exchange prices enjoyed a fairly solid rise but here also trading dwindled
volume was #.## million shares down from monday 's #.## million
gains of #-# were posted for teleprompter and republic foil
fairchild camera and kawecki chemical gained #-# each
i bought ## shares of diversified growth stock fund on oct. ## #### and ## more shares of the same mutual fund on feb. # ####
something has gone wrong some place
i am getting dividends on only ## shares
in other words i am getting only half the dividends i should
write to the fund 's custodian bank the first national bank of jersey city n.j.
that bank handles most of the paper work for diversified growth stock fund fundamental investors diversified investment fund and television-electronics fund
the bank installed a magnetic tape electronic data processing system to handle things
but it seems that this electronic brain wasn't programmed correctly
this resulted in a great number of errors
and letters began to come in to this column from irate shareholders
i visited the bank in march and wrote a story about the situation
at that time the people at the bank said they felt that they had the situation in hand
they indicated that no new errors were being made and that all old errors would be corrected within ## days
that ##-day period is over and letters are still coming in from shareholders of these four funds complaining about mistakes in their accounts
maybe it 's taking longer to get things squared away than the bankers expected
any shareholder of any of these funds who finds a mistake in his account certainly should get in touch with the bank
doyle cannot undertake to reply to inquiries
he selects queries or general interest to answer
washington ( ap )
alfred hayes president of the federal reserve bank of new york said tuesday there is no present need for far-reaching reforms which would basically alter the international financial system
hayes said that if a way can be found to deal effectively with short-term capital movements between nations there is no reason in my judgment why the international financial system cannot work satisfactorily for at least the foreseeable future
washington ( upi )
new york central railroad president alfred e. perlman said tuesday his line would face the threat of bankruptcy if the chesapeake & ohio and baltimore & ohio railroads merge
perlman said bankruptcy would be an immediate effect of the merger but could possibly be an ultimate effect
the railroad president made the statement in an interview as the interstate commerce commission opened round # of its hearing into the c & o 's request to control and then merge with the b & aj
all these kind of things weaken us perlman said
board chairman howard simpson of the baltimore & ohio railroad co. testified the b & o was in its worst financial condition since the depression years and badly needed the economic lift it would get from consolidation with the chesapeake & ohio railroad
the financial situation of the baltimore & ohio has become precarious much worse than at any time since the depression of the ####s he told the hearing
c & o president walter j. tuohy was summoned back for cross-examination by new york central attorneys before examiner john bradford who is hearing the complex case
the new york central also has asked the icc to permit it to gain control of the b & aj
central was rebuffed by the other two railroads in previous attempts to make it a three-way merger
the proposed c & o-b & o railroad would make it the hemisphere 's second largest
washington ( ap )
the government 's short-term borrowing costs rose with tuesday 's weekly offering of treasury bills
on $#.# billion of ##-day bills the average yield was #.###%
the rate a week ago was #.###%
washington , march ## ( upi ) .
consumer uncertain about economic conditions
this was the chief reason for a so-so sales outlook given by two-thirds of ## builders polled by the national housing center
other reasons mentioned by one-third or more of the builders were resistance to high interest rates cost advantage of buying over renting has narrowed shelter market nearing saturation and prospects unable to qualify
the poll was taken at the center 's annual builders' intentions conference
it disclosed that the builders
expect their own production volume and presumably sales to jump ## percent in ####
look for home building nationally to advance less than ## percent this year from #### 's #,###,### non-farm housing starts
the industry has said #### was a poor year
starts were down ## percent from ####
why the discrepancy between the builders' forecasts for themselves and for the industry
leaders of industry
the reason says the housing center is that the builders invited to the intentions conference are generally among the more successful businessmen and usually do somewhat better than their fellow builders
elburn , ill.
farm machinery dealer bob houtz tilts back in a battered chair and tells of a sharp pickup in sales we've sold four corn pickers since labor day and have good prospects for ## more
we sold only four pickers all last year
gus ehlers competitor of mr. houtz in this farm community says his business since august # is running ##% above a year earlier
before then my sales during much of the year had lagged behind #### by ##% he says
though the sales gains these two dealers are experiencing are above average for their business farm equipment sales are climbing in most rural areas
paradoxically the sales rise is due in large measure to government efforts to slash farm output
although the administration 's program cut crop acreage to the lowest point since #### farmers with the help of extra fertilizer and good weather are getting such high yields per acre that many are being forced to buy new harvesting machines
fields of corn and some other crops in many cases are so dense that older equipment cannot handle them efficiently
the higher price supports provided by the new legislation together with rising prices for farm products are pushing up farm income making it possible for farmers to afford the new machinery
seven of the eight companies that turn out full lines of farm machinery say sales by their dealers since the start of august have shown gains averaging nearly ##% above last year
in august our dealers sold ##% more farm machinery than a year earlier and in september retail sales were ##% higher than last year says mark v. keeler farm equipment vice president of international harvester co.
for the year to date sales of the company 's farm equipment dealers still lag about #% behind ####
two of three report gains
among individual dealers questioned in nearly a score of states two out of three report their sales since august # show sizable gains from a year earlier with the increases ranging from #% to ##%
all sections are showing an upswing however
the drought-seared north central states are the most notable exceptions to the uptrend
the significance of the pickup in farm machinery sales extends beyond the farm equipment industry
the demand for farm machinery is regarded as a yardstick of rural buying generally
farmers spend more of their income on tractors and implements than on any other group of products
more than ## million people live on farms and they own a fourth of the nation 's trucks buy more gasoline than any other industry and provide a major market for home appliances chemicals and other products
farmers are so eager for new machinery that they're haggling less over prices than they did a year ago dealers report
farmers aren't as price conscious as last year so we can get more money on a sale says jack martin who sells j. i. case tractors and implements in sioux city iowa
this morning we allowed a farmer $### on the old picker he traded in on a new $#,### model
last year we probably would have given him $### for a comparable machine
mr. martin sold ## tractors in august
in august of #### he sold seven
dealers' stocks down
with dealer stocks of new equipment averaging about ##% below a year ago the affects of the rural recovery are being felt almost immediately by the country 's farm equipment manufacturers
for example farm equipment shipments of international harvester in august climbed about #% above a year earlier mr. keeler reports
tractor production at massey-ferguson ltd. of toronto in july and august rose to #,### units from ### in the like period a year earlier says john staiger vice president
with the lower dealer inventories and the stepped-up demand some manufacturers believe there could be shortages of some implements
merritt d. hill ford motor co. vice president says his company is starting to get calls daily from dealers demanding immediate delivery or wanting earlier shipping dates on orders for corn pickers
except for a few months in late #### and early #### retail farm equipment sales have trailed year-earlier levels since the latter part of ####
the rise in sales last winter was checked when the government 's new feed grain program was adopted
the program resulted in a cutback of around ##% in planted acreage and as a result reduced the immediate need for machines
nearly all of the farm equipment manufacturers and dealers say the upturn in sales has resulted chiefly from the recent improvement in crop prospects
total farm output for this year is officially forecast at ###% of the ####-## average three points higher than the july # estimate and exactly equal to the final figure for ####
the government also is aiding farmers' income prospects
agriculture department economists estimate the government this year will hand farmers $#.# billion in special subsidies and incentive payments well above the record $#.# billion of #### and about double the $### million of ####
price support loans may total another $# billion this year
with cash receipts from marketings expected to be slightly above #### farmers' gross income is estimated at $##.# billion $#.# billion above #### 's record high
net income may reach $##.# billion up $# billion from #### and the highest since ####
the government reported last week that the index of prices received by farmers rose in the month ended at mid-september for the third consecutive month reaching ###% of the ####-## average compared with ###% at mid-july
kennedy opposes any widespread relief from a high court depletion ruling
the supreme court decision in mid-#### was in the case of a company making sewer pipe from clay which it mined
the company in figuring its taxable earnings deducted a percentage of the revenue it received for its finished products
such depletion allowances in the form of percentages of sales are authorized by tax law for specified raw materials producers using up their assets
the high court held that the company must apply its percentage allowance to the value of the raw materials removed from the ground to the revenue from finished products
a measure passed by congress just before adjourning softened the ruling 's impact on prior-year returns still under review for clay-mining companies that make brick and tile products
the measure allows such companies in those years to apply their mineral depletion allowances to ##% of the value of the finished products rather than the lower value of raw clay alone
president kennedy in signing the relief measure into law stressed he regarded it as an exception
my approval of this bill should be viewed as establishing a precedent for the enactment of similar legislation for other mineral industries the president said
charitable deductions come in for closer scrutiny by the i.r.s.
the service announced that taxpayers making such claims may be called on to furnish a statement from the recipient organization showing the date purpose amount and other particulars of the contribution
requests for substantiation the service indicated can be especially expected in cases where it suspects the donor received some material benefit in return such as tickets to a show
in such an instance revenuers stressed the deduction must be reduced by the value of the benefit received
a rule on the federal deductibility of state taxes is contested
a realty corporation in louisiana owed no tax under federal law on its gain from the sale of property disposed of in line with a plan of liquidation
louisiana however collected an income tax on the profits from the sale
the corporation in filing its final federal income return claimed the state tax payment as a deductible expense as permitted under u.s. tax law
the revenue service disallowed the claim invoking a law provision that generally bars deductions for expenses incurred in connection with what it said was tax-exempt income
the tax court rejected this view
it said the tax-freedom of the gain in this case stemmed from the exempt status of the income but from a special rule on corporate liquidations
the tax court decision and a similar earlier finding by the ninth circuit court of appeals challenges a year-old i.r.s. ruling on the subject
the service has said what its next step will be
peace corps volunteers are assured a tax benefit under the law creating the agency
it provides that the $#,### termination payment each cadet is to get after serving a two-year hitch without pay will be spread over both years taxed in its entirety at a possibly higher rate in the year received
the owner of a public relations firm owed no income tax on payments he received from a client company and kicked back to the company 's advertising manager the tax court ruled
the taxpayer testified that in order to retain the account he had to pad his invoices and pay the excess to the manager
the court upheld the taxpayer 's contention that these kickbacks were his income though they passed through his hands
the court limited its decision to the tax issue involved commenting it is our province to pass judgment on the morality of the transaction
a portable kerosene range designed for use aboard boats is sold with a special railing to keep it from moving with the motion of the vessel
the revenue service said the addition of the attachment does keep the range from coming under the federal manufacturers' excise tax on household-type appliances
hiring the wife for one 's company may win her tax-aided retirement income
a spouse employed by a corporation her husband controls for example may be entitled to distributions under the company 's pension plan as well as to her own social security coverage
she would be taxed on the pensions when received of course but the company 's contributions would be tax-free
a frequent pitfall in this sort of arrangement experts warn is a tendency to pay the wife more than her job is worth and to set aside an excessive amount for her as retirement income
in that event they note the revenue service might declare the pension plan is discriminatory and deny it tax privileges under the law
possible upshots the company could be denied a deduction for its pension payments or those payments for the wife and other employes could be ruled taxable to them in the year made
state briefs voters in four counties containing and bordering denver authorized the imposition of an additional #% sales tax within that area
colorado has a #% sales tax
denver itself collects a #% sales tax which is to be absorbed in the higher area tax
the washington state supreme court ruled that the state 's occupation tax applied to sales made at cost to an oil company by a wholly-owned subsidiary set up to purchase certain supplies without divulging the identity of the parent
the state 's occupation tax is computed on gross sales
the court held that the tax applied to non-profit sales because the corporations realized economic benefits by doing business as two separate entities
consumer spending edged down in april after rising for two consecutive months the government reported
the commerce department said seasonally adjusted sales of retail stores dropped to slightly under $## billion in april down #% from the march level of more than $##.# billion
april sales also were #% below those of april last year when volume reached a record for any month $##.# billion see chart on page one
the seasonal adjustment takes into account such factors as easter was on april # this year two weeks earlier than in #### and pre-easter buying was pushed into march
commerce department officials were inclined to explain the april sales decline as a reaction from a surge of consumer buying in march
adjusted sales that month were up a relatively steep #.#% from those of the month before which in turn were slightly higher than the january low of $##.# billion
greer garson world-famous star of stage screen and television will be honored for the high standard in tasteful sophisticated fashion with which she has created a high standard in her profession
as a neiman-marcus award winner the titian-haired miss garson is a personification of the individual look so important to fashion this season
she will receive the #### oscar at the ##th annual neiman-marcus exposition tuesday and wednesday in the grand ballroom of the sheraton-dallas hotel
the only woman recipient miss garson will receive the award with ferdinando sarmi creator of chic beautiful women 's fashions
harry rolnick president of the byer-rolnick hat corporation and designer of men 's hats
sydney wragge creator of sophisticated casuals for women and roger vivier designer of christian dior shoes paris france whose squared toes and lowered heels have revolutionized the shoe industry
the silver and ebony plaques will be presented at noon luncheons by stanley marcus president of neiman-marcus beneficiary of the proceeds from the two showings will be the dallas society for crippled children cerebral palsy treatment center
the attractive greer garson who loves beautiful clothes and selects them as carefully as she does her professional roles prefers timeless classical designs
occasionally she deserts the simple and elegant for a fun piece simply because it 's unlike me
in private life miss garson is mrs. e. e. fogelson and on the go most of the time commuting from dallas where they maintain an apartment to their california home in los angeles' suburban bel-air to their ranch in pecos new mexico
therefore her wardrobe is largely mobile to be packed at a moment 's notice and to shake out without a wrinkle
her creations in fashion are from many designers because she doesn't want a complete wardrobe from any one designer any more than she wants all of her pictures by one painter
a favorite is norman norell however
she likes his classic chemise
her favorite cocktail dress is a norell a black and white organdy and silk jersey
irene suits rate high because they are designed for her long-bodied silhouette
she also likes the femininity and charm of designs by ceil chapman and helen rose
balenciaga is her favorite european designer
i bought my first dress from him when i was still a struggling young actress she reminisces
i like his clothes for their drama and simplicity and appreciate the great impact he has on fashion
black and white is her favorite color combination along with lively glowing pinks reds blues and greens
of scotch-irish-scandinavian descent greer garson was born in county down ireland
her mother was a greer and her father 's family came from the orkney isles
reared in england she studied to be a teacher earned several scholarships and was graduated with honors from the university of london
she took postgraduate work at the university of grenoble in france and then returned to london to work on market research with an advertising firm
her acting began with the birmingham repertory company and she soon became the toast of the west end
among stage performances was a starring role in golden arrow directed by noel coward
it was during old music at the st. james theater that hollywood 's louis b. mayer spotted her
after signing a motion-picture contract she came to america and had goodbye mr. chips as her first assignment after a year 's wait
other triumphs include random harvest madame curie pride and prejudice the forsythe saga and mrs. miniver which won her the academy award in ####
honors that have come to greer garson are countless
just this april she was nominated for the seventh time for an academy award for her portrayal of eleanor roosevelt in sunrise at campobello
she gave a fine portrayal of auntie mame on broadway in #### and has appeared in live television from captain brassbound 's conversion to camille
she is in madame tussard 's waxworks in london a princess of the kiowa tribe and an honorary colonel in many states
she is adept at skeet shooting trout fishing afro-cuban and oriental dancing and southwestern archaeology
she now serves on the board of directors of the dallas symphony orchestra and the dallas theater center and on the board of trustees of the dallas museum of fine arts
she is state chairman for the new mexico tuberculosis and cancer associations
both miss garson and her oilman-rancher husband are active supporters of boys clubs of america and patrons of the vivid art and opera colony that flourishes in new mexico
back in college today 's handsome gander was the only male member of a texas tech class on food
the pretty coeds must have ogled him all day long but he dutifully kept his eye on the gravy
last october he gave a public speech in washington d.c. entitled are women here to stay
so you can see that gerald g. ramsey director of smu 's food services is the ordinary type of craven women-trodden chef
he is apt to rear back and claim his rights
ramsey as smu 's food wrangler buys enough groceries to serve ##,### meals a week
tell that to the little wife when she moans at the woman 's burden
he also dishes up #,### snacks
and he operates three cafeterias in the student center along with mcelvaney dining hall and the athlete 's tables
ramsey #-# ### and ruggedly slim says i can't remember when i didn't pester my mother to teach me to cook
he was in charge of the hockaday school meals from #### to #### before he moved to aj
and you'll notice that in both places there are acres of charming young ladies who with little effort spice up any chow line
what does he feed his smu football mastodons at the training table
mostly meat and potatoes they have to have that go-go-go without getting too fat says ramsey
so he hides the mayonnaise
and to keep athletes' stomachs from getting jumpy under physical duress he bans all highly flavored condiments
what do the pretty smu girls like on their plates
pretty much hamburger hotdogs steak and at night maybe pizza says the handsome food expert
unfortunately there is still little demand for broccoli and cauliflower
ramsey has stoked up harry truman henry cabot lodge the king of morocco clement atlee and other shiny characters
once four tibetan monks in their saffron robes filed through the cafeteria line
they aren't supposed to look at women you know ramsey recalled
what with all those pretty girls around they had a hard time
use one #-ounce chicken breast for each guest
salt and pepper each breast
dip in melted butter and roll in flour
place side by side in a #-inch deep baking pan
bake slowly about one hour at ###-### f. until lightly brown
add enough warmed cream seasoned to taste with onion juice to about half cover the chicken breasts
bake slowly at least one-half hour longer
while this is baking saute mushrooms fresh or canned in butter
sprinkle over top of chicken breasts
serve each breast on a thin slice of slow-baked ham and sprinkle with thompson seedless grapes
leave off the ham and you call it chicken pontiac says ramsey
contemporary furniture that is neither danish nor straight-line modern but has sculptured pattern many design facets warmth dignity and an effect of utter comfort and livability
that is the goal of two new collections being introduced in dallas this month
though there has been some avant garde indication that contemporary furniture might go back to the boxy look of the '## 's and '## 's two manufacturers chose to take the approach of the sophisticated but warm look in contemporary
these two heritage and drexel chose too to produce the exactly matching design for every piece but a collection of correlated designs each of which could stand alone
the heritage collection to be shown by sanger-harris and anderson 's studio has perhaps more different types of woods and decorations than any one manufacturer ever assembled together at one time
called perennian to indicate its lasting good today and tomorrow quality the collection truly avoids the monotony of identical pieces
walnut wormy chestnut pecan three varieties of burl hand-woven philippine cane ceramic tiles marble are used to emphasize the feeling of texture and of permanence the furniture to fit into rooms with tiled floors brick or paneled walls windows that bring in the outdoors
it is a collection with a custom-design look offering simplicity with warmth variety and vitality
the drexel collection called composite to be shown by titche 's offers a realistic approach to decorating a mature modern that is a variation of many designs
rounded posts give a soft sculptured look paneled doors have decorative burl panels or cane insets plus softening arches table tops are inlaid in macassar ebony or acacia
a high-legged buffet provides easy-to-reach serving a cocktail table has small snack tables tucked under each end recessed arched panels decorate a ##-inch long chest
an interesting approach to the bedroom is presented with a young basic functional group of chests dressers and corner units and a canted headboard
the other bedroom has heavier styling door-fronted dressers with acacia panels a poster bed or a bed with arched acacia panels and matching mirror
colorful bright eastman chromspun fabrics with the magenta pink and white tones predominating as well as golden shades are used with composite
the fabrics have scotchgard finish to resist soil and wrinkles
design elements closely rooted to traditional forms but wearing a definite contemporary label keynote drexel 's fall #### group composite
the spider-leg pedestal table has a base finished in an ebony to set off the lustrous brown of the walnut top
see-through design of the chairs combines both the nostalgic ladder back and an oriental shoji flavor
to bring warmth to the dining area golden orange tones are used in the fabrics
dignity and comfort in a contemporary manner reflecting the best aspects of today 's design with substance and maturity keynote the perennian collection from heritage
center panel hand-screened wood actually is a back of one of the tall bookcases
mellow bronzy-green-gold fabrics and the gleam of copper and hand-crafted ceramic accessories reiterate the mood as does the alexander smith carpet in all wool loop pile
the vagabonds are on the road again
members are on their way to saledo by stage coach but in air-conditioned cars
this coming weekend they have reserved the entire stagecoach inn and adjoining country club saledo for festivities
invitations have been extended to some austin dignitaries including gov. and mrs. price daniel
stagecoach days is the theme for the weekend on the old chisholm trail
the get-together friday night will be a banquet at the country club patio and pool and an orchestra will play for dancing
guests will wear costumes typical of the chisholm trail days
ginghams and calico will be popular dress for the women
the men will be in western attire including stetsons and colored vests
decorating the ballroom will be the yellow rose of texas in tall bushes
bluebonnets and stagecoach silhouettes
there will be a large drawing of a sunbonnet girl with eyes that flash at the guests
mr. and mrs. phil g. abell are chairmen for the saledo trip
committee members aiding them in planning the entertainment are messrs and mmes roy mckee george mcelyee jack fanning w. h. roquemore and joe darrow
the travel club is comprised of ## fun-loving couples who have as their motto go somewhere anywhere everywhere
their activities will be climaxed in the spring of #### when they go to europe
in the past the men and women have chartered planes to las vegas and jamaica buses to mineral wells and kerrville and private railway coaches to shreveport and galveston
four parties are given a year
two of these are in or near dallas and the others away from the vicinity
serving on the club 's board are mmes r. p. anderson president
a. f. schmalzried secretary
w. h. roquemore treasurer and the following chairmen mmes mckee publicity
lawrence b. jones yearbook and sam laughlin scrapbook
a cookie with caramel filling and chocolate frosting won $##,### for a minneapolis housewife in the ##th annual pillsbury bake-off tuesday
mrs. alice h. reese wife of an engineer and mother of a ##-year-old son was awarded the top prize at a luncheon in the beverly hilton hotel
mrs. reese entered ## past bake-offs before she got into the finals
second grand prize of $#,### went to mrs. clara l. oliver for her hawaiian coffee ring a rich yeast bread with coconut filling and vanilla glaze
mother of five
mrs. oliver is mother of five children and wife of a machinist
she lives in wellsville mo.
mrs. reese baked her cookies for only the third time in the bake-off finals
and the third time was the charm
she dreamed up the cookie recipe tried it liked it and entered it in the contest
the second baking was for photographing when told she was a finalist
the third time was on the floor of the beverly hilton ballroom and for the critical eyes and tongues of judges
mr. and mrs. joseph r. bolker will give a dinner on friday at their home in beverly hills to honor mrs. norman chandler chairman of the music center building fund committee and mr. chandler
mr. bolker heads a group within the building and development industry to raise funds in support of this cultural center for the performing arts
a feature of the party will be a presentation by welton becket center architect of color slides and renderings of the three-building complex
foliage will glow at formal fall party
fall foliage and flowers will decorate los angeles country club for the annual formal party saturday evening
more than ### are expected at the autumn event which is matched in the spring
among those with reservations are messrs. and mmes. william a. thompson van cott niven a. b. cox david bricker samuel perry and robert d. stetson
others are drs. and mmes. alfred robbins and j. lafe ludwig and gen. and mrs. leroy watson
guests from across u.s. honor dr. swim
when dr. w. a. swim celebrated his ##th birthday at the wilshire country club guests came by chartered plane from all over the country
a flight originating in florida picked up guests on the east coast and midwest and a plane left from seattle taking on passengers at west coast points
cocktails and a buffet supper were served to more than ### persons who had known dr. swim when he practiced in los angeles
he started practice in #### and served on the state board of medical examiners
giving up the violin opened a whole new career for ilona schmidl-seeberg a tiny hungarian who fritz kreisler had predicted would have a promising career on the concert stage
a heart attack when she was barely ## put an end to the ##-hour daily practicing
she put the violin away and took out some linen needles and yarn to while away the long idle days in budapest
now her modern tapestries have been exhibited on two continents and at ## she feels she is on the threshold of a whole new life in los angeles
her days as an art student at the university of budapest came to a sudden end during the hungarian uprisings in #### and she and her husband stephen fled to vienna
there they continued their studies at the university she in art he in architecture
and there she had her first showing of tapestry work
there 's a lot of talk about the problem of education in america today
what most people don't seem to realize if they aren't tied up with the thing as i am is that ##% of the problem is transportation
i never dreamed of the logistical difficulties involved until at long last both of my boys got squeezed into high school
it seems like only last year that we watched them set out up the hill hand in hand on a rainy day in their yellow raincoats to finger-paint at the grammar school
getting to and from school was no problem
they either walked or were driven
now they go to a high school that is two miles away
one might think the problem would be similar
they could walk ride on a bus or be driven
it 's much more complex than that
generally they go to school with a girl named gloriana who lives down the block and has a car
this is a way of getting to school but i understand it entails a certain loss of social status
a young man doesn't like to be driven up in front of a school in a car driven by a girl who isn't even in a higher class than he is and is also a girl
why don't you walk to school then
my father walked through two miles of snow in illinois
i was asked
no i said i didn't happen to grow up in illinois
i explained however that i had my share of hardship in making my daily pilgrimage to the feet of wisdom
i had to ride a streetcar two miles
sometimes the streetcar was late
sometimes there weren't even any seats
i had to stand up with the ladies
sometimes i got on the wrong car and didn't get to school at all but wound up at the ocean or some other dismal place and had to spend the day there
i've tried to compromise by letting them take the little car now and then
when they do that my wife has to drive me to work in the big car
she has to have at least one car herself
i feel a certain loss of status when i am driven up in front of work in a car driven by my wife who is only a woman
even that isn't satisfactory
if they have to take any car they'd rather take the big one
they say that when they take a car gloriana doesn't take her car but rides with them
but when gloriana rides with them they also have to take the two girls who usually ride with her so the little car isn't big enough
the logic of that is impeccable of course except that i feel like a fool being driven up to work in a little car by my wife when everybody knows i have a big car and am capable of driving myself
the solution naturally is the bus
however it 's a half-mile walk down a steep hill from our house to the bus and it 's too hard on my legs
my wife could drive us down the hill and we could all walk from there
but that 's hardly realistic
nobody walks anymore but crackpots and harry truman and he 's already got an education
advance publicity on the los angeles blue book does mention names dropped as did the notices for the new york social register which made news last week
published annually by william hord richardson the #### edition subtitled society register of southern california is scheduled to arrive with monday morning 's postman
publisher richardson has updated the blue book but it still remains the compact reference book used by so many for those ever-changing telephone numbers addresses other residences club affiliations and marriages
stars for marriage
stars throughout the volume denote dates of marriages during the past year
last two to be added before the book went to press were the marriages of meredith jane cooper daughter of the grant b. coopers to robert knox worrell and of mary alice ghormley to willard pen tudor
others are carla ruth craig to dan mcfarland chandler jr.
joanne curry daughter of the ellsworth currys to james hartley gregg and valerie smith to james mcalister duque
also noted are the marriages of elizabeth browning daughter of the george l. brownings to austin c. smith jr.
cynthia flower daughter of the ludlow flowers jr. to todd huntington son of the david huntingtons
listed as newly wed in the pasadena section of the new book are mr. and mrs. samuel moody haskins #
she is the former judy chapman daughter of john s. chapman of this city
the young couple live in pasadena
another marriage of note is that of jane mcalester and william louis pfau
changes in address are noted
for instance the edwin pauleys jr. formerly of chantilly rd. are now at home on north arden dr. in beverly hills
mr. and mrs. robert moulton now live on wilshire and the franklin moultons on s. windsor blvd.
the richard beesemyers formerly of connecticut have returned to southern california and are now residing on south arden blvd.
but the raoul esnards have exchanged their residence in southern california for mexico city
more new addresses
judge and mrs. julian hazard are now at laguna beach while the frank wangemans have moved from beverly hills to new york where he is general manager of the waldorf-astoria hotel
and lawrence chase son of the ransom chases is listed at his new address in oxford eng.
others listed at new addresses are the richard t. olerichs the joseph aderholds jr. the henri de la chapelles the john berteros and dr. and mrs. egerton crispin the john armisteads the allen chases the howard lockies the thomas lockies and anthony longinotti
newcomers of social note from other parts of the country are the ray carbones formerly of panama
the geddes macgregors formerly of scotland and mr. and mrs. werner h. althaus formerly of switzerland
here 's an idea for a child 's room that is easy to execute and is completely charming using puppets for lamp bases
most children love the animated puppet faces and their flexible bodies and they prefer to see them as though the puppets were in action rather than put away in boxes
displayed as lamps the puppets delight the children and are decorative accent
to create such a lamp order a wired pedestal from any lamp shop
measure the puppet to determine the height of the light socket allowing three to four inches above the puppet 's head
make sure that the metal tube through which the wire passes is in the shape of an inverted l the foot of the l about three inches long so that the puppet can hang directly under the light
using the strings that manipulate the puppet suspend him from the light fixture by tying the strings to the lamp base
in this way you can arrange his legs and arms in any desired position with feet or one foot barely resting on the pedestal
if the puppets are of uniform size you can change them in accord with your child 's whims
although a straight drum shade would be adequate and sufficiently neutral that the puppets could be changed without disharmony it is far more fun to create shades in the gay spirit of a child 's playtime
those illustrated are reminiscent of a circus top or a merry-go-round
the scalloped edge is particularly appealing
today 's trend toward furniture designs from america 's past is teaching home-owners and decorators a renewed respect for the shrewd cabinetmakers of our colonial era
a generation ago there were plenty of people who appreciated antiques and fine reproductions
in the background lurked the feeling however that these pieces beautiful as they were lacked the utilitarian touch
so junior 's bedroom was usually tricked out with heavy nondescript pieces that supposedly could take the hard knocks while the fine secretary was relegated to the parlor where it was for show only
this isn't true of the many homemakers of the #### 's according to decorator consultant leland alden
housewives are finding literally hundreds of ways of getting the maximum use out of traditional designs says mr. alden and they are doing it largely because colonial craftsmen had an innate sense of the practical
there are a number of reasons why the eighteenth century designer had to develop down to earth designs or go out of business
hotel escape 's bonanza room has a real bonanza in its new attraction the versatile kings # plus two
this is the strongest act to hit the area in a long while a well integrated fast moving outfit specializing in skits vocals comedy and instrumentals all of it distinctly displaying the pro touch
show spotlights the kings george worth bill kay frank ciciulla and gene wilson flanked by dave grossman and ron stevens
the plus two remain at a fixed position with drums and guitar but the quartet covers the stage with a batch of instruments ranging from tuba to tambourine and the beat is solid
in the comedy division the kings simply augment talent and imagination with a few props
net result is some crazy-wonderful nonsense part of which can be classed as pure slapstick
kings # have rated as a popular act in vegas and western nightclubs
if they can't chalk up big business here then let 's stop this noise about how hip we are and stick to our community singing
andy bartha and his trio have booked into oceania lounge
the cumbancheros latin combo open tuesday at the four o'clock club
flip phillips for a return engagement at fireside steak ranch wednesday
same date johnny lasalle trio to the jolly roger
dick carroll and his accordion which we now refer to as freida held over at bahia cabana where sir judson smith brings in his calypso capers oct. ##
johnny leighton picked up some new numbers out in texas which he 's springing on the ringsiders in the rum house at galt ocean mile hotel
skip hovarter back in town from a summer in the reno-lake tahoe area where he ran into rusty warren kay martin the marskmen and tune toppers all pulling good biz he says
we like fike
al fike an ex-schoolteacher from colorado is currently pursuing the three r 's rhythm reminiscence and repartee in a return class session at the trade winds hotel
al has added some sidemen to the act which makes for a smoother operation but it 's substantially the same format heard last spring
newcomers are ernie kemm on piano wes robbins bass and trumpet and jack kelly on drums
it 's a solid show but except for some interim keyboarding by ernie it 's al 's all the way
maestro 's biggest stock in trade is his personality and ability to establish a warm rapport with his audience
he skips around from jazz to blues to boogie accompanying himself on piano and frequently pulling the customers in on the act
this is a bouncy show which may get a little too frantic at times but is nevertheless worth your appraisal
cafe society opens formally this afternoon under its new ownership
george kissak is the bossman
terry barnes has been named manager
spot retains the same decor although crystal chandeliers have been installed above the terrace dining area and the kitchen has undergone a remodeling job
latter domain under the guidance of chef tom yokel will specialize in steaks chops chicken and prime beef as well as tom 's favorite dish stuffed shrimp
bandstand features hal decicco pianist for both dinner hour and the late trade
the tic-tac-toe trio is the club 's new show group which also plays for dancing
here and there
herbert heilman in town for a day
hubie 's restaurant activities up in lorain ohio may preclude his return here until after oct. ## date set for reopening the heilman restaurant on sunman restaurant on sunrise
louise franklin cornering the gift shop market in lauderdale
vivacious redhead debuts another shop her sixth in the governor 's club hotel this week
sunday new orleans brunches continue at the trade winds but the daily french buffets have been called off
mackey airline 's new sunshine inn at bimini set to open some time this month according to hank johnson
student prince lounge on atlantic blvd. plotting a month-long festival throughout october with special features
don drinkhouse of pal 's restaurant planning a reunion with the miami playboy club 's pianist julian gould
two were in the same band ## years ago
don who played drums hasn't seen his chum since
steak house has such a run on beer to wash down that mexican food tex burgess had to call the draft man twice in one day
which is understandable if you've ever sampled the exotic peppery fare
faces in places
pualani and randy avon dave searles george papa gill al bandish jim morgart bob neil at the mouse trap
billy and jean moffett at the rickshaw
bea morley jimmy fazio jim o'hare ralph michaels bill and evelyn perry at the escape
hear that patricia murphy flies up to st. john 's newfoundland next sunday to attend the government 's special ceremonies at memorial university honoring distinguished sons and daughters of the island province
miss murphy was born in placentia newfoundland
her invitation from premier joseph smallwood is reported to be the only one extended to a woman
the first in a series of five productions will be held in war memorial auditorium thursday oct. ##
le theatre d'art du ballet of monte carlo will present a program of four ballets including francesca da rimini
performers include a company of ## dancers and a symphony orchestra
the series of ballets is sponsored by the milenoff ballet foundation inc. a non-profit foundation with headquarters in coral gables
also set for appearances at the auditorium this season are american ballet theatre on jan. ## ximenez-vargas ballet espagnol on feb. #
jorge bolet pianist on feb. ##
and dancers of bali on march #
a southeast library workshop will be held here oct. # conducted by mrs. gretchen schenk of summerdale ala. author lecturer and library leader
the workshop will begin at ## a.m. and end at # p.m. in the auditorium of the library and fine arts building
there is no registration fee but there will be a charge of $#.## for the luncheon to be held in the library and fine arts building
anyone interested in attending the meeting may have reservations with mrs. john whelan at the hollywood public library
at the workshop mrs. schenk will discuss the board and the staff librarian-board relationships personnel policies how good is our librarian and staff how good am i as a library board member and how good is our library
other workshops will be in tallahassee oct. #
jacksonville oct. #
orlando oct. ##
plant city oct. ##
a series of high school assemblies to acquaint junior and senior students with the junior achievement program begins at st. thomas aquinas monday
subsequent assemblies will be held at stranahan high school tuesday at pompano beach high wednesday and at fort lauderdale high thursday
the business education program operates with the cooperation of local high schools and business firms
is there anything a frustrated individual can do about communism 's growing threat on our doorstep and around the world
more than ### teenagers last sunday proved there is and as many more are expected to prove it again for jim kern and his wife lynn from # to # p.m. sunday at first presbyterian church
at that time the second half of the christian youth crusade against communism will be staged
a young real estate salesman kern first got seriously interested in the problems posed by communism when in the navy air force
he was particularly struck by a course on communist brainwashing
kern began reading a lot about the history and philosophy of communism but never felt there was anything he as an individual could do about it
when he attended the christian anti-communist crusade school here about six months ago jim became convinced that an individual can do something constructive in the ideological battle and set out to do it
the best approach he figured was to try to influence young people like the high schoolers he and his wife serve as advisors at first presbyterian church
and he wanted to be careful that the kids only learn about communist but also about what he feels is the only antidote a biblically strong christianity
so the christian youth crusade against communisn developed and more than ### top teenagers and ## adult advisers from presbyterian churches of the area sat enthralled at the four-hour program
this sunday those attending the second session will hear a lecture by kern on the world situation
a review of the philosophy of communist leaders by ted slack another real estate agent who became interested as a philosophy major at the university of miami
and talks on how their christian faith can guide them in learning about and fighting communism during high school and college days by ted place director of greater miami youth for christ and jon braun director of campus crusade for christ
the second half of the film communism on the map and the movie operation abolition also will be shown
response to the program has been so encouraging kern said that a city-wide youth school at dade county auditorium may be set up soon
and to encourage other churches to try their own programs kern said this sunday 's sessions including the free dinner will be open to anyone who makes reservations
the need for and the way to achieve a christian home will be stressed in special services marking national christian family week in miami area churches next week
of particular meaning to the charles macwhorter family #### sw ##th ter. will be the family dedication service planned for ##:## a.m. sunday at first christian church
it will be the second time the assistant manager of a coral gables restaurant and his wife have taken part in the twice-a-year ceremonies for families with new babies
the first one two years ago changed the routine of their home life
when you stand up in public and take vows to strive to set an example before your children and to teach them the fundamentals of the christian faith you strive a little harder to uphold those vows explains the slender vice president of the young couples sunday school class
until that first dedication service he and lois felt their children were too young to take part in any religious life at home
they have five daughters coral lee # glenda rae # pamela # karen # and shari five months
but after that service they decided to try to let the girls say grace at the table have bedtime prayers and bible stories
to their surprise the children all were eager and quite able to take part
even the two-year-old feels miffed if the family has a prayer-time without her
dade 's chief probation officer jack blanton will lead a discussion on the changes in the american family at #:## p.m. sunday at christ lutheran church
mr. and mrs. george treadwell will be honored at a family week supper and program at # p.m. sunday at trinity methodist church
he is the sexton of the church
a family worship service will follow the program at #:## p.m.
the outstanding family of central nazarene church will be picked by ballot from among eight families during the ##:## a.m. sunday service marking national family week
every family of riviera presbyterian church has been asked to read the bible and pray together daily during national christian family week and to undertake one project in which all members of the family participate
to start the week of special programs at the church the rev. john d. henderson will preach on a successful marriage at #:## and ## a.m. sunday
new officers of the church will be ordained and installed at the #:## p.m. service
a father and son dinner sponsored by the men 's club will be held at #:## p.m. monday and the annual church picnic at # p.m. next saturday
the week will end with the rev. mr. henderson preaching on the marriage altar at #:## p.m. sunday may ##
the resignation of the rev. warren i. densmore headmaster of st. stephen 's episcopal day school in coconut grove becomes effective july ##
enrique jorda conductor and musical director of the san francisco symphony will fulfill two more guest conducting engagements in europe before returning home to open the symphony 's golden anniversary season it was announced
the guest assignments are scheduled for november ## and ## with the orchestra sinfonica siciliana in palermo and the orchestra of radio cologne
the season in san francisco will open with a special gala concert on november ##
during his five-month visit abroad jorda recently conducted the orchestre philharmonique de bordeau in france and the santa cecilia orchestra in rome
in announcing jorda 's return the orchestra also announced that the sale of single tickets for the ##th anniversary season will start at the sherman clay box office on wednesday
guest performers and conductors during the coming season will include many renowned artists who began their careers playing with the orchestra including violinists yehudi menuhin isaac stern ruggiero ricci and david abel
pianists leon fleisher ruth slenczynka and stephen bishop and conductor earl bernard murray
the leningrad kirov ballet which opened a series of performances friday night at the opera house is i think the finest classical ballet company i have ever seen and the production of the petipa-tschaikowsky sleeping beauty with which it began the series is incomparably the finest i have ever had the pleasure of witnessing
this work is no favorite of mine
i am prepared to demonstrate at anytime that it represents the spirit of imperial russia in its most vulgar infantile and reactionary aspect
that its persistent use by ballet companies of the soviet regime indicates that that old spirit is just as stultifying alive today as it ever was
that its presentation in this country is part of a capitalist plot to boobify the american people
that its choreography is undistinguished and its score a shapeless assemblage of self-plagiarisms
all of this is true and all of it is totally meaningless in the face of the kirov 's utterly captivating presentation
the reasons for this enchantment are numerous but most of them end in ova eva or aya
in other words no merely male creature can resist that corps de ballet
it seems to have been chosen exclusively from the winners of beauty contests miss omsk miss pinsk miss stalingr oops skip it
these qualities alone however would account for their success and it took me a while to discover the crowning virtue that completes this company 's collective personality
it is a kind of friendliness and frankness of address toward the audience which we have been led to believe was peculiar to the american ballet
oh-the-pain-of-it that convention of russian ballet whereby the girls convey the idea that they are all the daughters of impoverished grand dukes driven to the stage out of filial piety is totally absent from the kirov
this is all the more remarkable because the kirov is to ballet what senator goldwater is to american politics
but obviously at least some things have changed for the better in russia so far as the ballet is concerned
irina kolpakova the princess aurora of friday 's performance would be a change for the better anywhere at any time no matter who had had the role before
she is the most beautiful thing you ever laid eyes on and her dancing has a feminine suavity lightness sparkle and refinement which are simply incomparable
alla sizova who seems to have made a special hit in the east was delightful as the lady bluebird and her partner yuri soloviev was wonderfully virile acrobatic and poetic all at the same time in a tradition unlike that of nijinsky
vladilen semenov a fine danseur noble
konstantin shatilov a great character dancer
and inna zubkovskaya an excellent lilac fairy were other outstanding members of the cast but every member of the cast was magnificent
the production designed by simon virsaladze was completely traditional but traditional in the right way
it was done with great taste was big and spacious sumptuous as the dreams of any peasant in its courtly costumes but sumptuous in a muted pastel-like style with rich quiet harmonies of color between the costumes themselves and between the costumes and the scenery
evegeni dubovskoi conducted an exceptionally large orchestra one containing excellent soloists the violin solos by the concertmaster guy lumia were especially fine but one in which the core of traveling players and the body of men added locally had had time to achieve much unity
mail orders are now being received for the series of concerts to be given this season under the auspices of the san francisco chamber music society
the season will open at the new hall of flowers in golden gate park on november ## at #:## p.m. with a concert by the mills chamber players
sustaining members may sign up at $## for the ten-concert season
annual members may attend for $##
participating members may attend five of the concerts for $# all ten concerts as was erroneously announced earlier in the chronicle
mail orders for the season and orders for single tickets at $# may be addressed to the society #### chestnut street san francisco #
san francisco firemen busied themselves last week with their annual voluntary task of fixing up toys for distribution to needy children
fire fighters local ### which is sponsoring the toy program for the ##th straight year issued a call for san franciscans to turn in discarded toys which will be repaired by off-duty firemen
toys will be collected at firehouses this year
they will be accepted at all branches of the bay view federal savings and loan association at a collection center in the center of the stonestown mall and at the junior museum ##th street and roosevelt way
from the collection centers toys will be taken to a warehouse at ### second street where they will be repaired and made ready for distribution
any needy family living in san francisco can obtain toys by writing to christmas toys ### howard street san francisco # and listing the parent 's name and address and the age and sex of each child in the family between the ages of # and ##
requests must be mailed in by december #
famed cellist pablo casals took his instrument to the east room of the white house yesterday and charmed the staff with a two-hour rehearsal
he was getting the feel of the room for a concert tomorrow night for puerto rico governor luis munoz marin
president kennedy 's invitation to the spanish-born master said we feel your performance as one of the world 's greatest artists would lend distinction to the entertainment of our guests
for a good many seasons i've been looking at the naughty stuff on television so the other night i thought i ought to see how immorality is doing on the other side of the fence in movies
after all this year 's movies are next year 's television shows
so i went to see la dolce vita
it has been billed as a towering monument to immorality
all the sins of ancient rome are said to be collected into this three-hour film
if that 's all the romans did it 's a surprise to me that rome fell
after television la dolce vita seems as harmless as a gray line tour of north beach at night
i cannot imagine a single scene that isn't done in a far naughtier manner on tv every week
i believe tv watchers will be bored
la dolce vita has none of the senseless brutality or sadism of the average tv western
week in week out there is more sex to be seen in the adventures of ozzie and harriet
there is more decadence on ## sunset strip
there are more obvious nymphomaniacs on any private-eye series
in another respect television viewers will feel right at home because most of the actors are unknowns
with the exception of lex barker and anita ekberg the credits are as unfamiliar as you'll find on the robert herridge theater
most of the emphasis has been placed on a wild party at a seaside villa
producer fellini should have looked at some of the old silent films where they really had parties
the dolce vita get-together boasted a strip tease carried as far as a black slip
a lady drunk on her hands and knees who carries the hero around on her back while he throws pillow feathers in her face
a frigid beauty and three silly fairies
put them all together and they spell out the only four-letter word i can think of dull
apparently fellini caught the crowd when its parties had begun to pall
what a swinging group they must have been when they first started entertaining
as a moral shocker it is a dud
but this doesn't detract from its merit as an interesting if great film
the chronicle 's paine knickerbocker summed it up neatly
this is a long picture and a controversial one but basically it is a moral enthralling and heartbreaking description of humans who have become unlinked from life as perhaps rome has from her traditional political cultural and religious glories
and when they sell it to television in a couple of years it can be shown without editing
tonight atlantic monthly editor edward weeks moderates a round table of four russian writers in a discussion of soviet literature
among the subjects discussed will be russian restrictions on poets and writers in the ussr channel # at #:##
person to person ventilates the home lives of johnny mercer and joan collins both in southern california channel # at ##:## kqed summer music festival features a live concert by the capello de musica channel # at #:##
nbc plans a new series of three long programs exploring america 's scientific plans titled threshold to start in the fall
science in action san francisco 's venerable television program will be seen in hong kong this fall in four languages mandarin cantonese chiuchow and english according to a tip from dr. robert c. miller
and you think you have language problems
the week went along briskly enough
i bought a new little foreign bomb
it is a british bomb
very austere yet racy
it is very chic to drive foreign cars
with a foreign car you must wear a cap it has a leather band in the back
you must also wear a car coat
the wardrobe for a foreign bomb is a little expensive
but we couldn't really get along without it
where do you put the lighter fluid ha ha
asked the gas station man
the present crop of small cars is enriching american humor
gas station people are very debonair about small cars
when i drove a car with tail fins i had plenty status at the wind-and-water oases
my car gulped ## gallons without even wiping its mouth
this excellent foreign bomb takes only six
when i had my big job with the double headlights and yards of chrome the gas people were happy to see me
check the oil and water sir
they polished the windshield
they had a loving touch
the man stuck the nozzle in the gas tank
what kind of car is it
he asked gloomily
it is a british austin the smallest they make
get much mileage
the gas station man sighed unhappily
what i always say is what if somebody clobbers you in a little car like that
crunch that 's all she wrote
i will die rich
that will be $#.## said the gas station man
the windshield looks pretty clean
ah the fair-weather friends of yesteryear
when i wheeled about finned fore and aft i was the darling of the doormen
dollar bills skidded off my hands and they tipped their caps politely
with a small bomb i tuck it between cadillacs
the last doorman that saw me do that should calm himself
high blood pressure can get the best of any of us
at last the white house is going to get some much-copied furniture by that master american craftsman duncan phyfe whose designs were snubbed in his lifetime when the u. s. presidents of the ##th century sent abroad for their furnishings
the american institute of decorators has acquired a rare complete set of sofas and chairs which are to be placed in the executive mansion 's library
the suite has been in the same family since the early #### 's
the gift is being presented by heirs and descendants of the rutherford family of new jersey whose famous estate tranquility was located near the duncan phyfe workshop at andover n. j.
authenticated pieces of duncan phyfe furniture are uncommon although millions of american homes today display pieces patterned after the style trends he set ### years ago
this acquisition is a matched perfect set consisting of two sofas six feet long plus six sidechairs and two armchairs
the aid has undertaken the redecoration of the white house library as a project in connection with the work being done by first lady jacqueline kennedy 's fine arts advisory committee to secure antiques for the presidential home
it is the aid 's intention to create in the library a miniature museum of americana before completed refurbishing is unveiled early this fall
the room will also feature another rarity many antiquarians would consider more important than the duncan phyfe furniture
the aid has found a mantlepiece attributed to samuel mcintyre of salem mass. an architect and woodcarver who competed for the designing of the capitol here in ####
the mantel was found in a recently demolished salem house and is being fitted over the white house library fireplace
it will be painted to match the paneling in the room
the aid committee 's chairman in charge of the redecoration mrs. henry francis lenygon was in town yesterday to consult with white house staff members on the project
mrs. lenygon 's committee associates announced formally yesterday by the aid in new york include mrs. allen lehman mccluskey and stephen j. jussel both wellknown manhattan decorators
regional representatives appointed to serve from each section of the country include frank e. barnes of boston
president kennedy couldn't stay away from his desk for the ##-minute young people 's concert played on the white house lawn yesterday by the ##-piece transylvania symphony orchestra from brevard n. c.
but he left the doors to his office open so he could hear the music
at # p.m. the president left the white house to welcome the young musicians students from the ages of ## to ## who spend six weeks at the brevard music center summer camp and to greet the ### crippled cardiac and blind children from the district area who were special guests at the concert
it was the first in the series of concerts for young people by young people to be sponsored by first lady jacqueline kennedy at the white house
she was present yesterday however to enjoy the music or watch the faces of the delighted audience
she is vacationing at the kennedy summer home in hyannis port mass. and in his welcoming remarks the president said he was representing her
as he approached the open bandstand erected facing the south entrance to the executive mansion the band struck up the star spangled banner and followed it with hail to the chief
i think they played hail to the chief better than the marine corps band and we are grateful to them president kennedy remarked after mounting the bandstand and shaking hands with conductor james christian pfohl
after paying tribute to the conductor and his white-clad youthful students president kennedy said as an american i have the greatest possible pride in the work that is being done in dozens of schools stretching across the united states schools where devoted teachers are studying with interested young men and women and opening up the whole wide horizon of serious music
he added i think that sometimes in this country we are aware as we should be of the extraordinary work that is being done in this field
displaying his knowledge of music the new england-born president remarked that probably the best chamber music in the world is played in vermont by young americans and here in this school where they have produced extraordinary musicians and teachers and their work is being duplicated all across the united states
this is a great national cultural asset and therefore it is a great source of satisfaction to me representing as i do today my wife to welcome all of you here today at the white house
as he left the bandstand to return to his office the slender sun-tanned chief executive paused along the way to shake hands with the members of the audience in wheel chairs forming the first row under the field tent set up for the guests
he expressed surprise to learn that pretty blonde patricia holbrook ## of mount rainier had attended the joseph p. kennedy school for the handicapped in boston
the nuns there do a wonderful work the president commented
patricia now attends the c. melvin sharpe health school in the district
each of the children invited to the concert wore a name tag marked with a red white and blue ribbon
they enjoyed lemonade and cookies served before and during the concert by teenage sons and daughters of members of the white house staff
many of the music-loving members of the president 's staff gathered around the tent listening and watching the rapt attention given by the young seated audience
and it turned out to be more of a family affair than expected
henry hall wilson a student at the music camp ## years ago and now on the president 's staff as liaison representative with the house of representatives turned guest conductor for a sousa march the stars and stripes forever
transylvania symphony conductor pfohl said yesterday that mrs. kennedy 's social secretary letitia baldrige told about plans for white house youth concerts before the national symphony orchestra league in philadelphia last spring
he said he contacted a friend henry hall wilson on the president 's staff and asked whether his orchestra could play in the series
a flow of correspondence between pfohl and miss baldrige resulted in an invitation to the ##-student north carolina group to play the first concert
one of the most interested students on the tour which the brevard group took at the national gallery yesterday following their concert at the white house was letitia baldrige social secretary to first lady jacqueline kennedy
i was an art major in college miss baldrige explained
i've been here so many times i couldn't count them
she turned out to be a fan too of margaret bouton the gallery 's associate curator of education
miss bouton headed up one of the four groups that went on simultaneous tours after the gallery had closed at # p.m.
the brevard group of ## arrived at the gallery at # p.m. remaining for about ## minutes
the brevard visitors had very little to say at the beginning of the tour but warmed up later
they decided that they thought rembrandt 's self-portrait made him look sad
they noticed roman buildings in the background of raphael 's alba madonna and texture in a monet painting of rheims cathedral
everybody had heard of van gogh the french impressionist
gallery director john walker greeted the group standing on one of the benches in the downstairs lobby to speak to them
he pointed out to the young musicians that the national gallery is the only museum in the country to have a full-time music director richard bales
i'm sure you've heard of him and his record the confederacy
along with the gallery aide who explained the various paintings and sculptures to each group went one of the gallery 's blue-uniformed guards
in ## minutes the gallery leaders had given the students a quick rundown on art from the renaissance to the late ##th century
a few of them said they preferred contemporary art
among the other artists whose paintings were discussed were boucher courbet fra angelico
the thing that impressed one of the visitors the most was the gallery 's rotunda fountain because it 's on the second floor
that imposing somewhat austere and seemingly remote collonaded building with the sphynxes perched on its threshold at #### ##th st. nw. took on bustling life yesterday
more than ### scottish rite masons and guests gathered in their house of the temple to pay tribute to their most prominent leader albert pike who headed the scottish rite from #### to ####
they came together in the huge high-ceilinged council chamber to hear the late leader eulogized
c. wheeler barnes of denver head of the scottish rite in colorado praised pike as a historian author poet journalist lawyer jurist soldier and musician who devoted most of his mature years to the strengthening of the masonic order
the ceremony ended with the laying of a wreath at the crypt of pike in the house of the temple
a reception and tea followed
about #### delegates are expected to register today for the biennial session of the ancient and accepted scottish rite for the southern jurisdiction of the united states
the opening session of the #-day session will begin at ## a.m. today
there will be a pilgrimage to mount vernon at #:## p.m.
a wreath will be placed at the tomb of george washington one of this nation 's first masons a past master of washington-alexandria lodge ## in alexandria
the marriage of john and mary black had clearly reached the breaking point after eight years
john had a job in a small firm where the work was dull and monotonous
he would come home in the evening tired and discouraged in no frame of mind to play with their three children or spend much time chatting with his wife
hurt by his lack of interest and attention mary complained often that he didn't help around the house and that he didn't really care about the family
she accused him of ignoring her
he in turn told her she demanded too much
they were both discouraged disgusted and miserable
mary decided she had had enough
without any definite plan in mind she went to a judge to see what could be done
the judge listened quietly as the young woman poured out her frustrations then discussing with her the possibility of seeking aid from family service before going to a lawyer
family service sharing in ugf has five agencies in the washington area
they offer to the people of this community case work service and counseling on a wide variety of family problems
because neither of them really wanted their marriage to break up mr. and mrs. black agreed to a series of interviews at family service of northern virginia the agency nearest them
for nearly a year they have been receiving counseling separately and together in an effort to understand and overcome the antagonisms which had given rise to the possibility of divorce
the interviews have led each of them to a new appreciation of the problems confronting the other
they are now working together toward solving their difficulties
john received a promotion in his firm
he gives credit for the promotion to his new outlook on life
mary is cheery and gay when her husband comes home in the evenings and the children 's bed-time is frequently preceeded by a session of happy family rough-housing
to outsiders the blacks seem to be an ordinary happy family and they are but with a difference
they know the value of being just that an ordinary happy family
family service has helped hundreds of families in this area
perhaps to some their work does seem particularly vital
but to the families it serves their help cannot be measured
family service could open its doors to a single family without the financial support of the united givers fund
anticipated heavy traffic along the skyline drive failed to materialize yesterday park rangers said and those who made the trip got a leisurely view of the fall colors through skies swept clear of haze
for crucial encounter
one of the initial questions put to president kennedy at his first news conference last january was about his attitude toward a meeting with premier khrushchev
mr. kennedy replied
i'm hopeful that from more traditional exchanges we can perhaps find greater common ground
the president knew that a confrontation with mr. khrushchev sooner or later probably was inevitable and even desirable
but he was convinced that the realities of power military economic and ideological were the decisive factors in the struggle with the communists and that these could be talked away at a heads of government meeting
he wanted to buy time to strengthen the u. s. and its allies and to define and begin to implement his foreign policy
last friday the white house announced
president kennedy will meet with soviet premier nikita s. khrushchev in vienna june # and #
the announcement came after a period of sharp deterioration in east-west relations
the heightened tension in fact had been a major factor in the president 's change of view about the urgency of a meeting with the soviet leader
he was going to vienna to negotiate the simultaneous announcements in washington and moscow last week stressed that no formal negotiations were planned
but mr. kennedy had become convinced that a personal confrontation with mr. khrushchev might be the only way to prevent catastrophe
that objective set the high stakes and drama of the vienna meeting
despite efforts by washington last week to play down the significance of the meeting it clearly was going to be one of the crucial encounters of the cold war
road to vienna
the u. s. and soviet heads of government have met three times since sir winston churchill in #### introduced a new word into international diplomacy with his call for a fresh approach to the problem of peace at the summit of the nations
the first time was in #### when a full-dress big four summit meeting produced the spirit of geneva
the spirit served chiefly to lull the west while moscow made inroads into the middle east
in #### president eisenhower and premier khrushchev held an informal session in the u. s.
that meeting produced the spirit of camp david a spirit it later turned out that masked a basic misunderstanding about progress toward a berlin settlement
on the third occasion another big four summit session at paris a year ago there was no problem of an illusory spirit
premier khrushchev wrecked the conference at its initial session with a bitter denunciation of the u. s. for the u-# incident
the episode tended to confirm the u. s. belief that propaganda the hope of one-sided concessions and the chance to split the allies rather than genuine negotiation were the soviet leader 's real aims in summitry
thus when premier khrushchev intimated even before inauguration that he hoped for an early meeting with the new president mr. kennedy was confronted with a delicate problem
shortly before his nomination he had set forth his basic view about the problem of negotiations with the soviet leader in these words
as long as mr. khrushchev is convinced that the balance of world power is shifting his way no amount of either smiles or toughness neither camp david talks nor kitchen debates can compel him to enter fruitful negotiations
the president had set for himself the task which he believed vital of awakening the u. s. and its allies to the hard and complex effort necessary to shift that balance
he did want the effort weakened by any illusion that summit magic might make it unnecessary
he wanted time too to review the united states' global commitments and to test both the policies he had inherited and new ones he was formulating
above all he did want to appear to be running hat in hand to premier khrushchev 's doorstep
at the same time the president took pains to rule out an eventual meeting with the soviet leader
ideally he knew it should be preceded by concrete progress at lower levels
but mr. kennedy saw value even in an informal meeting provided that undue hopes were raised in connection with it
it would give him an opportunity to take the measure of his chief adversary in the cold war to try to probe mr. khrushchev 's intentions and to make clear his own views
moreover an eventual meeting was desirable if for no other reason than to satisfy world opinion that the u. s. was inflexible and was sparing no effort to ease international tensions
both elements the caution about a meeting the willingness eventually to hold one were reflected in a letter from the president which ambassador llewellyn e. thompson brought back to russia late in february
the letter dated feb. ## was delivered to premier khrushchev in novosibirsk siberia on march #
it dealt mainly with a broad range of east-west issues
but it also briefly suggested the possibility of a meeting with mr. khrushchev before the end of the year if the international climate were favorable and schedules permitted
developments over the next two months however caused the president to reconsider the question of the timing
there were intense discussions in the inner councils of the white house about the advisability of an early meeting because the international climate was improving but precisely because it was deteriorating alarmingly
deadlock on tests
the president was especially concerned about the deadlock in the nuclear test ban negotiations at geneva
the deadlock has been caused by the russians' new demand for a three-man east west and neutral directorate and thus a veto over the control machinery
in the u. s. strong pressures have been building up for a resumption of tests on grounds that the russians may be secretly testing
mr. kennedy was less troubled by that possibility than by the belief that a geneva breakdown or even continued stalemate would mean an unchecked spread of nuclear weapons to other countries as well as a fatal blow to any hope for disarmament
there was reason to believe that premier khrushchev was also concerned about a possible spread of nuclear weapons particularly to communist china
the question arose as to whether a frank discussion of that danger with the soviet leader had become urgent
moreover moscow appeared determined to apply the tripartite veto principle to the executive organs of all international bodies including the u. n. secretariat and the international control commission for laos
mr. kennedy was convinced that insistence on the demand would make international agreements or even negotiations impossible
developments in cuba and laos also suggested the advisability of an early summit meeting
initially the white house reaction was that the bitter exchanges with moscow over cuba and the conflict in laos had dampened prospects for a meeting
at the same time there was increased reason for a quick meeting lest the soviet leader as a result of those episodes come to a dangerously erroneous conclusion about the west 's ability and determination to resist communist pressure
in cuba the u. s. had blundered badly and created the impression of impotency against communist penetration even on its own doorstep
in laos the picture was almost equally bad
u. s. willingness to accept a neutral laos may have led premier khrushchev to believe that other areas could be neutralized on soviet terms
beyond that allied disagreement about military intervention in laos despite warnings that they might do so allowed moscow to carry out with impunity a series of military and diplomatic moves that greatly strengthened the pro-communist forces
as a result the west is in a poor bargaining position at the current geneva negotiations on laos and south vietnam and other nations in southeast asia are under increased pressure
in the light of those events there appeared to be a real danger that premier khrushchev might overreach himself
ambassador thompson reported from moscow that the soviet leader 's mood was cocky and aggressive
he has indicated that he plans new moves on berlin before the year is out
the president and his advisers felt that the time might have come to warn premier khrushchev against a grave miscalculation in areas such as berlin iran or latin america from which there would be no turning back
it was in the midst of such white house deliberations that premier khrushchev on may # made new inquiries through the u. s. embassy in moscow about a meeting with the president in the near future
mr. kennedy told moscow he would give his answer by may ## after consultation with the allies
the response from london paris and bonn was favorable
firm arrangements for the meeting in vienna were worked out in a final exchange between moscow and washington last week
apparently at the insistence of the u. s. the simultaneous announcements issued in washington and moscow last friday emphasized the informal nature of the meeting
the washington announcement said
the president and chairman khrushchev understand that this meeting is for the purpose of negotiating or reaching agreement on the major international problems that involve the interest of many other countries
the meeting will however afford a timely and convenient opportunity for the first personal contact between them and a general exchange of views on the major issues which affect the relationships between the two countries
the vienna meeting will bring together a seasoned ##-year-old veteran of the cold war who in mr. kennedy 's own words is shrewd tough vigorous well-informed and confident and a ##-year-old president his birthday is may ## with a demonstrated capacity for political battle but little experience in international diplomacy
the announcement last week of the forthcoming encounter produced strong reactions in the u. s. of both approval and disapproval
the approval did arise from an expectation of far-reaching agreements at vienna
the inclination was to accept the statement that there would be no formal negotiations
but those who were in favor of the meeting felt that a frank exchange between the two men and an opportunity to size one another up would prove salutary
mr. khrushchev is known to rely heavily on his instincts about his adversaries and to be a shrewd judge of men
the feeling was that he would sense an inner core of toughness and determination in the president and that plain talk by mr. kennedy would give him pause
apart from the personal equation another reason advanced in favor of the meeting was that too often in the past the u.s. appeared to have been dragged reluctantly to the summit
premier khrushchev has made propaganda capital out of that fact and in the end got his summit meeting anyway
this time the initiative came in part at least from washington
other allies consulted
there was also the fact that by the time he meets mr. khrushchev the president will have completed conversations with all the other principal allied leaders
thus he will be in a position to disabuse the soviet leader of any notions he may have about grave allied disunity
finally there was a wide area of agreement on the value of the president 's making a final effort in the summit spotlight for a nuclear test accord
there is no single issue that has aroused stronger feelings throughout the world
if tests are to be resumed the argument went it is vital that the u. s. make plain that the onus belongs to the soviet union
disapproval of the meeting was based largely on the belief that the timing could hardly be worse
after cuba and laos it was argued mr. khrushchev will interpret the president 's consent to the meeting as further evidence of western weakness perhaps even panic and is certain to try to exploit the advantage he now believes he holds
moreover the president is meeting the soviet leader at a time when the administration has still decided on the scope of america 's firm foreign policy commitments
the question was raised for example as to what attitude the president would take if mr. khrushchev proposes a broad neutral belt extending from southeast asia to the middle east
there are so my biologist friends tell me mechanisms of adaptation and defense that are just too complete and too satisfactory
mollusks are a case in point
the shell which served the strain so well at a relatively early stage in the evolutionary scheme tended to cancel out the possibility of future development
though this may or may be good biology it does aptly illustrate the strength and the weakness of american catholic higher education
there can be no doubt that the american catholic accomplishment in the field of higher education is most impressive our european brethren never cease to marvel at the number and the size of our colleges and universities
the deeper wonder is how this miracle was accomplished in decades rather than in centuries and by immigrant minorities at that
by way of explanation we ourselves are prone to imagine that this achievement stems from the same american catholic zeal and generosity which brought the parochial school system into existence
there is however one curious discrepancy in this broad and flattering picture
viewing the american catholic educational achievement in retrospect we may indeed see it as a unified whole extending from grade school to university
but the simple truth is that higher education has never really been an official american catholic project
certainly in the same sense that the establishment of a parochial school system has been a matter of official policy
official encouragement is one thing but the down-to-earth test is the allocation of diocesan and parochial funds
american catholics have responded generously to bishops' and pastors' appeals for the support necessary to create parochial schools but they have contributed in a similar fashion to the establishment of institutions of higher learning
they have done so for the simple reason that such appeals have hardly ever been made
diocesan authorities generally have regarded this as their direct responsibility
all of this may be understandable enough it is however in fact difficult to see how diocesan authorities could have acted otherwise
yet for better or for worse the truth of the matter is that most american catholic colleges do owe their existence to general catholic support but rather to the initiative resourcefulness and sacrifices of individual religious communities
community esprit de corps has been the protective shell which has made the achievement possible
to understand the past history and the future potential of american catholic higher education it is necessary to appreciate the special character of the esprit de corps of the religious community
it is something more than the arithmetical sum of individual totals of piety and detachment
a religious community with a vital sense of mission achieves a degree of group orientation and group identification seldom found elsewhere
the fact that the group orientation and group identification are founded on supernatural principles and nourished by the well-springs of devotion simply give them a deeper and more satisfying dimension
the net result is a uniquely satisfying sense of comradeship the kind of comradeship which sparks enthusiasm and blunts the cutting edge of sacrifice and hardship
american catholic colleges and universities are in a very real sense the product of private enterprise the private enterprise of religious communities
had it been for such private enterprise diocesan authorities might of course have been goaded into establishing institutions subsidized by diocesan funds and parish collections and staffed by religious as paid employees
there is however no point in speculating about such a possibility the fact of the matter is that our institutions of higher learning owe their existence to a spirit unlike that which produces the family business
this family-community spirit is the real explanation of the marvel of our achievement
it is this spirit which explains some of the anomalies of american catholic higher education in particular the wasteful duplication apparent in some areas
i think for example of three women 's colleges with pitifully small enrollments clustered within a few miles of a major catholic university which is also co-educational
this is an isolated example
this aspect of the total picture has been commented upon often enough
it would seem to represent esprit de corps run riot
apart however from the question of wasteful duplication there is another aspect of the family business spirit in american catholic higher education which deserves closer scrutiny
for while the past needs of the church in this country may have been adequately met by collegiate institutions which in temper and tone closely resembled junior colleges and finishing schools it would seem that today 's need is for the college which more closely resembles the university in its pursuit of excellence
at the earlier pre-academic excellence stage of catholic education the operation could be conducted on an intra-mural community basis
but with today 's demand for professional qualifications and specialized training the need for outsiders becomes more pressing
the problem is merely that more outside teachers are needed but that a different brand is called for
commenting on the earlier stage the notre dame chapter of the american association of university professors in a recent report on the question of faculty participation in administrative decision-making noted that the term teacher-employee as opposed to e.g. maintenance employee was a inapt description
today however the outsider is likely to have professional qualifications of the highest order otherwise the college would be interested in hiring him and to be acclimatized to the democratic processes of the secular or state university
and while no one expects total democracy on the academic scene the scholar will be particularly sensitive to a line between first and second class citizenship drawn on any basis other than that of academic rank or professional achievement
in the above mentioned report of the notre dame chapter of the american association of university professors the basic outlook of the new breed of lay faculty emerges very clearly in the very statement of the problem as the members see it even with the best of intentions he the president of the university is loath to delegate such authority and responsibility to a group the membership of which considered as it must be by him in individual terms is inhomogeneous mortal and of extremely varying temperament interests and capabilities
it is natural that he should turn for his major support to a select and dedicated few from the organization which actually owns the university and whose goals are in their opinion identified with its highest good and to use that oft-repeated phrase the attainment of excellence
the pattern here pictured is clearly peculiar to notre dame it is simply that the paradox involved in this kind of control of the institution by the organization which actually owns it becomes more obvious where there is a larger and more distinguished outside faculty
it is particularly interesting that those who framed the report should refer to the organization which actually owns the university this seems to show an awareness of the fact that there is more to the problem than the ordinary issue of clerical-lay tension
but in any case one does have to read very closely between the lines to realize that the situation is regarded as a particularly happy one
outside faculty members want to be considered partners in the academic enterprise and merely paid employees of a family business
there are two reasons why failure to come to grips with this demand could be fatal to the future of the catholic university
in the first place there is the obvious problem of recruiting high caliber personnel
word spreads rapidly in the tightly knit academic profession much given to attending meetings and conferences
expressions of even low-key dissatisfaction by a catholic college faculty member has the effect of confirming the already existing stereotype
in the academic world there is seldom anything so dramatic as a strike or a boycott all that happens is that the better qualified teacher declines to gamble two or three years of his life on the chance that conditions at the catholic institution will be as good as those elsewhere
to appreciate the nature of the gamble it should be realized that while college teaching is almost a public symbol of security that security does come as quickly or as automatically as it does in an elementary school system or in the civil service
much has been made of the fact that major catholic institutions now guarantee firm tenure
this is a significant advance but its import should be exaggerated
when a man invests a block of his years at a university without gaining the coveted promotion only is he faced with the problem of starting over but there is also a certain depreciation in the market value of his services
a man does make that kind of gamble if he suspects that one or more of the limited number of tenure positions is being reserved for members of the family
just as it is possible to exaggerate the drawing power of the new tenure practices it is also possible to exaggerate the significance of the now relatively adequate salaries paid by major catholic institutions
adequate compensation is indispensable
yet adequate compensation and particularly merely adequate compensation is no substitute for those intangibles which cause a man to sacrifice part of his earning potential by taking up college teaching in the first place
broadly speaking the total catholic atmosphere is such an intangible but the larger demand is for a sense of creative participation and mature responsibility in the total work of the university
religious who derive their own sense of purpose through identification with the religious community rather than the academic community are prone to underestimate both the layman 's reservoir of idealism and his need for this identification
there is no need here to spell out the conditions of creative teaching except to point out that at the college level the sense of community and of community responsibility is even more necessary than it is at other levels
the college teacher needs the stimulus of communication with other faculty members but he also needs to feel that such communication even informal debates over the luncheon table are a contribution to the total good of the institution
but this in turn means that decisions are merely imposed from the top but that there be some actual mechanism of faculty participation
the second reason for being concerned with the dichotomy between faculty members who are part of the in-group that owns and operates the institution and those who are merely paid employees is therefore the baneful effect on the caliber of the teaching itself
this is a problem that goes considerably beyond questions of salary and tenure
yet though it may seem difficult to envision any definitive resolution of the problem of ownership and control there are nevertheless certain suggestions which seem to be in order
the first is a negative warning there is no point in the creation of faculty committees and advisory boards with high-sounding titles but no real authority
in the case of academic personnel the feeling of participation can hardly be faked
competent teachers are well versed in the technique of leading students to pre-set conclusions without destroying the students' illusion that they are making their own decisions
those who have served as faculty advisers are too familiar with the useful but artificial mechanisms of student government to be taken in by busy-work and ersatz decision making
in any case it is by no means clear that formally structured organs of participation are what is called for at all
in the notre dame report reference was made to the fact that faculty members were reduced to luncheon-table communication
in itself there is nothing wrong with this form of participation the only difficulty on the catholic campus is that those faculty members who are in a position to implement policy i.e. members of the religious community which owns and administers the institution have their own eating arrangements
sen. john l. mcclellan of arkansas and rep. david martin of nebraska are again beating the drums to place the unions under the anti-monopoly laws
once more the fallacious equation is advanced to argue that since business is restricted under the anti-monopoly laws there must be a corresponding restriction against labor unions the law must treat everybody equally
or in the words of anatole france the law in its majestic equality must forbid the rich as well as the poor from begging in the streets and sleeping under bridges
the public atmosphere that has been generated which makes acceptance of this law a possibility stems from the disrepute into which the labor movement has fallen as a result of mr. mcclellan 's hearings into corruption in labor-management relations and later into the jurisdictional squabbles that plagued industrial relations at the missile sites
the senator was shocked by stoppages over allegedly trivial disputes that delayed our missile program
in addition disclosures that missile workers were earning sums far in excess of what is paid for equivalent work elsewhere provoked his indignation on behalf of the american taxpayer who was footing the bill
it is now disclosed that the taxpayer only pays for high wages but he pays the employers' strike expenses when the latter undertakes to fight a strike
business week aug. # #### reports that the united aircraft company against which the international association of machinists had undertaken a strike decided to keep its plants operating
the company incurred some $## million of expenses attributable to four factors advertising to attract new employees hiring and training them extra overtime and defective work performed by the new workers
the company has billed the united states government for $#,###,### of these expenses under the defense department regulation allowing costs of a type generally recognized as ordinary and necessary for the conduct of the contractor 's business
rep. frank kowalski of connecticut has brought this problem to the attention of the armed services committee
the committee remains unresponsive
neither has congressman martin nor senator mcclellan been heard from on the matter
they are preoccupied with ending labor abuses by extending the anti-monopoly laws to the unions
the recent publicity attending the successful federal prosecution of a conspiracy indictment against a number of electrical manufacturers has evoked a new respect for the anti-trust laws that is justified neither by their rationale nor by the results they have obtained
the anti-trust laws inform a business that it must compete but along completely undefined lines
it must play a game in which there never is a winner
the fact is that any business that wants to operate successfully cannot follow the law
hypocrisy thus becomes the answer to a foolish public policy
let us look at the heavy-electrical-goods industry in which general electric westinghouse and a number of other manufacturers were recently convicted of engaging in a conspiracy to rig prices and allocate the market
the industry is so structured that price-setting by a multi-product company will vary with the way overhead charges are allocated whether marginal or average pricing is applied
the problem becomes even more complex where an enterprise is engaged in the manufacture of a wide variety of other goods in addition to the heavy electrical equipment
accounting procedures can be varied to provide a rationale for almost any price
naturally enterprises of the size of general electric are in a position to structure their prices in such a way that the relatively small competitors can be forced to the wall in a very short time
should these giants really flex their competitive muscles they would become the only survivors in the industry
uncle sam would then accuse them of creating a monopoly by unfair competition
but if they show self-restraint they don't get the orders
under the circumstances the only protection for the relatively small manufacturers is to engage in exactly the kind of conspiracy with the giants for which the latter were convicted
engaging in such a conspiracy was an act of mercy by the giants
the paradox implicit in the whole affair is shown by the demand of the government after the conviction that general electric sign a wide-open consent decree that it would reduce prices so low as to compete seriously with its fellows
in other words the anti-trust laws designed to reduce prices to the consumer on monday wednesday and friday become a tool to protect the marginal manufacturer on tuesday thursday and saturday
and which theory would govern the enforcers of the law on sunday
the question might be asked don't the managements of the heavy-electrical-goods manufacturers know these facts
why did they engage in a flood of mea culpas throw a few scapegoats to the dogs and promise to be good boys thereafter expressing their complete confidence in the laws
the past usefulness of the anti-trust laws to management was explained by thurman arnold in the folklore of capitalism back in ####
he wrote p. ### the anti-trust laws were the answer of a society which unconsciously felt the need of great organizations and at the same time had to deny them a place in the moral and logical ideology of the social structure
p. ### anti-trust laws became the greatest protection to uncontrolled business dictatorship
p. ### when corporate abuses were attacked it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control
in this manner every scheme for direct control broke to pieces on the great protective rock of the anti-trust laws
pp. ###-### in any event it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known held together by some of the most fantastic ideas all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government
this escape from control has led to management 's evaluating the risk of occasional irrational prosecution as worth while
a plea of nolo contendere followed by a nominal fine after all is a small price to pay for this untrammeled license
the penalties handed out in the electrical case which included jail sentences were unprecedented in anti-trust prosecutions perhaps because the conspirators had displayed unusual ineptness in their pricing activities
if a substitute mechanism is needed for the control of a fictitious impersonal market quite obviously some method must be devised for representing the public interest
a secret conspiracy of manufacturers is hardly such a vehicle
however one can argue that no such control is necessary as long as one pretends that the anti-trust laws are effective and rational
quite clearly the anti-trust laws are neither effective nor rational and yet the argument goes that they should be extended to the labor union
those who favor placing trade unions under anti-trust laws imply that they are advocating a brand new reform
before #### individuals who opposed trade unions and collective bargaining said so in plain english
the acceptance of collective bargaining as a national policy in #### implicit in the writing of section #a of the national industrial recovery act has made it impolitic to oppose collective bargaining in principle
the wagner act the taft-hartley act and the landrum-griffin act all endorse the principle of collective bargaining
the basic purpose of an effective collective-bargaining system is the removal of wages from competition
if a union cannot perform this function then collective bargaining is being palmed off by organizers as a gigantic fraud
the tortured reasoning that unions use to deny their ambition to exercise monopoly power over the supply and price of labor is one of the things that create a legal profession
the problem must be faced squarely
if laborers are merely commodities competing against each other in a market place like so many bags of wheat and corn unsupported by the way by any agricultural subsidy then they may be pardoned for reacting with complete antagonism to a system that imposes such status upon them
human labor was exactly that a commodity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century america
as early as #### adam smith wrote in the wealth of nations we have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work
but many against combining to raise it
eighteenth-century england upon whose customs our common law was built had outlawed unions as monopolies and conspiracies
in #### the boston house carpenters' strike for a ten-hour day was denounced by the organized employers who declared it is considered that all combinations by any classes of citizens intended to effect the value of labor tend to convert all its branches into monopolies
there were no pious hypocrisies then about being for collective bargaining but against labor monopoly
the courts shared the opinion of the employers
in people vs. fisher justice savage of the new york supreme court declared
without any officious and improper interference on the subject the price of labor or the wages of mechanics will be regulated by the demand for the manufactured article and the value of that which is paid for it
but the right does exist to raise the wages of the mechanic by any forced and artificial means
compare this statement of a nineteenth-century judge with how congressman martin according to the daily labor report of sept. ## #### defends the necessity of enacting anti-trust legislation in the field of labor if we wish to prevent monopolistic fixing of wages production or prices and if we wish to preserve the freedom of the employer and his employees to contract on wages hours and conditions of employment
senator mcclellan is proposing the application of anti-trust measures to unions in transportation
his bill allegedly aimed at hoffa would amend the sherman clayton and norris-laguardia acts to authorize the issuance of federal injunctions in any transportation strike and would make it illegal for any union to act in concert with any other union even a sister local in the same international
paradoxically the same week in which senator mcclellan was attempting to extend the anti-trust act to labor in transportation the civil aeronautics board was assuring the airlines that if they met in concert to eliminate many costly features of air travel the action would be deemed a violation of the anti-trust act
indeed it is in the field of transportation that congress has most frequently granted employers exemption from the anti-trust laws
for example the organization of steamship conferences to set freight rates and the encouragement of railroads to seek mergers
at the very moment that every attempt is being made to take management out from under the irrationality of anti-trust legislation a drive is on to abolish collective bargaining under the guise of extending the anti-monopoly laws to unions who want no more than to continue to set wages in the same way that ship operators set freight rates
the passage of the sherman act was aimed at giant monopolies
it was most effective against trade unions
in the famous danbury hatters case a suit was brought against the union by the loewe company for monopolistic practices e.g. trying to persuade consumers to purchase the product of the struck manufacturer
the suit against the union was successful and many workers lost their homes to pay off the judgment
in #### the clayton act attempted to take labor out from under the anti-trust legislation by stating that human labor was to be considered a commodity
the law could suspend economics
labor remained a commodity but presumably a privileged one granted immunization from the anti-trust laws
the courts by interpretation emasculated the act
in #### the united mine workers struck the coronado coal company
the company sued under the anti-trust laws alleging that the union 's activity interfered with the movement of interstate commerce
what other purpose could a striking union have but to interrupt the flow of commerce from the struck enterprise
the court first ruled that the strike constituted only an indirect interference with commerce
the three-front war
at a closed-door session on capitol hill last week secretary of state christian herter made his final report to the senate foreign relations committee on u.s. affairs abroad
afterward tennessee 's democratic senator albert gore summed it up for newsmen
what herter presented said gore was a very encouraging review
that was something of an understatement in a week when the underlying conflict between the west and communism erupted on three fronts
while communists were undermining united nations efforts to rescue the congo from chaos two other communist offensives stirred the eisenhower administration into emergency conferences and serious decisions
# cuba .
hours after a parade of his new soviet tanks and artillery dictator fidel castro suddenly confronted the u.s. with a blunt and drastic demand within ## hours the u.s. had to reduce its embassy and consulate staffs in cuba to a total of eleven persons the embassy staff alone totaled ## u.s. citizens plus ### cuban employees
president eisenhower held an #:## a.m. meeting with top military and foreign-policy advisers decided to break off diplomatic relations immediately
there is a limit to what the united states in self-respect can endure said the president
that limit has now been reached
through secretary herter ike offered president-elect kennedy an opportunity to associate his new administration with the breakoff decision
kennedy through secretary-designate of state dean rusk declined
he thus kept his hands free for any action after jan. ## although reaction to the break was generally favorable in the u.s. and latin america see the hemisphere
# laos .
after a white house huddle between the president and top lieutenants the defense department reacted sharply to a cry from the pro-western government of laos that several battalions of communist troops had invaded laos from north viet nam
in view of the present situation in laos said the pentagon 's announcement we are taking normal precautionary actions to increase the readiness of our forces in the pacific
cutting short a holiday at hong kong the aircraft carriers lexington and bennington steamed off into the south china sea accompanied by a swarm of destroyers plus troopships loaded with marines
on the u.s. 's island base of okinawa task force ### made up of army navy marine and air force units got braced to move southward on signal
but by week 's end the laotian cry of invasion was read as an exaggeration see foreign news and the u.s. was agreeing with its cautious british and french allies that a neutralist rather than a pro-western government might be best for laos
french & indians .
there was a moral of sorts in the laotian situation that said much about all other cold-war fronts
political economic and military experts were all agreed that chaotic mountainous little laos was the last place in the world to fight a war and they were probably right
it would be like fighting the french and indian war all over again said one military man
but why was laos the new southeast asian battleground
at geneva in #### to get the war in indo-china settled the british and french gave in to russian and communist chinese demands and agreed to the setting up of a communist state north viet nam which then predictably became a base for communist operations against neighboring south viet nam and laos
the late secretary of state john foster dulles considered the #### geneva agreement a specimen of appeasement saw that resolution would be needed to keep it from becoming a calamity for the west
he began the diplomatic discussions that resulted in the establishment of aj
the important thing from now on he said is to mourn the past but to seize the future opportunity to prevent the loss in northern viet nam from leading to the extension of communism throughout southeast asia
russian tanks and artillery parading through the streets of havana russian intrigue in the congo and russian arms drops in laos using the same ilyushin transports that were used to carry communist agents to the congo made it plain once more that the cold war was all of a piece in space and time
soviet premier khrushchev sent new year 's hopes for peace to president-elect kennedy and got a cool acknowledgment in reply
considering the state of the whole world the cold war 's three exposed fronts did seem terribly ominous
but in senator gore 's words it was a very encouraging situation that would confront john f. kennedy on inauguration day
turmoil in the house
as the ##th congress began its sessions last week liberal democrats were ready for a finish fight to open the sluice gates controlled by the house rules committee and permit the free flow of liberal legislation to the floor
the liberal pressure bloc which coyly masquerades under the name democratic study group had fought the committee before and had always lost
this time they were much better prepared and organized and the political climate was favorable
they had the unspoken support of president-elect kennedy whose own legislative program was menaced by the rules committee bottleneck
and counting noses they seemed to have the votes to work their will
deadly deadlock .
there were two possible methods of breaching the conservative barriers around the rules committee # to pack it with additional liberals and break the conservative-liberal deadlock or # to remove one of the conservatives namely mississippi 's ##-term william meyers colmer pronounced calmer
caucusing the liberals decided to go after colmer which actually was the more drastic course since seniority in the house is next to godliness
a dour gangling man with a choppy gait colmer looks younger than his ## years has gradually swung from a moderate internationalist position to that of a diehard conservative
he is generally and initially suspicious of any federal project unless it happens to benefit his gulf coast constituents
he is of course a segregationist but he says he has never made an anti-negro speech
for ## years he has enjoyed his power on the rules committee
there his vote along with those of chairman howard smith the courtly virginia judge and the four republican members could and often did produce a #-# deadlock that blocked far-out democratic-sponsored welfare legislation a tactic often acceptable to the rayburn-johnson congressional leadership to avoid embarrassing votes
equal treatment .
there was sufficient pretext to demand colmer 's ouster he had given his lukewarm support to the anti-kennedy electors in mississippi
reprisals are unheard of in such situations but the recent tendency has been for the congress to forgive its prodigal sons
in #### the dixiecrats escaped unscathed after their #### rebellion against harry truman and in #### after congressman adam clayton powell campaigned for dwight eisenhower in #### his fellow democrats did touch his committee assignments although they did strip him temporarily of his patronage
in the heat of the anti-colmer drive last week judge smith threatened reprisal against powell
said he we will see whether whites and negroes are treated the same around here
but speaker sam rayburn after huddling in palm beach with president-elect kennedy decided that this year something had to be done about the rules committee and that he was the only man who could do anything effective
in a tense closed-door session with judge smith rayburn attempted to work out a compromise to add three new members to the rules committee two democrats including one southerner and one republican
smith flatly rejected the offer and mister sam thereupon decided to join the rebels
the next morning he summoned a group of top democrats to his private office and broke the news he would lead the fight to oust colmer whom he is said to regard as an inferior man
news of rayburn 's commitment soon leaked out
when missouri 's clarence cannon got the word he turned purple
he shouted and rushed off to the speaker 's room to object a dangerous precedent
cannon a powerful conservative man brought welcome support to the smith-colmer forces as chairman of the appropriations committee he holds over each member the dreadful threat of excluding this or that congressional district from federal pork-barrel projects
sitting quietly on an equally big pork barrel was another judge smith ally georgia 's carl vinson chairman of the armed services committee
threat of war .
as the battle raged in the cloakrooms and caucuses it became clear that judge smith could lose
his highest count of supporters numbered ## and he needed nearly twice that number to control the ###-member democratic caucus
the liberals smelling blood were faced with the necessity of winning three big votes in the democratic committee on committees in the full party caucus and on the floor of the house before they could oust colmer
one big question if colmer was to be purged what should the house do about the other three senior mississippians who supported the maverick electors
in all three arenas they seemed certain of victory especially with sam rayburn applying his whiplash
but in the prospect of winning the battle loomed the specter of losing a costlier war
if the southerners were sufficiently aroused they could very well cut the kennedy legislative program to ribbons from their vantage point of committee chairmanships leaving sam rayburn leading a truncated unworkable party
with that possibility in mind arkansas' wilbur mills deliberately delayed calling a meeting of the committee on committees and coolheaded democrats sought to bring rayburn and smith together again to work out some sort of face-saving compromise
here are two old men mad at each other and too proud to pick up the phone said a house democratic leader
one wants a little more power and the other doesn't want to give up any
battle in the senate
the senate launched the ##th congress with its own version of an ancient liberal-conservative battle but in contrast with the house 's guerrilla war it seemed as pro forma as a capitol guide 's speech
question at issue how big a vote should be necessary to restrict senate debate and thereby cut off legislation-delaying filibusters
a wide-ranging bipartisan force from minnesota 's democratic hubert humphrey to massachusetts' republican leverett saltonstall was drawn up against a solid phalanx of southern democrats who have traditionally used the filibuster to stop civil rights bills
new mexico 's clint anderson offered a resolution to change the senate 's notorious rule ## to allow three-fifths of the senators present and voting to cut off debate instead of the current hard-to-get two-thirds
fair dealer humphrey upped the ante asked cloture power for a mere majority of senators
georgia 's dick russell objected politely and the battle was joined
privately the liberals admitted that the humphrey amendment had no chance of passage
privately they also admitted that their hopes for clint anderson 's three-fifths modification depended on none other than republican richard nixon
in #### nixon delivered a significant opinion that a majority of senators had the power to adopt new rules at the beginning of each new congress and that any rules laid down by previous congresses were binding
armed with the nixon opinion the senate liberals rounded up their slim majority and prepared to choke off debate on the filibuster battle this week
hopefully the perennial battle of rule ## then would be fought to a settlement once and for all
since election day vice president richard nixon had virtually retired by his own wish from public view
but with the convening of the new congress he was the public man again presiding over the senate until john kennedy 's inauguration
one day last week nixon faced a painful constitutional chore that required him to officiate at a joint session of congress to hear the official tally of the electoral college vote and then to make sufficient declaration of the election of the man who defeated him in the tight #### presidential election
nixon fulfilled his assignment with grace then went beyond the required sufficient declaration
this is the first time in ### years that a candidate for the presidency announced the result of an election in which he was defeated he said
the masters golf tournament proved last monday what it can do to the strongest men and the staunchest nerves
gary player the small trim south african was the eventual winner but in all his ## years he never spent a more harrowing afternoon as he waited for the victory to drop in his lap
arnold palmer the defending champion lost his title on the ##nd hole after a few minutes of misfortune that left even his fellow pros gaping in disbelief
just when you think you have it licked this golf course can get up and bite you player had said one afternoon midway through the tournament
and that is just what happened on the last few holes
the augusta national golf club course got up and bit both player and palmer
player was the first to feel its teeth
after playing a splendid first nine holes in ## two strokes under par on this fifth and final day of the tournament sunday 's fourth round had been washed out by a violent rainstorm when it was only half completed player 's game rapidly fell to pieces
he bogeyed the ##th
after a journey through woods and stream he double-bogeyed the ##th
he bogeyed the ##th by missing a short putt and finally scrambled through the last three holes without further mishap for a #-over-par ## and a ##-hole total of ###
as he signed his scorecard and walked off the course player was almost in tears
he could read on the nearby scoreboard that palmer by then playing the ##th hole was leading him by a stroke
palmer had started the round four strokes behind player and at one point in the afternoon had trailed by as many as six strokes
now all he had to do was finish in even par to collect the trophy and the biggest single paycheck in golf
when palmer hit a good straight drive up the fairway on the ##nd hole he seemed to have the championship won
but the seven-iron shot he used to approach the green strayed into a bunker and lodged in a slight depression
in trying to hit it out with a sand wedge palmer bounced the ball over the green past spectators and down the slope toward a tv tower
afterwards palmer told charlie coe his last-round partner that he simply played the hole too fast
he did seem hasty on his second and third shots but then there was an agonizing wait of several minutes while coe graciously putted out giving palmer a chance to recover his composure which he had quite visibly lost
when the shaken palmer finally did hit his fourth shot he overshot the hole by ## feet
palmer was now putting merely for a tie and player who was sitting beside his wife and watching it all on television in tournament chairman clifford roberts' clubhouse apartment stared in amazement when palmer missed the putt
palmer 's ### for the four rounds at augusta was a comfortable four strokes ahead of the next closest pro but it was barely good enough for a second-place tie with coe
the lean and leathery oklahoma amateur who has been playing topnotch tournament golf for many years refused to let the masters jitters overtake him and closed the tournament with his second straight ##
end at seven
until late last saturday afternoon palmer had played seven consecutive rounds of golf at the masters four last year and three this without ever being out of first place
as evening approached and palmer finished his saturday round with a disappointing one-over-par ## this remarkable record was still intact thanks to his thursday and friday rounds of ## and ##
his three-round total of ### was three strokes better than the next best score a ### by bill collins the tall and deliberate baltimorean who had been playing very well all winter long
but palmer knew as did everybody else at augusta that his streak was about to be broken
half an hour after he finished his round player holed out at the ##th green with a ## and a three-round total of ### four strokes ahead of palmer
more than a streak had ended
long after the erratic climate and the washed-out final round on sunday have become meteorological footnotes the #### masters will be remembered as the scene of the mano a mano between arnold palmer and gary player
unlike most such sports rivalries it appeared to have developed almost spontaneously although this was exactly the case
when the winter tour began at los angeles last january there was no one in sight to challenge palmer 's towering prestige
as if to confirm his stature he quickly won three of the first eight tournaments
player won only one
but as the tour reached pensacola a month ago player was leading palmer in official winnings by a few hundred dollars and the rest of the field was somewhere off in nowhere
on the final round at pensacola the luck of the draw paired palmer and player in the same threesome and although it was far from obvious at the time the gallery was treated to the first chapter of what promises to be one of the most exciting duels in sport for a long time to come
on that final sunday at pensacola neither palmer nor player was leading the tournament and as it turned out neither won it
but whichever of these two finished ahead of the other would be the undisputed financial leader of the tour
player immediately proved he was in the least awed by the dramatic proximity of palmer
he outplayed palmer all around the course and finished with a tremendous ## to palmer 's ##
thereafter until the masters player gradually increased his lead over palmer in winnings and added one more tournament victory at miami
when they reached augusta last week together they had won five of the ## tournaments to date
on thursday the first day of the masters the contest between palmer and player developed instantly
it was a dismal drizzly day but a good one on which to score over the augusta national course
the usually skiddy greens were moist and soft so the golfers were able to strike their approach shots boldly at the flag-stick and putt firmly toward the hole without too much worry about the consequences
palmer 's #-under-par ## got him off to an early lead which he shared with bob rosburg
but player was only one stroke back with a ##
even so it was still clear to many in the enormous horde of spectators unquestionably the largest golf crowd ever that this tournament was to be essentially a match between palmer and player
a lot of people were still thinking about jack nicklaus the spectacular young amateur who had a ##
or ken venturi who had a somewhat shaky ## but was bound to do better
or rosburg whose accurate short game and supersensitive putter can overcome so many of augusta 's treacheries
or even old byron nelson whose excellent ## made one wonder if he had solved the geriatric aspects of golf
on thursday nobody except charlie coe was thinking of charlie coe
on friday a day as cloudless and lovely as thursday had been gray and ugly the plot of the tournament came clearly into focus
rosburg had started early in the day and by the time palmer and player were on the course separated as they were destined to be for the rest of the weekend by about half an hour they could see on the numerous scoreboards spotted around the course that rosburg who ended with a ## was having a good day
as player began his second round in a twosome with amateur bill hyndman his share of the gallery was conspicuously large for a contender
player began with a birdie on the first hole added five straight pars and then another birdie at the #th
on the back nine he began to acquire the tidal wave of a gallery that stayed with him the rest of the tournament
he birdied the ##th the ##th and the ##th five birdies one bogey and ## pars for a ##
starting half an hour behind player in company with british open champion kel nagle palmer birdied the #nd the #th the ##th and the ##th four birdies one bogey and ## pars for a ##
the roar of palmer 's gallery as he sank a thrilling putt would roll out across the parklike landscape of augusta only to be answered moments later by the roar of player 's gallery for a similar triumph
at one point late in the day when palmer was lining up a ##-foot putt on the ##th a thunderous cheer from the direction of the ##th green unmistakably announced that player had birdied the final hole
without so much as a grimace or a gesture to show that he had noticed although he later admitted that he had palmer proceeded to sink his ##-footer and his gallery sent its explosive vocalization rolling back along the intervening fairways in reply
the boldness of champions
anyone who now doubted that a personal duel was under way had only to watch how these exceptionally gifted golfers were playing this most difficult golf course
it is almost axiomatic that golfers who dominate the game of golf for any period of time attack their shots with a vehemence bordering on violence
the bad luck that can so often mar a well-played round of golf is simply overpowered and obliterated by the contemptuous boldness of these champions
bob jones played that way
byron nelson did hogan did
and last week at the masters palmer and player did
as the third round of the tournament began on saturday and the duel was resumed in earnest it was player 's superior aggressiveness that carried him into the lead
this day palmer had started first
as player stepped on the first tee he knew that palmer had birdied the first two holes and already was # under par for the day
player immediately proceeded to follow suit
in fact he went on to birdie the #th and #th as well to go # under par for the first eight holes
but player 's real test came on the ninth hole a downhill dogleg to the left measuring ### yards
he hit a poor tee shot pulling it off into the pine woods separating the #th and first fairways
having hit one of the trees the ball came to rest more than ### yards out
player then had the choice of punching the ball safely out of the woods to the #th fairway and settling for a bogey # or gambling
the latter involved hitting a full four-wood out to the first fairway and toward the clubhouse hoping to slice it back to the deeply bunkered #th green
i was hitting the ball well player said later and i felt strong
when you're playing like that you'd better attack
player attacked with his four-wood and hit a shot that few who saw it will ever forget
it struck the #th green on the fly and stopped just off the edge
from there he chipped back and sank his putt for a par #
palmer meanwhile had been having his troubles
they started on the #th hole a ###-yard par-#
on this day the wind had switched ###-degrees from the northwest to the southeast and nearly every shot on the course was different from the previous few days
at the #th tee palmer chose to hit a one-iron when a three-wood was the proper club so he put the ball in a bunker in front of the green
his bogey # on this hole and subsequent bogeys at # and # along with a birdie at # brought him back to even par
starting the second nine palmer was already four strokes behind player and knew it
when mickey charles mantle the new york yankees' man of muscle drives a home run ### feet into the bleachers his feat touches upon the sublime
when roger eugene maris mantle 's muscular teammate powers four home runs in a double-header his performance merits awe
but when tiny ###-pound albert gregory pearson of the los angeles angels who once caught three straight fly balls in center field because as a teammate explained the other team thought no one was out there hits seven home runs in four months three more than his total in #### #### and #### his achievement borders on the ridiculous
this is baseball ####
this is the year home runs ranged from the sublime to the ridiculous
it is the year when # amiable jim gentile of the baltimore orioles ambled to the plate in consecutive innings with the bases loaded and in unprecedented style delivered consecutive grand-slam home runs
# willie mays of the san francisco giants borrowed a teammate 's bat and became the ninth big leaguer to stroke four home runs in a game
# the milwaukee braves tied a major-league record with fourteen home runs in three games and lost two of them
and # catcher johnny blanchard of the new york yankees matched a record with home runs in four successive times at bat two of them as a pinch-hitter
pitchers grumble about lively balls and lively bats the shrinking strike zone and the fact that the knock-down pitch is now illegal
experts point to the thinning of pitching talent in the american league caused by expansion
whatever the reasons in ## years has a single season produced such thunderous assaults upon the bureau of baseball records home-run division
of all the records in peril one stands apart dramatic in its making dramatic in its endurance and now doubly dramatic in its jeopardy
this of course is baseball 's most remarkable mark the ## home runs hit in #### by the incorrigible epicure the incredible athlete george herman babe ruth of the yankees
since #### fewer than a dozen men have made serious runs at babe ruth 's record and each in turn has been thwarted
what ultimately frustrated every challenger was ruth 's amazing september surge
in the final month of the #### season he hit seventeen home runs a closing spurt never matched
double threat :
always in the abortive attacks upon ruth 's record one man alone a jimmy foxx ## in #### or a hank greenberg ## in #### or a hack wilson ## in #### made the bid
but now for the first time since lou gehrig with ## home runs spurred ruth on in #### two men playing for the same team have zeroed in on ##
their names are mantle and maris their team is the yankees and their threat is real
after ### games in #### ruth had ## home runs
after ### games in #### mickey mantle has ## roger maris ##
extend mantle 's and maris 's present paces over the full #### schedule of ### games and mathematically each will hit more than ## home runs
this is the great edge the two yankees have going for them
to better ruth 's mark neither needs a spectacular september flourish
all mantle needs is eight more home runs in august and ten in september and he will establish a new record
in ruth 's day and until this year the schedule was ### games
baseball commissioner ford frick has ruled that ruth 's record will remain official unless it is broken in ### games
even on the basis of ### games this is the ideal situation insists hank greenberg now vice-president of the chicago white sox
it has to be easier with two of them
how can you walk maris to get to mantle
neither mantle nor maris understandably will predict ## home runs for himself
although both concede they would like to hit ## they stick primarily to the baseball player 's standard quote the important thing is to win the pennant
but one thing is for certain there is no dissension between mantle the american league 's most valuable player in #### and #### and maris the mvp in ####
each enjoys seeing the other hit home runs i hope roger hits ## mantle says and each enjoys even more seeing himself hit home runs and i hope i hit ##
the sluggers get along so well in fact that with their families at home for the summer mantle 's in dallas maris 's in kansas city they are rooming together
mantle maris and bob cerv a utility outfielder share an apartment in jamaica long island far from new york international airport
the three pay $### a month for four rooms kitchen dining room living room and bedroom with air-conditioning and new modern furniture
mantle and cerv use the twin beds in the bedroom
maris sleeps on a green studio couch in the living room
they divide up the household chores cerv does most of the cooking breakfast and sandwich snacks with dinner out mantle supplies the transportation a white #### oldsmobile convertible and maris drives the ##-minute course from the apartment house to yankee stadium
mantle maris and cerv probably share one major-league record already among them they have fifteen children eight for cerv four for mantle and three for maris
as roommates teammates and home-run mates mantle ## who broke in with the yankees ten years ago and maris ## who came to the yankees from kansas city two years ago have strikingly similar backgrounds
both were scholastic stars in football basketball and baseball mantle in commerce okla. maris in fargo n.d.
as halfbacks both came close to playing football at the university of oklahoma sometimes in the minors maris recalls i wished i had gone to oklahoma
to an extent the two even look alike
both have blue eyes and short blond hair
both are # feet tall and weigh between ### and ### pounds but mantle incredibly muscular he has a ##-# neck looks bigger
with their huge backs and overdeveloped shoulders both must have their clothes made to order
maris purchases $### suits from simpson 's in new york
mantle more concerned with dress buys his suits four at a time at neiman-marcus in dallas and pays as much as $### each
light reading :
neither mantle nor maris need fear being classified an intellectual but lately mantle has shown unusual devotion to an intellectual opus henry miller 's tropic of cancer
mantle so appreciated miller 's delicate literary style that he broadened teammates' minds by reading sensitive passages aloud during road trips
mantle is normally given to public speaking or for that matter to private speaking
what do you and mickey talk about at home
a reporter asked maris recently
to tell you the truth maris said mickey don't talk much
this is no surprising trait for a ballplayer
what is surprising and pleasant is that mantle and maris under constant pressure from writers and photographers are trying to be cooperative
of the two mantle is by nature the less outgoing maris the more outspoken
but last week when a reporter was standing near mantle 's locker mickey walked up and volunteered an anecdote
see that kid
he said pointing to a dark-haired ##-year-old boy
that 's yogi berra 's
i'll never forget one time i struck out three times dropped a fly ball and we lost the game
i came back sitting by my locker feeling real low and the kid walks over to me looks up and says you stunk
maris in talking to reporters tries to answer all questions candidly and fully but on rare occasions he shuns newsmen
when i've made a dumb play he says i don't want to talk to anyone
by his own confession maris is an angry young man
benched at tulsa in #### he told manager dutch meyer i can't play for you
send me where i can play
meyer sent him to reading pa.
benched at indianapolis in #### he told manager kerby farrell i'm learning anything on the bench
farrell did and maris led the team to victory in the little world series
that 's the way i am he says
i tell people what i think
if you're a good ballplayer you've got to get mad
give me a team of nine angry men and i'll give you a team of nine gentlemen and we'll beat you nine out of ten times
idols' idols :
one good indication of the two men 's personalities is the way they reacted to meeting their own heroes
maris 's was ted williams
when i was a kid maris told a sportswriter last week i used to follow williams every day in the box score just to see whether he got a hit or
when you came up to the majors did you seek out williams for advice
are you kidding
you're afraid to talk to a guy you idolize
mantle 's hero was joe dimaggio
when mickey went to the yankees says mark freeman an ex-yankee pitcher who sells mutual funds in denver dimaggio still was playing and every day mickey would go by his locker just aching for some word of encouragement from this great man this hero of his
but dimaggio never said a word
it crushed mickey
he told me he vowed right then that if he ever got to be a star this never would be said of him
mantle has kept the vow
among all the yankees he is the veteran most friendly to rookies
neither mantle nor maris is totally devoted to baseball above all else
if laying ties on a railroad track which he once did for $# an hour paid more than playing right field for the yankees maris would lay ties on a railroad track
if working in a zinc mine which he once did for ##-# cents an hour paid more than playing center field for the yankees mantle would work in a zinc mine
but since railroading and mining are the highest paid arts mantle and maris concentrate on baseball
they try to play baseball the best they can
each is a complete ballplayer
mantle beyond any question can do more things well
one of the reasons they get along fine says a sportswriter who is friendly with the two men is that both realize mantle is head-and-shoulders above maris
hitting mantle has an immediate advantage because he bats both left-handed and right-handed maris only left-handed
they both possess near classic stances dug in firmly arms high set for fierce swings
mantle is considerably better hitting for average
fourth in the league to
for maris so far this year
both are good bunters maris once beat out eighteen of nineteen in the minor leagues
mantle is a master at dragging a bunt toward first base
both have brilliant speed mantle was timed from home plate batting left-handed to first base in #.# seconds faster than any other major leaguer
maris ran the ###-yard dash in ten seconds in high school and once won a race against luis aparicio the swift base-stealing shortstop of the white sox
both are good daring fielders mantle covers more ground
maris 's throwing arm is stronger
yet with all their skills the appeal of mantle and maris in #### comes down to one basic the home run
with this ultimate weapon the two yankees may have saved baseball from its dullest season
american league expansion created inevitably weaker teams
only two teams in each league the yankees and detroit the dodgers and cincinnati are battling for first place
appropriately the emphasis on the home run at a peak this year came into being at baseball 's lowest moment
in #### as the startling news that the #### white sox had conspired to lose the world series leaked out fans grew disillusioned and disinterested in baseball
something was needed to revive interest
the something was the home run
into washington on president-elect john f. kennedy 's convair the caroline winged actor-crooner frank sinatra and his close hollywood pal cinemactor peter lawford jack kennedy 's brother-in-law
also included in the entourage a dog in a black sweater frankie and peter had an urgent mission to stage a mammoth inauguration eve entertainment gala in the capital 's national guard armory
frankie was fairly glutted with ideas as he had hinted upon his arrival it 's really tremendous when you think ella fitzgerald is coming from australia
i could talk to you for three hours and still be able to give you all of our plans
as the plans were laid some several thousand fat cats were to be ensconced in the armory 's $### seats and in ## ringside boxes priced at $##,### each
the biggest single act would doubtless be staged by frankie himself his inaugural wardrobe had been designed by hollywood couturier don loper who regularly makes up ladies' ensembles
soon after loper leaked the news that frankie had ordered two of everything just in case he spills anything frankie got so mad at the chic designer that he vowed he would wear a stitch of loper clothing
a year after he was catapulted over nine officers senior to him and made commandant of the marine corps general david m. shoup delivered a peppery annual report in the form of a happy warless new year greeting to his pentagon staff
said leatherneck shoup a year ago i took the grips of the plow in my hands
after pushing an accumulation of vines and weeds from the moldboard i lifted the lines from the dust and found hitched to that plow the finest team i ever held a rein on
little geeing and hawing have been necessary
but shoup also gave the corps a tilling in spots
speaking of pride he deplored the noncommissioned officer whose uniform looks like it belonged to someone who retired in ####
the officer with the yellow socks or the bay window
a few of these people are still around
old and new briefly crossed paths in the u.s. senate then went their respective ways
at a reception for new members of congress oregon democrat maurine neuberger taking the senate seat held by her husband richard until his death last march got a brotherly buss from democratic elder statesman adlai stevenson u.s. ambassador-designate to the u.n.
meanwhile after ## years in the senate rhode island 's durable democrat theodore francis greene having walked swum and cerebrated himself to the hearty age of ## left that august body voluntarily because he could surely have been re-elected had he chosen to run again last november as the oldest man ever to serve in the senate
the most famous undergraduate of south philadelphia high school is a current bobby-sox idol dreamboat cacophonist fabian real name fabian forte ## and last week it developed that he will remain an undergraduate for a while
the principal of the school announced that despite the help of private tutors in hollywood and philadelphia fabian is a ##-o'clock scholar in english and mathematics
lacking his needed credits in those subjects fabian will graduate with his old classmates next week
south philadelphia high 's principal added that the current delay was caused by the pressure of a movie that the toneless lad was making
to decathlon man rafer johnson time cover aug. ## whose gold medal in last summer 's olympic games was won as much on gumption as talent went the a.a.u. 's james e. sullivan memorial trophy as the outstanding u.s. amateur athlete of ####
as the world 's top sportsman pro or amateur sports illustrated tapped golf 's confident arnold palmer time cover may # who staged two cliffhanging rallies to win both the masters and u.s. open crowns went on to win a record $##,### for the year
tooling through sydney on his way to race in the new zealand grand prix britain 's balding ace driver stirling moss ## all but smothered himself in his own exhaust of self-crimination
i'm a slob he announced
my taste is gaudy
i'm useless for anything but racing cars
i'm ruddy lazy and i'm getting on in years
it gets so frustrating but then again i don't know what i could do if i gave up racing
has moss no stirling virtues
i appreciate beauty
one of nikita khrushchev 's most enthusiastic eulogizers the u.s.s.r. 's daily izvestia enterprisingly interviewed red-prone comedian charlie chaplin at his swiss villa where he has been in self-exile since ####
chaplin ## who met k. when the soviet boss visited england in #### confided that he hopes to visit russia some time this summer because i have marveled at your grandiose experiment and i believe in your future
then charlie spooned out some quick impressions of the nikita he had glimpsed i was captivated by his humor frankness and good nature and by his kind strong and somewhat sly face
g. david thompson is one of those names known to the stewards of transatlantic jetliners and to doormen in europe 's best hotels but he is somewhat of an enigma to most people in his own home town of pittsburgh
there the name vaguely connotes new-rich wealth a reputation for eccentricity and an ardor for collecting art
last week in the german city of dusseldorf g. david thompson was making headlines that could well give pittsburgh pause
on display were ### first-class paintings and sculptures from his fabled collection and every single one of them was up for sale
like philadelphia 's late dr. albert c. barnes who kept his own great collection closed to the general public time jan. # thompson at ## is something of a legend in his own lifetime
he made his fortune during world war # when he took over a number of dying steel plants and kept them alive until the boom
even before he hit big money he had begun buying modern paintings
he gave the impression of never having read a word about art but there was no doubt that he had an eye for the best
he was able to smell a bargain and a masterpiece a continent away and the museum of modern art 's alfred barr said of him i have never mentioned a new artist that thompson didn't know about
he might barge into a gallery start haggling over prices without so much as a word of greeting
he could be lavishly generous with friends cab drivers and bellboys but with dealers he was tough
he bought up cezannes braques matisses legers a splendid picasso series more than ## giacometti sculptures
he gathered one of the biggest collections of paul klees in the world
all these he hung in his burglarproof home called stone 's throw outside pittsburgh and only people he liked and trusted ever got to see them
two years ago thompson offered his collection to the city
but he insisted that it be housed in a special museum
pittsburgh turned him down just as pittsburgh society had been snubbing him for years
he went then to a ##-year-old basel art dealer named ernst beyeler with whom he had long been trading pictures
last year beyeler arranged to sell $#,###,### worth of klees to the state of north rhine-westphalia which will house them in a museum that is yet to be built
last week most of the other prizes once offered to pittsburgh went on the block
at the opening of the dusseldorf show thompson himself scarcely glanced at the treasures that he was seeing together for the last time
in fact he seemed delighted to get rid of them
some observers speculated that this might be his revenge on his home town
thompson himself said i want to enjoy once more the pleasure of bare walls waiting for new pictures
break in georgia
the university of georgia has long claimed that it does discriminate against any applicant on the basis of race or color
but in all its ### years a single negro student has entered its classrooms
last week federal district judge william a. bootle ordered the university to admit immediately a qualified negro boy and girl
their entry will crack the total segregation of all public education from kindergarten through graduate school in georgia and in alabama mississippi and south carolina as well
for ## months hamilton holmes ## and charlayne hunter ## had tried to get into the university
they graduated together from atlanta 's turner high school where valedictorian holmes was first in the class and charlayne third
the university rejected them on a variety of pretexts but was careful never to mention the color of their skins
holmes went to atlanta 's morehouse negro college where he is a b student and star halfback
charlayne studied journalism at detroit 's wayne state university
last fall after they took their hopes for entering georgia to court judge bootle ordered them to apply again
charlayne was tentatively admitted for next fall after state investigators questioned her white roommate at wayne state
but holmes was rejected again on the basis of his record and interview
the evidence in court was testimony about the interview which for holmes lasted an hour although at least one white student at georgia got through this ritual by a simple phone conversation
holmes was asked if he had ever visited a house of prostitution or a beatnik parlor or teahouse
no said he but officials still called him evasive
they also said he lied in saying that he had never been arrested
their reason holmes once paid a $## speeding fine had his license suspended
negro lawyers dug into the records of ### white students found that many were hardly interviewed at all and few had academic records as good as hamilton holmes
the real reason for his rejection they argued is the fact that georgia law automatically cuts off funds for any desegregated school
judge bootle 's decision the two plaintiffs are qualified for admission to said university and would already have been admitted had it been for their race and color
the state will appeal but few think it will actually try to close the university
surprised and pleased students holmes and hunter may enter the university of georgia this week
catch for chicago
when the university of chicago 's chancellor lawrence a. kimpton submitted his resignation last march a mighty talent hunt gripped the midway
out went letters to ##,### old grads asking for suggestions
such academic statesmen as james b. conant were consulted
two committees pondered ### possible kimpton successors including adlai stevenson richard nixon and harvard 's dean mcgeorge bundy
the debate led to a decision that chicago needed neither a big name nor an experienced academic administrator but rather as trustee chairman glen a. lloyd put it a top scholar in his own right a bright light to lure other top scholars to chicago
last week chicago happily found its top scholar in caltech 's acting dean of the faculty dynamic geneticist george wells beadle ## who shared the #### nobel prize in medicine and physiology for discovering how genes affect heredity by controlling cell chemistry time cover july ## ####
it fell to chancellor kimpton now a standard oil indiana executive to spend his nine-year reign tidying up chicago after the ##-year typhoon of idealist robert maynard hutchins
he threw out some of hutchins' more wildly experimental courses raised sagging undergraduate enrollment to #,### nearly doubled endowment to $###.# million
but though kimpton put chicago in what he felt was working order some old grads feel that it still needs the kind of lively teachers who filled it in the heady hutchins era
at caltech geneticist beadle has stuck close to his research as head of the school 's famous biology division since ####
but he has shown a sixth-sense ability to spot recruit and excite able researchers and has developed unexpected talents in fund raising and speech-making
beadle is even that rare scientist who takes an interest in money matters
he avidly reads the wall street journal and took delight in driving a $### model a ford for ## years then selling it for $###
a philosopher may point out that the troubles of the congo began with the old adam and consequently will never end
but a historian might put his finger on a specific man and date and hold out the hope that the troubles will sometime pass away
the man was king leopold # of the belgians who in #### concluded that he had better grab a colony while the grabbing was still good
by force he took under his protection or stole ###,### square miles of wilderness in central africa
this is an area nearly as large as western europe
and it was filled then as now by quarreling tribes with no political or historical unity
its boundaries had nothing to do with geography or ethnic groupings
they were determined by the points at which leopold 's explorers and gunmen got tired of walking
the population of the congo is ##.# million divided into at least seven major culture clusters and innumerable tribes speaking ### separate dialects
the religions of the people include christianity mohammedanism paganism ancestor worship and animism
the climate ranges from the steamily equatorial to the temperate
the hospitals contain patients trampled by elephants or run over by sports cars
to make one nation out of these disparities would be a problem large enough in any case
it has been made far more difficult by what the belgians have done or failed to do in the congo since ####
at first the belgian royal family administered the congo as its own private property
but by #### its record of brutality had touched the national conscience
the belgian government itself took over administration commencing a program of paternalism unmatched in the history of colonialism
one definition of paternalism is the principle or practice on the part of a government of managing the affairs of a country in the manner of a father dealing with his children
the honor of the belgians in this matter is to be questioned only their judgment
ordinarily a father permits his children to grow up in due time but when the colony received independence in #### the congolese child if one imagines him to have been born in #### was ## and had until then been treated as an infant
the belgians were interested primarily in the economic development of the congo which is rich in copper tin cobalt manganese zinc and uranium and cotton and palm oil
the colony was administered from brussels with neither the congolese nor the resident belgians having any vote
the beneficiaries of this administration were a number of huge cartels in which both individuals and the belgian government itself held stock
in inside africa john gunther describes one of these the societe generale as the kind of colossus that might be envisaged if let us say the house of morgan anaconda copper the mutual life insurance company of new york the pennsylvania railroad and various companies producing agricultural products were lumped together with the united states government as a heavy partner
had they been truly ruthless the belgians might have exploited the congolese without compassion
but they were
they provided a social security system which covered all their african employes
their program of mass medical care was doubtless the best on the continent
they put much effort into public housing
they also instituted a ration system under which all employers in the congo were required to furnish their employes with clothing and adequate food
but instead of delivering the ration either in actual commodities or in cash at intervals of perhaps two weeks or a month the belgians felt obliged to dole it out more often
would the children if they received all their food on the first day of the month eat it up immediately and later go hungry
the belgians also placed great emphasis on education
during the ####s there were as many as ##,### schools in the congo
but almost all the schools were primary
the average congolese can do little more than puzzle out the meaning of la chatte and le chien and write his name
some schools were technical the belgians needed carpenters and mechanics to help exploit the land and trained many
but they did believe in widespread secondary education much less in college
it was their conviction that the people should be brought up together a grade at a time until in some indefinite future some might be ready to tackle history economics and political science
indeed the belgians discouraged higher education fearing the creation of a native intellectual elite which might cause unrest
when the congo received its independence in #### there were among its ##.# million people exactly ## university graduates
why did the belgians grant independence to a colony so manifestly unprepared to accept it
in one large oversimplification it might be said that the belgians felt far too late the gale of nationalism sweeping africa
they lacked time to prepare the congo as the british and french had prepared their colonies
the congolese were clamoring for their independence even though most were unsure what it meant
and in brussels street crowds shouted pas une goutte de sang
one drop of blood
the belgians would fight for the privilege of being the detested pedagogue
rather than teach where teaching was wanted they would wash their hands of the mess
it is hard to blame them for this
yet there were other motivations and actions which the belgians took after independence for which history may find them guiltless
as the time for independence approached there were in the congo no fewer than ### political parties or approximately eight for each university graduate
there were four principal ones
first there were those congolese among them joseph kasavubu who favored splitting the country into small independent states balkanizing it
second there were those moise tshombe who favored near-balkanization a loose federalism having a central government of limited authority with much power residing in the states
third there were those notably patrice lumumba who favored a unified congo with a very strong central government
and fourth there were moderates who were in no hurry for independence and wished to wait until the congo grew up
however the positions of all parties and leaders were constantly shifting
a final factor which contributed greatly to the fragmentation of the congo immediately after independence was the provincial structure that had been established by the belgians for convenience in administration
they had divided the congo into six provinces leopoldville kasai kivu katanga equator and eastern unfortunately with little regard for ethnic groupings
thus some provinces contained tribes which detested each other and to them independence meant an opportunity for war
the belgian congo was granted its independence with what seemed a workable western-style form of government there were to be a president and a premier and a bicameral legislature elected by universal suffrage in the provinces
well-wishers around the world hoped that the congo would quickly assume a respectable position in the society of nations
if internal frictions arose they could be handled by the ##,###-man congolese army the force publique which had been trained and was still officered by white belgians
the president joseph kasavubu seemed an able administrator and the premier patrice lumumba a reasonable man
twenty-four hours after independence the wild tribesmen commenced fighting each other
presently the well-armed members of the force publique many of them drawn from savage and even cannibalistic tribes erupted in mutiny rioting raping and looting
terror engulfed the thousands of belgian civilians who had remained in the country
the belgian government decided to act and on july ## dispatched paratroops to the congo
on july ## the head of the mineral-rich province of katanga moise tshombe announced that his province had seceded from the country
confusion became chaos
each succeeding day brought new acts of violence
lumumba and kasavubu blamed it all on the military intervention by the belgians and appealed to the united nations to send troops to oust them
on july ## the security council with france and great britain abstaining voted the resolution which drew the u.n. into the congo
vague in wording it called for withdrawal of belgian troops and authorized the secretary-general to take the necessary steps to provide the congolese government with such military assistance as may be necessary until through the efforts of the congolese government with the technical assistance of the united nations the national security forces may be able in the opinion of the government to meet fully their tasks
secretary-general hammarskjold decided that it would be preferable if the u.n. troops sent into the congo were to come from african or at least nonwhite nations certainly from the u.s. russia great britain or france
he quickly called on ghana tunisia morocco guinea and mali which dispatched troops within hours
ultimately the u.n. army in the congo reached a top strength of ##,### including about #,### from india and a few soldiers from eire and sweden who were the only whites
it took the u.n. three months to bring a modest form of order to the congo
the belgians were reluctant to withdraw their troops and often obstructed u.n. efforts
the wildly erratic nature of patrice lumumba caused constant problems he frequently announced that he wanted the u.n. to get out of the congo along with the belgians and appealed to russia for help
however there is little evidence that the late lumumba was a communist
before appealing to the u.n. or to russia he first appealed to the u.s. for military help and was rejected
lumumba further complicated the u.n. 's mission by initiating small wars with the secessionist province of katanga and with south kasai which under albert kalonji wanted to secede as well
meanwhile russia took every opportunity to meddle in the congo sending lumumba equipment for his wars dispatching technicians and even threatening on occasion to intervene openly
but by the end of the three-month period in october #### something approaching calm settled on the congo
president kasavubu became exasperated with lumumba and fired him
lumumba fired kasavubu
control of the government such control as there was and such government as there was passed into the hands of joseph mobutu chief of staff of the congolese army
mobutu promptly flung out the russians who have since played any significant part on the local scene although they have redoubled their obstructionist efforts at u.n. headquarters in new york
the belgians at least officially departed from the congo as well withdrawing all of their uniformed troops
but they left behind them large numbers of officers variously called volunteers or mercenaries who now staff the army of moise tshombe in katanga the seceded province which according to tshombe holds ##% of the mineral wealth of the entire country
from october #### to february #### the u.n. forces in the congo took little action
there was no directive for it the security council 's resolution had mentioned political matters and in any case the united nations by the terms of its charter may interfere in the political affairs of any nation whether to unify it federalize it or balkanize it
during the five-month lull civil war smoldered and flickered throughout the congo
in february the murder of patrice lumumba who had been kidnaped into katanga and executed on order of tshombe again stirred the u.n. to action
on feb. ## the council passed another resolution urging the taking of all appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of civil war in the congo including the use of force if necessary in the last resort
although the resolution might have been far more specific it was considerably tougher than the earlier one
it also urged that the u.n. eject and prevent the return of all belgian and other foreign military and political advisers
ordered an investigation of lumumba 's death
urged the reconvention of the congolese parliament and the reorganization of the army
the presidency : talking and listening
though president john f. kennedy was primarily concerned with the crucial problems of berlin and disarmament adviser mccloy 's unexpected report from khrushchev his new enthusiasm and reliance on personal diplomacy involved him in other key problems of u.s. foreign policy last week
high up on the president 's priority list was the thorny question of bizerte
on this issue the president received a detailed report from his u.n. ambassador adlai stevenson who had just returned from paris and mr. kennedy asked stevenson to search for a face-saving way for both paris and tunis out of the imbroglio
ideally the president would like the french to agree on a status quo ante on bizerte and accept a new timetable for withdrawing their forces from the mediterranean base
to continue their important conversations about the tunisian issue and the whole range of other problems mr. kennedy invited stevenson to cape cod for the weekend
the president also discussed the bizerte deadlock with the no. # man in the tunisian government defense minister bahi ladgham who flew to washington last week to seek u.s. support
the conversation apparently convinced mr. kennedy that the positions of france and tunisia were irreconcilable
through ladgham mr. kennedy sent a message along those lines to tunisian president habib bourguiba
and one u.s. official said the key question now is which side picks up the phone first
on the latin american front the president held talks with secretary of the treasury douglas dillon before sending him to uruguay and the inter-american economic and social council which the president himself had originally hoped to attend
main purpose of the meeting to discuss president kennedy 's alliance for progress
and that was all
in conferences with nationalist china 's dapper diminutive vice president chen cheng mr. kennedy assured chiang kai-shek 's emissary that the u.s. is as firmly opposed as ever to the admission of red china to the united nations
chen was equally adamant in his opposition to the admission of outer mongolia
however the president who would like to woo the former chinese province away from both peking and moscow would promise chen nothing more than an abstention by the u.s. if outer mongolia 's admission comes to a vote
the president also conferred with emissaries from guatemala and nepal who are seeking more foreign aid
to africa he sent his most trusted adviser his brother attorney general robert kennedy on a good-will mission to the ivory coast
all week long the president clearly was playing a larger personal role in foreign affairs
in effect he was practicing what he preached in his berlin message two weeks ago when he declared we shall always be prepared to discuss international problems with any and all nations that are willing to talk and listen with reason
crime : skyjacked
from international airport in los angeles to international airport in houston as the great four-jet boeing ### flies is a routine five hours and ## minutes including stopovers at phoenix el paso and san antonio
when continental airlines night-coach flight ## took off at ##:## one night last week there was no reason to think it would take any longer
the plane put down on schedule at #:## a.m. in phoenix
thirty-one minutes later when it took off for el paso hardly anyone of the crew of six or the ## other passengers paid any attention to the man and teen-age boy who had come aboard
at #:## a.m. with the plane about twenty minutes out of el paso passenger robert berry a san antonio advertising man glanced up and saw the man and boy accompanied by a stewardess walking up the aisle toward the cockpit
the man was bent over with his hand on his stomach berry said
i figured he was sick
john salvador a farmer from palm desert calif. was sitting up front and could see through the door as the trio entered the cockpit
the kid had a automatic like they issue in the army he said
the other fellow had a
salvador saw the youth hold his against the head of stewardess lois carnegey
the man put his at the head of capt. byron d. rickards
to rickards a ##-year-old veteran ## years in the air it was an old story his plane was being hijacked in mid-flight again much as it had happened in #### when peruvian rebels made him land a ford tri-motor at arequipa
but last week 's pirates like the cuban-american who recently hijacked an eastern airlines electra newsweek aug. # wanted to go to havana
tell your company there are four of us here with guns the elder man told rickards
the pilot radioed el paso international airport with just that message
but he told the skyjackers the ### didn't carry enough fuel to reach havana
they would have to refuel at el paso
most passengers didn't know what had happened until they got on the ground
jerry mccauley of sacramento calif. one of some twenty air force recruits on board awoke from a nap in confusion
the old man came from the front of the plane and said he wanted four volunteers to go to cuba mccauley said and like a nut i raised my hand
i thought he was the air force recruiter
what the man wanted was four persons to volunteer as hostages along with the crew
they chose four jack casey who works for continental airlines in houston
fred mullen from mercer island wash.
pfc. truman cleveland of st. augustine
fla. and leonard gilman a former college boxer and veteran of the u.s. immigration service border patrol
everybody else was allowed to file off the plane after it touched down at el paso at #:## a.m.
they found a large welcoming group el paso policemen border patrol sheriff 's deputies and fbi men who surged around the plane with rifles and submachine guns
other fbi men talking with the pilot from the tower conspired with him to delay the proposed flight to havana
the ground crew which ordinarily fuels a ### in twenty minutes took fully three hours
still more time was consumed while the pilot at the radioed suggestion of continental president robert six tried to persuade the armed pair to swap the boeing jet for a propeller-driven douglas aj
actually the officers on the ground had no intention of letting the hijackers get away with any kind of an airplane
they had orders to that effect straight from president kennedy who thought at first as did most others that it was four followers of cuba 's fidel castro who had taken over the ###
mr. kennedy had been informed early in the day of the attempt to steal the plane kept in touch throughout by telephone
at one time while still under the impression that he was dealing with a cuban plot the president talked about invoking a total embargo on trade with cuba
as the morning wore on and a blazing west texas sun wiped the shadows off the franklin mountains police got close enough to the plane to pry into the baggage compartment
from the luggage they learned that the two air pirates far from being cubans were native americans subsequently identified as leon bearden ##-year-old ex-convict from coolidge ariz. and his son cody ## a high-school junior
the heat and strain began to tell on the beardens
the father by accident or perhaps to show as he said we mean business took the and fired a slug between the legs of second officer norman simmons
at #:## a.m. more than three hours after landing the beardens gave an ultimatum
take off or see the hostages killed
the tower cleared the plane for take-off at # a.m. and captain rickards began taxiing toward the runway
several police cars loaded with armed officers raced alongside blazing away at the tires of the big jet
the slugs flattened ten tires and silenced one of the inboard engines
the plane slowed to a halt
ambulances baggage trucks and cars surrounded it
the day wore on
at ##:## p.m. a ramp was rolled up to the plane
a few minutes later fbi agent francis crosby talking fast eased up the ramp to the plane unarmed
while crosby distracted the beardens stewardesses carnegey and toni besset dropped out of a rear door
so did hostages casey cleveland and mullen
that left only the four crew members crosby and border patrolman gilman all unarmed with the beardens
the elder bearden had one pistol in his hand the other in a hip pocket
gilman started talking to him until he saw his chance
he caught officer simmons' eye nodded toward young bearden and i swung my right as hard as i could
simmons and crosby jumped the boy and it was all over
frog-marched off the airplane at #:## p.m. the beardens were held in bail of $###,### each on charges of kidnapping and transporting a stolen plane across state lines
bearden reportedly hoped to peddle the plane to castro and live high in cuba
back home in coolidge ariz. his ##-year-old wife mary said i thought they were going to phoenix to look for jobs
congress : more muscle
taking precedence over all other legislation on capitol hill last week was the military strength of the nation
the senate put other business aside as it moved with unaccustomed speed and unanimity to pass ## to # the largest peacetime defense budget in u.s. history
with the money all but in hand however the administration indicated that instead of the ###,### more men in uniform that president kennedy had requested the armed forces would be increased by only ###,###
the hold-back as pentagon mutterers labeled it apparently was a temporary expedient intended to insure that the army services are built up gradually and thus the new funds spent prudently
in all the senate signed a check for $##.# billion which only included the extra $#.# billion requested the week before by president kennedy but tacked on $### million more than the president had asked for
the senate on its own decided to provide additional b-## and other long-range bombers for the strategic air command
the house which had passed its smaller appropriation before the president 's urgent call for more was expected to go along with the increased defense budget in short order
in other areas congressional action last week included
the senate by voice vote and the house by ###-### passed and sent to the white house the compromise farm bill which the president is expected to sign too unhappily
the senate also voted $#.# billion to finance the government 's health welfare and labor activities
debate on the all-important foreign-aid bill with its controversial long-range proposals had just begun on the senate floor at the weekend
white house legislative aides were still confident the bill would pass intact
food : stew a la mulligatawny
most members of the u.s. senate because they are human like to eat as high on the hog as they can
but because they are politicians they like to talk as poor-mouth as the lowliest voter
as a result ever since #### when the senate restaurant opened in the new wing of the capitol building the senators have never ceased to grumble about the food even while they opposed every move that might improve it
over the years enlivened chiefly by disputes about the relative merits of maine and idaho potatoes the menu has pursued its drab all-american course
individual senators with an eye to the voters back home occasionally introduced smelts from michigan soft-shell crabs from maryland oysters from washington grapefruit from florida
but plain old bean soup served daily since the turn of the century at the insistence of the late sen. fred dubois of idaho made clear to the citizenry that the senate 's stomach was in the right place
in a daring stroke the senate ventured forth last week into the world of haute cuisine and hired a $##,###-per-year french-born maitre d'hotel
holders of toll-road bonds are finding improvements in monthly reports on operation of the turnpikes
long-term trend of traffic on these roads seems clearly upward
higher toll rates also are helping boost revenues
result is a better prospect for a full payoff by bonds that once were regarded as highly speculative
things are looking up these days for many of the state turnpikes on which investors depend for income from their toll-road bonds
traffic on nearly all the turnpikes has been growing
that added traffic means rising streams of dimes and quarters at toll gates
as a result of the new outlook for turnpikes investors who bought toll-road bonds when these securities ranked as outright speculations are now finding new hope for their investments
another result is that buyers are tending to bid up the prices of these tax-exempt bonds
other tax-exempt bonds of state and local governments hit a price peak on february ## according to standard & poor 's average
on balance prices of those bonds have slipped a bit since then
however in the same three-month period toll-road bonds as a group have bucked this trend
on these bonds price rises since february ## easily outnumber price declines
tax-free returns .
investors however still see an element of more-than-ordinary risk in the toll-road bonds
you find the evidence of that in the chart on this page
many of the toll-road bonds still are selling at prices that offer the prospect of an annual yield of # per cent or very close to that
and this is true in the case of some turnpikes on which revenues have risen close to or beyond the point at which the roads start to pay all operating costs plus annual interest on the bonds
that # per cent yield is well below the return to be had on good corporation bonds
it 's much more in fact than the return that is offered on u. s. treasury bonds
for investors whose income is taxed at high rates though a tax-free yield of # per cent is high
it is the equivalent of # per cent for an unmarried investor with more than $##,### of income to be taxed or for a married couple with more than $##,### of taxed income
swelling traffic .
a new report on the earnings records of toll roads in the most recent ##-month period ending in february or march shows what is happening
the report is based on a survey by blyth & company investment bankers
nearly all the turnpikes show gains in net revenues during the period
and there is the bright note the gains were achieved in the face of temporary traffic lags late in #### and early in #### as a result of business recession
many of the roads also were hit by an unusually severe winter
indication the long-term trend of turnpike traffic is upward
look for example at the ohio turnpike
traffic on that road slumped sharply in january and february as compared with those same months in ####
then march brought an ## per cent rise in net revenues after operating costs
as a result the road 's net revenues in the ## months ending march ## were ### per cent of the annual interest payments on the turnpike bonds
that was up from ### per cent in the preceding ## months
that same pattern of earnings shows up on the massachusetts turnpike
operating revenues were off in the first three months of #### but up for the ## months ending in march
costs were held down despite a bitter winter
for the year the road earned ### per cent of its interest costs against ### per cent in the preceding period
the road 's engineers look for further improvement when the turnpike is extended into boston
slow successes .
some turnpikes have been in full operation long enough to prove what they can do
the ###-mile illinois state toll highway for example was opened over its entire length until december ####
in the ## months ended in february #### the highway earned enough to cover ## per cent of its interest load with the remainder paid out of initial reserves
in the ## months ended in february #### this highway earned ## per cent of its interest
that improvement is continuing
in the first two months of #### earnings of the illinois highway available for interest payments were up ## per cent from early ####
success for many turnpikes has come hard
traffic frequently has failed to measure up to engineers' rosy estimates
in these cases the turnpike managements have had to turn to toll-rate increases or to costly improvements such as extensions or better connections with other highways
many rate increases already have been put into effect
higher tolls are planned for july # #### on the richmond-petersburg va. turnpike and proposals for increased tolls on the texas turnpike are under study
easier access .
progress is being made too in improving motorists' access to many turnpikes
the kansas turnpike offers an illustration
net earnings of that road rose from ## per cent of interest requirements in calendar #### to ## per cent in the ## months ended feb. ## ####
further improvements in earnings of the kansas turnpike are expected late in #### with the opening of a new bypass at wichita and still later when the turnpike gets downtown connections in both kansas city kans. and kansas city mo.
meanwhile there appears to be enough money in the road 's reserve fund to cover the interest deficiency for eight more years
for some roads , troubles .
investors studying the toll-road bonds for opportunities find that all roads are nearing their goals
traffic and revenues on the chicago skyway have been a great disappointment to planners and investors alike
if nothing is done the prospect is that that road will be in default of interest in ####
west virginia toll bonds have defaulted in interest for months and despite recent improvement in revenues holders of the bonds are faced with more of the same
these however are exceptions
the typical picture at this time is one of steady improvement
it 's going to take time for investors to learn how many of the toll-road bonds will pay out in full
already however several of the turnpikes are earning enough to cover interest requirements by comfortable margins
many others are attracting the traffic needed to push revenues up to the break-even point
a top american official after a look at europe 's factories thinks the u.s. is in a very serious situation competitively
commerce secretary luther hodges accompanied by a member of our staff on may ## toured plants of two of italy 's biggest companies fiat the auto producer and olivetti maker of typewriters and calculating machines
our staff man cabled from turin as follows
follow secretary hodges through the fiat plant and you learn this
one modern equipment much of it supplied under the marshall plan enables fiat to turn out #,### cars a day
about half of these are exported
two wage costs are a fraction of the u.s. costs
a skilled worker on the assembly line for example earns $## a week
three labor troubles are infrequent
fiat officials say they have had no strikes for more than six years
said secretary hodges it 's a tough combination for the u.s. to face
olivetti had a special interest for hodges
olivetti took over underwood the u.s. typewriter maker in late ####
within a year without reducing wages underwood 's production costs were cut one third prices were slashed
the result has been that exports of underwood products have doubled
the olivetti plant near turin has modern layout modern machinery
the firm is design-conscious sales-conscious advertising-conscious
hodges is trying to get more foreign business to go to the u.s.
the inflow of foreign capital would help the u.s. balance of payments
hodges predicted i think we will see more foreign firms coming to the u.s.
there are many places where we can use their vigor and new ideas
foreign competition has become so severe in certain textiles that washington is exploring new ways of handling competitive imports
the recently unveiled kennedy moves to control the international textile market can be significant for american businessmen in many lines
important aspects of the kennedy textile plans are these
an international conference of the big textile-importing and textile-exporting countries will be called shortly by president kennedy
chief aims of the proposed conference are worth noting
the u.s. will try to get agreement among the industrialized countries to take more textile imports from the less-developed countries over the years
point is that developing countries often build up a textile industry first need encouragement to get on their feet
if they have trouble exporting international bill for their support will grow larger than it otherwise would
idea is to let these countries earn their way as much as possible
at the same time another purpose of the conference will be to get certain low-wage countries to control textile exports especially dumping of specific products to high-wage textile-producing countries
japan since #### has been voluntarily curbing exports of textiles to the u.s.
hong kong india and pakistan have been limiting exports of certain types of textiles to britain for several years under the lancashire pact
none of these countries is happy with these arrangements
the japanese want to increase exports to the u.s. while they have been curbing shipments they have watched hong kong step in and capture an expanding share of the big u.s. market
hong kong interests loudly protest limiting their exports to britain while spanish and portuguese textiles pour into british market unrestrictedly
the indians and pakistanis are chafing under similar restrictions on the british market for similar reasons
the kennedy hope is that at the conference or through bilateral talks the low-wage textile-producing countries in asia and europe will see that dumping practices cause friction all around and may result in import quotas
gradual controlled expansion of the world 's textile trade is what president kennedy wants
this may point the way toward international stabilization agreements in other products
it 's an important clue to washington thinking
note too that the kennedy textile plan looks toward modernization or shrinkage of the u.s. textile industry
get competitive or get out
in veiled terms that 's what the kennedy administration is saying to the american textile industry
the government will help in transferring companies and workers into new lines where modernization doesn't seem feasible
special depreciation on new textile machinery may be allowed
government research will look into new products and methods
import quotas aren't ruled out where the national interest is involved
but the kennedy administration doesn't favor import quotas
rather they are impressed with the british government 's success in forcing and helping the british textile industry to shrink and to change over to other products
what 's happening in textiles can be handwriting on the wall for other lines having difficulty competing with imports from low-wage countries
among the highest-paid workers in the world are u.s. coal miners
yet u.s. coal is cheap enough to make foreign steelmakers' mouths water
steel company of wales a british steelmaker wants to bring in virginia coal cut down on its takings of welsh coal in order to be able to compete more effectively especially in foreign markets
virginia coal delivered by ship in wales will be about $#.## a ton cheaper than welsh coal delivered by rail from nearby mines
u.s. coal is cheap despite high wages because of widespread mechanization of mines wide coal seams attactive rates on ocean freight
many of the coal seams in the nationalized british mines are twisting narrow and very deep
productivity of u.s. miners is twice that of the british
welsh coal miners communist-led are up in arms at the suggestion that the steel company bring in american coal
they threaten to strike
the british government will have to decide whether to let u.s. coal in
the british coal industry is unprofitable has large coal stocks it can't sell
every library borrower or at least those whose taste goes beyond the five-cent fiction rentals knows what it is to hear the librarian say apologetically i'm sorry but we don't have that book
there wouldn't be much demand for it i'm afraid
behind this reply and its many variations is the ever-present budget problem all libraries must face from the largest to the smallest
what to buy out of the year 's grist of nearly ##,### book titles
what to buy for adult and child readers for lovers of fiction and nonfiction for a clientele whose wants are incredibly diversified when your budget is pitifully small
most library budgets are hopelessly inadequate
a startlingly high percentage do exceed $### annually which includes the librarian 's salary and even the new york public has enough money to meet its needs this in the world 's richest city
the plight of a small community library is proportionately worse
confronted with this situation most libraries either endure the severe limitations of their budgets and do what they can with what they have or else depend on the bounty of patrons and local governments to supplement their annual funds
in some parts of the country however a co-operative movement has begun to grow under the wing of state governments whereby with the financial help of the state libraries share their book resources on a county-wide or regional basis
new york state has what is probably the most advanced of these co-operative systems so well developed that it has become a model for others to follow
because it is so large a state with marked contrasts in population density the organization of the new york co-operative offers a cross-section of how the plan works
at one extreme are the systems of upper new york state where libraries in two or more counties combine to serve a large sparsely populated area
at the other are organizations like the newly formed nassau library system in a high-density area with ample resources and a rapidly growing territory to serve
both these types and those in between are in existence by reason of a legislative interest in libraries that began at albany as early as #### with the creation by the legislature of county library systems financed by county governments with matching funds from the state
it was a step in the right direction but it took an additional act passed in #### to establish fully the thriving systems of today
under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts
an earlier difficulty was overcome by making it clear that individual libraries in any area might join or as they saw fit
some library boards are wary of the plan
a large well-stocked library surrounded in a county by smaller ones may feel that the demands on its resources are likely to be too great
a small library may cherish its independence and established ways and resist joining in a cooperative movement that sometimes seems radical to older members of the board
within a system however the autonomy of each member library is preserved
the local community maintains responsibility for the financial support of its own library program facilities and services but wider resources and additional services become available through membership in a system
all services are given without cost to members
so obvious are these advantages that nearly ## per cent of the population of new york state now has access to a system and enthusiastic librarians foresee the day too distant when all the libraries in the state will belong to a co-op
to set up a co-operative library system the law requires a central book collection of ###,### nonfiction volumes as the nucleus and the system is organized around it
the collection may be in an existing library or it may be built up in a central collection
each system develops differently according to the area it serves but the universal goal is to pool the resources of a given area for maximum efficiency
the basic state grant is thirty cents for each person served and there is a further book incentive grant that provides an extra twenty cents up to fifty cents per capita if a library spends a certain number of dollars
in nassau county for example the heavily settled long island suburb of new york city the system is credited by the state with serving one million persons a figure that has doubled since ####
this system by virtue of its variety and size offers an inclusive view of the plan in operation
the nassau system recognizes that its major task it to broaden reference service what with the constant expansion of education and knowledge and the pressure of population growth in a metropolitan area
the need is for reference works of a more specialized nature than individual libraries adequate to satisfy everyday needs could afford
nassau is currently building a central collection of reference materials in its hempstead headquarters which will reach its goal of ###,### volumes by ####
the major part of this collection is in the central headquarters building and the remainder is divided among five libraries in the system designated as subject centers
basic reference tools are the backbone of the collection but there is also specialization in science and technology an indicated weakness in local libraries
on microfilm headquarters also has a file of the new york times from its founding in #### to the present day as well as bound volumes of important periodicals
the entire headquarters collection is available to the patrons of all members on interlibrary loans
headquarters gets about ### requests every day
it is connected by teletype with the state library in albany which will supply any book to a system that the system itself cannot provide
the books are carried around by truck in canvas bags from headquarters to the other libraries
each subject center library was chosen because of its demonstrated strength in a particular area which headquarters could then build upon
east meadow has philosophy psychology and religion
freeport houses social science pure science and language
history biography and education are centered in hempstead
levittown has applied science business and literature
while hewlett-woodmere is the repository of art music and foreign languages
the reference coordinator at headquarters also serves as a consultant and is available to work with the local librarian in helping to strengthen local reference service
this kind of cooperation is wholly new of course
public libraries in nassau county have been lending books to each other by mail for a quarter-century but the system enables this process to operate on an organized and far more comprehensive basis
local libraries find too that the new plan saves tax dollars because books can be bought through the system and since the system buys in bulk it is able to obtain larger discounts than would be available to an individual library
the system passes on these savings to its members
further money is saved through economy in bookkeeping and clerical detail as the result of central billing
books are the only resource of the system
schools and community groups turn to the headquarters film library for documentary art and experimental films to show at libraries that sponsor local programs and to organizations in member communities
the most recent film catalogue available at each library lists ### titles presently in the collection any of which may be borrowed without charge
this catalogue lists separately films suitable for children young adults or adults although some classics cut across age groups such as nanook of the north the emperor 's nightingale and the red balloon
workshops are conducted by the system 's audio-visual consultant for the staffs of member libraries teaching them the effective use of film as a library service
the system well understands that one of its primary responsibilities is to bring children and books together
consequently an experienced children 's librarian at headquarters conducts a guidance program designed to promote well-planned library activities cooperating with the children 's librarians in member libraries by means of individual conferences workshops and frequent visits
headquarters has also set up a central juvenile book-review and book-selection center to provide better methods of purchasing and selection
sample copies of new books are on display at headquarters where librarians may evaluate them by themselves or in workshop groups
story hours pre-school programs activities with community agencies and lists of recommended reading are all in the province of the children 's consultant
headquarters of the nassau system is an increasingly busy place these days threatening to expand beyond its boundaries
in addition to the interlibrary loan service and the children 's program headquarters has a public relations director who seeks to get wider grassroots support for quality library service in the county
it prepares cooperative displays posters booklists brochures and other promotional material for use in member libraries
it maintains a central exhibit collection to share displays already created and used
and it publishes sum and substance a monthly newsletter which reports the system 's activities to the staffs and trustees of member libraries
the system itself is governed by a board of trustees geographically representing its membership
in nassau as in other systems the long-range objective is to bring the maximum service of libraries to bear on the schools and on adult education in general
librarians a patient breed of men and women who have borne much with dedication can begin to see results today
library use is multiplying daily and the bulk of the newcomers are those maligned americans the teen-agers
to them especially the librarians with the help of co-ops hope they will never have to say i'm sorry we don't have that book
today more than ever before the survival of our free society depends upon the citizen who is both informed and concerned
the great advances made in recent years in communist strength and in our own capacity to destroy require an educated citizenry in the western world
the need for lifetime reading is apparent
education must be limited to our youth but must be a continuing process through our entire lives for it is only through knowledge that we as a nation can cope with the dangers that threaten our society
the desire and ability to read are important aspects of our cultural life
we cannot consider ourselves educated if we do read
if we are discriminating in our reading
if we do know how to use what we do read
we must permit our society to become a slave to the scientific age as might well happen without the cultural and spiritual restraint that comes from the development of the human mind through wisdom absorbed from the written word
a fundamental source of knowledge in the world today is the book found in our libraries
although progress has been made in america 's system of libraries it still falls short of what is required if we are to maintain the standards that are needed for an informed america
the problem grows in intensity each year as man 's knowledge and his capacity to translate such knowledge to the written word continue to expand
the inadequacy of our library system will become critical unless we act vigorously to correct this condition
there are for example approximately ##,###,### people in this country with no public library service and about ##,###,### with inadequate service
in college libraries ## per cent of the total number of books are owned by ### of #,### institutions surveyed last year by the u.s. office of education
and over ## per cent of the elementary schools with ### or more pupils do have any library at all
in every aspect of service to the public to children in schools to colleges and universities the library of today is failing to render vitally needed services
only public understanding and support can provide that service
this is one of the main reasons for national library week april ##-## and for its theme for a richer fuller life read
assembly session brought much good
the general assembly which adjourns today has performed in an atmosphere of crisis and struggle from the day it convened
it was faced immediately with a showdown on the schools an issue which was met squarely in conjunction with the governor with a decision to risk abandoning public education
there followed the historic appropriations and budget fight in which the general assembly decided to tackle executive powers
the final decision went to the executive but a way has been opened for strengthening budgeting procedures and to provide legislators information they need
long-range planning of programs and ways to finance them have become musts if the state in the next few years is to avoid crisis-to-crisis government
this session for instance may have insured a financial crisis two years from now
in all the turmoil some good legislation was passed
some other good bills were lost in the shuffle and await future action
certainly all can applaud passage of an auto title law the school bills the increase in teacher pensions the ban on drag racing acceptance by the state of responsibility for maintenance of state roads in municipalities at the same rate as outside city limits repeal of the college age limit law and the road maintenance bond issue
no action has been taken however on such major problems as ending the fee system penal reform modification of the county unit system and in outright banning of fireworks sales
only a token start was made in attacking the tax reappraisal question and its companion issue of attracting industry to the state
the legislature expended most of its time on the schools and appropriations questions
fortunately it spared us from the usual spate of silly resolutions which in the past have made georgia look like anything but the empire state of the south
we congratulate the entire membership on its record of good legislation
in the interim between now and next year we trust the house and senate will put their minds to studying georgia 's very real economic fiscal and social problems and come up with answers without all the political heroics
league regularly stands on the side of right
the league of women voters ## now and admitting it proudly is inviting financial contributions in the windup of its fund drive
it 's a good use of money
these women whose organization grew out of the old suffrage movement are dedicated to thomas jefferson 's dictum that one must cherish the people 's spirit but keep alive their attention
if once they become inattentive to the public affairs jefferson said you and i and congress and assemblies judges and governors shall all become wolves
newspapermen and politicians especially are aware of the penetrating attention and expert analysis the league gives to public affairs
the league workers search out the pros and cons of the most complex issues and make them available to the public
the harder the choice the more willing the league is to wade in
and the league takes a stand with great regularity on the side of right
look to coosa valley for industrial progress
cities and counties interested in industrial development would do well in the months ahead to keep their eyes peeled toward the ## northwest georgia counties that are members of the coosa valley area planning and development commission
coupling its own budget of $##,### with a $##,### state grant authorized by gov. vandiver the group expects to sign a contract in march with georgia tech.
then a full-time planning office will be established in rome to work with a five-member georgia tech research staff for development of an area planning and industrial development program
the undertaking has abundant promise
it recognizes the fact that what helps one county helps its neighbors and that by banding together in an area-wide effort better results can be accomplished than through the go-it-alone approach
rusk idea strengthens united states defense
the rusk belief in balanced defense replacing the dulles theory of massive retaliation removes a grave danger that has existed
the danger lay in believing that our own a-bombs would deter russia 's use of hers
that theory was and is sound
the danger lay in the american delusion that nuclear deterrence was enough
by limiting american strength too much to nuclear strength this country limited its ability to fight any kind of war besides a nuclear war
this strategy heightened the possibility that we would have a nuclear war
it also weakened our diplomatic stance because russia could easily guess we did desire a nuclear war except in the ultimate extremity
this left the soviets plenty of leeway to start low-grade brushfire aggressions with considerable impunity
by maintaining the nuclear deterrent but gearing american military forces to fight conventional wars too secretary of state rusk junks bluff and nuclear brinkmanship and builds more muscle and greater safety into our military position
dekalb budget shows county is on beam
dekalb 's budget for #### is a record one and carries with it the promise of no tax increase to make it balance
it includes a raise in the county minimum wage creation of several new jobs at the executive level financing of beefed-up industrial development efforts and increased expenditures for essential services such as health and welfare fire protection sanitation and road maintenance
that such expansion can be obtained without a raise in taxes is due to growth of the tax digest and sound fiscal planning on the part of the board of commissioners headed by chairman charles o. emmerich who is demonstrating that the public trust he was given was well placed and other county officials
somewhere , somebody is bound to love us
g. mennen williams is learning the difficulties of diplomacy rapidly
touring africa the new u.s. assistant secretary of state observed africa should be for the africans and the british promptly denounced him
then he arrived in zanzibar and found africans carrying signs saying american imperialists go home
chin up soapy
power company backs confidence with dollars
confidence in the state 's economic future is reflected in the georgia power company 's record construction budget for this year
the firm does a large amount of research and its forecasts have meaning
it is good to know that georgia will continue to have sufficient electrical power only to meet the demands of normal growth but to encourage a more rapid rate of industrialization
georgia 's mental health program received a badly needed boost from the general assembly in the form of a $#,###,### budget increase for the milledgeville state hospital
actually it amounts to $#,###,### above what the institution already is receiving considering the additional half-million dollars gov. vandiver allocated last year from the state surplus
either way it sounds like a sizable hunk of money and is
but exactly how far it will go toward improving conditions is another question because there is so much that needs doing
the practice of charging employes for meals whether they eat at the hospital or should be abolished
the work week of attendants who are on duty ## hours and more per week should be reduced
more attendants nurses and doctors should be hired
patients deserve more attention than they are getting
even with the increase in funds for the next fiscal year georgia will be spending only around $#.## per day per patient
the national average is more than $# and that figure is considered by experts in the mental health field to be too low
kansas regarded as tops in the nation in its treatment of the mentally ill spends $# per day per patient
georgia has made some reforms true
the intensive treatment program is working well
but in so many other areas we still are dragging
considering what is being done compared to what needs to be done it behooves the hospital management to do some mighty careful planning toward making the best possible use of the increase granted
the boost is helpful but inadequate
the end of trujillo
assassination even of a tyrant is repulsive to men of good conscience
rafael trujillo the often blood-thirsty dictator of the dominican republic for ## years perhaps deserved his fate in an even-handed appraisal of history
but whether the murder of el benefactor in ciudad trujillo means freedom for the people of the caribbean fiefdom is a question that cannot now be answered
trujillo knew a great deal about assassination
the responsibility for scores of deaths including the abduction and murder of jesus maria galindez a professor at columbia university in new york has been laid at his door
he had been involved in countless schemes to do away with democratic leaders in neighboring countries such as president romulo betancourt of venezuela
it was a sort of poetic justice that at the time of his own demise a new plot to overthrow the venezuelan government reportedly involving the use of dominican arms by former venezuelan dictator marcos perez jimenez has been uncovered and quashed
the recent history of the dominican republic is an almost classical study of the way in which even a professedly benevolent dictatorship tends to become oppressive
unquestionably trujillo did some good things for his country he improved public facilities such as roads and sanitation attracted industry and investment and raised the standard of living notably
but the price was the silence of the grave for all criticism or opposition
el benefactor 's vanity grew with his personal wealth
the jails were filled to overflowing with political prisoners who had incurred his displeasure
he maintained amply financed lobbies in the united states and elsewhere which sycophantically chanted his praise and his influence extended even to congress
until the last year or so the profession of friendship with the united states had been an article of faith with trujillo and altogether too often this profession was accepted here as evidence of his good character
tardily the government here came to understand how this country 's own reputation was tarnished by the association with repression
last year after trujillo had been cited for numerous aggressions in the caribbean the united states and many other members of the organization of american states broke diplomatic relations with him
thereupon followed a demonstration that tyranny knows no ideological confines
trujillo 's dictatorship had been along conservative right-wing lines
but after the censure he and his propaganda started mouthing communist slogans
there was considerable evidence of a tacit rapprochement with castro in cuba previously a bete noire to trujillo thus illustrating the way in which totalitarianism of the right and left coalesces
what comes after trujillo is now the puzzle
the dominican people have known no democratic institutions and precious little freedom for a generation and all alternative leadership has been suppressed
perhaps the army will be able to maintain stability but the vacuum of free institutions creates a great danger
the dominican republic could turn toward communist-type authoritarianism as easily as toward western freedom
such a twist would be a tragedy for the dominican people who deserve to breathe without fear
for that reason any democratic reform and effort to bring genuine representative government to the dominican republic will need the greatest sympathy and help
start on rapid transit
high-speed buses on the george washington memorial parkway operating between downtown washington and cabin john glen echo and brookmont would constitute an alluring sample of what the new national capital transportation agency can do for this city
in presenting plans for such express buses before the montgomery county council the administrator of the ncta c. darwin stolzenbach was frankly seeking support for the projects his agency will soon be launching
such support should be difficult to come by if all the plans to be presented by the ncta are as attractive as this outline of express buses coming into the downtown area
because the buses would stop on the parkway land for bus stations and for parking areas nearby will be needed
the ncta is well advised to seek funds for this purpose from the present session of congress
must berlin remain divided ? ?
the inference has been too widely accepted that because the communists have succeeded in building barricades across berlin the free world must acquiesce in dismemberment of that living city
so far as the record is concerned the western powers have acquiesced and should do so
though walter ulbricht by grace of soviet tanks may be head man in east germany that does give him any right to usurp the government of east berlin or to absorb that semi-city into the soviet zone
the wartime protocol of september ## #### designated a special greater berlin area comprising the entire city to be under joint occupation
it was a part of any one of the three later four zones for occupation by soviet american british and french troops respectively
after the berlin blockade and airlift the council of foreign ministers in #### declared a purpose to mitigate the effects of the present administrative division of germany and of berlin
for some time the communists honored the distinction between the soviet zone of germany and the soviet sector of berlin by promulgating separately the laws for the two areas
then they moved offices of the east german puppet government into east berlin and began illegally to treat it as the capital of east germany
that this and the closing of the east berlin-west berlin border have been accepted by the western governments appears in notes which britain france and the united states sent to moscow after the latter 's gratuitous protest over a visit of chancellor adenauer and other west german officials to west berlin
the chancellor had as much business there as ulbricht had in east berlin and was certainly less provocative than the juvenile sound-truck taunts of gerhard eisler
the british and other replies to that moscow note pointed out efforts of the communist authorities to integrate east berlin into east germany by isolating it from the outside and attempting to make it the capital of east germany
they insisted on the fundamental fact that the whole of berlin has a quadripartite status
this is far from acknowledging or recognizing those efforts as an accomplished fact
there remains of course the question of what the west can do beyond diplomatic protest to prevent the illegal efforts from becoming accomplished facts
one ground of action certainly exists when fusillades of stray shots go over into west berlin as communist vopos try to gun down fleeing unarmed residents
another remained when an american army car was recovered but with a broken glass
the glass may seem trivial but communist official hooliganism feeds on such incidents unless they are redressed
remembering the step-by-step fate of danzig and the west german misgivings about salami tactics it is to be hoped that the dispatch of general clay to west berlin as president kennedy 's representative will mark a stiffening of response only to future indignities and aggressions but also to some that have passed
prairie national park
thousands of buffalo bison they will never be to the man on the street grazing like a mobile brown throw-rug upon the rolling dusty-green grassland
a horizon even and seamless binding the vast sun-bleached dome of sky to earth
that picture of the american prairie is as indelibly fixed in the memory of those who have studied the conquest of the american continent as any later cinema image of the west made in live-oak canyons near hollywood
for it was the millions of buffalo and prairie chicken and the endless seas of grass that symbolized for a whole generation of americans the abundant supply that was to take many of them westward when the ohio and mississippi valleys began to fill
the national park service now proposes to preserve an area in pottawatomie county northeast kansas as a prairie national park
there the buffalo would roam to be seen as a tapestry as moth-eaten zoo specimens
wooded stream valleys in the folds of earth would be saved
grasslands would extend unfenced unplowed unbroken by silo or barn as the first settlers saw them
the park service makes an impressive ecological and statistical case for creating this new park
american history should clinch the case when congress is asked to approve
whisky on the air
a philadelphia distiller is currently breaching the customary prohibition against hard-liquor advertising on tv and radio
starting with small stations members of the national association of broadcasters the firm apparently is seeking to break down the anti-liquor barriers in major-market stations
probably the best answer to this kind of entering wedge is congressional action requiring the federal communications commission to ban such advertising through its licensing power
the national association of broadcasters code specifically bars hard-liquor commercials
past polls of public opinion show popular favor for this policy
even the distilled spirits institute has long had a specific prohibition
why then with these voluntary barricades and some state laws barring liquor ads is it necessary to seek congressional action
simply because the subverting action of firms that are members of the distilled spirits institute and of radio and tv stations that are members of the nab tends to spread
soon some members of the two industry groups doubtless will want to amend their codes on grounds that otherwise they will suffer unfairly from the efforts of non-code competitors
although the false glamour surrounding bourbon or other whisky commercials is possibly no more fatuous than the pseudo-sophistication with which tv soft-drinks are downed or toothpaste applied there is a sad difference between enticing a viewer into sipping oopsie-cola and gulling him into downing bourbon
a law is needed
new york : democrats' choice
registered democrats in new york city this year have the opportunity to elect their party 's candidates for mayor and other municipal posts and the men who will run their party organization
in the central contest that for mayor they may have found some pertinent points in what each faction has said about the other
mayor robert f. wagner must as his opponents demand assume responsibility for his performance in office
while all citizens share in blame for lax municipal ethics the wagner regime has seen serious problems in the schools law enforcement and fiscal policies
the mayor is finding it awkward to campaign against his own record
state controller arthur levitt on the other hand cannot effectively deny that he has chosen to be the candidate of those party leaders who as a rule have shown livelier interest in political power than in the city 's welfare
they too have links with the city 's ills
both men are known to be honest and public-spirited
mayor wagner 's shortcomings have perhaps been more mercilessly exposed than those of mr. levitt who left an impression of quiet competence in his more protected state post
as mayor mr. levitt might turn out to be more independent than some of his leading supporters would like
his election on the other hand would unquestionably strengthen the regulars
mr. wagner might or might be a new mayor in this third term now that he is free of the pressure of those party leaders whom he calls bosses
these are of course the same people whose support he has only now rejected to seek the independent vote
but his reelection would strengthen the liberal democrats and the labor unions who back him
if this choice is less exciting than new york democrats may wish it nevertheless must be made
the vote still gives citizens a voice in the operation of their government and their party
little war , big test
both mr. k 's have so far continued to speak softly and carry big sticks over laos
president kennedy already two quiet demands down still refused thursday to be drawn into delivering a public ultimatum to moscow
but at the same time he moved his helicopter-borne marines to within an hour of the fighting
and secretary rusk en route to bangkok doubtless is trying to make emergency arrangements for the possible entry of australian or thai seato forces
for mr. kennedy speaking softly and carrying a sizable stick is making the best of a bad situation
the new president is in no position to start out his dealings with moscow by issuing callable bluffs
he must show at the outset that he means exactly what he says
in this case he has put the alternatives clearly to mr. khrushchev for the third time
at his press conference mr. kennedy said all we want in laos is peace war a truly neutral government a cold war pawn
at the scene he has just as clearly shown his military strength in unprovocative but ready position
since laos is of no more purely military value to moscow itself than it is to washington this approach might be expected to head off mr. khrushchev for the moment
but because of the peculiar nature of the military situation in laos the soviet leader must be tempted to let things ride a course that would appear to cost him little on the spot but would bog washington in a tactical mess
as wars go laos is an extremely little one
casualties have been running about a dozen men a day
the hard core of the pro-communist rebel force numbers only some #,### tough viet minh guerrilla fighters
but for the united states and its seato allies to attempt to shore up a less tough less combat-tested government army in monsoon-shrouded road-shy guerrilla-th'-wisp terrain is a risk savored by pentagon planners
but if anything can bring home to mr. khrushchev the idea that he will really get much enjoyment from watching this braddock-against-the-indians contest it will probably be the fact that seato forces are ready to attempt it plus the fact that moscow has something to lose from closing off disarmament and other bigger negotiations with washington
fortunately both the republicans and america 's chief western allies now are joined behind the neutral laos aim of the president
actually it would be more accurate to say that the leader of the alliance now has swung fully behind the british policy of seeking to achieve a neutral laos via the international bargaining table
it is ironic that washington is having to struggle so for a concept that for six years it bypassed as unreasonable
the state department tacitly rejected the neutral laos idea after the geneva conference of #### and last year washington backed the rightist coup that ousted neutral premier souvanna phouma
but since last fall the united states has been moving toward a pro-neutralist position and now is ready to back the british plan for a cease-fire patrolled by outside observers and followed by a conference of interested powers
the road to a guaranteed-neutral coup-proof laos is today almost as difficult as warfare on that nation 's terrain
but for the safety of southeast asia and for the sake of the laotian people who would be well-ruled by either militant minority now engaged in the fighting this last big effort to seal that country from the cold war had to be made
the world awaits mr. khrushchev 's choice of alternatives
a vote for educational tv
the senate 's overwhelming ##-## vote to support locally controlled educational tv efforts should be emulated in the lower house
twice previously the senate has approved measures backing etv and the house has let them die
but this year prospects may be better
the house communications subcommittee is expected to report out a good bill calling for the states to match federal funds
this year 's senate measure would provide each state and the district of columbia with $#,###,### to be used in support of private state or municipal etv efforts
the funds would be used for equipment for land buildings or operation
the relatively few communities that have educational stations have found them of considerable value
but lacking money from commercial sponsors the stations have had difficulties meeting expenses or improving their service
other communities the ones to be aided most by the senate bill have had difficulty starting such stations because of the high initial cost of equipment
a good man departs .
goodby , mr. sam
sam rayburn was a good man a good american and third a good democrat
he was all of these rolled into one sturdy figure
mr. speaker mr. sam and mr. democrat at one and the same time
the house was his habitat and there he flourished first as a young representative then as a forceful committee chairman and finally in the post for which he seemed intended from birth speaker of the house and second most powerful man in washington
mr. rayburn was an easy man to classify or to label
he was no flaming liberal yet the new deal the fair deal and the new frontier needed him
he was a rear-looking conservative yet partisans of that persuasion will miss him as much as any
two of the vital qualities demanded of a politician by other politicians are that he always keep a confidence and that he keep his word
sam rayburn took unnumbered secrets with him to the grave for he was never loquacious and his word once given was subject to retraction
it might be added that as he kept his word so he expected that others keep theirs
the demonstration of his power was never flamboyant or theatrical
his leadership was for audiences
a growl a nod was usually enough
when it was one of the great dramas of washington would be presented
he would rise in the well of the house his chin upon his chest his hands gripping the side of a desk and the political and legislative chatter would subside into silence
he spoke briefly sensibly to the point and without oratorical flourishes
he made good plain american common sense and the house usually recognized it and acted upon it
these public efforts were rare because mr. rayburn normally did his counseling persuading and educating long before an issue reached its test on the house floor
he expected democrats to do their duty when it had been patiently pointed out to them
with his long service he had a long memory an excellent thing in a political leader
he was of course in the house for a very long time
there are only two men remaining in congress who with rayburn voted for the declaration of war against germany in ####
to almost two generations of americans it must have seemed as though the existence of mr. sam coincided with that of the house
and it was the house he loved
to be presiding officer of it was the end of his desire and ambition
the senate to him was the upper body and he corrected those who said he served under the president
he served with him
sound the roll of those with whom he served and who preceded him in death
woodrow wilson with whom he began his years in washington warren g. harding calvin coolidge fdr with whom he managed a social revolution
and those still with us herbert c. hoover harry s. truman dwight d. eisenhower and john f. kennedy
he was a fighter for those of his own party
mr. truman has only to recall the hopeless campaign of #### to remember what a loyal partisan he was and the first experience of mr. kennedy with congress would have been sadder than it was had mr. sam been there
as it was his absence because of his final illness was a blow to the administration
with republican presidents he fought fair
he was his own man an automatic obstructionist
he kept his attacks on republicanism for partisan campaigns but that is part of the game he was born to play
under any name mr. speaker mr. democrat mr. sam he was a good man
un off the congo track
thirteen italian airmen who went to the congo to serve the cause of peace under the united nations banner have instead met violent death at the hands of congolese troops supposedly their friends
in ## months no more grisly incident has been reported from that jungle
simply out of bloodlust their murderers dismembered the bodies and tossed the remains into the river
the excuse was offered for them that they had mistaken the italians for belgian mercenaries
in other words atrocities by savages wearing the uniform of the central government might be condoned had the victims been serving the cause of dissident katanga
does this suggest that the congo is fit for nationhood or that un is making any progress whatever toward its goal of so making it
to the contrary through the past six weeks violence has been piled upon violence
mass rapes troop mutinies uncontrolled looting and pillage and reckless military adventures given no sanction by any political authority have become almost daily occurrences
yet this basic condition of outlawry and anarchy is the work of katanga
it happens in the territory of the leopoldville government which is itself a fiction demonstrably incapable of governing and commanding only such limited credit abroad as un support gives it
the main question raised by the incident is how much longer will un bury its head in the sand on the congo problem instead of facing the bitter fact that it has no solution in present terms
the probable answer is that it will do so just as long as russia can exercise a veto in favor of chaos and until young african nations wake up to the truth that out of false pride they are visiting ruin on central africa
right now they are pushing a resolution which would have un use its forces to invade and subjugate katanga
that notion is fantastically wrong-headed from several points of view
the un army is too weak too demoralized for the task
further it has its work cut out stopping anarchy where it is now garrisoned
last it makes no sense to deliver katanga the one reasonably solid territory into the existing chaos
the congo should have been mandated because it was ready for independence
the idea was even suggested because political expediency prevailed over wisdom
it is perhaps too late now to talk of mandate because it is inconsistent with what is termed political realism
but if any realism and feeling for truth remain in the general assembly it is time for men of courage to measure the magnitude of the failure and urge some new approach
otherwise un will march blindly on to certain defeat
a recent editorial discussing a labor-management agreement reached between the southern pacific co. and the order of railroad telegraphers has been criticized on the grounds that it was based on complete information
the editorial was based on a news association dispatch which said that the telegraphers had secured an agreement whereby they were guaranteed ## hours' pay per week whether they worked or and that a reduction in their number was limited to # per cent per year
our comment was that this was featherbedding in its ultimate form and that sympathy for the railroad was misplaced since it had entered into such an agreement
the statement was also made that undoubtedly the railroad had received some compensating benefit from the telegraphers but that it was difficult to imagine what could balance a job for life
additional information supplied to us discloses that the railroad gained a stabilized supply of telegraphers of which it was in need
also normal personnel attrition would make the job reduction provision more or less academic
the situation with regard to the southern pacific was therefore a special one and necessarily applicable to other situations in other industries
the solution reached in the agreement was more acceptable to the railroad than that originally included in a series of union demands
meditations from a fallout shelter
time was when the house of delegates of the american bar association leaned to the common sense side
but the internationalists have taken over the governing body of the bar and when the lads met in st. louis it was to grumble about the humidity but to vote unanimously that the united nations was scarcely less than wonderful despite an imperfection here and there
it was the brief writers decided man 's best hope for a peaceful and law abiding world
peace it 's wonderful and world law it 's wonderful too and shouldn't we get an international covenant extending it into space before the russians put some claim jumper on the moon
meanwhile in moscow khrushchev was adding his bit to the march of world law by promising to build a bomb with a wallop equal to ### million tons of tnt to knock sense into the heads of those backward oafs who can't see the justice of surrendering west berlin to communism
a nuclear pacifier of these dimensions roughly some six and a half times bigger than anything the united states has triggered experimentally would certainly produce a bigger bang and just for kicks khrushchev might use it to propel the seminar of the house of delegates from st. louis to the moon where there wouldn't even be any beer to drink
while he was at it the philosopher of the kremlin contributed an additional assist to the rule of reason by bellowing at those in the west who can't appreciate coexistence thru suicide
fools he bayed what do you think you are doing
the only response we can think of is the humble one that at least we aren't playing the marimba with our shoes in the united nations but perhaps the heavy domes in the house of delegates can improve on this feeble effort
another evidence of the spreading rule of reason was provided from mexico city with the daily hijacking of an american plane by a demented algerian with a gun
the craft made the familiar unwelcome flight to havana where for some unknown reason castro rushed to the airport to express mortification to the colombian foreign minister a passenger who is an admirer of old ten o'clock shadow
the plane was sent back to the united states for a change but castro kept the crazy gunman who will prove a suitable recruit to the revolution
less respect for the legal conventions was displayed by castro 's right hand man che guevara who edified the inter-american economic and social council meeting in montevideo by reading two secret american documents purloined from the united states embassy at caracas venezuela
the contents were highly embarrassing to american spokesmen who were on hand to promise latin americans a ## billion dollar foreign aid millennium
perhaps the moralities of world law are advanced by stealing american diplomatic papers and planes but the kennedy administration can always file a demurrer to the effect that but for its own incompetence in protecting american interests these things would happen
the same can be said about the half-hearted cuban invasion mounted by the administration last april which we trust is symptomatic of the methods to be invoked in holding off the felonious khrushchev
pass the iron rations please and light another candle for it 's getting dark down here and we're minded to read a bit of world law just to pass the time away
the customer loses again
the board of suspension of the interstate commerce commission has ordered a group of railroads to reduce their freight rates on grain as they had planned to do this month
the request for lower rates originated with the southern railway which has spent a good deal of time and money developing a ###-ton hopper car with which it says it can move grain at about half what it costs in the conventional smaller car
by reducing rates as much as ## per cent it and its associated railroads hope to win back some of the business they have lost to truckers and barge lines
the board 's action shows what free enterprise is up against in our complex maze of regulatory laws
a shock wave from africa
word of dag hammarskjold 's death in an african plane crash has sent a shockwave around the globe
as head of the united nations he was the symbol of world peace and his tragic end came at a moment when peace hangs precariously
it was on the eve of a momentous u.n. session to come to grips with cold war issues
his firm hand will be desperately missed
mr. hammarskjold was in africa on a mission of peace
he had sought talks with moise tshombe the secessionist president of congo 's katanga province where recent fighting had been bloody
he earnestly urged a cease-fire
the story of the fatal crash is fully known
the u.n.-chartered plane which was flying from the conference city of ndola in northern rhodesia had been riddled with machinegun bullets last weekend and was newly repaired
whether this or overt action was the cause of the crash must be promptly determined
the death of mr. hammarskjold removes the united nations' most controversial leader
he was controversial because he was uncompromising for peace and freedom with justice
he courageously defended the rights of small nations and he stood his ground against the savage attacks of the communist bloc
the congo in whose cause he died was the scene of one of his greatest triumphs
his policies had resolved the conflicts that threatened to ignite the cold war and workable solutions were beginning to take shape
when the recent katangan outbreaks imperiled these solutions mr. hammarskjold despite the danger flew to exert a calming influence
he gave his life for his beliefs
the u.n. session scheduled for today will meet under the cloud of his passing
it is a crucial session with the world on the edge of momentous developments
if the manner of his passing moves the nations to act in the spirit of his dedication the sore issues that plague the world can yet be resolved with reason and justice
that is the hope of mankind
monument to togetherness
reaching agreement on projects of value to the whole community has long been one of greater miami 's hardest tasks
too many have bogged down in bickering
even when public bodies arrived at a consensus at least one dissenting vote has been usual
so we note approvingly a fresh sample of unanimity
all nine members of the inter-american center authority voted for goodbody & company 's proposal to finance the long-awaited trade and cultural center
the widely known financial firm has ## days to spell out the terms of its contract
if the indenture is accepted the authority will proceed to validate a bond issue repayable from revenue
then goodbody will hand over a minimum of $##.# million for developing the spacious graves tract to house the center
the next step awaits approval today by the metro commissioners as the members of the dade county port authority
they allotted $###,### three years ago to support interama until its own financing could be arranged
less than half the sum has been spent since the interama board pinched pennies during that period of painstaking negotiations
the balance is being budgeted for the coming year
unanimity on interama is surprising
it is one of the rare public ventures here on which nearly everyone is agreed
the city of miami recently yielded a prior claim of $#.# million on the graves tract to clear the way for the project
county officials have cooperated consistently
so have the people 's elected spokesmen at the state and federal levels
interama as it rises will be a living monument to greater miami 's ability to get together on worthwhile enterprises
a short report and a good one
progress or lack of it toward civil rights in the ## states is reported in an impressive ###-page compilation issued last week by the united states commission on civil rights
much happened in this field during the past ## months
each state advisory committee documented its own activity
some accounts are quite lengthy but florida 's is the shortest of all requiring only four paragraphs
the established pattern of relative calm in the field of race relations has continued in all areas reported this group headed by harold colee of jacksonville and including two south floridians william d. singer and john b. turner of miami
no complaints or charges have been filed during the past year either verbally or written from any individual or group
the committee continues to feel that florida has progressed in a sound and equitable program at both the state and local levels in its efforts to review and assess transition problems as they arise from time to time in the entire spectrum of civil rights
problems have arisen in this sensitive field but have been handled in most cases with understanding and restraint
the progress reported by the advisory committee is real
while some think we move too fast and others too slowly florida 's record is a good one and stands out among the ##
west germany remains western
west germany will face the crucial tests that lie ahead on berlin and unification with a coalition government
this is the key fact emerging from sunday 's national election
chancellor adenauer 's christian democratic party slipped only a little in the voting but it was enough to lose the absolute bundestag majority it has enjoyed since ####
in order to form a new government it must deal with one of the two rival parties which gained strength
inevitably this means some compromise
the aging chancellor in all likelihood will be retired
both willy brandt 's social democrats who gained ## seats in the new parliament and the free democrats who picked up ## will insist on that before they enter the government
moon-faced ludwig erhart the economic expert probably will ascend to the leadership long denied him
if he becomes chancellor dr. erhart would make few changes
the wizard who fashioned west germany 's astonishing industrial rebirth is the soul of free enterprise
he is dedicated to building the nation 's strength and as are all west germans to a free berlin and to reunion with captive east germany
what is in doubt as the free germans and their allies consider the voting trends is the nature of the coalition that will result
if the party of adenauer and erhart with ## per cent of the vote approaches the party of willy brandt which won ## per cent the result would be a stiffening of the old resolve
west berlin 's mayor brandt vigorously demanded a firmer stand on the dismemberment of his city and won votes by it
the free democrats ## per cent of the vote believe a nuclear war can be avoided by negotiating with the soviet union and more dealings with the communist bloc
the question left by the election is whether west germany veers slightly toward more firmness or more flexibility
it could go either way since the gains for both points of view were about the same
regardless of the decision two facts are clear
west germany with its industrial and military might reaffirmed its democracy and remains firm with the free nations
and the career of konrad adenauer who upheld germany 's tradition of rock-like leaders which bismarck began draws near the end
better ask before joining
americans are a nation of joiners a quality which our friends find endearing and sometimes amusing
but it can be dangerous if the joiner doesn't want to make a spectacle of himself
for instance so-called conservative organizations some of them secret are sprouting in the garden of joining where liberal organizations once took root
one specific example is a secret fraternity which will coordinate anti-communist efforts
the principle is commendable but we suspect that in the practice somebody is going to get gulled
according to the chicago tribune news service state atty. gen. stanley mosk of california has devised a series of questions which the joiner might well ask about any organization seeking his money and his name #
does it assail schools and churches with blanket accusations
does it attack other traditional american institutions with unsupportable and wild charges
does it put the label of un-american or subversive on everyone with whom it disagrees politically
does it attempt to rewrite modern history by blaming american statesmen for wars communism depression and other troubles of the world
does it employ crude pressure tactics with such means as anonymous telephone calls and letter writing campaigns
do its spokesmen seem more interested in the amount of money they collect than in the principles they purport to advocate
in some instances a seventh question can be added #
does the organization show an affinity for a foreign government political party or personality in opposition or preference to the american system
if the would-be joiner asks these questions he is likely to be duped by extremists who are seeking to capitalize on the confusions and the patriotic apprehensions of americans in a troubled time
falling somewhere in a category between einstein 's theory and sand fleas difficult to see but undeniably there nevertheless is the tropical green city of islandia a string of offshore islands that has almost no residents limited access and an unlimited future
the latter is what concerns us all
whatever land you can see here from the north tip end of elliott key looking southward belongs to someone people who have title to the land
and what you can't see the land underneath the water belongs to someone too
the only real problem is to devise a plan whereby the owners of the above-water land can develop their property without the public losing its underwater land and the right to its development for public use and enjoyment
in the fairly brief but hectic history of florida the developers of waterfront land have too often wound up with both their land and ours
in this instance happily insistence is being made that our share is protected
and until this protection is at least as concrete as say the row of hotels that bars us from our own sands at miami beach those who represent us all should agree to nothing
closed doors in city hall
the reaction of certain city council members to california 's newest anti-secrecy laws was as dismaying as it was disappointing
we had assumed that at least this local legislative body had nothing to hide and therefore had no objections to making the deliberations of its committees and the city commissions available to the public
in the preamble to the open-meeting statutes collectively known as the brown act the legislature declares that the public commissions boards and councils and other public agencies in this state exist to aid in the conduct of the people 's business
it is the intent of the law that their actions be taken openly and that their deliberations be conducted openly
the people of this state do yield their sovereignty to the agencies that serve them
the people in delegating authority do give their public servants the right to decide what is good for the people to know and what is good for them to know
the full implementation of these noble words however has taken the efforts of five sessions of the legislature
since #### california has led the nation in enacting guarantees that public business shall be publicly conducted but until this year did the lawmakers in sacramento plug the remaining loopholes in the brown act
despite the lip service paid by local governments the anti-secrecy statutes have been continuously subverted by reservations and rationalizations
when all else fails it is argued that open sessions slow down governmental operations
we submit that this is a most desirable effect of the law and one of its principal aims
without public scrutiny the deliberations of public agencies would no doubt be conducted more speedily
but the citizens would of course never be sure that the decisions that resulted were as correct as they were expeditious
help when needed
if the dominican republic achieves free democratic government it will be due in large part to the u.s. show of force that enabled president balaguer to prevent a threatened restoration of trujillo dictatorship
outwardly ciudad trujillo is calm
none of the trujillo family remains
mr. balaguer is in control and opposition leaders have no further excuse to suspect his offer of a coalition government preliminary to free elections in the spring
had u.s. warships appeared off the dominican coast there is every possibility that the country would now be wracked by civil war
ultimately either the trujillos would have been returned to power or the conflict would have produced conditions favorable to a takeover by dominican elements responsive to castro in cuba
within the organization of american states there may be some criticism of this unilateral american intervention which was without risk obviously
but there was no complaint from the dominican crowds which lined ciudad trujillo 's waterfront shouting vive yankees
more the u.s. action was hailed by a principal opposition leader dr. juan bosch as having saved many lives and many troubles in the near future
mr. balaguer 's troubles are by no means over
he will need the help of all oas members to eradicate finally the forces of authoritarianism pro-trujillo and pro-castro alike
in cooperating toward that objective oas might move with the speed and effectiveness demonstrated by the united states
matter of survival
those watching the growing rivalry between craft unions and industrial unions may recognize all the pressures that led to the big labor split in ####
now as then it is a matter of jobs
craft unions seek work that industrial unions claim such as factory maintenance
the issue was sufficiently potent in #### to spark secession from the american federation of labor of its industrial union members
that breach was healed ## years later by merger of the american federation of labor and the congress of industrial organizations
or that 's what it looked like at the time
but automation and the increasing complexity of factories has renewed the competition for jobs
walter reuther leader of the industrial union faction of the afl-cio says another two years of this squabbling will be disastrous for all american labor
whether it could be as disastrous for american labor as say jimmy hoffa of the teamsters is a matter of conjecture
but the jurisdictional disputes that result from the craft-industrial rivalry do win friends for labor
engaged as it is in a battle for world trade as a condition of national survival this country can have little patience with labor 's family feuds
the concept of labor as a special class is outmoded and in the task confronting america as bastion of the free world labor must learn to put the national interest first if it is itself to survive
the army navy and air force among others may question secretary freeman 's claim that the high estate of united states agriculture is the strongest deterrent to the spread of communism
but the secretary insists that the success of the american farmer is the greatest single source of strength in the struggle to insure freedom around the world
mr. freeman said that in many of the countries he visited on a recent world trade trip people were more awed by america 's capacity to produce food surpluses than by our industrial production or even by the soviet 's successes in space
this shouldn't surprise the secretary
american taxpayers have been impressed by the surpluses for a long long time
in fact over the years the american farmer 's capacity to over-produce has cost the taxpayers a large dollar
and thus far mr. freeman has offered very little relief
the #### feed grain program which the secretary sponsored has been declared a billion dollar fiasco
in exchange for higher price supports growers pledged reduction in planted acreage
but the farmers outsmarted washington by shortening the distance between the rows and pouring on the fertilizer
the result $#.# billion added to the deficit in the federal budget
perhaps as mr. freeman says american agriculture may stop the communists but it is also swindling the american taxpayer
what 's wrong at state
a senate subcommittee headed by sen. jackson of washington has been going over the state department and has reached some predictable conclusions
the department needs a clearer sense of direction at the top and it needs fewer but better people sen. jackson says
the subcommittee is alone in questioning the effectiveness of the department
president kennedy has indicated his dissatisfaction with its performance
but those who would revitalize so complex an organization must first of all overcome the resistance of layers of officials wedded to traditional procedures suspicious of innovation and fearful of mistakes
nor does sen. jackson discuss the delicate situation created by the presence in the white house of a corps of presidential assistants engaged in the study of foreign policy
this tends to create friction and confusion and has made it easier for secretary rusk to restore vigor and initiative among his subordinates
but competent observers believe he is making progress particularly toward what sen. jackson lists as the primary need a clearer understanding of where our vital national interests lie and what we must do to promote them
the jackson report will provide some of the political support mr. rusk will need if he is to get rid of department personnel engaged as sen. jackson puts it in work that does really need doing
mr. rusk should also draw comfort from sen. jackson 's recommendation that congressional methods of dealing with national security problems be improved
self-criticism is a rare but needed commodity in congress
forecasting economic activity is a hazardous undertaking even for the specialist
but now apparently the job of secretary of labor requires that he be willing to risk his reputation as a prognosticator of unemployment trends
james p. mitchell when he was the head of the department promised to eat his hat if unemployment didn't drop below three million a couple of years ago
he lost but settled for a cake in the shape of a fedora
his successor secretary goldberg also has been guessing wrong on a drop in the unemployment rate which has been holding just under # per cent for the last ## months
no betting man mr. goldberg says he 's merely putting my neck out again by predicting the rate will go down this month
he is basing his guess on new government statistics that show business has broadened its stride a new record high in personal income an increase in housing starts a spurt in retail sales and a gain in orders for durable goods
mr. mitchell had an excuse for losing the steel strike lasted much longer than he anticipated
mr. goldberg has less reason for missing
the economy seems to be sailing along on an even keel and the #### hurricane season and auto strikes are at an end so they can't be blamed in november
the odds thus appear favorable that the secretary 's neck may be spared
cambodia 's chief of state who has been accused of harboring communist marauders and otherwise making life miserable for neighboring south viet nam and thailand insists he would be very unhappy if communism established its power in southeast asia
but so convinced of communism 's inevitable triumph is prince sihanouk that he is ready to throw in the towel
i have to see the facts is the way the prince puts it
and from that point of vantage he concedes another two years of grace to nations maintaining a pro-western posture
prince sihanouk 's powers of prognostication some day may be confirmed but history is likely to praise the courage of his convictions
commerce secretary hodges seems to have been cast in the role of pacemaker for official washington 's economic forecasters
weeks ago he saw a business upturn in the second quarter of this year while his colleagues in the cabinet were shaking their heads in disagreement
recently treasury secretary dillon and labor secretary goldberg fell into line with mr. hodges' appraisal though there has been some reluctance to do so at the white house
and now mr. hodges has pioneered further into the economic unknown with the announcement that he thinks business has stopped sliding and that it should start going upward from this point
he is the first top administration officer to see the bottom of the slump
the secretary based his assessment on the upturn in retail sales
february 's volume was # per cent above january 's for the first pickup since last october although it 's still #.# per cent off from february ####
corroborating mr. hodges' figures was the federal reserve board 's report of the large sales increase in the nation 's department stores for the week ending march #
in newark for example this gain was put at ## per cent above the year-earlier level
of course some of the credit for the sale boost must be given to improvement in the weather and to the fact that easter comes more than two weeks earlier than in ####
another optimistic sign this one from the labor department was the report that the long rise in unemployment compensation payments was interrupted for the first time in the week ending feb. ##
initial claims for jobless benefits were said to have dropped by #,### in the week ending march #
mr. hodges is so hopeful over the outlook that he doesn't think there will be any need of a cut in income taxes
well we can't have everything
prosperity for the whole nation is certainly preferred to a tax cut
in new jersey , too
new jersey folk need be told of the builder 's march to the sea for in a single generation he has parceled and populated miles of our shoreline and presses on to develop the few open spaces that remain
now the stone harbor bird sanctuary ## acres of magic attraction for exotic herons is threatened but the battlefront extends far beyond our state
against the dramatic fight being waged for preservation of ## miles of cape cod shoreline the tiny tract at stone harbor may seem unimportant
but interior secretary udall warns that there is a race on between those who would develop our few surviving open shorelines and those who would save them for the enjoyment of all as public preserves
the move for establishment of a national seashore park on ##,### acres of cape cod from provincetown to chatham is strengthened by president kennedy 's interest in that area
but preservation of the natural beauty of the cape is of more than regional concern for the automobile age has made it the recreation spot of people from all over the country
by comparison stone harbor bird sanctuary 's allies seem less formidable for aside from the audubon society they are mostly the snowy common and cattle egrets and the louisiana green little blue and black-crowned herons who nest and feed there
but there is hope for conservation commissioner bontempo has tagged the sanctuary as the kind of place the state hopes to include in its program to double its park space
the desirability of preserving such places as the cape dunes and stone harbor sanctuary becomes more apparent every year
public sentiment for conserving our rich natural heritage is growing
but that heritage is shrinking even faster
much of the glamor president kennedy 's peace corps may have held for some prospective applicants has been removed by sargent shriver the head corpsman
anybody who is expecting a joyride should according to mr. shriver get off the train right now
first of all the recruits will have to undergo arduous schooling
it will be a ##-hour training day
then off to a remote place in an underdeveloped country where the diet culture language and living conditions will be different
and the pay of course will be nil
despite all this the idea apparently has captured the imagination of countless youths whose parents are probably more surprised by the response than anybody else
the study of the st. louis area 's economic prospects prepared for the construction industry joint conference confirms and reinforces both the findings of the metropolitan st. louis survey of #### and the easily observed picture of the missouri-illinois countryside
st. louis sits in the center of a relatively slow-growing and in some places stagnant mid-continent region
slackened regional demand for st. louis goods and services reflects the region 's relative lack of purchasing power
all st. louis industries of course have a market area confined to the immediate neighborhood
but for those which do the slow growth of the area has a retarding effect on the metropolitan core
the city has a stake in stimulating growth and purchasing power throughout outstate missouri and southern illinois
gov. dalton 's new commerce and industry commission is moving to create a nine-state regional group in a collective effort to attract new industry
that is one approach
another would be to take the advice of dr. elmer ellis president of the university of missouri and provide for an impartial professional analysis of missouri 's economy
he says the state in order to proceed with economic development must develop an understanding of how the various parts of its economy fit together and dovetail into the national economy
the research center of the university 's school of business and public administration is prepared to undertake the analysis dr. ellis has been talking about
he and dean john w. schwada of the business school outlined the project at a recent conference
the university can make a valuable contribution to the state 's economic development through such a study
in southern illinois the new federal program of help to economically depressed areas ought to provide some stimulus to growth
the carbondale industrial development corp. has obtained a $###,### loan to help defray the cost of remodeling a city-owned factory to accommodate production that will provide ### new jobs
carbondale is in the herrin-murphysboro-west frankfort labor market where unemployment has been substantially higher than the national average
the federal program eventually should have a favorable impact on missouri 's depressed areas and in the long run that will benefit st. louis as well
politics-ridden st. clair county in illinois presents another piece of the problem of metropolitan development
more industrial acreage lies vacant in st. clair county than in any other jurisdiction in the st. louis area
the unstable political situation there represents one reason new plants shy away from the east side
and then there is st. louis county where the democratic leadership has shown little appreciation of the need for sound zoning of the important relationship between proper land use and economic growth
st. louis county under its present leadership also has largely closed its eyes to the need for governmental reform and permitted parochial interests to take priority over area-wide interests
some plant-location specialists take these signs to mean st. louis county doesn't want industry and so they avoid the area and more jobs are lost
metropolitan st. louis 's relatively slow rate of growth ought to be a priority concern of the political business civic and other leaders on both sides of the mississippi
without a great acceleration in the metropolitan area 's economy there will be sufficient jobs for the growing numbers of youngsters and st. louis will slip into second-class status
an excess of zeal
many of our very best friends are reformers
still we must confess that sometimes some of them go too far
take for example the reformers among new york city 's democrats
having whipped mr. de sapio in the primaries and thus come into control of tammany hall they have changed the name to chatham hall
even though headquarters actually have been moved into the chatham building do they believe that they can make the new name stick
granted that the tammany name and the tammany tiger often were regarded as badges of political shame the sachems of the hall also have a few good marks to their credit
but it is tradition rather than the record which balks at the expunging of the tammany name
after all it goes back to the days in which sedition was un-american the days in which the sons of st. tammany conspired to overthrow the government by force and violence the british government that is
further do our reforming friends really believe that the cartoonists will consent to the banishment of the tiger from their zoo
they will when they give up the donkey and the elephant
instead of attempting the impossible why a publicity campaign to prove that all the tiger 's stripes are black
that might go over
the faget case
the white house itself has taken steps to remove a former batista official col. mariano faget from his preposterous position as interrogator of cuban refugees for the immigration service
the faget appointment was preposterous on several grounds
the kennedy administration had assured anti-castro cubans that it would have nothing to do with associates of dictator batista
using a batista man to screen refugees represented a total misunderstanding of the democratic forces which alone can effectively oppose castro
moreover col. faget 's information on cuba was too outdated to be useful in screening castro agents
the colonel fled to the friendly haven of the dominican dictatorship as soon as castro seized power
and while he had headed batista 's anti-communist section the batista regime did disturb the communists so much as more open opponents who were alleged to be communists
responsibility for the faget appointment rests with gen. j. m. swing an eisenhower appointee as head of the immigration service
gen. swing has received public attention before this for abuse of some of the prerogatives of his office
his official term expired last summer
some reports say he was rescued from timely retirement by his friend congressman walter of pennsylvania at a moment when the kennedy administration was diligently searching for all the house votes it could get
congressman walter has been all-powerful in immigration matters but he has announced plans to retire in ####
at that point the administration will have little reason to hang onto gen. swing
the faget case was the kind of salvage job the administration should have to repeat
mr. eisenhower , politician
as president dwight d. eisenhower often assumed a role aloof from the strife of partisan politics
as a former president however mr. eisenhower abandoned this role to engage in partisan sniping during a new york republican rally and generally missed his target
mr. eisenhower seized upon the incident of the postcard lost by a peace corps girl in nigeria to attack the entire corps as a juvenile experiment and to suggest sending a corps member to the moon
this was juvenile ridicule
nowhere did the speaker recognize the serious purpose of the corps or its welcome reception abroad
his words were the more ungracious to come from a man who lent his name to the eisenhower exchange fellowships dedicated to the same goal of international understanding
the former president blithely ignored recent history in speaking of dollarette dollars under kennedy administration fiscal policies
it was the eisenhower administration which produced the largest peacetime deficit
finally mr. eisenhower found nothing but confusion in washington
this statement recalls the #### berlin crisis when president eisenhower first told reporters that berlin could be defended with conventional weapons and then added that a nuclear defense was out of the picture too
the crisis has been renewed since then but the confusion has hardly been compounded
ex-presidents relieved of accountability for policy sometimes seem to feel free of accountability for their words
some of former president truman 's off-the-cuff discourses have been in that vein
nobody can deny the right of former chief executives to take part in politics but the american people expect them always to remember the obligations of national leadership and to treat issues with a sense of responsibility
this is a matter of respect for the presidency
mr. eisenhower 's new york speech does encourage respect for that or for his elder statesmanship
queen of the seas
the queen mary has long been a symbol of speed luxury and impeccable british service on the high seas
reports that the venerable liner which has been in service since #### was to be retired struck a nostalgic note in many of us
but the cunard line influenced by unpleasant economic facts and sentiment has decided to keep the queen mary in service until next spring at least
a new queen with the prosaic title of q# had been planned for several years to replace the queen mary
the british government concerned about the threat of unemployment in the shipbuilding industry had put through a bill to give cunard loans and grants totaling $##,###,### toward the $##,###,### cost of a new ##,###-ton passenger liner
since #### more and more trans-atlantic passengers have been crossing by air
economy class fares and charter flights have attracted almost all new passengers to the airlines
competition from other steamship lines has cut cunard 's share of sea passengers from one-third to one-fourth and this year the line showed a marked drop of profits on the atlantic run
the cunard line has under consideration replacing the queen mary with a ship smaller than ##,### tons
this would be cheaper to operate and could be used for cruises during the lean winter months
also under consideration is an increased investment in cunard eagle airways which has applied to serve new york
the decline of the cunard line from its position of dominance in atlantic travel is a significant development in the history of transportation
mission to viet nam
gen. maxwell taylor 's statement in saigon that he is very much encouraged about the chances of the pro-western government of viet nam turning back communist guerrilla attacks comes close to an announcement that he will recommend dispatching united states troops to bolster the vietnamese army
gen. taylor will report to president kennedy in a few days on the results of his visit to south viet nam and judging from some of his remarks to reporters in the far east he is likely to urge a more efficient mobilization of vietnamese military economic political and other resources
there was good reason for gen. taylor to make an inspection trip at this time
communist guerrillas recently have been reported increasing their activities and the great flood of the mekong river has interposed a new crisis
south viet nam 's rice surplus for next year more than ###,### tons may have been destroyed
the viet cong the communist rebels may have lost their stored grain and arms factories
the rebels may try to seize what is left of the october harvest when the floods recede and the monsoon ends in november
nothing that is likely to happen however should prompt the sending of united states soldiers for other than instructional missions
the indochina struggle was a war to stay out of in #### when gen. ridgway estimated it would take a minimum of ## to ## divisions at the outset to win a war the french were losing
it is a war to stay out of today especially in view of the fact that president ngo dinh diem apparently does want united states troops
he may want additional technical help and this should be forthcoming
south viet nam has received $#,###,###,### in united states aid since #### and the rate of assistance has been stepped up since vice president lyndon b. johnson 's visit last may
gen. taylor the president 's special military adviser is a level-headed officer who is likely to succumb to propaganda or pressure
it is probable that his recommendations will be informed and workable and that they will lead to involving the united states in an asian morass
gov. john m. dalton himself a lawyer and a man of long service in government spoke with rich background and experience when he said in an address here that lawyers ought to quit sitting in the missouri general assembly or quit accepting fees from individuals and corporations who have controversies with or axes to grind with the government and who are retained because of their legal talents but because of their government influence
the u.n. 's gravest crisis
ambassador stevenson yesterday described the u.n. 's problem of electing a temporary successor to the late dag hammarskjold as the gravest crisis the institution has faced
of course it is
if the decision goes wrong it may be as mr. stevenson fears the first step on the slippery path downhill to a u.n. without operational responsibilities and without effective meaning
the integrity of the office merely requires that the secretary general shall be as the charter puts it the chief administrative officer of the organization but that neither he nor his staff shall seek or receive instructions from any government or any other authority external to the organization
in other words the secretary general is to be a nonpartisan international servant a political national one
he should be as dag hammarskjold certainly was a citizen of the world
the charter does stipulate that due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible
the united states and its allies have had no objection to this
what they have objected to is the attempt of the russians to make use of the tragedy of dag hammarskjold 's death to turn the entire u.n. staff from the secretary down into political agents of the respective countries from which they come
the controversy now revolves mainly around the number and geographic origin of the deputies of the secretary general and more particularly around the nature of his relationship with them
although the united states and the u.s.s.r. have been arguing whether there shall be four five or six top assistants the most important element in the situation is the number of deputies but the manner in which these deputies are to do their work
if any one of them has any power to veto the secretary general 's decisions the nature of the organization will have changed
if they give him advice when he asks it or if they perform specified duties under his direction the nature of the u. n. will of necessity change
the secretary general must have subject to the constitutional direction of the security council and the general assembly the power to act to propose action and to organize action without being hobbled by advisers and assistants acting on someone else 's instructions
this is the root issue for which the united states should stand
we should become confused or let our public become confused over irrelevant questions of number or even of geography
what we must have if the united nations is to survive is as nonpolitical nonpartisan an organization at the top as human beings can make it subject to no single nation 's direction and subservient to no single nation 's ambition
what the new charter does
the new city charter which should get a yes vote as question no. # on nov. # would make a good mayor out of a bad one
there is no such magic in man-made laws
but it would greatly strengthen any mayor 's executive powers remove the excuse in large degree that he is a captive of inaction in the board of estimate increase his budget-making authority both as to expense and capital budgets and vest in him the right to reorganize city departments in the interest of efficiency and economy
lawmaking power is removed from the board of estimate and made a partnership responsibility of the city council and the mayor
thus there is a clearer division of authority administrative and legislative
the board is diminished in both respects while it retains control over zoning franchises pier leases sale leasing and assignment of property and other trusteeship functions
the board will be able to increase decrease add or eliminate budget items subject to the mayor 's veto
but the city council will now share fully this budget-altering power
overriding of mayoral veto on budget changes will require concurrence by board and council and a two-thirds vote
the controller retains his essential fiscal watchdog functions
his broad but little used investigative powers are confirmed
he loses now-misplaced tax collection duties which go to the finance department
on net balance in spite of controller gerosa 's opposition to the new charter as an invasion of his office the controller will have the opportunity for greater usefulness to good government than he has now
borough presidents while retaining membership in the board of estimate lose their housekeeping functions
highways go to a new department of highways sewers to the department of public works such street cleaning as borough presidents now do in queens and richmond to the sanitation department
some fiscal changes are important
the expense operating budget is to be a program budget and red tape is cut to allow greater autonomy with the mayor approving in fund transfers within a department
the capital budget for construction of permanent improvements becomes an appropriating document instead of just a calendar of pious promises
but as a second-look safeguard each new project must undergo a board of estimate public hearing before construction proceeds
a road block to desirable local or borough improvements heretofore dependent on the pocketbook vote of taxpayers and hence a drag on progress is removed by making these a charge against the whole city instead of an assessment paid by those immediately affected
this will have a beneficial effect by expediting public business
it will also correct some injustices
enlargement of the city council and a new method of selecting members will be discussed tomorrow
the inter-american press association which blankets the western hemisphere from northern canada to cape horn is meeting in new york city this week for the first time in eleven years
the i. a. p. a. is a reflection of the problems and hopes of the hemisphere
and in these days this inevitably means a concentration on the effects of the cuban revolution
as the press in cuba was gradually throttled by the castro regime more and more cuban publishers editors and correspondents were forced into exile
the i. a. p. a. found itself driven from journalism into politics as it did its best to bring about the downfall of the castro government and the return of the cuban press to the freedom it knew before batista 's dictatorship began in ####
freedom of the press was lost in cuba because of decades of corruption and social imbalances
in such conditions all freedoms are lost
this in more diplomatic language is what adlai stevenson told the newspaper men of latin america yesterday on behalf of the united states government
he felt able to end on a note of hope
he sees evidence of fair winds for the ten-year alliance for progress plan with its emphasis on social reforms
no group can contribute more to the success of the program than the editors and publishers of the inter-american press association
meeting in moscow
the twenty-second soviet communist party congress opens in moscow today in a situation contrasting sharply with the script prepared many months ago when this meeting was first announced
according to the original program premier khrushchev expected the millions looking toward the kremlin this morning to be filled with admiration or rage depending upon individual or national politics because of the bold program for building communism in our time which the congress will adopt
but far from being concerned about whether or russia will have achieved utopia by #### the world is watching moscow today primarily for clues as to whether or there will be nuclear armageddon in the immediate future
the evident contradiction between the rosy picture of russia 's progress painted by the communist party 's program and the enormous dangers for all humanity posed by premier khrushchev 's berlin policy has already led to speculation abroad that the program may be severely altered
whether it is or the propaganda impact on the free world of the document scheduled to be adopted at this meeting will be far less than had been originally anticipated
and there must be many soviet citizens who know what is going on and who realize that before they can hope to enjoy the full life promised for #### they and their children must first survive
this congress will see premier khrushchev consolidating his power and laying the groundwork for an orderly succession should death or illness remove him from the scene in the next few years
the widespread purge that has taken place the past twelve months or so among communist leaders in the provinces gives assurance that the party officials who will dominate the congress and the central committee it will elect will all have passed the tightest possible khrushchev screening both for loyalty to him and for competence and performance on the job
dr. conant 's call to action
dr. james b. conant has earned a nationwide reputation as a moderate and unemotional school reformer
his earlier reports considered the american public schools basically sound and in need of drastic change
now a close look at the schools in and around the ten largest cities including new york has shattered this optimism
dr. conant has come away shocked and angry
his new book entitled slums and suburbs calls for fast and drastic action to avert disaster
there is room for disagreement concerning some of dr. conant 's specific views
his strong opposition to the transfer of negro children to schools outside their own neighborhood in the interest of integration will be attacked by negro leaders who have fought for and achieved this open or permissive enrollment
dr. conant may underestimate the psychological importance of even token equality
his suggestion that the prestige colleges be made the training institutions for medical law and graduate schools will run into strong opposition from these colleges themselves even though what he is recommending is already taking shape as a trend
but these are side issues to a powerful central theme
that theme cuts through hypocrisies complacency and double-talk
it labels the slums especially the negro slums as dead-end streets for hundreds of thousands of youngsters
the villains of the piece are those who deny job opportunities to these youngsters and dr. conant accuses employers and labor unions alike
the facts he adds are hidden from public view by squeamish objections to calling bad conditions by their right name and by insistence on token integration rather than on real improvement of the schools regardless of the color of their students
a call for action before it is too late has alarming implications when it comes from a man who in his previous reports on the schools cautioned so strongly against extreme measures
these warnings must be treated lightly
dr. conant 's conscientious selfless efforts deserve the nation 's gratitude
he has served in positions of greater glamour both at home and abroad
but he may well be doing his greatest service with his straightforward report on the state of the public schools
and now -- more junk mail
a fascinating letter has just reached this desk from a correspondent who likes to receive so-called junk mail
he was delighted to learn that the post office department is now going to expand this service to deliver mail from representatives in congress to their constituents without the use of stamps names addresses or even zone numbers
in accordance with legislation passed at the last session of congress each representative is authorized to deliver to the post office in bulk newsletters speeches and other literature to be dropped in every letter box in his district
this means an added burden to innumerable postmen who already are complaining of heavy loads and low pay and it presumably means an increased postal deficit but our correspondent writes think of the additional junk mail each citizen will now be privileged to receive on a regular basis
our creditors do not forget us
letter writing is a dying art
occasional letters are sent by individuals to one another and many are written by companies to one another but these are mostly typewritten
most mail these days consists of nothing that could truly be called a letter
old tired trembling the woman came to the cannery
she had she said heard that the plant was closing
it couldn't close she said
she had raised a calf grown it beef-fat
she had with her own work-weary hands put seeds in the ground watched them sprout bud blossom and get ready to bear
she was ready to kill the beef dress it out and with vegetables from her garden was going to can soup broth hash and stew against the winter
she had done it last year and the year before and the year before that and she and her people were dependent upon these cans for food
this did happen in counties of north georgia where the rivers run and make rich the bottom land
nor in south georgia where the summer sun shines warmly and gives early life to the things growing in the flat fields
this happened in decatur dekalb county ## miles from the heart of metropolitian atlanta
and now the woman tired and trembling came here to the dekalb county cannery
is it so the cannery is going to close
o. n. moss ## tall grey as a possum canning plant chief since #### didn't know what to say
he did say she could get her beef and vegetables in cans this summer
he did say he was out of cans the no. # 's but i requisitioned ##,###
he said he had no. # 's enough to last two weeks more
threat of closing the cannery is a recent one
a three-man committee has recommended to commission chairman charles o. emmerich that the dekalb county cannery be closed
reason the cannery loses $#,### yearly
but dekalb citizens those who use the facilities of the cannery say the cannery is supposed to make any money
the cannery said mrs. lewellyn lundeen an active booster of the cannery since its opening during the war and rationing years of #### to handle the victory garden produce is a service to the taxpayer
and one of the best services available to the people who try to raise and can meat to plant grow vegetables and put them up
it helps those people who help themselves
the county though seems more interested in those people who don't even try those who sit and draw welfare checks and line up for surplus food
a driver of a dairy truck who begins work at # a.m. finishes before breakfast then goes out and grows a garden and who has used the cannery to save and feed a family of five asked what in the world will we do
what in the world echoed others those come with the beans potatoes the tomatoes will any of us do
moss a man who knows how much the cannery helps the county doesn't believe it will close
but he is in the middle an employe of dekalb but on the side of the people
the young married people
the old couples
the dairy truck driver
the old woman with the stew
don't ask me if i think the cannery helps he said
sir i know the cannery helps
most of us would be willing to admit that forgiveness comes hard
when a person has thoughtlessly or deliberately caused us pain or hardship it is always easy to say just forget it
there is one thing i know
a person will never have spiritual poise and inner peace as long as the heart holds a grudge
i know a man who held resentment against a neighbor for more than three decades
several years ago i was his pastor
one night at the close of the evening service he came forward left his resentment at the altar and gave his heart to god
after almost everyone had gone he told me the simple story of how one of his neighbors had moved a fence a few feet over on his land
we tried to settle this dispute he said but could never come to an agreement
i settled it tonight he continued
i leave this church with a feeling that a great weight has been lifted off my heart i have left my grudge at the altar and forgiven my neighbor
forgiveness is the door through which a person must pass to enter the kingdom of god
you cannot wear the banner of god and at the same time harbor envy jealousy and grudges in your heart
henry van dyke said forgive and forget if you can
but forgive anyway
jesus made three things clear about forgiveness
we must first of all be willing to forgive others before we can secure god 's forgiveness
for if ye forgive men their trespasses your heavenly father will also forgive you but if ye forgive men their trespasses neither will your father forgive your trespasses
matthew # : ##-##
it will do no good to seek god 's forgiveness until we have forgiven those who have done us wrong
then jesus indicated that god 's forgiveness is unlimited
in the prayer jesus taught his disciples to pray we find these words forgive us our debts
when a person meets god 's requirements for the experience of forgiveness he is forgiven
god 's mercy and patience will last forever
forgiveness implies more than a person wanting his past sins covered by god 's love
it also implies that a man wants his future to be free from the mistakes of the past
we want the past forgiven but at the same time we must be willing for god to direct the future
finally we must be willing to forgive others as many times as they sin against us
once peter asked how oft shall my brother sin against me and i forgive him
till seven times
jesus saith unto him until seventy times seven
matthew ## : ##-##
jesus only taught forgiveness he gave us an example of it on the cross
with all the energy of his broken body he prayed father forgive them for they know what they do
she 's been in and out of my house for a dozen years now although she 's still a teen-ager who looks like a baby she is getting married
her mother now dead was my good friend and when she came to tell us about her plans and to show off her ring i had a sobering wish to say something meaningful to her something her mother would wish said
for a while there was such shrill girlish commotion i couldn't have made myself heard if i'd had the equivalent of the message to garcia
but when some of the squeals had subsided and she had been through one of those sessions that are so indispensable to the young female six girls sprawled on one bed drinking cokes and giggling she came back to the kitchen to talk with me a minute
how do you know you love somebody enough to get married
it was the oldest and toughest question young lovers have ever asked how can you be sure
aren't you sure
i asked looking at her searchingly
i wanted to grab her by the arm and beg her to wait to consider to know for certain because life is so long and marriage is so important
but if she were just having a normal case of pre-nuptial jitters such a question might frighten her out of a really good marriage
besides in all honesty i don't know how you can be sure
i don't know any secret recipe for certainty
in the fevered intoxicating breathless state of being in love the usual signposts that guide you to lasting and satisfying relationships are sometimes obscured
i knew of but one test and i threw it out to her for what it was worth
does he ever bore you
she was shocked
why he 's so darling and
i mean i went on ruthlessly when he 's talking about you or himself or the wonders of love is he interesting
does he care about things that matter to you
can you visualize being stranded with him on a desert island for years and years and still find him fascinating
because honey i thought silently there are plenty of desert islands in every marriage long periods when you're hopelessly stranded together
and if you bore each other then heaven help you
she came back the other day to reassure me
she has studied and observed and she is convinced that her young man is going to be endlessly enchanting
she asked if i had other advice and heady with success i rushed it in i hope too late
be friends with your mother-in-law
jokes cartoons and cynics to the contrary mothers-in-law make good friends
i do know dr. wilson sneed well
but i was deeply moved by his letter of resignation as rector of st. luke 's church in atlanta
it was the cry of just one heart
it spoke for many in the clergy i suspect
the pulpit is a lonely place
who stops to think of that
imagine the searching and the prayer that lay behind the letter the rector wrote after almost a decade of service to this majestic church
such a church needs vigor and vitality in its rector and one man has only so much of these endowments he told his members
a minister should stay beyond the time that his leadership should benefit his church he wrote for he becomes ordinary
and so the young minister resigned to go and study and pray having never passed a day he told his parishioners when i did gain from you far more than i ever gave to you
his very honest act called up the recent talk i had with another minister a modest methodist who said i feel so deeply blessed by god when i can give a message of love and comfort to other men and i would have it no other way and it is unworthy to think of self
but oh how i do sometimes need just a moment of rest and peace in myself
a man who gives himself to god and to the believers of his church takes upon himself a life of giving
he does expect to get great riches or he would have chosen to answer the call to preach
the good ones are motivated to seek vainly nor are they disposed to covet comfort or they would have been led to fields that offer comfort and feed vanity
theirs is a sacrificial life by earthly standards
yet we who lean upon such a man and draw strength from him and expect interpretation of the infinite through him we who readily accept his sacrifice as our due we of the congregations are the first to tell him what is in our minds instead of listening to what is in his soul
we press him to conform to our comfortable conceptions and to bruise our satisfactions with his word and god 's
we do defeat the good ones with this cruelty but we add to their burden while expecting them to bestow saintliness upon us in return for ostentatious church attendance and a few bucks a week american cash
if we break the minister to our bit we are buying back our own sins
if he won't break we add to the stress he bears
and a minister of all men is most conscious that he is mere man prone to the stresses that earthly humanity is heir to
we expect him to be noble and to make us so yet he knows and tries to tell us how very humble man must be
we expect bestowal of god 's love through him
but how little love we give him
the church truly is a rest home for saints but a hospital for sinners
yet every sunday we sinners go to that emergency room to receive first aid and we leave unmindful that the man who ministered to us is a human being who suffers too
mr. podger always particularly enjoyed the last night of each summer at loon lake
the narrow fringe of sadness that ran around it only emphasized the pleasure
the evening was always spent in the same way
this year on a night cool with the front of september moving in but with plenty of summer still about the podgers were holding a neighborhood gathering in the pod
the little cottage was bursting with people of all ages
in the midst of it all mr. podger came out on the pod porch alone
he had that day attended a country auction and he had come back with a prize
the prize was an old-fashioned woven cloth hammock complete with cross-top pillow fringed side pieces and hooks for hanging
mrs. podger had obligingly pushed things around on the porch to make room for it and there it was slung in a vine-shaded corner the night breeze rippling its fringe with a slow caressing movement
mr. podger sat down in it pushed himself back and forth in one or two slow rhythmic motions and then swung his feet up into it
he closed his eyes and let the unintelligible drift of voices sweep pleasantly over him
suddenly one young voice rose above the others
but it said do you always know when you're happy
the voice sank back into the general tangle of sound but the question stayed in mr. podger 's mind
here in the cool autumn-touched evening mr. podger mentally retraced a day that had left him greatly contented and at peace
it had begun with the blue jay feather
walking along the lake before breakfast mr. podger had seen the feather and the bird that had lost it in flight
the winging spread of blue had gone on calling harshly into the wood
the small shaft of blue had drifted down and come to rest at his feet
all day long mr. podger who was a straw-hat man in the summer had worn the feather in the band of his broad-brimmed sunshield
would a blue feather in a man 's hat make him happy all day
but it was something to have seen it floating down through the early morning sunshine linking the blue of the sky with the blue of the asters by the lake
then since the auction was being held nearby he had walked to it
and there on the way had been the box turtle that slow self-contained world-ignoring relic of pre-history bent for reasons best known to itself on crossing the road
it was doing very well too having reached the center and was pursuing its way with commendable singleness of purpose when mr. podger saw hazard approaching in the shape of a flashy little sports car
would the driver see the turtle
would he take pains to avoid it
mr. podger took no chances
taking off his hat and signaling the driver with it mr. podger stepped into the road lifted the surprised turtle and consummated its road-crossing with what must have been a breath-taking suddenness
the turtle immediately withdrew into its private council room to study the phenomenon
but mr. podger and the driver of the sports car waved at each other
here in the cool darkness mr. podger could still feel the warmth of midday could still see the yellow butterflies dancing over the road could still see the friendly grin on the young sun-browned face as the driver looked back over his shoulder for a moment before the car streaked out of sight
where was the driver now
what was he doing
and the turtle
mr. podger smiled
for a few brief minutes they had all been part of one little drama
the three would never meet again but for some reason or other mr. podger was sure he would always remember the incident
then there had been the auction itself
mr. podger heard again
at will the voice of the auctioneer the voices of the bidders and finally the small boy who had been so interested in mr. podger 's hammock purchase
i like them things too he had said
we got one at home
you know what
if you're lyin' out in the hammock at night and it gets kinda cool you know you just take these sides with the fringe on see and wrap 'em right over you
i do it lots o' times i like to lie in a hammock at night by myself when it 's all quiet
the wind moves it a little bit you know
mr. podger had thanked him gravely and now he made use of the advice
as he pulled the fringed sides up and made himself into a cocoon mr. podger saw that thin attractive freckled little face again and hoped that the boy too was lying in a cool fringed-wrapped quiet
alacrity the podger cat came by the hammock rubbed her back briefly against it and then sure of a welcome hopped up
she remarked that she found the night wind a little chilly and mr. podger took her inside the fringe
soon her purring rivaled the chirping of the tree crickets rivaled the hum of voices from inside the pod
mr. podger was just adding this to his pictures of the day when the screen door opened and pam burst out
it 's getting so chilly we've lighted a fire and we're going to tell a round robin story a nice scary one
we need you to start it
why are you out here all by yourself
aren't you happy
mr. podger opened his cocoon and emerged tucking alacrity under his arm to bring her in by the fire
of course i am he said
never happier in my life
i just came out here to know it
as the south begins another school year national and even world attention is directed at the region 's slow progress toward racial equality in the public schools
desegregation is beginning in two more important southern cities dallas and atlanta
in each city civic and education leaders have been working hard to get public opinion prepared to accept the inevitability of equal treatment
these programs emphasize the acceptance of biracial classrooms peacefully
the programs do take sides on the issue itself
they point out simply that it is the law of the land
the two cities have the examples of little rock and new orleans to hold up as warnings against resorting to violence to try to stop the processes of desegregation
even better they have the examples of nashville and houston to hold up as peaceful and progressive programs
in each case there was an initial act of violence
in nashville a school was dynamited
in houston there were a few incidents of friction between whites and negroes none of which were serious
in each city quick public reaction and fast action by the city government halted the threats of more serious incidents
the nashville plan incidentally has become recognized as perhaps the most acceptable and thus the most practical to put into effect in the troubled south
it is a stair-step plan in which desegregation begins in the first grade
each year another grade is added to the process until finally all ## grades are integrated
the schedules are flexible so that the program can be accelerated as the public becomes more tolerant or realizes that it is something that has to be done so why now
the program has worked well in both nashville and houston
it met a serious rebuff in new orleans where the two schools selected for the first moves toward integration were boycotted by white parents
another attempt will be made this year in new orleans to resume the program
generally throughout the south there is a growing impatience with the pattern of violence with which every step of desegregation is met
perhaps the most eloquent move toward removal of racial barriers has been in dallas
during the summer negroes began quietly patronizing previously segregated restaurants and lunch counters in downtown retail establishments
it was part of a citywide move toward full integration
so successful has been this program worked out by white and negro civic leaders that further extensions are expected in the next few months
hotels for example are ready to let down the bars
already at least one hotel has been quietly taking reservations on a nonracial basis
several conventions have been held in recent months in hotels on a nonsegregated basis
this is a radical change in attitude from the conditions which prevailed several years ago when a series of bombings was directed against negroes who were moving into previously all-white neighborhoods of dallas
it is also symptomatic of a change in attitude which appears to be spreading all across the south
southern whites themselves are realizing that they had been wrong in using violence to try to stop negroes from claiming equal rights
they insist they are ashamed of such violence and intimidation as occurred in alabama when the freedom riders sought to break down racial discrimination in local bus depots
all across the south there are signs that racial violence is finding less approval among whites who themselves would never take active part but might once have shown a tolerant attitude toward it
there are many causes for this change
one of the most important is economic
business leaders are aware now that they suffer greatly from any outbreak of violence
they are putting strong pressure on their police departments to keep order
in the past these same southerners were inclined to look the other way
and as the businessmen have begun to act a real sense of co-operation has sprung up
this co-operation has emboldened other southern whites to add their voices to demands for peaceable accommodation
they realize that by acting in concert rather than individually they will be picked out as objects of retaliation economic and otherwise
since moving from a chicago suburb to southern california a few months ago i've been introduced to a new game called lanesmanship
played mostly on the freeways around los angeles it goes like this
a driver cruising easily at ## m.p.h. in lane a of a four-lane freeway spies an incipient traffic jam ahead
traffic in the next lane appears to be moving more smoothly so he pokes a tentative fender into lane b which is heavily populated by cars also moving at ## m.p.h.
the adjacent driver in lane b has three choices open to him
he can # point his car resolutely at the invading fender and force the other driver back into lane a
# slow down and permit the ambivalent driver to change lanes
or # alternately accelerate and decelerate thus keeping the first driver guessing as to his intentions thereby making a fascinating sport of the whole affair
the really remarkable thing to me is that most california natives unhesitatingly elect to slow down and permit the invading car free access
whether or this is done out of enlightened self-preservation i don't know
but it is done consistently and i'm both surprised and impressed
this could never happen in my native chicago
there such soggy acquiesence would be looked upon as a sure sign of deteriorating manhood
in chicago the driver cut out would likely jam his gas pedal to the floor in an effort to force the other car back
failing this he would pull alongside at the first opportunity and shake his fist threateningly
this negative explanation of courtesy on the freeways however does an injustice to southern california drivers
at the risk of losing my charge-a-plate at marshall field and company i would like to challenge an old and hallowed stereotype
after three months of research i can state unequivocally that los angeles drivers are considerably more courteous and competent than any other drivers i've ever encountered
during one recent day of driving about los angeles there were actually a dozen occasions when oncoming drivers stopped an entire lane of traffic to permit me to pull out of an impossible side street
miami , fla. , march ## .
an out-of-town writer came up to paul richards today and asked the oriole manager if he thought his ball club would be improved this year
now richards of course is known as a deep thinker as baseball managers go
he can often make the complex ridiculously simple and vice versa
this happened to be vice versa but even so the answer was a masterpiece
it 's a whole lot easier he said to increase the population of nevada than it is to increase the population of new york city
and with that he walked off to give instruction to a rookie pitcher
that is undoubtedly a hell of a quote said the writer scratching his head
now if i can just figure out what he 's talking about i'll use it
two spots open
this was just richard 's way of saying that last year the birds opened spring training with a lot of jobs wide open
some brilliant rookies nailed them down so that this spring just two spots left and right field are really up for grabs
it should be easier to plug two spots than it was to fill the wholesale lots that were open last year but so far it hasn't worked that way
this angle of just where the orioles can look for improvement this year is an interesting one
you'd never guess it from the way they've played so far this spring but there remains a feeling among some around here that the orioles still have a chance to battle for the pennant in ####
obviously if this club is going to move from second to first in the american league it will have to show improvement someplace
where can that improvement possibly come from
you certainly can't expect the infield to do any better than it did last year
robby could be better
brooks robinson is great and it is conceivable that he'll do even better in #### than he did in ####
you can't expect it though
robby 's performance last year was tremendous
it 's the same with ron hansen and jim gentile
if they do as well as they did in #### there can be no complaint
they shouldn't be asked to carry any more of the burden
hansen will be getting a late spring training start which might very well set him back
he got off to an exceptional start last season and under the circumstances probably won't duplicate it
there are some clubs which claim they learned something about pitching to him last year
they don't expect to stop him just slow him down some with the bat
he'll still be a top player they concede because he 's got a great glove and the long ball going for him
but they expect to reduce his over-all offensive production
breeding might move up
gentile can hardly do better than drive in ## runs
don't ask him more
i have a hunch marv breeding might move up a notch
but even so he had a good year in #### and won't do too much better
so all in all the infield can't be expected to supply the added improvement to propel the birds from second to first
and the pitching will also have trouble doing better
richards got a great performance out of his combination of youth and experience last season
where then can we look for improvement
from triandos brandt and walker answers richards
they're the ones we can expect to do better
the man is right and at this time indications are that these three are ready for better seasons
triandos hasn't proved it yet but he says he 's convinced his thumb is all right
he jammed it this spring and has had to rest it but he says the old injury hasn't bothered him
if he can bounce back with one of those ## home runs years the club will have to be better off offensively
i'm still convinced though i'll have to see more of him before predicting that big year for him
hank foiles backed up by frank house who will be within calling distance in the minors make up better second line catching than the birds had all last year but gus is still that big man you need when you start talking pennant
to me brandt looks as though he could be in for a fine year
he hasn't played too much because richards has been working on him furiously in batting practice
he 's hitting the ball hard in the batting cage and his whole attitude is improved over this time last year
when he came to baltimore he was leaving a team which was supposed to win the national league pennant and he was joining what seemed to be a second division american league club
he was down hard to talk to and far too nonchalant on the field
as of now that all seems behind him
he 's been entirely different all spring
and walker looks stronger seems to be throwing better than he did last year
let him bounce back and he could really set up the staff
so if the orioles are to improve brandt triandos and walker will have to do it
so far the platoons on left and right fielders don't seem capable of carrying the load
of course this isn't taking into consideration the population of nevada and new york city but it 's the way things look from here at this point
is the mother of an autistic child at fault
the autistic child is one who seems to lack a well-defined sense of self
he tends to treat himself and other people as if they were objects and sometimes he treats objects as if they were people
did his mother make him this way
some people believe she did
we think differently
we believe that autism like so many other conditions of defect and deviation is to a large extent inborn
a mother can help a child adapt to his difficulties
sometimes she can to a large extent help him overcome them
but we don't think she creates them
we don't think she can make her child defective emotionally disturbed or autistic
the mother of a difficult child can do a great deal to help her own child and often by sharing her experiences she can help other mothers with the same problem
since little is known about autism and almost nothing has been written for the layman we'd like to share one experienced mother 's comments
as the mother of an autistic child who is lacking in interest and enthusiasm about almost anything i have to manipulate my son 's fingers for him when he first plays with a new toy
he wants me to do everything for him
you don't believe that autistic children become autistic because of something that happens to them or because of the way their mother treats them
but i do and my psychiatrist does too
i know that my son wants control and direction but being autistic myself i cannot give full control or direction
one thing i notice which i have seldom heard mentioned
this is that autistic people don't enjoy physical contact with others for instance my children and i
when i hold my son he stiffens his whole body in my arms until he is as straight and stiff as a board
he pushes and straightens himself as if he can't stand the feeling of being held
physical contact is uncomfortable for him
this mother is quite correct
as a rule the autistic child doesn't enjoy physical contact with others
parents have to find other ways of comforting him
for the young child this may be no more than providing food light or movement
as he grows older it may be a matter of providing some accustomed object his magic thing
or certain words or rituals that child and adult go through may do the trick
the answer is different for each autistic child but for most there is an answer
only ingenuity will uncover it
what future holds
dear doctors we learned this year that our older son daniel is autistic
we did accept the diagnosis at once but gradually we are coming to
fortunately there is a nursery school which he has been able to attend with a group of normal children
i try to treat daniel as if he were normal though of course i realize he is far from that at present
what i do is to try to bring him into contact with reality as much as possible
i try to give him as many normal experiences as possible
what is your experience with autistic children
how do they turn out later
many autistic children grow up to lead relatively normal lives
certainly most continue to lack a certain warmth in communication with other people but many adjust to school even college to jobs and even to marriage and parenthood
a first grader colors pictures one solid color everything sky grass boy wagon etc.
when different colors are used she is just as likely to color trees purple hair green etc.
the other children in the class use this same coloring book and do a fairly good job with things their proper color
should i show my daughter how things should be colored
she is an aggressive nervous child
is a relaxed home atmosphere enough to help her outgrow these traits
her choice of one color means she is simply enjoying the motor act of coloring without having reached the point of selecting suitable colors for different objects
this immature use of crayons may suggest that she is a little immature for the first grade
no coloring isn't exactly something you teach a child
you sometimes give them a little demonstration a little guidance and suggestions about staying inside the lines
but most learn to color and paint as and when they are ready with only a very little demonstration
seen in decorating circles of late is a renewed interest in an old art embroidery
possibly responsible for this is the incoming trend toward multicolor schemes in rooms which seems slated to replace the one-color look to which we have been accustomed
just as a varitinted oriental rug may suggest the starting point for a room scheme so may some of the newest versions of embroidery
one such in fact is a rug
though actually crewel embroidery it has that look with its over-stitched raised pattern in blue pink bronze and gold and a sauterne background
the twirled stylized design of winding stems and floral forms strongly suggests the embroidered patterns used so extensively for upholstery during the jacobean period in england
traditional crewel embroidery which seems to be appearing more frequently this fall than in the past few years is still available in this country
the work is executed in england by hand and can be worked in any desired design and color
among some recent imports were seat covers for one series of dining room chairs on which were depicted salad plates overflowing with tomatoes and greens and another set on which a pineapple was worked in naturalistic color
for a particularly fabulous room which houses a collection of fine english chippendale furniture fabric wall panels were embroidered with a typically chinese-inspired design of this revered eighteenth century period
since the work is done by hand the only limitation it is said is that of human conception
modern embroidered panels framed and meant to be hung on the wall are another aspect of this trend
these have never gone out of style in scandinavian homes and now seem to be reappearing here and there in shops which specialize in handicrafts
an amateur decorator might try her hand at a pair during the long winter evenings and by picking up her living room color scheme add a decorative do-it-yourself note to the room
california democrats this weekend will take the wraps off a #### model statewide campaign vehicle which they have been quietly assembling in a thousand district headquarters party clubrooms and workers' backyards
they seem darned proud of it
and they're confident that the gop currently assailed by dissensions within the ranks will be impressed by the purring power beneath the hood of this grassroots-fueled machine
their meeting at san francisco is nominally scheduled as a conference of the california democratic council directorate
but it will include ###-odd officeholders organization leaders and interested party people
out of this session may come #
plans for a dramatic broad-scale party rally in los angeles next december that would enlist top-drawer democrats from all over the country
blueprints for doubling the cdc 's present ##,### enrollment
arrangements for a statewide pre-primary endorsing convention in fresno next jan. ##-##
and proposals for a whole series of lesser candidate-picking conventions in the state 's ## new congressional districts
at the head of the cdc is an unorthodox ##-year-old amateur politico thomas b. carvey jr. whose normal profession is helping develop hughes aircraft 's moon missiles
he 's approached his democratic duties in hard-nosed engineering fashion
viewed from afar the cdc looks like a rather stalwart political pyramid its elected directorate fans out into an array of district leaders and standing committees and thence into its component clubs and affiliated groups ### or so
much of its strength stems from the comfortable knowledge that every volunteer democratic organization of any consequence belongs to the aj
moreover the entire state democratic hierarchy from gov. brown on down to the county chairmen also participates in this huge operation
contrarily republican volunteers go their separate ways and thus far have given no indication that they'd be willing to join forces under a single directorate except in the most loose-knit fashion
carvey believes that reapportionment which left many democratic clubs split by these new district boundaries actually will increase cdc membership
where only one club existed before he says two will flourish henceforth
biggest organizational problem he adds is setting up cdc units in rock-ribbed democratic territory
paradoxically the council is weakest in areas that register #- and #-to-# in the party 's favor strongest where democrats and republicans compete on a fairly even basis
like most democratic spokesmen carvey predicts #### will be a tremendously partisan year
hence the attention they're lavishing on the aj
in all probability the council will screen and endorse candidates for the assembly and for congress and then strive to put its full weight behind these pre-primary favorites
this bodes heated contests in several districts where claims have already been staked out by democratic hopefuls who don't see eye-to-eye with the aj
naturally the statewide races will provide the major test for the expanding council
shunted aside by the rampant organizers for john f. kennedy last year who relegated it to a somewhat subordinate role in the presidential campaign the cdc plainly intends to provide the party 's campaign muscle in ####
there is evidence that it will be happily received by gov. brown and the other constitutional incumbents
carvey considers that former vice president nixon would be brown 's most formidable foe with ex-gov. knight a close second
but the rest of the gop gubernatorial aspirants don't worry him very much
in his cdc work carvey has the close-in support and advice of one of california 's shrewdest political strategists former democratic national committeeman paul ziffren who backed him over a northland candidate espoused by atty. gen. stanley mosk
significantly bitter echoes of the #### power struggle that saw mosk moving into the national committee post over ziffren are still audible in party circles
note we've just received an announcement of the ##th assembly district post-reapportionment organizing convention wednesday night in south pasadena 's war memorial bldg. which graphically illustrates the cdc 's broad appeal
state sen. dick richards will keynote
state and county committeemen cdc directors and representatives members of ## area clubs and all residents have been invited
this is going to be a language lesson and you can master it in a few minutes
it is a short course in communese
it works with english russian german hungarian or almost any other foreign tongue
once you learn how to translate communese much of each day 's deluge of news will become clearer
at least i have found it so
for some compulsive reason which would have fascinated dr. freud communists of all shapes and sizes almost invariably impute to others the very motives which they harbor themselves
they accuse their enemies of precisely the crimes of which they themselves are most guilty
president kennedy 's latest warning to the communist world that the united states will build up its military strength to meet any challenge in berlin or elsewhere was somewhat surprisingly reported in full text or fairly accurate excerpts behind the iron curtain
then the communese reply came back from many mouthpieces with striking consistency
now listen closely
moscow radio from the literary gazette in english to england
president kennedy once again interpreted the soviet proposals to sign a peace treaty with germany as a threat as part of the world menace allegedly looming over the countries of capitalism
evidently the war drum beating and hysteria so painstakingly being stirred up in the west have been planned long in advance
the west berlin crisis is being played up artificially because it is needed by the united states to justify its arms drive
the soviet news agency tass datelined from new york in english to europe
president kennedy 's enlargement of the american military program was welcomed on wall street as a stimulus to the american munitions industry
when the stock exchange opened this morning many dealers were quick to purchase shares in douglas lockheed and united aircraft and prices rose substantially
over # million shares were sold the highest figures since early june
tass datelined los angeles in english to europe
former vice president nixon came out in support of president kennedy 's program for stepping up the arms race
he also demanded that kennedy take additional measures to increase international tension specifically to crush the cuban revolution resume nuclear testing resist more vigorously admission of china to its lawful seat in the united nations and postpone non-military programs at home
tass from moscow in english to europe
the american press clamored for many days promising president kennedy would reply to the most vital domestic and foreign problems confronting the united states
in fact the world heard nothing but sabre-rattling the same exercises which proved futile for the predecessors of the current president
if there were no west berlin problem imperialist quarters would have invented an excuse for stepping up the armaments race to try to solve the internal and external problems besetting the united states and its nato partners
washington apparently decided to use an old formula by injecting large military appropriations to speed the slow revival of the u.s. economy after a prolonged slump
and now for communist listeners and readers
moscow radio in russian to the ussr
the u.s. president has shown once again that the united states needs the fanning of the west berlin crisis to justify the armaments race
as was to be expected kennedy 's latest speech was greeted with enthusiasm by revenge-seeking circles in bonn where officials of the west german government praised it
moscow novosti article in russian datelined london
u.s. pressure on britain to foster war hysteria over the status of west berlin has reached its apogee
british common sense is proverbial
the present attempts of the politicians to contaminate ordinary britons shows that this british common sense is unwilling to pull somebody else 's chestnuts out of the fire by new military adventures
east berlin communist radio in german to germany
a better position for negotiations is the real point of this speech
kennedy knows the west will wage war for west berlin neither conventional nor nuclear and negotiations will come as certainly as the peace treaty
whenever some washington circles were really ready for talks to eliminate friction they have always succumbed to pressure from the war clique in the pentagon and in bonn
in kennedy 's speech are cross currents sensible ones and senseless ones reflecting the great struggle of opinions between the president 's advisers and the political and economic forces behind them
well dear listeners despite all the shouting there will be no war over west berlin
moscow tass in russian datelined sochi
chairman khrushchev received the u.s. president 's disarmament adviser john mccloy
their conversation and dinner passed in a warm and friendly atmosphere
now to translate from the communese this means
the west berlin crisis is really an east berlin crisis
the crisis was artificially stirred up by the kremlin wall street and the red army pentagon egged on by the west germans east germans
the reason was to speed up domestic production in the ussr which khrushchev promised upon grabbing power and try to end the permanent recession in russian living standards
chairman khrushchev kennedy rattles his rockets sabre in order to cure his internal ills and to strengthen his negotiating position
his advisers in the politburo white house are engaged in a great struggle of opinions so he is always consistent
the soviet union will fight neither a conventional nor a nuclear war over berlin and neither will its warsaw pact allies
the west has no intention of attacking russia
chairman khrushchev and john mccloy had a terrible row at sochi
see communese is easy once you get onto it
aug. # #### nearly a century after benjamin franklin founded the pennsylvania gazette a century during which it had undergone several changes in ownership and a few brief suspensions in publication this paper made its first appearance as the saturday evening post
the country was now full of gazettes and samuel c. atkinson and charles alexander who had just taken over franklin 's old paper desired a more distinctive name
when founded by franklin the gazette was a weekly family newspaper and under its new name its format remained that of a newspaper but its columns gradually contained more and more fiction poetry and literary essays
in the middle of the century with a circulation of ##,### the post was one of the most popular weeklies in the country
but during the second half of the century its fortunes reached a low point and when in #### cyrus h. k. curtis purchased it paper type and all for $#,### it was a ##-page weekly filled with unsigned fiction and initialed miscellany and with only some #,### subscribers
little more than a fine old name valuable principally because of the franklin tradition the saturday evening post was slow to revive
but curtis poured over $# million into it and in time it again became one of the most popular weeklies of the country
remember the french railroad baron who was going to take me floating down the nile
remember the night will rogers filled a tooth for me between numbers
sure we met a barrel of rich men but it 's hard to find the real thing when you're young beautiful and the toast of two continents remember fanny brice promised my mother she would look after me on the road
all this remembering took place the other night when i had supper with the ziegfeld girls at the beverly hills club
a quarter of a century has gone by since this bevy of walking dreams sashayed up and down the staircases of the old new amsterdam theater n.y.
but watching mrs. cyril ring berniece dalton janssen mrs. robert jarvis mrs. walter adams order low-calorie seafood no bread i could see the ziegfeld girls of #### were determined to be glamorous grandmothers of ####
i was anxious to hear about those dazzling days on the great white way
all i could remember was billie dove pasted over the ceiling of my big brother 's room
billie was really beautiful
exclaimed vera forbes adams batting lovely big eyes behind glitter rimmed glasses
sing sing 's prisoner strike was motivated by a reasonable purpose a fair break from parole boards
but once the strike trend hits hoosegows there is no telling how far it may go
inmates might even demand the ##-hour week all holidays off and fringe benefits including state contributions toward lawyers' fees
some day we might see a federation of prison and jail inmates with a leader busily trying to organize reformatory occupants defendants out on bail convicts opposed to probation officers etc.
a three-day confinement week with a month 's vacation and shorter hours all around could be an ultimate demand from cell occupants of the nation with fringe benefits including #
wider space between iron bars and agreement by prison boards to substitute rubber in ## per cent of metal
an agreement allowing convicts to pass on type of locks used on prison doors
in case of a deadlock between prison boards and inmates a federal arbitration board to include a lifer and two escapees should decide the issue
specific broadening of travel rights
the right to leave the hoosegow any time to see a lawyer instead of waiting for a lawyer to make a trip to the prison
recognition of prisoners union rule that no member of an iron or steel workers union be permitted to repair a sawed-off bar without approval and participation of representative of the cell occupant
no warden or guard to touch lock key or doorknob except when accompanied by a prisoners' committee with powers of veto
state and federal approval of right to walk out at any time when so voted by ## per cent of the prisoners
the death of harold a. stevens oldest of the stevens brothers famed operators of baseball football and race track concessions revived again the story of one of the greatest business successes in history
harold with brothers frank joe and william took over at the death of their father harry m. stevens who put a few dollars into a baseball program introduced the hot dog and paved the way for creation of a catering empire
family loyalties and cooperative work have been unbroken for generations
ibm has a machine that can understand spoken words and talk back
nevertheless it will seem funny to have to send for a mechanic to improve conversation
rembrandt 's aristotle contemplating bust of homer brought $#,###,### at auction the other night
both aristotle and homer may in spirit be contemplating bust of the old-fashioned american dollar
the owner of the painting got it for $###,### sold it for $###,### in a market crash and bought it back for $###,###
apologies are in order from anybody who said are you sure you're making a mistake
wagon train is reported the no. # tv show
after all where else can the public see a wagon these days
lucius beebe 's book mr. pullman 's elegant palace car fills us with nostalgia recalling days when private cars and pullmans were extra wonderful with fine woodwork craftsmanship in construction deep carpets and durable upholstery
beebe tells of one private car that has gold plumbing
jay gould kept a cow on one deluxer
rep. frelinghuysen r-#th dist. had a special reason for attending the reception at the korean embassy for gen. chung hee park the new leader of south korea
only is mr. frelinghuysen a member of the house foreign affairs committee but he is the grandson of the man who was instrumental in opening relations between the united states and korea frederick t. frelinghuysen secretary of state in the administration of chester a. arthur
in addition rep. frelinghuysen 's brother harry was on the korean desk of the state department in world war #
next year is the ##th anniversary of the signing of the treaty between korea and the united states and experts in seoul are trying to find the correspondence between frederick frelinghuysen who was secretary of state in #### and #### and gen. lucius foote who was the first minister to korea
they enlisted the help of the new jersey congressman who has been able to trace the letters to the national archives where they are available on microfilm
on the job
a top official of the new frontier who kept a record of his first weeks on the job here gives this report of his experiences
in his first six weeks in office he presided over ## conferences attended ## official breakfasts and dinners studied and signed ### official papers and personally took ### telephone calls
in addition he said he has answered more than ### messages of congratulations which led him to the comment that he himself had decided he wouldn't send another congratulatory message for the rest of his life
sen. case aj has received a nice thank you note from a youngster he appointed to the air force academy in colorado
air force life is great the cadet wrote though the fourth-class system is no fun
he invited mr. case to stop by to say hello if he ever visited the academy and then added that he was on the managerial staff of the freshman football team
we have just returned from roswell n.m. where we were defeated ## to # the young man noted
we have a tremendous amount of talent but we lack cohesion
kind mr. sam
among the many stories about the late speaker rayburn is one from rep. dwyer r-#th dist.
mrs. dwyer 's husband m. joseph dwyer was taking a ##-year-old boy from union county on the tour of the capitol during the final weeks of the last session
they ran across mr. rayburn and the youngster expressed a desire to get the speaker 's autograph
mr. dwyer said that although it was obvious that mr. rayburn was well he stopped gave the youngster his autograph asked where he was from and expressed the hope that he would enjoy his visit to congress
two days later mr. rayburn left washington for the last time
the ###th anniversary of the king james bible is being celebrated simultaneously with the publishing today of the new testament the first part of the new english bible undertaken as a new translation of the scriptures into contemporary english
since it was issued in the spring of #### the king james version has been most generally considered the most poetic and beautiful of all translations of the bible
however biblical scholars frequently attested to its numerous inaccuracies as old manuscripts were uncovered and scholarship advanced
this resulted in revisions of the king james bible in ####-## as the english revised version and in #### as the american standard version
then in #### america 's international council of religious education authorized a new revision in the light of expanded knowledge of ancient manuscripts and languages
undertaken by ## american scholars under the chairmanship of rev. dr. luther a. weigle former dean of yale university divinity school their studies resulted in the publishing of the revised standard version ####-##
the new english bible the old testament and apocrypha will be published at a future date has been planned to rival or replace the king james version but as its cover states it is offered simply as the bible to all those who will use it in reading teaching or worship
time of course will testify whether the new version will have achieved its purpose
bible reading even more so than good classical music grows in depth and meaning upon repetition
if this new bible does increase in significance by repeated readings throughout the years it will survive the ages as has the king james version
however an initial perusal and comparison of some of the famous passages with the same parts of other versions seems to speak well of the efforts of the british biblical scholars
one is impressed with the dignity clarity and beauty of this new translation into contemporary english and there is no doubt that the meaning of the bible is more easily understandable to the general reader in contemporary language in the frequently archaic words and phrases of the king james
for example in the third chapter of matthew verses ##-## describing the baptism of jesus the #### version reads
then cometh jesus from galilee to jordan unto john to be baptized of him
but john forbad him saying i have need to be baptized of thee and comest thou to me
and jesus answering said unto him suffer it to be so now for thus it becometh us to fulfill all righteousness
then he suffered him
and jesus when he was baptized went up straightway out of the water and lo the heavens were opened unto him and he saw the spirit of god descending like a dove and lighting upon him
certainly the meaning is clearer to one who is familiar with biblical teachings in the new english bible which reads then jesus arrived at jordan from galilee and he came to john to be baptized by him
john tried to dissuade him
do you come to me
i need rather to be baptized by you
jesus replied let it be so for the present
we do well to conform this way with all that god requires
john then allowed him to come
after baptism jesus came up out of the water at once and at that moment heaven opened
he saw the spirit of god descending like a dove to alight upon him
the paragraphing spelling and punctuation are reproduced as printed in each version
among the most frequently quoted biblical sentences are the beatitudes and yet so few persons other than scholars really understand the true meaning of these eight blessings uttered by jesus at the beginning of the sermon on the mount
to illustrate the first blessing in the king james bible reads blessed are the poor in spirit
for their 's is the kingdom of heaven
the new version states how blest are those who know that they are poor
the kingdom of heaven is theirs
some of the poetic cadence of the older version certainly is lost in the newer one but almost anyone with a fair knowledge of the english language can understand the meaning without the necessity of interpretation by a biblical scholar
to a novice that is significant
in the second and third chapters of revelation the new version retains however the old phrase angel of the church which biblical scholars have previously interpreted as meaning bishop
this is contemporary english
for the most part however the new version is contemporary and as such should be the means for many to attain a clearer comprehension of the meaning of those words recorded so many hundreds of years ago by the first followers of christ
originally recorded by hand these words have been copied and recopied translated and retranslated through the ages
discoveries recently made of old biblical manuscripts in hebrew and greek and other ancient writings some by the early church fathers in themselves called for a restudy of the bible
to have the results recorded in everyday usable english should be of benefit to all who seek the truth
there is one danger however
with contemporary english changing with the rapidity that marks this jet age some of the words and phrases of the new version may themselves soon become archaic
the only answer will be continuous study
the new testament offered to the public today is the first result of the work of a joint committee made up of representatives of the church of england church of scotland methodist church congregational union baptist union presbyterian church of england churches in wales churches in ireland society of friends british and foreign bible society and national society of scotland
prof. c. h. dodd ## a congregational minister and a leading authority on the new testament is general director of the project and chairman of the new testament panel
sizzling temperatures and hot summer pavements are anything but kind to the feet
that is why it is important to invest in comfortable airy types of shoes
there are many soft and light shoe leathers available
many styles have perforations and an almost weightlessness achieved via unlined leathers
softness is found in crushed textures
styles run the gamut from slender and tapered with elongated toes to a newer squared toe shape
heels place emphasis on the long legged silhouette
wine glass heels are to be found in both high and semi-heights
stacked heels are also popular on dressy or tailored shoes
just the barest suggestion of a heel is found on teenage pumps
while white is the coolest summer shade there are lots of pastel hues along with tintable fabrics that will blend with any wardrobe color
in the tintable group are high and little heels squared and oval throats and shantung-like textures
don't overlook the straws this year
they come in crisp basket weaves in natural honey hues along with lacey open weaves with a lustre finish in natural white black and a whole range of colors
in the casual field straws feature wedge heels of cork or carved wood in a variety of styles
for added comfort some of the italian designed sandals have foam padded cushioning
the citrus tones popular in clothing are also to be found afoot
orange and lemon are considered important as are such pastels as blue and lilac
in a brighter nautical vein is ille de france blue
contrast trim provides other touches of color
spectators in white crush textures dip toe and heel in smooth black navy and taffy tan
designed for ease
designed for summer comfort are the shoes illustrated
at the left is a pair of dressy straw pumps in a light but crisp texture
in a lacey open weave shoes have a luster finish braided collar and bow highlight on the squared throat
at right is a casual style in a crushed unlined white leather
flats have a scalloped throat
an electric toothbrush broxodent may soon take its place next to the electric razor in the american bathroom
the brush moves up and down and is small enough to clean every dental surface including the back of the teeth
in addition the motor has the seal of approval of the underwriters laboratories which means it is safe
the unit consists of a small motor that goes on as soon as it is plugged in
the speed is controlled by pressing on the two brake buttons located where the index finger and thumb are placed when holding the motor
the brushes can be cleaned and sterilized by boiling and are detachable so that every member of the family can have his own
most of us brush our teeth by hand
the same can be said of shaving yet the electric razor has proved useful to many men
the electric toothbrush moves in a vertical direction the way dentists recommend
in addition it is small enough to get into crevices jacket and crown margins malposed anteriors and the back teeth
the bristles are soft enough to massage the gums and scratch the enamel
it is conceivable that broxodent could do a better job than ordinary brushing especially in those who do brush their teeth properly
several dentists and patients with special dental problems have experimented with the device
the results were good although they are difficult to compare with hand brushing particularly when the individual knows how to brush his teeth properly
the electric gadget is most helpful when there are many crowned teeth and in individuals who are elderly bedfast with a chronic disease or are handicapped by disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
but for many of us it will prove an enjoyable luxury
it is as convenient as the old type toothbrush and the paste tends to shimmy off the bristles
since the apparatus is new it requires experimentation and changes in technique
writes does numbness in the left hand at night which awakens the person indicate brain tumor
this is a common symptom and the cause usually is pressure on the nerve leading to the affected hand
the pressure may come from muscles tendons or bones anywhere from the neck to the hand
writes do steam baths have any health value
no other than cleaning out the pores and making the sweat glands work harder
an ordinary hot bath or shower will do the same
sewing brings numbness
writes what makes my hands numb when sewing
there are many possibilities including poor circulation a variety of neurological conditions and functional disorders
this manifestation may be an early sign of multiple sclerosis or the beginning of sewer 's cramp
brace for sciatica
writes does a brace help in sciatica
a back brace might help depending upon the cause of sciatica
cholesterol and thyroid
writes does the cholesterol go down when most of the thyroid gland is removed
it usually goes up
the cholesterol level in the blood is influenced by the glands of the body
it is low when the thyroid is overactive and high when the gland is sluggish
the latter is likely to occur when the thyroid is removed
the gap between the bookshelf and the record cabinet grows smaller with each new recording catalogue
there 's more reading and instruction to be heard on discs than ever before although the spoken rather than the sung word is as old as thomas alva edison 's first experiment in recorded sound
edison could hardly have guessed however that sophocles would one day appear in stereo
if the record buyer 's tastes are somewhat eclectic or even the slightest bit esoteric he will find them satisfied on educational records
and he will avoid eye-strain in the process
everything from poetry to phonetics history to histrionics philosophy to party games has been adapted to the turntable
for sheer ambition take the decca series titled modestly wisdom
volumes one and two selected from the sound tracks of a television series contain conversations with the elder wise men of our day
these sages include poet carl sandburg statesman jawaharlal nehru and sculptor jacques lipchitz in volume one and playwright sean o'casey david ben-gurion philosopher bertrand russell and the late frank lloyd wright in the second set
hugh downs is heard interviewing wright for an added prestige fillip
there 's more specialization and a narrower purpose in two albums recently issued by dover publications
dover publishes what the company calls listen and learn productions designed to teach foreign languages
previous presentations have been on french spanish russian italian german and japanese
but the firm has recognized the tight dollar and the tourist 's desire to visit the smaller less-traveled and relatively inexpensive countries and is now prepared to teach modern greek and portuguese through recordings
the respective vocabularies essential for travel are available in separate albums
thanks to spoken arts records history buffs may hear lincoln 's most memorable speeches and letters in a two-disc set interpreted by lincoln authority and lecturer roy p. basler
as a contemporary bonus the set includes carl sandburg 's address at a joint session of congress delivered on lincoln 's birthday two years ago
for those who like poetry but never get around to reading it the library of congress makes it possible for poets to be heard reading their own work
the program was instituted in #### and releases are available only from the recording laboratory of the library of congress washington ## d.c.
a catalogue is available on request
newest on the list are john ciardi w. d. snodgrass i. a. richards oscar williams robert hillyer john hall wheelock stephen vincent benet edwin muir john peal bishop and maxwell bodenheim
two poets are paired on each record in the order given above
decca is the only large commercial company to impart instruction
rca victor has an ambitious and useful project in a stereo series called adventures in music which is an instructional record library for elementary schools
howard mitchell and the national symphony perform in the first two releases designed for grades one and two
teaching guides are included with each record
in an effort to fortify himself against the unforseen upsets sure to arise in the future herbert a. leggett banker-editor of the phoenix arizona progress reflects upon a few of the depressing experiences of the feverish fifties
one of the roughest was the tv quiz shows which gave him inferiority complexes
though it was a great relief when the big brains on these shows turned out to be frauds and phonies it did irreparable damage to the ego of the editor and many another intelligent well-informed american
but the one that upset the financially wise was the professional dancer who related in a book how he parlayed his earnings into a $#,###,### profit on the stock market
every man who dabbles in the market to make a little easy money on the side and suffers losses could at the time hardly face his wife who was wondering how her husband could be so dumb
investors breathed more freely when it was learned that this acrobatic dancer had turned magician and was only doing a best seller book to make some dough
people who take us for suckers are like the westerner who had on exhibit his superior marksmanship in the form of a number of bull's-eye achievements
the promoter who wanted to sign him up for the circus asked him how he was able to do it
his answer was simple but honest
he just shot at the board and then drew circles around the holes to form a bull's-eye
one of the obstacles to the easy control of a #-year-old child is a lack of verbal communication
the child understands no
he senses his mother 's disapproval
but explanations leave him confused and unmoved
if his mother loves him he clings to that love as a ballast
it motivates his behavior
he wants mommy to think him a good boy
he doesn't want her to look frowningly at him or speak to him angrily
this breaks his heart
he wants to be called sweet good considerate and mother 's little helper
but even mother 's loving attitude will always prevent misbehavior
his desires are so strong that he needs constant reassurance of his mother 's love for him and what she expects of him in order to overcome them
his own inner voice which should tell him what to do has developed
it won't develop until he has words with which to clothe it
the conscience is non-existent in the #-year-old
what can a mother do then to prevent misbehavior
she can decrease the number of temptations
she can remove all knick-knacks within reach
the fewer nos she has to utter the more effective they will be
she should offer substitutes for the temptations which seem overwhelmingly desirable to the child
if he can't play with mommy 's magazines he should have some old numbers of his own
if daddy 's books are out of bounds his own picture books are
toys he has can be made to act as substitutes for family temptations such as refrigerator and gas stove
during this precarious period of development the mother should continue to influence the growth of the child 's conscience
she tells him of the consequences of his behavior
if he bites a playmate she says danny won't like you
if he snatches a toy she says caroline wants her own truck just as you do
there is no use trying to explain to a #-year-old
actions speak louder
remove the child from the scene of his misbehavior
substitute approved objects for forbidden ones and keep telling him how he is to act
he won't submit to his natural desires all the time and it 's mother 's love that is responsible for his good behavior
this is the period during the melancholy days of autumn when universities and colleges schedule what they call homecoming day
they seek thereby to lure the old grad back to the old scenes
the football opponent on homecoming is of course selected with the view that said opponent will have little more chance than did a christian when thrown to one of the emperor 's lions
it is true of course the uncertainties of life being what they are that as now and then the christian killed the lion homecoming days have been ruined by a visiting team
even with all possible precaution homecomings are usually rather cruel and sad and only the perpetually ebullient and the continually optimistic are made happy by them
more often than as the old grad wanders along the old paths his memory of happy days when he strolled one of the paths with a coed beside him becomes an ache and a pain
he can smell again the perfume she wore and recall the lilting sound of laughter and can smell again the aroma of autumn fallen leaves the wine of cool air and the nostalgia of woodsmoke which blows through all the winds of fall
it is at precisely such moments that he encounters a couple of undergraduates faces alight holding hands and talking happily as they come along oblivious of him or throwing him the most fleeting and casual of glances such as they would give a tethered goat
usually they titter loudly after they have passed by
his dream goes
he feels suddenly the weight of the fat that is on him
his bridgework or his plates feel loose and monstrous
his bifocals blur
his legs suddenly feel heavy and unaccountably weary as if he had walked for miles instead of strolling a few hundred yards along the old campus paths
bitterness comes over him and the taste of time is like unripe persimmons in his mouth
it is much better if he meets with old classmates
too often unless he hails them they pass him by
he recalls with a wry smile the wit who said on returning from a homecoming reunion that he would never go again because all his class had changed so much they didn't even recognize him
if they do meet and recognize one another slap backs and embrace the moment soon is done
after all when one has asked whatever became of old joe and charlie when one has inquired who it was sue brown married and where it is they now live when questions are asked and answered about families and children and old professors when the game and its probable outcome has been exhausted that does it
by then one begins to notice the middle-age spread
the gray hairs the eyeglasses bodies that are too thin or too heavy
the fading signs of old beauty
the athlete of by-gone years who wears a size ## suit and puffs when he has finished a sentence of any length then it is time to break it up and move on
it is if anything worse on the old player
he sits in the stands and he doesn't like that
enough of his life was spent there on the field for him never to like watching the game as a spectator in the crowd
he always feels lonely
a team feels something
on a team a man feels he is a part of it and akin to the men next to him
in the stands he is lonely and lost no matter how many are about him
he sits there remembering the tense moment before the ball was snapped
the churning of straining feet the rasp of the canvas pants
the smell and feel of hot wet woolen sleeves across his face
he remembers the desperate panting breath
the long runs on the kick-offs
the hard jolting tackles
the desperate agony of goal-line stands
and so he squirms with each play remembering his youth
but it is no use
it is gone
no matter how often a man goes back to the scenes of his youth and strength they can never be recaptured again
since the obvious is always true the republican national committee wisely analyzed its defeat of last autumn and finds that it occurred as suspected in the larger cities
of ## cities with populations of ###,### and more mr. kennedy carried ## and mr. nixon ##
there are eight states in which the largest urban vote can be the balance of power in any close election
these are new york pennsylvania michigan maryland missouri new jersey illinois and minnesota
in #### mr. eisenhower won all but missouri
yet in #### all eight gave majorities to mr. kennedy
republican research broke down the vote in philadelphia
mr. nixon despite a very earnest effort to capture the minority groups failed to do so
his visit to warsaw poland after the russian journey in the summer of #### was expected to win the polish vote which in several cities is substantial
yet the gop breakdown discovered that in philadelphia mr. nixon received but ## per cent of the so-called polish vote
## per cent of the irish vote and ## per cent of the negro vote
a gop task force committee will seek to find out how its party may win support from the ethnic and minority groups in cities
the task force might make a start in washington with republican congressional leaders
these gentlemen already have done the party harm by their seeming reluctance to vote aid for the depressed areas and by their criticism of mr. kennedy for talking about a recession and unemployment
this error was compounded by declaring the recession to be a statistical one and a reality
the almost six million persons without jobs and the two million working part-time do consider themselves and their plight as statistical
they did view the tour of the distressed cities and towns by secretary of labor goldberg as politics which the gop declared it to be
the people visited were glad to have a government with heart enough to take an interest in their misery
senator mundt 's gross distortion of president eisenhower 's conversation into a denunciation of president kennedy as too left wing a statement mr. eisenhower declared to be entirely false is another case in point
if the republicans and southern democrats join to defeat medical care for the old under the social security program they will thereby erect still another barrier to gop hopes in the cities
the present republican leadership as practiced by mundt goldwater bridges dirksen et al is repeating the errors of the party leadership of the ####s
in that decade the partisan zeal to defend mr. hoover and the party 's failure to anticipate or cope with the depression caused a great majority of americans to see the republican party as cold and lacking in any sympathy for the problems of human beings caught up in the distress and suffering brought on by the economic crash
the republican party was lacking in humanity but it permitted its extremely partisan leadership to make it appear devoid of any consideration for people in trouble
farmers called their mule-drawn pickup trucks hoover carts
smokers reduced to the makings spoke of the sack tobacco as hoover dust
one may be sure the present republican congressional leadership hasn't meant to repeat this error
but it is in the process of so doing because it apparently gives priority to trying to downgrade john f. kennedy
that this is good politics is underscored by the latest poll figures which show that ## per cent of the people like the way in which the new president is conducting the nation 's business
the most articulate republicans are those who in their desire to get back at mr. kennedy already have created the image of a republican leadership which is reluctant to assist the distressed and the unemployed and which is even more unwilling to help old people who need medical care
if they also defeat the school bill the gop task force won't have much research to do
it will early know why the party won't win back city votes
the #### general assembly has important business to consider
the tragedy is that it will be able to transact that business in any responsible manner
after the griffin-byrd political troup has completed the circuit in november in the name of a pre-legislative forum this is going to be the most politically oriented legislature in history
every legislator from brasstown bald to folkston is going to have his every vote subjected to the closest scrutiny as a test of his political allegiances his convictions
hoped-for legislative action on adjustment of the county unit system stands less chance than ever
and just how far can the legislature go toward setting up a self-insurance system for the state in the midst of a governor 's race
how unpartisan will be the recommendations of lt. gov. garland byrd 's senate committee on government operations
the situation already was bad because the legislature moved the governor 's race forward a few months causing the campaigning to get started earlier than usual
but when former gov. marvin griffin and lt. gov. byrd accepted the invitations of the georgia state chamber of commerce to join the tour next november the situation was aggravated
neither had a choice other than to accept the invitation
to have refused would have been political suicide
and it may be that one or both men actually welcomed the opportunity when the bravado comments are cast aside
the georgia state chamber of commerce tried to guard against the danger of eliminating potential candidates
it wanted the state democratic executive committee to pick the serious candidates
but state party chairman james gray of albany said no and he didn't mince any words
they are just asking too much he said
we can't think of anyone else who would want to separate serious candidates from other candidates either
there are other dangers
politics is an accelerating game
if an opponent accuses you of lying don't deny it
say he is a horse thief runs an old adage
these men are spenders
if either one ever started making promises there is no telling where the promises would end
griffin 's rural roads authority and byrd 's ##,### miles of county contracts would look like pauper 's oaths
the trouble is that at first glance the idea looks like such a good one
why have them travel the state in november debating
it would present a forum for them in almost every community
but further thought brings the shuddery visions of a governor 's race being run in the next legislature the spectre of big spending programs the ooze of mudslinging before the campaign should even begin
there is a way out of this
the chamber has arranged a pre-legislative forum
it has arranged a campaign for governor
if it will simply delay the debates until the qualifications are closed next spring and then carry all the candidates on a tour of debates it can provide a service to the state
but the legislature should be granted the opportunity to complete its work before choosing up sides for the race
former british prime minister attlee says eisenhower was a great soldier
ike 's somewhat like george washington
both won a pretty fair-sized war with a modest assist from british strategy
congressmen returning from recess say the people admire president kennedy so much they're even willing to heed his call to sacrifice and give up his program
slogan of the john birch society paddle your own canoe
the guy who makes the motor boats may be a communist
a republican survey says kennedy won the '## election on the religious issue
too many people were afraid if the gop won they'd have to spend all their time praying
the providence journal editorial jan. ## entitled east greenwich faces a housing development problem points to a dilemma that faces communities such as ours
your suggested solution it seems to me is grossly oversimplified and is inconsistent with your generally realistic attitude toward and endorsement of sound planning
first of all there is ample area in east greenwich already zoned in the classification similar to that which petitioner requested
this land is in various stages of development in several locations throughout the town
the demand for these lots can be met for some time to come
this would seem to indicate that we are trying neither to halt an influx of migrants nor are we setting up such standards for development that only the well-to-do could afford to buy land and build in the new sites
what we are attempting to do is achieve and maintain a balance between medium density and low density residential areas and industrial and commercial development
it is in fact entirely consistent with your suggestion of modest industrial development to help pay governmental costs
bostitch inc. is approximately half way through a ##-year exemption of their real estate tax
the wisdom of granting such tax exemptions is another matter but this particular instance is in my opinion completely satisfactory
the #### tax book for east greenwich indicates a valuation for this property in excess of two million dollars
with our current $# per hundred tax rate it is safe to assume that this will qualify when you suggest a community should try to develop a modest industrial plant as the best way to meet these problems
in order to attract additional industry that is compatible with this community it is all the more important to present to the industrial prospect an orderly balance in the tax structure
as this tax base grows so then can your medium and low density residential areas grow
mr. richard preston executive director of the new hampshire state planning and development commission in his remarks to the governors conference on industrial development at providence on october # #### warned against the fallacy of attempting to attract industry solely to reduce the tax rate or to underwrite municipal services such as schools when he said if this is the fundamental reason for a community 's interest or if this is the basic approach success if any will be difficult to obtain
he went on to say in the first place industry per se is dedicated to the role of savior of foundering municipalities
it is in business for the purpose of absorbing increased municipal costs no matter how high a purpose that may be
while councilman olson cited the anticipated increase in school costs in answer to a direct question from a taxpayer the impact upon a school system does have to be measured only in increased taxes to find alarm in uncontrolled growth
we in east greenwich have the example of two neighboring communities one currently utilizing double sessions in their schools and the other facing this prospect next year
it has already been reported in your newspapers that the east greenwich school committee is considering additions to at least one elementary school and to the high school to insure future accommodations for a school population that we know will increase
if they are to be commended for foresight in their planning what then is the judgment of a town council that compounds this problem during the planning stage
where then is the sound planning and cooperation between agencies within the community that you have called for in other editorials
i submit that it cannot be dismissed simply by saying we are facing the facts of life
the fruitful course of metropolitanization that you recommend is currently practiced by the town of east greenwich and had its inception long before we learned what it was called
for example #
the east greenwich police department utilizes the radio transmission facilities of the warwick police department thereby eliminating duplication of facilities and ensuring police coordination in the cowessett-east greenwich-potowomut area of the two communities
the east greenwich fire district services parts of warwick as well as east greenwich
the taxpayers of east greenwich appropriate sums of money as do other kent county communities for the support of the kent county memorial hospital a regional facility
the east greenwich free library receives financial support from the town of east greenwich and the city of warwick to supplement its endowment
feelers were put out last year to the city of warwick as reported in your newspapers suggesting investigation of a common rubbish disposal area to service the potowomut and cowessett areas of warwick along with east greenwich
east greenwich was one of the first rhode island towns to enter into contract agreement with the rhode island development council for planning services we could provide for ourselves
the education program for retarded children conducted by the east greenwich school system has pupils from at least one neighboring community
i feel compelled to write this because i am greatly concerned with the problem of community growth rate and the relation between types of growth in a town such as east greenwich
i believe it is an area in which professional planners have failed to set adequate guide posts
and yet they cannot ignore this problem because it concerns the implementation of nearly all the planning programs they have devised
these programs are volumes of waste paper and lost hours if the citizens of a community must stand aside while land developers tell them when where and in what manner the community shall grow
we have far less to fear in the migrant family than we have in the migrant developer under these conditions
until professional planners meet this situation squarely and update the concepts of zoning in a manner acceptable to the courts i hope we in east greenwich can continue to shape our own destiny
i would like very much on behalf of my husband and myself to send our eternal thanks to all the wonderful people responsible for the gabrielle fund
it is indeed true as stated in the famous novel of our day for whom the bell tolls that no man is an island entirely of itself
every man is a piece of the continent a part of the main
thanks to the generosity of mr. irving j. fain president of the temple beth el
rev. dewitt clemens pastor of the mathewson street methodist church
mr. felix miranda of the imperial knife co.
and to mrs. rozella switzer regional director of the national conference of christians and jews who asked them to serve as a committee for the fund
it is through them that we have become aware of the divine humanity in man and therefore that most people are noble helpful and good
bless you my friends for it is through love and service that brotherhood becomes a reality
i am a sophomore at mount pleasant high school
my future plans are to become a language teacher
of course having this desire i am very interested in education
a few weeks ago i read in the bulletin that there were to be given chinese classes in cranston
the article also said that a person had to be ## years old or over and must be going to high school to attend these classes
the following week i read in the sunday paper that the students of russia begin european and asian languages in the seventh grade
i wish you could see the situation as i see it
if russian pupils have to take these languages how come american students have a choice whether or to take a language but have to face so many exceptions
i do think that america is like russia in the least
i am proud of my country the small city i live in my wonderful parents my friends and my school
but i am also a young able and willing girl who wants to study the chinese language but is old enough
then people wonder why russian pupils are more advanced than american students
well there lies your answer
at the height of the first snowstorm we had it was impossible for me to get medical attention needed during an emergency
however the east providence rescue squad made its way through to my home in time of desperation
words cannot tell of the undivided attention and comfort their service gave to me
the concern they felt for me was such as i shall never forget and for which i will always be grateful
the rescue squad is to be praised immensely for the fine work they do in all kinds of weather
had they gotten me to the hospital when they did perhaps i would be here to commend them at this time
many thanks for a job well done
the providence sunday journal article jan. ## asking whether american taxpayers are being victimized by a gigantic giveaway to pay for the care of war veterans who have non-service-connected disabilities sounds as though the providence journal is desperate for news
usually a veteran has to hang himself to get space on the front page
on the question of admission to veterans administration hospitals of service-connected and non-service-connected disabled veterans it must be recognized that there are many men who are greatly affected by war service
it can manifest itself before discharge from service or it can come out years later
there is one other point we should never lose sight of many veterans who enter va hospitals as non-service cases later qualify as service-connected
no psychiatrist could tell me that the experience in a war can have its effect in the ensuing years
the arguments advanced by those individuals and groups who oppose the system in force and who would drastically curtail or do away entirely with hospital care for the non-service-connected case seem to be coldly impractical and out-of-step with the wishes of the general public
i believe in priority for service-connected disabled veterans in admission to va hospitals
but i don't believe we should close the door on non-service-connected patients
this matter is of great importance and the outcome may mean the difference between life or death or at least serious injuries for many veterans
some critics say that the length of stay in a hospital is too long
there 's a reason for this length of stay
first of all the admitting physician in the va hospital gets the patient as a new patient
he has no experience with this veteran 's previous medical record
if the doctor is conscientious he wants to study the patient
as a result it takes a little longer than it would on the outside where the family physician knows about the patient
secondly the va physician knows that when the patient leaves the hospital he is no longer going to have a chance to visit his patient
so he keeps the veteran in until he can observe the effects of treatment or surgery
the american public must be presented with the facts concerning va hospitalization
the public should understand that whether they support a state hospital or a va hospital the tax dollar has to be paid one way or the other
the responsibility is still going to be there whether they pay for a va hospital or the tax dollar is spent for the state hospital
an adequate system of va hospitals is better equipped to care for the veterans than any ## state hospitals
it seems that open season upon veterans' hospitalization is once more upon us
the american medical association is once again grinding out its tear-soaked propaganda based upon the high cost of the veterans administration medical program to the american taxpayer
do they the a.m.a. offer any solution other than outright abolition of a medical system unsurpassed anywhere in the world
we veterans acknowledge the fact that as time passes the demand for medical care at va hospitals will grow proportionately as age fosters illness
nevertheless we wonder at the stand of the a.m.a. on the health problem confronting the aged
they opposed the forand bill which would have placed the major burden of financial support upon the individual himself through compulsory payroll deduction
yet they supported the eisenhower administration which will cost a small state like ours approximately five million dollars matched incidentally by a federal grant to initiate
a lousy job
chicago , aug. #
no doubt there have been moments during every presidency when the man in the white house has had feelings of frustration exasperation exhaustion and even panic
this we can sympathetically understand
but no president ever before referred to his as a lousy job as walter trohan recently quoted president kennedy as doing in conversation with sen. barry goldwater
during his aggressive campaign to win his present position mr. kennedy was vitriolic about this country 's prestige abroad
what does he think a remark like this lousy one does to our prestige and morale
if the president of the united states really feels he won himself a lousy job then heaven help us all
evansville , ind. , aug. #
defense secretary robert s. mcnamara has asked congress for authority and funds to build fallout shelters costing about ### million dollars
why should congress even consider allowing such a sum for that which can give no protection
top scientists have warned that an area hit by an atomic missile of massive power would be engulfed in a suffocating fire storm which would persist for a long time
the scientists have also warned that no life above ground or underground sheltered or unsheltered could be expected to survive in an area at least ## miles in diameter
this sum spent for foreign economic aid the peace corps food for peace or any other program to solve the problems of the underdeveloped countries would be an investment that would pay off in world peace increased world trade and prosperity for every country on the globe
let us prepare for peace instead of for a war which would mean the end of civilization
short shorts on the campus
chicago , aug. #
it seems college isn't what it should be
i refer to the attire worn by the students
upon a visit to a local junior college last week i was shocked to see the young ladies wearing short shorts and the young men wearing bermuda shorts
is this what our children are to come face to face with when they are ready for college in a few years
education should be uppermost in their minds but with this attire how can anyone think it is so
it looks more like they are going to play at the beach instead of taking lessons on bettering themselves
high school students have more sense of the way to dress than college students
many high school students go past my house every day and they look like perfect ladies and gentlemen
no matter how hot the day they are dressed properly and in shorts
chicago , aug. #
the granting of the jan masaryk award august ## to senator paul douglas is a bitter example of misleading minorities
douglas has consistently voted to aid the people who killed masaryk and against principles masaryk died to uphold
douglas has voted for aid to communists and for the destruction of individual freedom public housing foreign aid etc.
subsidies from cta
oak park aug. #
in today 's voice the cta is urged to reduce fares for senior citizens
rising costs have increased the difficulties of the elderly and i would be the last to say they should receive consideration
but why is it the special responsibility of the cta to help these people
why should cta regular riders subsidize reduced transportation for old people any more than the people who drive their own cars or walk to work should
the welfare of citizens old and young is the responsibility of the community only of that part of it that rides the aj
cta regulars already subsidize transportation for school children policemen and firemen
chicago , aug. #
in reply to a letter in today 's voice urging the sale of meat after # p.m. i wish to state the other side of the story
i am the wife of the owner of a small independent meat market
my husband 's hours away from home for the past years have been from # a.m. to # p.m. the early part of the week and as late as # or # on week-ends
now he is apparently expected to give up his evenings and sundays too for this is coming
there is a trend to packaging meat at a central source freezing it and shipping it to outlying stores where meat cutters will be required
if a customer wishes a special cut it will be available
we are slowly being regimented to having everything packaged whether we want it or
most women in this age of freezers shop for the entire week on week-ends when prices are lower
also many working wives have children or husbands who take over the shopping chores for them
independent market owners work six days a week
and my husband hasn't had a vacation in ## years
no we are greedy
but if we closed the store for a vacation we would lose our customers to the chain stores in the next block
the meat cutters' union which has a history of being one of the fairest and least corrupt in our area represents the little corner markets as well as the large supermarkets
what it is trying to do is to protect the little man too as well as trying to maintain a flow of fresh meat to all stores with choice of cut being made by the consumer the store
the legion convention and sidney holzman
chicago , aug. #
i too congratulate the american legion of which i am proud to have been a member for more than ## years on the recent state convention
i regret that bertha madeira today 's voice obtained incorrect information
had i been granted the floor on a point of personal privilege the matter she raised would have been clarified
the resolution under discussion at the convention was to require the boards of election to instruct judges to properly display the american flag
judges under the jurisdiction of the chicago board of election commissioners are instructed to do this
the resolution further asked that polling place proprietors affix an attachment to their premises for the display of the flag
it was my desire to advise the membership of the legion that the majority of polling places are on private property and without an amendment to the law we could enforce this
my discussion with reference to the resolution was that we should commend those citizens who serve as judges of election and who properly discharge their duty and polling place proprietors who make available their private premises and by innuendo criticize them
at no time did i attempt to seek approval or commendation for the members of the chicago board of election commissioners for the discharge of their duties
teaching the handicapped
chicago , aug. #
the illinois commission for handicapped children wishes to commend the recent announcement by the catholic charities of the archdiocese of chicago and depaul university of the establishment of the institute for special education at the university for the training of teachers for physically handicapped and mentally retarded children
in these days of serious shortage of properly trained teachers qualified to teach physically handicapped and mentally handicapped children the establishment of such an institute will be a major contribution to the field
the illinois commission for handicapped children which for ## years has had the responsibility of coordinating the services of tax supported and voluntary organizations serving handicapped children of studying the needs of handicapped children in illinois and of promoting more adequate services for them indeed welcomes this new important resource which will help the people of illinois toward the goal of providing an education for all of its children
from candlelight club
minneapolis , aug. #
i just want to let you know how much i enjoyed your june ## article on liberace and to thank you for it
please do put more pictures and articles in about liberace as he is truly one of our greatest entertainers and a really wonderful person
more school , less pay
chicago , aug. #
is this perhaps one of the things that is wrong with our country
engineering graduates of illinois institute of technology are reported receiving the highest average starting salaries in the school 's history $### a month
my son who has completed two years in engineering school has a summer job on a construction project as an unskilled laborer
at a rate of $#.## an hour he is now earning approximately $### a month
ironic is it that after completing years of costly scientific training he will receive a cut in pay from what he is receiving as an ordinary unskilled laborer
the dupont case
editorial comment on this letter appears elsewhere on this page
washington , aug. #
your july ## editorial regarding the position of attorney general robert f. kennedy on prospective tax relief for dupont stockholders is based on an erroneous statement of fact
as a result your criticism of attorney general robert f. kennedy and the department of justice was inaccurate unwarranted and unfair
the editorial concerned legislative proposals to ease the tax burden on dupont stockholders in connection with the united states supreme court ruling that dupont must divest itself of its extensive general motors stock holdings
these proposals would reduce the amount of tax that dupont stockholders might have to pay from an estimated #.# billion dollars under present law to as little as ### million dollars
congressman wilbur d. mills chairman of the house ways and means committee asked the department of justice for its views on these legislative proposals as they related to anti-trust law enforcement
the attorney general responded by letter dated july ##
copies of this letter were made avaliable to the press and public
in this letter mr. kennedy made it clear that he limited his comment only to one consideration what effect the legislative proposals might have on future anti-trust judgments
there are a number of other considerations besides this one but it is for the congress the department of justice to balance these various considerations and make a judgment about legislation
yet your editorial said now the attorney general writes that no considerations justify any loss of revenue of this proportion
what mr. kennedy in fact wrote was it is the department 's view that no anti-trust enforcement considerations justify any loss of revenue of this proportion
the editorial by omitting the words anti-trust enforcement totally distorted mr. kennedy 's views
the headline is offensive particularly in view of the total inaccuracy of the editorial
wilmette , aug. #
i concur most heartily with today 's letter on the futility of writing to sen. dirksen and sen. douglas
but when you write to congresswoman church bless her heart your letter is answered fully and completely
should she disagree she explains why in detail
when she agrees you can rest assured her position will remain unchanged
i think we have the hardest working best representative in congress
downers grove , aug. #
a recent news story reported that frank sinatra and dean martin delayed ### airplane passengers ## minutes in london while they finished their drinks
they do our country great harm by such actions
those in the public eye should be good examples of american citizens while abroad
the plane should have started at the scheduled time and left sinatra and martin to guzzle
providence , aug. #
overt socialism means government ownership and management of a nation 's main industries
in covert socialism toward which america is moving private enterprise retains the ownership title to industries but government thru direct intervention and excessive regulations actually controls them
in order to attract new industries ## states or more are issuing tax free bonds to build government owned plants which are leased to private enterprise
this is a step toward overt socialism
issuing bonds for plant construction has brought new industries to certain regions
workers of the party
to the editor :
sir we are writing in reference to a recent suggestion made to the staff of the public health nursing service of jersey city registered professional nurses with college background and varying experiences
the day before election day to which we are entitled as a legal holiday we were informed to report to our respective polls to work as workers of the party
being ethical and professional people interested in community health and well-being we felt this wasn't a function of our position
such tactics reek of totalitarianism
as we understand this directive was given to all city and county employes
to our knowledge no nurse in our agency has been employed because of political affiliation
we therefore considered the suggestion an insult to our intelligence ethics bill of rights etc.
our only obligation for this day is to vote free of persuasion for the person we feel is capable in directing the public
this is our duty as nurses or city employes but as citizens of the united states
to the editor :
sir i read of a man who felt he should build a fallout shelter in his home because it would be selfish for him to sit secure while his neighbors had no shelters
does this man live in a neighborhood where all are free loaders unwilling to help themselves but ready to demand that the community help and protect them
community shelters are of course necessary for those having no space for shelter
if in a town of #,### private homes half of them have shelters the need for the community shelters will be reduced to that extent
in designing his home fallout shelter there is nothing to prevent a man from planning to shelter that home 's occupants plus-one so he will be able to take in a stranger
i hope the man who plans to sit on his hands until the emergency comes will have a change of heart will get busy and be the first member of our plus-one shelter club
to the editor :
sir people continue to inquire the reason for the race for outer space
it 's simple enough from my point of view
i am for it
it is the only method left for a man to escape from a woman 's world
to the editor :
sir when the colonies decided upon freedom from england we insisted through the declaration of independence that the nations of the world recognize us as a separate political entity
it is high time the united states began to realize that the god-given rights of men set forth in that document are applicable today to katanga
in the united nations charter the right of self-determination is also an essential principle
this again applies to katanga
the people of katanga had fought for and obtained their freedom from the communist yoke of antoine gizenga and his cohorts
by political economic geographic and natural standards they were justified in doing so
the united states and the u.n. denounce their own principles when they defend the communist oppressors and refuse to acknowledge the right of self-determination of the katangans
county college costs
to the editor :
sir permit me to commend your editorial in which you stress the fact that a program of county colleges will substantially increase local tax burdens and that taxpayers have a right to a clear idea of what such a program would commit them to
the bill which passed the assembly last may and is now pending in the senate should be given careful scrutiny
the procedure for determining the amounts of money to be spent by county colleges and raised by taxation will certainly startle many taxpayers
under the proposal the members of the board of trustees of a county college will be appointed
none will be elected
the trustees will prepare an annual budget for the college and submit it to the board of school estimate
this board will consist of two of the trustees of the college and the director and two members of the board of freeholders
it will determine the amount of money to be spent by the college and will certify this amount to the board of freeholders which shall appropriate in the same manner as other appropriations are made by it the amount so certified and the amount shall be assessed levied and collected in the same manner as moneys appropriated for other purposes
the approval of only three members of the board of school estimate is required to certify the amount of money to be allotted to the college
since two of these could be trustees of the college actually it would be necessary to have the consent of only one elected official to impose a levy of millions of dollars of tax revenue
this is taxation without representation
to the editor :
sir your editorial housing speedup is certainly the answer to our slum problems
the very rules and regulations in every city are the primary case of slum conditions
change our taxing law so that no tax shall be charged to any owner for additions or improvements to his properties
then see what a boom in all trades as well as slum clearance at no cost to taxpayers will happen
our entire economy will have a terrific uplift
to the editor :
sir an old man is kicked to death by muggers
the medical examiner states that death was due to natural causes
i once heard a comedian say that if you are killed by a taxicab in new york it is listed as death due to natural causes .
to the editor
sir every resident of this city should visit the newark museum and see the exhibit our changing skyline in newark
it will be at the museum until march ##
it is a revelation of what has been done what is being done and what will be done in newark as shown by architects' plans models and pictures
it shows what a beautiful city newark will become and certainly make every newarker proud of this city
it should also make him desire to participate actively in civic school and religious life of the community so that that phase of newark will live up to the challenge presented by this exhibit
to the editor :
sir i hasten to join in praise of the men in the toll booths on the garden state parkway
recently i traveled the parkway from east orange to cape may and i found the most courteous group of men you will find anywhere
one even gave my little dog a biscuit
it was very refreshing
deep peep show
the viewers of the deep peep show at ##th and m streets nw have an added attraction the view of a fossilized cypress swamp
twenty feet below the street level in the excavation of the new motel to be constructed on this site a black coal-like deposit has been encountered
this is a black swamp clay in which about one hundred million years ago cypress-like trees were growing
the fossilized remains of many of these trees are found embedded in the clay
some of the stumps are as much as three feet long but most of them have been flattened by the pressure of the overlying sediments
although the wood has been changed to coal much of it still retains its original cell structure
in the clay are entombed millions of pollen grains and spores which came from plants growing in the region at the time
these microfossils indicate the swamp was formed during the lower cretaceous period when dinosaurs were at their heyday and when the first flowering plants were just appearing
the ##th street deposit is to be confused with the nearby famous mayflower hotel cypress swamp on ##th street reported in the washington post august # #### which was probably formed during the second interglacial period and is therefore much younger
working for peace
recently the secretary of the friends committee on national legislation was interviewed on the air
while i respect his sincere concern for peace he made four points that i would like to question
he said let 's work for peace instead of protection from aggression
i would ask why do both
military power does cause war
war is the result of mistrust and lack of understanding between people
are we late especially those of us who call ourselves friends in doing enough about this lack of understanding
as to protection the speaker disapproved of shelters pointing out that fallout shelters would save everyone
is this a reason for saving no one
would the man with an empty life boat row away from a shipwreck because his boat could pick up everyone
the speaker suggested that the desolation of a post-attack world would be too awful to face
if the world comes to this wouldn't it be the very time when courage and american know-how would be needed to help survivors rebuild
many of our young people think it would
lastly the speaker decried our organized program of emergency help calling it civilian defense
in #### public law ### created civil defense different from civilian-groups of world war # a responsibility of the government at all levels to help reduce loss of life and property in disaster natural or manmade
far from creating fear as the speaker suggests preparedness knowing what to do in an emergency gives people confidence
civil defense has far to go and many problems to solve but is it in the best spirit of our pioneer tradition to be only willing but prepared to care for our own families and help our neighbors in any disaster storm flood accident or even war
pets in apartments
it seems rather peculiar that residents of apartments are denied the right of providing themselves with the protection and companionship of dogs
i feel that few burglars would be prone to break and enter into someone 's apartment if they were met with a good hardy growl that a dog would provide
in addition would the young female public of washington be afforded a greater degree of protection at night when they are on the streets if they were accompanied by a dog on a leash
i grant that the dog may be really protective based on his training but if you were roaming the streets looking for a purse to snatch or a young lady to molest how quick would you be to attack a person strolling with a dog
i would like to suggest that the landlords and commissioners get together and consider liberalizing the practice of prohibiting dogs in apartments
use the terraces of the capitol for a sidewalk cafe
could senator humphrey be serious in his proposal
is nothing in this country more sacred than the tourists' comfort
perhaps the idea of sidewalk cafes could be extended
the lincoln and jefferson memorials are rather bleak
why put a cafe in each so the tourists would have to travel too far to eat
unfortunately the cafes might make enough money to support themselves during the off season
as an added suggestion to balance the budget the government could sell advertising space on the washington monument
it is visible throughout the city and men from madison ave. would jump at the chance
sen. hubert humphrey is obviously a man with a soul and heart
he like most of us wants to be able to sit to contemplate and be moved by the great outdoors
let us have more benches and fewer forbidden areas around fountains and gardens
let us like the french have outdoor cafes where we may relax converse at leisure and enjoy the passing crowd
dissenting views of senators
two strong dissents from the majority report of the joint economic committee may # by senators proxmire and butler allege that the new deal fiscal policy of the thirties did work
for a neutral germany
soviets said to fear resurgence of german militarism
to the editor of the new york times :
for the first time in history the entire world is dominated by two large powerful nations armed with murderous nuclear weapons that make conventional warfare of the past a nullity
the united states and soviet russia have enough nuclear weapons to destroy all nations
recent statements by well-known scientists regarding the destructive power of the newest nuclear bombs and the deadly fall-outs should be sufficient to still the voices of those who advocate nuclear warfare instead of negotiations
president kennedy was right when he said we shall never negotiate out of fear and we never shall fear to negotiate
i have just returned from a seven-week trip to europe and the far east
it is quite evident that the people of western europe are overwhelmingly opposed to participation in a nuclear war
the fact is that the italians french and british know that they have no defense against nuclear bombs
we have no right to criticize them as they realize they would be sitting ducks in a nuclear war
we should stand firmly and courageously for our right to free access into berlin
it would be criminal folly if the communists tried to prevent us
but there is nothing we can do to stop soviet russia from granting de facto recognition to east germany
soviet russia has been invaded twice by german troops in a generation
in the last war russia lost more than ten million killed and its lands and factories were devastated
the truth is that communist russia fears the resurgence of german militarism
berlin is merely being used by moscow as a stalking horse
actually the communists out of fear of a united and armed germany would probably be willing to agree to a disarmed germany that would be united and neutral and have its independence guaranteed by the u.n.
if the communists are sincere in wanting a united neutral and disarmed germany it might well be advantageous for the german people in this nuclear age
it could provide security without cost of armaments and increase german prosperity and lessen taxation
france and other western european nations likewise fear a rearmed germany
if the german people favor such a settlement we should oppose germany following the example of austria
president kennedy has urged a peace race on disarmament that might be called operation survival which has many facets
why make a beginning with a united and disarmed germany whose neutrality and immunity from nuclear bombing would be guaranteed by the big four powers and the united states
a united germany freed of militarism might be the first step toward disarmament and peace in a terrorized and tortured world
meeting u.n. obligations
to the editor of the new york times :
in your editorial of sept. ## the smoldering congo you make the following comment far too many states are following the russian example in refusing to pay their assessments
it is up to the assembly to take action against them
they are violating their charter obligation the prescribed penalty for which is suspension of membership or expulsion
i would like to quote from the charter of the united nations
article ## section #
the general assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the organization
the expenses of the organization shall be borne by the members as apportioned by the general assembly
a member of the united nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the organization shall have no vote in the general assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years
the u.s.s.r. and her followers are careful in paying their obligations to the regular budget
but they refuse as do the arab states to support the united nations' expenses of maintaining the united nations emergency force in the middle east as a buffer between egypt and israel and the u.n. troops in the congo which expenses are covered by the regular budget of the united nations but by a special budget
according to the official interpretation of the charter a member cannot be penalized by having the right to vote in the general assembly for nonpayment of financial obligations to the special united nations' budgets and of course cannot be expelled from the organization which you suggested in your editorial due to the fact that there is no provision in the charter for expulsion
to aid international law
connally amendment 's repeal held step toward world order
to the editor of the new york times :
in your sept. ## editorial appraisal of the work of the first session of the eighty-seventh congress you referred to the lack of consciousness of destiny in a time of acute national and world peril
yet your list of things left undone did include repeal of the connally amendment to this country 's domestic jurisdiction reservation to its adherence to the statute of the international court of justice
the connally amendment says that the united states rather than the court shall determine whether a matter is essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the united states in a case before the world court to which the united states is a party
if the case is thus determined by us to be domestic the court has no jurisdiction
since the connally amendment has the effect of giving the same right to the other party to a dispute with the united states it also prevents us from using the court effectively
yet although the kennedy administration and the eisenhower administration before it have both declared themselves solidly for repeal of the connally amendment as contrary to our best interests no action has yet been taken
our destiny in these perilous times should be to lead strongly in the pursuit of peace with justice under law
to achieve this destiny acts as well as words are needed only acts that lead to physical strength but also acts that lead to strength based on right doing and respect
what better affirmative step could be taken to this end than repeal of the connally amendment an act which could expose the united states to no practical risk yet would put an end to our self-judging attitude toward the court enable us to utilize it and advance in a tangible way the cause of international law and order
we believe that the list of vital things left undone to date by the eighty-seventh congress should have included repeal by the senate of the connally amendment
for better subway services
to the editor of the new york times :
many home-bound subway riders utilizing the flushing-main street express are daily confronted with the sight of the local departing from the woodside station as their express comes to a stop leaving them stranded and strained
to the tens of thousands who must transfer to ride to seventy-fourth street and change for the ind this takes a daily toll of time and temper
the transit authority has recently placed in operation hold lights at bmt thirty-ninth and fifty-ninth street stations in brooklyn
this holds the local until the express passengers change trains
without question this time and temper saver should be immediately installed at the woodside station
phone service criticized
to the editor of the new york times :
as a business man i have to use the telephone constantly from three to four hours a day
in the last few years the telephone company has managed to automate many areas of their service
it has been any great mental effort on my part to keep up with this mechanization which has brought about new ways of dialing
however there are still several types of calls that necessitate the use of telephone operators
i have been absolutely shocked at the ineptness of the young ladies who are servicing person-to-person calls special long-distance calls etc.
either it is lack of training lack of proper screening when hiring lack of management or possibly lack of interest on the part of the telephone company which does have a government-blessed monopoly
to the editor :
i disagree with the writer who says funeral services should be government-controlled
the funeral for my husband was just what i wanted and i paid a fair price far less than i had expected to pay
but the hospitals and doctors should be
helping retarded children
to the editor :
recently i visited the very remarkable pilgrim school for retarded children
hazel park donates its recreation center five days a week to the school
there is no charge and no state aid
kiwanis american legion and other groups donate small sums and the mothers do what they can to bring in dollars for its support
there are ## children there and the mothers donate one day a week to the school
reading writing and simple arithmetic are taught along with such crafts as working in brass
they make beautiful objects
enough trading stamps were collected to buy a ##-passenger station wagon
southfield schools furnish an old ##-passenger bus the heater in which needs repair since some of the children ride a long distance and need the heat
the school is located at #-# mile road woodward heights
visitors are welcome to come see what these dedicated mothers can do
jobs for cavanagh
to the editor :
i was surprised at mayor miriani 's defeat but perhaps mayor-elect cavanagh can accomplish some things that should have been done years ago
maybe he can clean out the white elephants in some of the city departments such as welfare dpw and sanitation
negligence in garbage and rubbish collections and alley cleaning is great
he should put the police back to patrolling and walking the streets at night
there should be better bus service and all of our city departments and their various branches need a general and complete overhauling
our litterbug ordinances are enforced and i have yet to read of a conviction in a littering case
drunken truck drivers in the city departments should be weeded out
educate the city employes to give real service to the public
after all they are paid by the public they should be examples
church finds news features are helpful
to the editor :
at a recent meeting of the women 's association of the trumbull ave. united presbyterian church considerable use was made of material from the detroit news on the king james version of the new testament versus the new english bible
some members of the organization called attention also to the article on hymns of inspiration the daily prayer and three minutes a day as being very helpful
we feel that the detroit news is to be complimented upon arranging for articles on these subjects and we hope that it will continue to provide material along wholesome lines
to the editor :
thank you for the article by george sokolsky on the public apathy to impudence
how old do you have to be to remember when americans especially children were encouraged to be polite
why has this form of gentility gone out of american life
how can we old-fashioned parents who still feel that adults are due some respect from children battle the new type of advertising that appears on tv without denying the children the use of television entirely
writers of ads must get their inspiration from the attitude of modern parents they have observed
from necessity they are also inspired by the hard-sell attitude of the sponsor so finally it is the sponsor who must take the responsibility for the good or bad taste of his advertising
dunes park advocate
to the editor :
i commend senator hart for his brave fight to establish a national park in the dunes area
ghost town ? ?
to the editor of the inquirer :
i just wish to congratulate inspector trimmer and his efficient police troops in cleaning the city of those horrible automobiles
we have now a quiet city fewer automobiles less congestion and fewer retail customers shopping in center city
good for mr. trimmer
maybe he will help to turn our fair city into a ghost town
defends big trucks
to the editor of the inquirer :
i worked on the schuylkill expressway and if it had been for the big trucks carrying rock and concrete there wouldn't be an expressway
without these massive trucks highways would still be just an idea of the future
mr. george hough oct. ## sounds like a business man who waits until the last minute to leave his home or shop
the trucks today help pay for this highway
they try to keep within the speed limits
although today 's trucks are as fast as passenger cars a truck driver has to be a sensible person and guard against hogging the road
out of school at ##
to the editor of the inquirer :
the letter writer who suggested saving money by taking kids out of school at ## should have signed his letter simpleton instead of simplicitude
such kids only wind up among the unemployed on relief or in jail where they become a much bigger burden
there are lots of jobs available for trained high school graduates but for the dropouts
what we need is more vocational training in high schools more dropouts
to the editor of the inquirer :
i suppose i am missing some elementary point but i honestly cannot see how two wrongs can make a right
i am referring to this country conducting atmosphere tests of nuclear bombs just because russia is
will our bombs be cleaner or will their fallout be less harmful to future generations of children
if an atom bomb in #### could destroy an entire city surely the atomic arsenal we now have is more than adequate to fulfill any military objective required of it
as i see it if war starts and we survive the initial attack enough to be able to fight back the nuclear weapons we now have at least the bombs can inflict all the demage that is necessary
why do we need bigger and better bombs
i repeat two wrongs do make a right
to the editor of the inquirer :
everyone should take time to read martin luther 's hymn a mighty fortress is our god
especially the first half of the third verse
out of the race
to the editor of the inquirer :
to our everlasting shame we led the world in this nuclear arms race sixteen years ago when we dropped the first bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki
having led the world in this mad race i pray that we may have the wisdom and courage to lead it out of the race
are we to be the master of the atom or will the atom be our master and destroy us
why trust jagan ? ?
to the editor of the inquirer :
just because cheddi jagan new boss of british guiana was educated in the united states is no reason to think he isn't a red
we have quite a few home-grown specimens of our own
if we go all gooey over this newest castro until he proves he isn't we've got rocks in our heads
how many times must we get burned before we learn
russia and u.n.
to the editor of the inquirer :
just to remind the communists that the bombs dropped on japan were to end a war start one
the war could have continued many years with many thousands killed on both sides
intelligent people will admit that bombs and rockets of destruction are frightening whether they fall on japan london or pearl harbor
that is why the united nations was formed so that intelligent men with good intentions from all countries could meet and solve problems without resorting to war
russia has showed its intentions by exploding bombs in peace time to try to frighten the world
why aren't the soviets expelled from the u.n.
to the editor of the inquirer :
while better late than never may have certain merits the posthumous award of the nobel prize for peace to the late dag hammarskjold strikes me as less than a satisfactory expression of appreciation
had it been bestowed while the secretary general of the united nations was living unquestionably he would have been greatly encouraged in pursuing a difficult and in many ways thankless task
according to one report however mr. hammarskjold was considered too controversial a figure to warrant bestowal of the coveted honor last spring
actually of course that label controversial applied only because he was carrying out the mandate given him by the world organization he headed rather than following the dictates of the soviet union
at khrushchev 's door therefore can be placed the primary blame but also at fault are those who permitted themselves to be intimidated
it is well for us to remember that a wreath on a coffin never can atone for flowers withheld while they still can be enjoyed
as has happened so often in the past the ability to recognize true greatness has been inadequate and tardy
people to people
to the editor of the inquirer :
just a brief note of appreciation to vice president johnson and pakistani camel driver bashir ahmad for providing a first-class example of people to people good will
if only this could be done more often with such heartening results many of the earth 's big problems would shrink to the insignificances they really are
thanks for your good coverage of ahmad 's visit too
expressway answer : east river drive
to the editor of the inquirer :
your continuing editorials concerning the schuylkill expressway are valuable
however several pertinent considerations deserve recognition
one of the problems associated with the expressway stems from the basic idea
we shuffle a large percentage of the cars across the river twice
they start on the east side of the schuylkill have to cross over to the west to use the expressway and cross over again to the east at their destination
bridges tunnels and ferries are the most common methods of river crossings
each one of these is by its nature a focal point or a point of natural congestion
we should avoid these congestion points or putting it another way keep cars starting and ending on the east side of the river on the east side
this can be accomplished by several logical steps #
widen the east river drive at least one lane
so widen it as to minimize the present curves and eliminate drainage problems
paint continuous lane stripes and install overhead directional lights as on our bridges
one additional lane would then be directional with the traffic burden and effectively increase the traffic carrying capability of the east river drive by fifty percent
this could be accomplished without the tremendous expenditures necessitated by the schuylkill expressway and without destroying the natural beauty of the east river drive
shadow over washington square
to the editor of the inquirer :
i wish to advocate two drastic changes in washington square #
take away george washington 's statue
replace it with the statue of one or another of the world 's famous dictators
there 's no sense in being reminded of times that were
washington square seems part of a free land
it may remind one of russia china or east berlin
but it can't remind one of the freedom that washington and the continental soldiers fought for
the fairmount park commission will no doubt approve my two proposals because it is responsible for the change of ideological atmosphere in the square
the matter may seem a small thing to some people i know but it 's a very good start on the road to totalitarianism the commission has posted signs in washington square saying
the feeding of birds is prohibited in this square
fairmount park commission
does each tentacle of the octopus of city government reach out and lash at whatever it dislikes or considers an annoyance
if birds don't belong in a square or park what does
they are the most beautiful part of that little piece of nature
the trees are their homes
but the commission does share such sentiments
the whole official city apparently has an intense hatred toward birds
starlings and blackbirds are scared off by canon from city hall
just a preliminary measure
if any are left presently we may expect to see signs specifically prohibiting the feeding of them too
the city government is united in an all-out to-the-death drive to stamp out gangs delinquents thugs murderers rapists subversives
let every policeman and park guard keep his eye on john and jane doe lest one piece of bread be placed undetected and one bird survive
of course in this small way of forcing the people to watch as tiny and innocent and dependent creatures die because we're afraid to feed them and afraid to protest and say how come
what 's your motive
who wants this deed done
in this small way do the leaders of a city or of a nation inure the masses to watching or even inflicting torture and death upon even their fellow men
one means to help the birds occurs to me let the chimes that ring over washington square twice daily discontinue any piece of music but one
let them offer on behalf of those creatures whose melody has been the joy of mankind since time began the hymn abide with me
we will know and he will know to whom it is rendered what the birds would ask
not push-ups but stand-ups
to the editor of the inquirer :
there is a trend today to bemoan the fact that americans are too soft
unfortunately those who would remedy our softness seek to do so with calisthenics
they are working on the wrong part of our anatomy
it is our bodies but our hearts and heads that have grown too soft
ashamed of our wealth and power afraid of so-called world opinion and addicted to peace we have allowed our soft-heartedness to lead to soft-headed policies
when we become firm enough to stand for those ideals which we know to be right when we become hard enough to refuse to aid nations which do permit self-determination when we become strong enough to resist any more drifts towards socialism in our own nation when we recognize that our enemy is communism war and when we realize that concessions to communists do insure peace or freedom then and only then will we no longer be soft
america doesn't need to push-up she needs to stand up
disputes stans column business scandal views
to the editor :
the new column by maurice stans regarding business scandals is fair and accurate in most respects and his solution to the problem has some merit
however he states unequivocally the scandals in business are far less significant than the scandals in labor
i must in fairness take issue with his premise primarily because the so-called scandals in labor unions were very much connected with business scandals
the area most prominently commented on during the mcclellan hearings had to do with sweetheart contracts
these arrangements would have been impossible if the business community was truly interested in the welfare of its employes
a sweetheart arrangement can come about as often by employers doing the corrupting as by unscrupulous labor leaders demanding tribute
anyone familiar with the details of the mcclellan hearings must at once realize that the sweetheart arrangements augmented employer profits far more than they augmented the earnings of the corruptible labor leaders
further it should be recalled that some very definite steps were taken by congress to combat corruption in the labor movement by its passage of the landrum-griffin act
escalation unto death
the nuclear war is already being fought except that the bombs are being dropped on enemy targets yet
it is being fought moreover in fairly close correspondence with the predictions of the soothsayers of the think factories
they predicted escalation and escalation is what we are getting
the biggest nuclear device the united states has exploded measured some ## megatons although our b-##s are said to be carrying two ##-megaton bombs apiece
some time ago however mr. khrushchev decided that when bigger bombs were made the soviet union would make them
he seems to have at least a few ##- and ##-megaton bombs on hand since we cannot assume that he has exploded his entire stock
and now of course the hue and cry for counter-escalation is being raised on our side
khrushchev threatens us with a ###-megaton bomb
so be it then we must embark on a crash program for ###-megaton bombs of the common or hydrogen variety and neutron bombs which do exist but are said to be the coming thing
so escalation proceeds ad infinitum or more accurately until the contestants begin dropping them on each other instead of on their respective proving grounds
what is needed philip morrison writes in the cornell daily sun october ## is a discontinuity
the escalation must end sometime and probably quite soon
only a discontinuity can end it professor morrison writes
the discontinuity can either be that of war to destruction or that of diplomatic policy
morrison points out that since our country is more urbanized than the soviet union or red china it is the most vulnerable of the great powers europe of course must be written off out of hand
he feels therefore that to seek a discontinuity in the arms policy of the united states is the least risky path our government can take
his proposal is opposed to that of richard nixon governor rockefeller past chairmen strauss and mccone of the atomic energy commission dr. edward teller and those others now enjoying their hour of triumph in the exacerbation of the cold war
these gentlemen are calling for a resumption of testing in the atmosphere on the greatest possible scale all in the name of national security
escalation is their first love and their last
they will be faithful unto death
capable as their minds may be in some directions these guardians of the nation 's security are incapable of learning or even of observing
if this capacity had failed them they would see that their enemy has made a disastrous miscalculation
he has gained only one thing he has exploded a ##-megaton bomb and he probably has rockets with sufficient thrust to lob it over the shorter intercontinental ranges
but if his purpose was to inspire terror his action could hardly have miscarried more obviously
terror but anger and resentment have been the general reaction outside the soviet sphere
khrushchev himself is reported to be concerned by the surge of animosity he has aroused yet our own nuclear statesmen seem intent on following compulsively in his footsteps
when one powerful nation strives to emulate the success of another it is only natural
thus when the russians sent up their first sputnik american chagrin was human enough and american determination to put american satellites into orbit was perfectly understandable
but to imitate an opponent when he has made the mistake of his life would be a new high in statesmanlike folly
the tide turns
when east germans fled to the west by the thousands paeans of joy rose from the throats of western publicists
they are less vocal now when it is the west berliners who are migrating
the flood is as great only ### a week according to one apparently conservative account but it is symptomatic
west berlin morale is low and in age distribution the situation is unfavorable
nearly ## per cent of west berlin 's #,###,### residents are sixty-five or older only ##.# per cent are under fifteen
r. h. s. crossman m.p. writing in the manchester guardian states that departures from west berlin are now running at the rate of ### but of #,### a week and applications to leave have risen to #,### a week
the official statistics show that ## per cent are employed workers or independent professional people
whole families are moving and removal firms are booked for months ahead
the weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by ### arrivals each week from west germany but the hard truth says crossman is that the closing off of east berlin without interference from the west and with the use only of east german as distinct from russian troops was a major communist victory which dealt west berlin a deadly possibly a fatal blow
the gallant half-city is dying on its feet
another piece of evidence appears in a dispatch from bonn in the observer london
mark arnold-foster writes people are leaving west berlin because they think it is dying
they are leaving so fast that the president of the west german employers' federation issued an appeal this week to factory workers in the west to volunteer for six months' front-line work in factories in west berlin
berlin 's resilience is amazing but if it has to hire its labor in the west the struggle will be hard indeed
the handwriting is on the wall
the only hope for west berlin lies in a compromise which will bring down the wall and reunite the city
state department officials refusing to show their passes at the boundary and driving two blocks into east berlin under military escort will avail
tanks lined up at the border will be no more helpful
the materials for compromise are at hand the nation walter lippmann and other sober commentators see alan clark on p. ### have spelled them out again and again
a compromise will leave both sides without the glow of triumph but it will save berlin
or the city can be a graveyard monument to western intransigence if that is what the west wants
the removal of stalin 's body from the mausoleum he shared with lenin to less distinguished quarters in the kremlin wall is unprecedented in history
it is in fact a relatively mild chastisement of the dead
a british writer richard haestier in a book dead men tell tales recalls that in the turmoil preceding the french revolution the body of henry # who had died nearly ### years earlier was torn to pieces by a mob
and in england after the restoration the body of cromwell was disinterred and hanged at tyburn
the head was then fixed on a pole at westminster and the rest of the body was buried under the gallows
contemplating these posthumous punishments stalin should lose all hope
in #### parliament erected a statue to cromwell in westminster facing whitehall and there presumably he still stands
nikita khrushchev however has created yet another problem for himself
the lenin tomb is obviously adequate for double occupancy moscow is a crowded city and the creed of communism deplores waste
who will take stalin 's place beside lenin
there is karl marx of course buried in london
the macmillan government might be willing to let him go but he has been dead seventy-eight years and even the soviet morticians could make him look presentable
who then is of sufficient stature to lodge with lenin
who but nikita himself
since he has just shown who is top dog he may be ready to receive this highest honor in the gift of the soviet people
besides he can hardly avoid musing on the instability of death which what with exhumations and rehabilitations seems to match that of life
suppose he did lie beside lenin would it be permanent
if some future khrushchev decided to rake up the misdeeds of his revered predecessor would the factory workers pass the same resolutions applauding his dispossession
when a man is laid to rest he is entitled to stay put
if nikita buys a small plot in some modest rural cemetery everyone will understand
u thant of burma
the appointment of u thant of burma as the u.n. 's acting secretary general at this writing the choice appears to be certain offers further proof that in politics it is more important to have no influential enemies than to have influential friends
mongi slim of tunisia and frederick boland of ireland were early favorites in the running but france didn't like the former and the soviet union would have none of the latter
with the neutralists maintaining pressure for one of their own to succeed mr. hammarskjold u thant emerged as the only possible candidate unlikely to be waylaid by a veto
what is interesting is that his positive qualifications for the post were revealed only as a kind of tail to his candidacy
in all the bitter in-fighting the squabbles over election procedures the complicated numbers game that east and west played on the assistant secretaries' theme the gentleman from burma showed himself both as a man of principle and a skilled diplomat
he has moreover another qualification which augurs well for the future
he is a buddhist which means that to him peace and the sanctity of human life are only religious dogma but a profound and unshakable weltanschauung
u thant of course will hold office until the spring of #### when mr. hammarskjold 's term would have come to an end
whether the compromises on both sides that made possible the interim appointment can then be repeated remains to be seen
mr. khrushchev 's demand for a troika is dormant dead
the west may or remain satisfied with the kind of neutralism that u thant represents
in a sense the showdown promised by mr. hammarskjold 's sudden and tragic death has been avoided
no precedents have been set as yet
structurally the u.n. is still fluid vulnerable to the pressures that its new and enlarged membership are bringing to bear upon it
but at least the pessimists who believed that the world organization had plunged to its death in that plane crash in the congo have been proved wrong
to the hills , girls
no one who has studied the radical right can suppose that words are their sole staple in trade
these are mentalities which crave action and they are beginning to get it as messrs. salsich and engh report on page ###
even in areas where political connotations are deliberately
left vague the spirit of vigilantism is spreading
friends a picture magazine distributed by chevrolet dealers describes a paramilitary organization of employees of the gulf telephone company at foley alabama
if the day should ever come that foreign invaders swarm ashore along the gulf coast the account reads they can count on heavy opposition from a group of commando-trained telephone employees all girls
heavily armed and mobilized as a fast-moving civil defense outfit ## operators and office personnel stand ready to move into action at a minute 's notice
according to friends the unit was organized by john snook a former world war # commando who is vice president and general manager of the telephone company
the girls very fetching in their uniforms are shown firing rockets from a launcher mounted on a dump truck
they are also trained with carbines automatic weapons pistols rifles and other such ladies' accessories
this may be opera bouffe now but it will become more serious should the cold war mount in frenzy
the country is committed to the doctrine of security by military means
the doctrine has never worked
it is working now
the official military establishment can only threaten to use its nuclear arms
it cannot bring them into actual play
a more dangerous formula for national frustration cannot be imagined
as the civic temper rises the more naive citizens begin to play soldier but the guns are real
soon they will begin to hunt down the traitors they are assured are in our midst
all false gods resemble moloch at least in the early phases of their careers so it would be unreasonable to expect any form of idol-worship to become widespread without the accompaniment of human sacrifice
but there is reason in all things and in this country the heathenish cult of the motor-car is exceeding all bounds in its demands
the annual butchery of ##,### american men women and children to satiate its blood-lust is excessive
a quota of ##,### a year would be more than sufficient
no other popular idol is accorded even that much grace
if the railroads for example regularly slaughtered ##,### passengers each year the high priests of the cult would have cause to tremble for their personal safety for such a holocaust would excite demands for the hanging of every railroad president in the united states
but by comparison with the railroad the motor car is a relatively new object of popular worship so it is too much to hope that it may be brought within the bounds of civilized usage quickly and easily
yet it is plainly time to make a start and to be effective the first move should be highly dramatic without being fanatical
here then is what swift would have called a modest proposal by way of a beginning
from next new year 's day let us keep careful account of each successive fatality on the highways publicizing it on all media of communication
to avoid suspicion of bigotry let the hand of vengeance be stayed until the meat-wagon has picked up the twenty-five thousandth corpse
but let the twenty-five thousand and first butchery be the signal for the arrest of the ## state highway commissioners
then let the whole lot be hanged in a public mass execution on july # ####
the scene of course should be nine miles northwest of centralia illinois the geographical center of population according to the census
a special grandstand protected by awnings from the midsummer sun of illinois should be erected for occupancy by honored guests who should include the ambassadors of all those new african nations as yet quite convinced that the united states is thoroughly civilized
the band should play the rogues' march as a processional switching to hail columbia happy land
as the trap is sprung
independence day is the appropriate date as a symbolical reminder of the american article of faith that governments are instituted among men to secure to them certain inalienable rights the first of which is life and when any government becomes subversive of that end it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it
the highway system is an agency of government and when it grinds up ##,### americans every year the government is destroying its own taxpayers which is obviously a silly thing for any government to do
hanging the responsible officials would abolish the government but would emphasize its accountability for the lives of its individual citizens which would certainly alter it and definitely for the better
moreover the salubrious effects would be exclusively political but at least partially and perhaps primarily social
it would challenge sharply the cult of the motor car itself but some of its ancillary beliefs and practices for instance the doctrine that the fulfillment of life consists in proceeding from hither to yon for any advantage to be gained by arrival but merely to avoid the cardinal sin of stasis or as it is generally termed staying put
true the adherents of staying put are now reduced to a minor even a miniscule sect and their credo home-keeping hearts are happiest is as disreputable as socinianism
nonetheless although few in number they are a stubborn crew as tenacious of life as the hardshell baptists which suggests that there is some kind of vital principle embodied in their faith
perhaps there is more truth than we are wont to admit in the conviction of that ornament of tarheelia robert ruark 's grandfather who was persuaded that the great curse of the modern world is all this gallivantin'
in any event the yearly sacrifice of ##,### victims is a hecatomb too large to be justified by the most ardent faith
somehow our contemporary moloch must be induced to see reason
since appeals to morality to humanity and to sanity have had such small effect perhaps our last recourse is the deterrent example
if we make it established custom that whenever butchery on the highways grows excessive say beyond ##,### per annum then somebody is going to hang it follows that the more eminent the victim the more impressive the lesson
to hang ## governors might be preferable except that they are directly related to the highways
so all things considered the highway commissioners would seem to be elected
as the new clouds of radioactive fallout spread silently and invisibly around the earth the soviet union stands guilty of a monstrous crime against the human race
but the guilt is shared by the united states britain and france the other members of the atomic club
until moscow resumed nuclear testing last september # the us and uk had released more than twice as much radiation into the atmosphere as the russians and the fallout from the earlier blasts is still coming down
as it descends the concentration of radioactivity builds up in the human body
for a dose of radiation is like a flu virus which causes temporary discomfort and then dies
the effect of radiation is cumulative over the years and on to succeeding generations
so while we properly inveigh against the new poisoning history is likely to justify the pose of righteousness which some in the west were so quick to assume when mr. khrushchev made his cynical and irresponsible threat
shock dismay and foreboding for future generations were legitimate reactions
a holier-than-thou sermon was
on october ## after the soviets had detonated at least ## nuclear devices ambassador stevenson warned the un general assembly that this country in self protection might have to resume above-ground tests
more recently the chairman of the atomic energy commission dr. glenn t. seaborg admitted to a news conference in las vegas nevada that the us might fall behind russia he apparently meant in weapons development if the soviets continue to test in the atmosphere while we abstain
the trial balloons are afloat
all of which makes it more imperative than ever that the biological and genetic effects of fallout be understood
but for the average citizen unfortunately this is one of science 's worst-marked channels full of tricky currents and unknown depths
the scientists in and out of government do agree on some of the most vital points at least publicly
on the one hand the public health service declared as recently as october ## that present radiation levels resulting from the soviet shots do warrant undue public concern or any action to limit the intake of radioactive substances by individuals or large population groups anywhere in the aj
but the phs conceded that the new radioactive particles will add to the risk of genetic effects in succeeding generations and possibly to the risk of health damage to some people in the united states
then it added it is possible to determine how extensive these ill effects will be nor how many people will be affected
having hedged its bets in this way phs apparently decided it would be possible to make some sort of determination after all at present radiation levels and even at somewhat higher levels the additional risk is slight and very few people will be affected
then to conclude on an indeterminate note nevertheless if fallout increased substantially or remained high for a long time it would become far more important as a potential health hazard in this country and throughout the world
dr. linus pauling a nobel prize winner in chemistry has been less ambiguous whether you choose to agree with him or
after declaring in an article last month in frontier magazine that the russian testing carries with it the possibility of the most tragic consequences of any action in the history of the world he gave this estimate of the biologic and genetic consequences if the new soviet shots totaled ### megatons
the damage to human germ plasm would be such that in the next few generations ###,### children around the world would be born with gross physical or mental defects
long-lived carbon-## from the fusion process would cause four million embryonic neonatal or childhood deaths and stillbirths over the next ## generations and between ###,### and one million human beings now living would have their lives cut short by radiation-produced diseases such as leukemia
most of these would be in the northern hemisphere where the fallout is concentrating
pauling 's estimate of ### megatons yield from the present series of russian tests will probably turn out to be too high but a total of ### megatons is a distinct possibility
the lack of scientific unanimity on the effects of radiation is due in part to insufficient data covering large population groups from which agreed-on generalizations could be drawn
but more than one conscientious researcher has been inhibited from completely frank discussion of the available evidence by the less excusable fact that fallout has been made a political issue as well as a scientific problem
its dangerous effects have been downgraded to the public by some who believe national security requires further testing
an illustration of this attitude is found in john a. mccone 's letter to dr. thomas lauritsen reported in a note elsewhere in this issue of the new republic
to this day the atomic energy commission shies away from discussing the health aspects of fallout
a recent study on radiation exposure by the aec 's division of biology and medicine stated the question of the biological effect of radiation doses is considered herein
of course the aec is in a bind now
if it comes down too hard on the potential dangers of fallout it will box the president on resuming atmospheric tests
so the commission 's announcements of the new soviet shots have been confined to one or two bleak sentences with the fission yield usually left vague
now of course that the russians are the nuclear villains radiation is a nastier word than it was in the mid when the us was testing in the atmosphere
the prevailing official attitude then seemed to be that fallout if exactly good for you might be much worse than a bad cold
after a nuclear blast one bureaucrat suggested in those halcyon days about all you had to do was haul out the broom and sweep off your sidewalks and roof
things aren't that simple anymore
yet if washington gets too indignant about soviet fallout it will have to do a lot of fast footwork if america decides it too must start pushing up the radiation count
how much fallout will we get ? ?
as of october ## the aec had reported ## shots in the new soviet series ## of them in a megaton range including a super bomb with a yield of ## to ## megatons the equivalent of ## million to ## million tons of tnt
and president kennedy indicated there were one or two more than those reported
assuming the lower figure for the big blast and one shot estimated by the japanese at ## megatons a conservative computation is that the ## announced tests produced a total yield of at least ## megatons
some government scientists say privately that the figure probably is closer to ## megatons and that the full ##-megaton bomb that khrushchev mentioned may still be detonated
if the new soviet series has followed the general pattern of previous russian tests the shots were roughly half fission and half fusion meaning a fission yield of ## to ## megatons thus far
to this must be added the ## to ## megatons of fission yield produced between the dawn of the atomic age in #### and the informal three-power test moratorium that began in november ####
resuming atmospheric tests
one of the inescapable realities of the cold war is that it has thrust upon the west a wholly new and historically unique set of moral dilemmas
the first dilemma was the morality of nuclear warfare itself
that dilemma is as much with us as ever
the second great dilemma has been the morality of nuclear testing a dilemma which has suddenly become acute because of the present series of soviet tests
when this second dilemma first became obvious during the mid to late '## 's the united states appeared to have three choices
it could have unilaterally abandoned further testing on the grounds of the radiation hazard to future generations
it could have continued testing to the full on the grounds that the radiation danger was far less than the danger of communist world domination
or it could have chosen to find by negotiation some way of stopping the tests without loss to national security
this third choice was in fact made
with the resumption of soviet testing and their intransigence at the geneva talks however the hope that this third choice would prove viable has been shaken
once again the united states must choose
and once again the choices are much the same
only this time around the conditions are different and the choice is far harder
the first choice abandoning tests entirely would only be unpopular domestically but would surely be exploited by the russians
the second choice full testing has become even more risky just because the current soviet tests have already dangerously contaminated the atmosphere
the third choice negotiation presupposes as russian behavior demonstrates a great deal of wishful thinking to make it appear reasonable
we take the position however that the third choice still remains the only sane one open to us
it is by no stretch of the imagination a happy choice and the arguments against it as a practical strategy are formidable
its primary advantage is that it is a moral choice
one which should it fail will have contaminated the conscience
that is the contamination we most fear
leaving aside the choice of unilateral cessation of tests as neither sane nor clearly moral the question must arise as to why resumption of atmospheric tests on our part would be a good choice
for that is the one an increasingly large number of prominent americans are now proposing
in particular governor nelson rockefeller has expressed as cogently and clearly as anyone the case for a resumption of atmospheric tests
speaking recently in miami governor rockefeller said that to assure the sufficiency of our own weapons in the face of the recent soviet tests we are now clearly compelled to conduct our own nuclear tests
taking account of the fact that such a move on our part would be unpopular in world opinion he argued that the responsibility of the united states is to do confidently and firmly what is popular but what is right
what was missing in the governor 's argument as in so many similar arguments was a premise which would enable one to make the ethical leap from what might be militarily desirable to what is right
the possibility as he asserted that the russians may get ahead of us or come closer to us because of their tests does supply the needed ethical premise unless of course we have unwittingly become so brutalized that nuclear superiority is now taken as a moral demand
besides the lack of an adequate ethical dimension to the governor 's case one can ask seriously whether our lead over the russians in quality and quantity of nuclear weapons is so slight as to make the tests absolutely necessary
recent statements by the president and defense department spokesmen have to the contrary assured us that our lead is very great
unless the administration and the defense department have been deceiving us the facts do support the assertion that we are compelled to resume atmospheric testing
it is perfectly conceivable that a resumption of atmospheric tests may at some point in the future be necessary and even justifiable
but a resumption does seem justifiable now
what we need to realize is that the increasingly great contamination of the atmosphere by the soviet tests had radically increased our own moral obligations
we now have to think only of our national security but also of the future generations who will suffer from any tests we might undertake
this is an ethical demand which cannot be evaded or glossed over by talking exclusively of weapon superiority or even of the evil of communism
too often in the past russian tactics have been used to justify like tactics on our part
there ought to be a point beyond which we will allow ourselves to go regardless of what russia does
the refusal to resume atmospheric testing would be a good start
when his holiness pope john ## first called for an ecumenical council and at the same time voiced his yearning for christian unity the enthusiasm among catholic and protestant ecumenicists was immediate
with good reason it appeared that a new day was upon divided christendom
but as the more concrete plans for the work of the council gradually became known there was a rather sharp and abrupt disappointment on all sides
the council we now know will concern itself directly only with the internal affairs of the church
as it has turned out however the excessive enthusiasm in the first instance and the loss of hope in the second were both wrong responses
two things have happened in recent months to bring the council into perspective each provides a basis for renewed hope and joy
first of all it is now known that pope john sees the renewal and purification of the church as an absolutely necessary step toward christian unity
far from being irrelevant to the ecumenical task the pontiff believes that a revivified church is required in order that the whole world may see catholicism in the best possible light
equally significant pope john has said that catholics themselves bear some responsibility for christian disunity
a major aim of the council will be to remove as far as possible whatever in the church today stands in the way of unity
secondly a whole series of addresses and actions by the pope and by others show that concern for christian unity is still very much alive and growing within the church
the establishment by the holy father of a permanent secretariat for christian unity in #### was the most dramatic mark of this concern
the designation of five catholic theologians to attend the world council of churches assembly in new delhi as official observers reverses the church 's earlier stand
the public appeal by the new vatican secretary of state cardinal cicognani for renewed efforts toward eastern and western reunion was still another remarkable act
nor can one forget pope john 's unprecedented meeting with the archbishop of canterbury
augustin cardinal bea the director of the secretariate for christian unity has expressed as directly as anyone the new spirit that pervades the church 's stance toward the protestant and orthodox churches
noting all the difficulties that stand in the way of reunion he has said that they ought to discourage anyone
for discouragement or the temptation to abandon our efforts would show that one placed excessive trust in purely human means without thinking of the omnipotence of god the irresistible efficacy of prayer the action of christ or the power of the divine spirit
can any christian fail to respond to these words
the budget deficit
the administration 's official budget review which estimates a #.# billion dollar deficit for the current fiscal year isn't making anyone happy
certainly it isn't making the president happy and he has been doing his apologetic best to explain how the budget got into its unbalanced condition how he intends to economize wherever he can and how he hopes to do better next year
we sympathize with mr. kennedy but we feel bound to say that his budget review doesn't please us either although for very different reasons
furthermore we find his defense of the unbalanced budget more dismaying than reassuring
in the first place a large part of the discrepancy between president eisenhower 's estimate of a #.# billion dollar surplus for the same period and the new estimate of an almost seven billion dollar deficit is the result of the outgoing president 's farewell gift of a political booby-trap to his successor
the eisenhower budget was simultaneously inadequate in its provisions and yet extravagant in its projections of revenue to be received
the rest of the deficit is also easily understood
four billion dollars of the spending increase is for defense an expenditure necessitated by the penny-wise policies of the eisenhhower administration quite apart from the recent crises in berlin and elsewhere
four hundred million dollars of the increase is for the expanded space program a responsibility similarly neglected by mr. eisenhower
the farm program will cost an additional #.# billion because of unusual weather factors the food for peace program and other new measures
anti-recession programs aid for the unemployed their children and for depressed areas account for only ### million of the #.# billion dollar deficit
our complaint is that in many crucial areas the kennedy programs are too large but too small most seriously in regard to the conventional arms build-up and in aid and welfare measures
and yet mr. kennedy persists in trying to mollify the intransigents of the right with apologies and promises of tightening up and economizing
we wish the president would remember that fiscal responsibility was the battle-cry of the party that lost the election
the party that won used to say something about a new frontier
ethics and peace
introduction of the dialogue principle proved strikingly effective at the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the catholic association for international peace in washington the last weekend in october
two of the principal addresses were delivered by prominent protestants and when the speaker was a catholic one discussant on the dais tended to be of another religious persuasion
several effects were immediately evident
sessions devoted to ethics and foreign policy trends moral principle and political judgment christian ethics in the cold war and related subjects proved to be much livelier under this procedure than if catholics were merely talking to themselves
usually questions from the floor were directed to the non-catholic speaker or discussion leader
in the earlier sessions there was plentiful discussion on the natural law which dr. william v. o'brien of georgetown university advanced as the basis for widely acceptable ethical judgments on foreign policy
that aristotelean-thomistic principle experienced a thorough going-over from a number of the participants but in the end the concept came to reassert itself
speakers declared that protestants often make use of it if perhaps by some other name
a lebanese moslem told about its existence and application in the islamic tradition as the divine law while a c.a.i.p. member who has been working in close association with delegates of the new u.n. nations told of its widespread recognition on the african continent
the impression was unmistakable that whatever one may choose to call it natural law is a functioning generality with a certain objective existence
another question that arose was the nature of the dialogue itself
the stimulus from the confrontation of philosophical systems involving certain differences was undeniable
it was expected that the comparison of different approaches to ethics would produce a better grasp of each other 's positions and better comprehension of one 's own
but a realization that each group has much of substance to learn from the other also developed and a strong conviction grew that each had insights and dimensions to contribute to ethically acceptable solutions of urgent political issues
one effect of the spirited give-and-take of these discussions was to focus attention on practical applications and the necessity of being armed with the facts knowledge of the destructive force of even the tiniest tactical atomic weapon would have a bearing on judgments as to the advisability of its use to defend berlin for example
the pervasive influence of ideology on our political judgments needs to be recognized and taken into due account
it is necessary to perceive the extent of foreign aid demanded by the christian imperative
everywhere i went in formosa i asked the same question
i was searching for an accent of self-delusion or even of hypocrisy
i never found it among any of the chinese with whom i spoke though granted they were almost all members of the official family who presumably harbor official thoughts
but i questioned also professional soldiers who would easily be hypnotized by a septuagenarian 's dreamy irredentism
their answer was it can be done and we will do it
and then i put the question as pointedly as i could directly to chiang kai-shek in america i said practically no one believes that you subjectively intend to re-enter the mainland
what evidence is there of an objective kind that in fact your government proposes to do just that and that it can be done
he always smiles at least at visitors i gather
he smiled also at a british bloke seated next to me who asked the most asinine questions
i recalled sympathetically the duke 's complaint in browning 's my last duchess
he smiled and said a word or two to the interpreter who turned to me the president wonders where you are going after you leave taipei
that i smarted is a royal rebuff if ever there was one
i answered the routine question about my itinerary rather coolly
chiang spoke again this time at greater length
the president says the translator came in that the reason he asked you where you were going is because he hoped you would be visiting other areas in southeast asia and that everywhere you went you would seek the answer to your question
he says that if he were to express to you once again his own profound determination to go to the mainland and his faith that that return is feasible he would merely sound redundant
so you yourself must seek these objective data and come to your own conclusions
any information we have here in taiwan is at your disposal
what are the relevant data
for every person on taiwan there are sixty in mainland china
if the raw population figures are crucially relevant then it is idle to think of liberation as idle as to suppose that poland might liberate russia
relative military manpower
less than ##-# but at least #-#
the estimates vary widely on the strength of the chinese army
say four million
the armed forces of taiwan are at a working strength of about ###,### though a reserve potential twice that high is contemplated
it is generally conceded that the formosan air force is the best by far in asia and the army the best trained
the morale is very high
even so it adds up to impossible odds except that the question arises on whose side would the mainland chinese army fight
the miserable people of china the largest cast ever conscripted to enact an ideological passion play cannot themselves resist overtly
they think perforce of physical survival everything else is secondary
but the army which mao continues to feed well where are its sympathies
the psychological strategists in taiwan stress the great sense of family cultivated in china over thousands of years
it has been extirpated by ten years of communist depersonalization
every soldier in the army has somewhere relatives who are close to starvation
the soldiers themselves cannot stage a successful rebellion it is assumed but will their discontent spread to the officer class
the immediate families of the generals and the admirals are well fed a despot does economize on his generals
but there are the cousins and aunts and nephews
their privations are almost beyond endurance
in behalf of what
leninism-marxism as understood by exegete mao
to whom will the generals stay loyal
there is little doubt if they had a secret ballot they would vote for food for their family in place of ideological purity out on the farm
it is another question whether they or a single general off in a corner of china secure for a few galvanizing
days at least from instant retaliation will defy the party
but the disposition to rebel is most definitely there
but there must be a catalytic pressure
the military in taiwan believe that the communists have made two mistakes which together may prove fatal
the first was the commune program which will ensure agricultural poverty for years
the family is largely broken up
and where it is it is left with no residue and the social meaning of this is enormous
for it is the family that in china has always provided social security for the indigent the sick the down-and-out members of the clan
now the government must do that
but the government is left with no reserve granary under the agricultural system it has ordained
thus the government simultaneously undertook the vast burden of social security which had traditionally been privately discharged and created a national scarcity which has engendered calamitous problems of social security
the second mistake is tibet
tibet has historically served china as a buffer state
a friendly state sometimes only semi-independent but never hostile
china never tried to integrate tibet by extirpating the people 's religion and institutions
red china is trying to do this and she is likely ever to succeed
tibet is too vast the terrain is too difficult
tibet may bleed china as algeria is bleeding france
these continuing pressures social economic and military are doing much to keep china in a heightening state of tension
the imposition of yet another pressure a strong one from the outside might cause it to snap
the planners in taiwan struck me as realistic men
they know that they must depend heavily on factors outside their own control
first and foremost they depend on the inhuman idiocies of the communist regime
on these they feel they can rely
secondly they depend on america 's moral cooperation when the crucial moment arrives
they hope that if history vouchsafes the west another budapest we will receive the opportunity gladly
i remarked jocularly to the president that the future of china would be far more certain if he would invite a planeload of selected american liberals to quemoy on an odd day
he affected most properly to understand my point
but he and all of china wears the scars of american indecisiveness and he knows what an uncertain ally we are
we have been grand to formosa itself lots of aid and most of the time a policy of support for the offshore islands
but our outlook has been and continues to be defensive
a great deal depends on the crystallization of mr. kennedy 's views on the world struggle
the free chinese know that the situation on the mainland is in flux and are poised to strike
there is anywhere on the frontiers of freedom a more highly mobilized force for liberation
the moment of truth is the moment of crisis
during the slow buildup the essence of a policy or a man is concealed under embroidered details fine words strutting gestures
the crisis burns these suddenly away
there the truth is open to eyes that are willing to look
the moment passes
new self-deceiving rags are hurriedly tossed on the too-naked bones
a truth-revealing crisis erupted in katanga for a couple of days this month to be quickly smothered by the high pressure verbal fog that is kept on tap for such emergencies
before memory too clouds over let us make a note or two of what could be seen
the measure was instantly taken as always in such cases of public men at many levels
one knows better now who has bone and who has jelly in his spine
but i am here concerned more with policy than with men
public men come and go but great issues of policy remain
now everyone knows or knew in the week of december ## that something had gone shockingly wrong with american foreign policy
the united states was engaged in a military attack on a peaceful orderly people governed by a regime that had proved itself the most pro-western and anti-communist within any of the new nations the only place in africa moreover where a productive relationship between whites and blacks had apparently been achieved
of course the fighting was officially under the auspices of the united nations
but in the moment of truth everyone could see that the u.s. was in reality the principal
the moment simultaneously revealed that in the crisis our policy ran counter to that of all our nato allies to the entire western community
by our policy the west was is split
but the key revelation is new
the controlling pattern was first displayed in the hungary-suez crisis of november ####
it reappears in whole or part whenever a new crisis exposes the reality in cuba last spring with which the dominican events of last month should be paired
at the peaks of the nuclear test and the berlin cycles
in relation to laos algeria south africa
right now with almost cartoon emphasis in the temporally linked complex of tshombe-gizenga-goa-ghana
what the moments reveal
this prime element of the truth may be stated as follows under prevailing policy the u.s. can take the initiative against the right but cannot take the initiative against the left
it makes no difference what part of the world is involved what form of regime what particular issue
the u.s. cannot take the initiative against the left
there is even some question whether the u.s. can any longer defend itself against an initiative by the left
we can attack tshombe but gigenza
no matter that gizenga is moscow 's man in the congo
no matter that it is his troops who rape western women and eat western men
no matter that the katanga operation is strategically insane in terms of western interests in africa
even granted that the congo should be unified you don't protect western security by first removing the pro-western weight from the power equilibrium
we can force britain and france out of the suez but we cannot so much as try to force the russian tanks back from budapest
we can mass our fleet against the trujillos but against the castros
we can vote in the un against south african apartheid or portuguese rule in angola but we cannot even introduce a motion on the berlin wall much less give the simple order to push the wall down
we officially receive the anti-french moscow-allied algerian fln but we denounce the pro-europe anti-communist oas as criminal
in the very week of our war against katanga we make a $### million grant to kwame nkrumah who has just declared his solidarity with the communist bloc and is busily turning his own country into a totalitarian dictatorship
as our planes land the war materiel that kills pro-western katangans we stand supinely bleating while nehru 's troops smash into a five-hundred-year-old district of our nato ally portugal
what explains this uni-directional paralysis
it is the consequence of the system of ideas that constitutes the frame of our international and in some degree our domestic policy
the suez-hungary crisis proves that this system was invented by the new administration but only made more consistent and more active
key to the puzzles
most immediately relevant to these episodes in goa katanga and ghana as to the suez-hungary crisis before them is the belief that the main theater of the world drama is the underdeveloped region of asia africa and latin america
from this belief is derived the practical orientation of our policy on the uncommitted neutralist contested nations especially on those whose leaders make the most noise nehru tito nkrumah sukarno betancourt etc.
our chief aim becomes that of finding favor in neutralist eyes
if we grasp this orientation as a key our national conduct in all of the events here mentioned becomes intelligible
and it becomes clear why in general we cannot take the initiative against the left
to write a play the dramatist once needed an idea plus the imagination the knowledge of life and the craft to develop it
nowadays more and more all he needs is someone else 's book
to get started he does scan the world about him
he and his prospective producer just read the bestseller lists
so far this season broadway 's premieres have included twice as many adaptations and imports as original american stage plays
best from abroad .
of straight dramas there are all the way home which owes much of its poetic power to the james agee novel a death in the family
the wall awkwardly based on the john hersey novel
advise and consent lively but shallow theater drawn from the mountainously detailed bestseller
face of a hero closed based on a pierre boulle novel
the only original works attempting to reach any stature tennessee williams' disappointing domestic comedy period of adjustment and arthur laurents' clever but empty invitation to a march
clearly the most provocative plays are all imported originals a taste of honey by britain 's young ## when she wrote it shelagh delaney
becket by france 's jean anouilh
the hostage closed by ireland 's brendan behan
among the musicals camelot came from t. h. white 's the once and future king and novels were the sources of the less than momentous tenderloin and do re mi
wildcat and the unsinkable molly brown were originals but pretty bad leaving top honors again to an import the jaunty and charmingly french irma la douce
the only other works at least technically original were dreary farces send me no flowers closed under the yum-yum tree critic 's choice
in the forthcoming the conquering hero and carnival broadway is even adapting books but reconverting old movies hail the conquering hero and lili
dry of life .
originals are necessarily good and adaptations are necessarily bad
some memorable plays have been drawn from books notably life with father and diary of anne frank
and particularly in the musical field adaptations have long been the rule from die fledermaus and the merry widow to oklahoma! and my fair lady
as critic walter kerr points out adaptations so long as they are good still qualify as creative
and other defenders invariably argue that after all shakespeare and moliere were adapters too
the difference is that the masters took the bare frame of a plot and filled it with their own world
most modern adapters totally accept the world of a book squeeze it dry of life and add only one contribution of their own stage technique
the most frequent excuse for the prevalence of unoriginals and tested imports is increasing production expense producers cannot afford to take chances
but that explanation is only partly true
off-broadway where production is still comparatively cheap is proving itself only slightly more original
laudably enough it is offering classics and off-beat imports but last week only one u.s. original was on the boards robert d. hock 's stunning civil war work borak
the real trouble seems to be the failing imagination of u.s. playwrights
the cooch terpers
he come with me to the casbah
she by subway or cab
that exchange was only possible but commonplace last week in manhattan as more and more new yorkers were discovering ##th street and eighth avenue where half a dozen small nightclubs with names like arabian nights grecian palace and egyptian gardens are the american inpost of belly dancing
several more will open soon
their burgeoning popularity may be a result of the closing of the ##nd street burlesque joints but curiously enough their atmosphere is almost always familial neighborhood saloons with a bit of epidermis
the belly boites with their papier-mache palm trees or hand-painted ionic columns heretofore existed mainly on the patronage of greek and turkish families
customers often bring their children
between performances enthusiastic young men from the audience will take the floor to demonstrate their own amateur graces
except for the odd uptown sex maniac or an overeager greek sailor the people watch in calm absorption
small shirt-sleeved orchestras play in # or # time using guitars violins and more alien instruments with names that would open sesame the oud grandfather of the lute
the darbuka a small drum with the treelike shape of a roemer glass
the def a low-pitched tambourine
the girls sit quietly with the musicians wearing prim dresses or plain secretarial shifts until it is time to go off to a back room and reappear in the spare uniform of the harem
continuum of mankind .
if a dancer is good she suggests purely and superbly the fundamental mechanics of ancestry and progeny the continuum of mankind
but a great many of what variety calls the cooch terpers are considerably less cosmic than that
each dancer follows the ancient oriental pattern she glides sideways with shoulders motionless while her stomach migrates and through breathing and muscle control she sends ripples across her body to the fingertips and away to the far end of the room
this is done at varying speeds ranging from the slow and fast shifte telli a musical term meaning double strings to the fastest ecstatic karshilama meaning greetings or welcome
the new york dancers are highly eclectic varying the pattern with all kinds of personal improvisations back bends or floor crawls
but they do strip
the striptease is crass
the belly dance leaves more to the imagination
when a dancer does well she provokes a quiet bombardment of dollar bills although the manhattan clubs prohibit the more cosmopolitan practice of slipping the tips into the dancers' costumes
with tips the girls average between $### and $### a week depending on basic salary
although they are forbidden to sit with the customers the dancers are sometimes proffered drinks and most of them can bolt one down in mid-shimmy
the melting pot .
all over the country belly clubs have never been bigger especially in detroit boston and chicago and even in small towns
one of the best dancers a turkish girl named semra works at a roadhouse outside bristol conn.
the girls are kept booked and moving by several agents notably voluble black-bearded murat somay a manhattan turk who is the sol hurok of the central abdomen
he can offer nine turkish girls plans to import at least ## more
but a great many of the dancers are more or less native
sometimes they get their initial experience in church haflis conducted by lebanese and syrians in the u.s. where they dance with just as few veils across their bodies as in nightclubs
as the girls come to belly dancing from this and other origins the melting pot has never bubbled more intriguingly
some manhattan examples
jemela surname gerby ## seems hong kong oriental but has a spanish father and an indian mother was born in america and educated at holy cross academy and textile high school says she learned belly dancing at family picnics
serene mrs. wilson ## was born in budapest and raised in manhattan
daughter of a gypsy mother who taught her to dance she is one of the few really beautiful girls in the new york casbah with dark eyes and dark waist-length hair the face of an adolescent patrician and a lithe glimmering body
many belly dancers are married but serene is one of the few who will admit it
marlene surname adamo ## a brazilian divorcee who learned the dance from arabic friends in paris now lives on manhattan 's west side is about the best belly dancer working the casbah loves it so much that she dances on her day off
she has the small highly developed body of a prime athlete and holds in contempt the girls who just move sex
leila malia phillips ## is a greenwich village painter of persianesque miniatures who has red hair that cascades almost to her ankles
a graduate of hollywood high school she likes to imagine herself as she takes the floor a village girl coming in to a festival
gloria surname ziraldo circa ## who was born in italy and once did chorus work in toronto has been around longer than most of the others wistfully remembers the old days when we used to get the seamen from the ships you know with big turtleneck sweaters and handkerchiefs and all
but the ships are very slow now and we don't get so many sailors any more
the uptown crowd has moved in and what girl worth her seventh veil would trade a turtleneck sweater for a button-down collar
a short , tormented span
of the handful of painters that austria has produced in the ##th century only one oskar kokoschka is widely known in the u.s.
this state of unawareness may last much longer
for ten years a small group of european and u.s. critics has been calling attention to the half-forgotten austrian expressionist egon schiele who died ## years ago at the age of ##
the critics' campaign finally inspired the first major u.s. exhibit of schiele 's works
the show has been to boston and manhattan will in time reach pittsburgh and minneapolis
last week it opened at the j. b. speed museum in louisville at the very moment that a second schiele exhibit was being made ready at the felix landau gallery in los angeles
schiele 's paintings are anything but pleasant
his people see color are angular and knobby-knuckled sometimes painfully stretched sometimes grotesquely foreshortened
his colors are dark and murky and his landscapes and cityscapes seem swallowed in gloom
but he painted some of the boldest and most original pictures of his time and even after nearly half a century the tense tormented world he put on canvas has lost none of its fascination
the devil himself .
the son of a railway stationmaster schiele lived most of his childhood in the drowsy danubian town of tulln ## miles northwest of vienna
he was an emotional lonely boy who spent so much time turning out drawings that he did scarcely any schoolwork
when he was ## his parents finally allowed him to attend classes at the academy of fine arts in vienna
even there he did last for long
cried one professor after a few months of student schiele 's tantrums and rebellion the devil himself must have defecated you into my classroom
for a while his work was influenced deeply by the french impressionists and by the patterned mosaic-like paintings of gustav klimt then the dean of austrian art
gradually schiele evolved a somber style of his own and he had few inhibitions about his subject matter
his pictures were roundly denounced as the most disgusting things one has ever seen in vienna
he himself was once convicted of painting erotica and jailed for ## days the first three of which he spent desperately trying to make paintings on the wall with his own spittle
for years he wore hand-me-down suits and homemade paper collars was even driven to scrounging for cigarette butts in vienna 's gutters
drafted into the austrian army he rebelliously rejected discipline wangled a vienna billet went on painting
it was until the last year of his life that he had his first moneymaking show
the unabashed sexuality of so many of his paintings was the only thing that kept the public at bay his view of the world was one of almost unrelieved tragedy and it was too much even for morbid-minded vienna
he was obsessed by disease and poverty by the melancholy of old age and the tyranny of lust
the children he painted were almost always in rags his portraits were often ruthless to the point of ugliness and his nudes including several self-portraits were stringy contorted and strangely pathetic
the subject he liked most was the female body which he painted in every state naked half-dressed muffled to the ears sitting primly in a chair lying tauntingly on a bed or locked in an embrace
the most surprising thing about the twenty-second congress of the soviet communist party is that it is surprising perhaps quite as much in its own way as the twentieth congress of #### which ended with that famous secret report on stalin
the publication last july of the party 's draft program that blueprint for the transition to communism had led the uninitiated to suppose that this twenty-second congress would be a sort of apotheosis of the khrushchev regime a solemn consecration of ideas which had in fact been current over the last three or four years i.e. since the defeat of the anti-party group in all theoretical party journals
these never ceased to suggest that if in the eyes of marx and lenin full communism was still a very distant ideal the establishment of a communist society had now under khrushchev become an immediate and tangible reality
it seems that khrushchev himself took a very special pride in having made a world-shaking contribution to marxist doctrine with his draft program a large part of his twelve-hour speech at the recent congress was in fact very largely a rehash of that interminable document
he and other soviet leaders responsible for the document were proud of having brought forward some new formulas such as the early replacement of the dictatorship of the proletariat by an all people 's state and also of having laid down the lines for a much greater democratization of the whole hierarchy of soviets starting with the supreme soviet itself
their plan for rotation of leaders promised a salutary blow at bureaucracy and would enable the people to take a more direct and active part in running the country
also elections would be more democratic
there might even be two or more candidates for voters to choose from
no doubt there was still a lot in the draft program and in khrushchev 's speech which left many points obscure
was it the party 's intention for example to abolish gradually the kolkhoz system and replace it by uniformly wage-earning kolkhozes i.e. state farms which were moreover to be progressively urbanized
as we know the soviet peasant today still very largely thrives on being able to sell the produce grown on his private plot
and it is still very far from certain how valid the party 's claim is that in a growing number of kolkhozes the peasants are finding it more profitable to surrender their private plots to the kolkhoz and to let the latter be turned into something increasingly like a state farm
if one follows the reports of the congress one finds that there still seems considerable uncertainty in the minds of the leaders themselves about what exactly to do in this matter
the draft program was interesting in other respects too
it contained for example a number of curious admissions about the peasants who enjoy no sickness benefits no old-age pensions no paid holidays
they still benefit far less than the other ## per cent of the nation from that welfare state which the soviet union so greatly prides itself on being
over all these fairly awkward problems khrushchev was to skate rather lightly
and though he repeated over and over again the spectacular figures of industrial and agricultural production in #### the ordinary people in russia are still a little uncertain as to how communism is really going to work in practice especially in respect of food
would agriculture progress as rapidly as industry
this was something on which k. himself seemed to have some doubts
for he kept on threatening that he would pull the ears of those responsible for agricultural production
and as we know the virgin lands are producing as much as khrushchev had hoped
one cannot but wonder whether these doubts about the success of khrushchev 's agricultural policy have at least something to do with one of the big surprises provided by this congress the obsessive harping on the crimes and misdeeds of the anti-party group molotov malenkov kaganovich and others including the eighty-year-old marshal voroshilov
molotov in particular is being charged with all kinds of sins especially with wanting to cut down free public services to increase rents and fares
in fact with having been against all the more popular features of the khrushchev welfare state
the trouble with all these doctrinal quarrels is that we hear only one side of the story what in the secret councils of the kremlin molotov had really proposed we just don't know and he has had no chance to reply
but one cannot escape the suspicion that all this non-stop harping on the misdeeds of the long liquidated anti-party group would be totally unnecessary if there were inside the party some secret but genuine opposition to khrushchev on vital doctrinal grounds on the actual methods to be employed in the transition to communism and last but least on foreign policy
the whole problem of peaceful coexistence and peaceful competition with the capitalist world is in the very center of this congress
molotov altogether rejects the line of peaceful coexistence reducing this concept merely to the state of peace or rather the absence of war at a given moment and to a denial of the possibility of averting a world war
his views in fact coincide with those of foreign enemies of peaceful coexistence who look upon it merely as a variant of the cold war or of an armed peace
one cannot help wondering whether molotov and the rest of the anti-party group are being used as china 's whipping-boys by khrushchev and his faithful followers
for something clearly has gone very very seriously wrong in soviet-chinese relations which were never easy and have now deteriorated
the effect of chou en-lai 's clash with khrushchev together with the everlasting attacks on molotov & co. has shifted the whole attention of the world including that of the soviet people from the epoch-making twenty-year program to the present soviet-chinese conflict
only as we know did chou en-lai publicly treat khrushchev 's attack on albania as something that we cannot consider as a serious marxist-leninist approach to the problem i.e. as something thoroughly dictatorial and undemocratic but the albanian leaders went out of their way to be openly abusive to khrushchev calling him a liar a bully and so on
it is extremely doubtful that the handful of albanians who call themselves communists could have done this without the direct approval of their chinese friends
the big question is whether in the name of a restored chinese-soviet solidarity the chinese will choose to persuade the albanians to present their humble apologies to khrushchev or get rid of enver hoxa
these seem about the only two ways in which the unhappy incident can now be closed
but albania is merely a symptom of a real malaise between china and russia
there are other symptoms
khrushchev for all his bombastic prophecies about the inevitable decay of capitalism is genuinely favorable to peaceful coexistence and would like above all the berlin and german problems to be settled peacefully
he knows that he was never more popular than at the time of the russo-american honeymoon of ####
but it seems that pressures against him are coming from somewhere in the first place from china but perhaps also from that china lobby which i was assured in moscow nearly two years ago exists on the quiet inside the party
to these people solidarity and unity with china should be the real basis of russia 's future policy
and the chinese as the albanian incident shows have strong suspicions that khrushchev is anxious to secure a shameful peace with the west
the fact that china which is obsessed by formosa to khrushchev a very small matter should be supported by north korea and north vietnam is highly indicative
and one cannot but wonder whether marshal malinovsky who was blowing hot and cold exalting peace but also almost openly considering the possibility of preventive war against the west wasn't trying to keep the chinese quiet
and this brings us inevitably to the ##- or ##-megaton bomb
was this dropped primarily in order to appease the chinese especially after khrushchev 's humiliating surrender to the west in canceling the german peace-treaty deadline of december ##
what does it all add up to
indications are that khrushchev and with him the bulk of the soviet people favor peaceful coexistence and with the exception of berlin the maintenance of the status quo in the world
the chinese north vietnamese and north koreans on the other hand feel that militarily russia is strong enough to support them in the just wars of liberation they would like to embark on before long with china attacking formosa and the north koreans and north vietnamese liberating the southern half of their respective countries
perhaps khrushchev is in a more difficult position than any since #### when the anti-party group nearly liquidated him
he seems strong enough inside the party to cope with any internal opposition
but if he is up against china 's crusading spirit in world affairs he is going to be faced with the most agonizing choice in his life
he may support china but he won't
he may break with china which would be infernally difficult and perhaps disastrous or he may succeed by all kinds of dangerous concessions in persuading china to be patient
the next days may show where things stand
on a misty sunday morning last month a small band of militant anti-communists called the minutemen held maneuvers in a foggy field about fifteen miles east of here
eleven men a woman and a teen-age boy tramped over cold damp fog-enshrouded ground during a two-hour field drill in the problems of guerrilla warfare
to the average american this must sound like an incredible tale from a saturday night tv movie
but to the minutemen this is a serious business
they feel that the united states is engaged in a life-and-death struggle with communism for survival and world supremacy
they feel that world war # has already begun and they are setting themselves up as a last line of defense against the communist advance
their national leader robert bolivar depugh of norborne mo. says the minutemen believe that guerrilla tactics are best suited to defeat the red onslaught
in their maneuvers last month they wore world war # camouflage garb and helmets and carried unloaded m-# rifles
the maneuvers were held in secret after a regional seminar for the minutemen held in nearby shiloh ill. had been broken up the previous day by deputy sheriffs who had arrested regional leader richard lauchli of collinsville ill. and seized four operative weapons including a browning machine gun two browning automatic rifles and an m-# rifle
undismayed by this contretemps a small band of the faithful gathered at lauchli 's home at #:## a.m. the next day put on their uniforms and headed for a farm several miles away
a ## mm. mortar and a ## mm. recoilless rifle owned by lauchli were brought along
the mortar was equipped with dummy shells and the recoilless rifle was deactivated
after a tortuous drive in an open truck and a world war # army jeep down soggy trails the band arrived at a small clearing squeezed between a long low ridge and a creek-filled gully
here the two leaders depugh and lauchli hastened to put the group through its paces
the minutemen were instructed in the use of terrain for concealment
they were shown how to advance against an enemy outpost atop a cleared ridge
they practiced movement behind a smoke screen laid by smoke grenades
and they attempted a skirmish line of advance against a camouflaged enemy encampment
eleven dummy rounds were fired by lauchli in a demonstration of rapid-fire mortar shooting
mrs. depugh the mother of five children and an active member of her husband 's organization participated in all the exercises
there were no casualties but the guerrillas admitted to being a little tired when the leaders called a halt at # a.m. to enable out-of-town members to catch a plane
tenure as criterion
i would like to add one more practical reform to those mentioned by russell kirk dec. ##
it has to do with teachers' salaries and tenure
next september after receiving a degree from yale 's master of arts in teaching program i will be teaching somewhere that much is guaranteed by the present shortage of mathematics teachers
i will also be underpaid
the amazing thing is that this too is caused by the dearth of teachers
teaching is at present a sellers' market
as a result buyers the public must be satisfied with second-rate teachers
but this is the real problem
the rub arises from the fact that teachers are usually paid on the basis of time served rather than quality
hence all teachers good and bad who have been teaching for a given number of years are paid the same salary
i am firmly convinced that considering the average quality of teachers in this country the profession is grossly overpaid
it follows that teachers as a group cannot expect any marked salary increases
there is a limit to how much the public will pay for shoddy performance
the only hope which good teachers have for being paid their due is to stop dragging the dead weight of poor teachers up the economic ladder with them
the only hope which the public has for getting good teachers is to pay teachers on the basis of merit rather than tenure
here as in all sectors of the economy quality and justice are both dependent on the right of the individual to deal directly with his employer if he so chooses
loss of initiative
on the eve of the great debate on the proposal to give the president broad powers to make across-the-board tariff concessions which could practically bring us into the atlantic community we should face the alternatives on this proposition
what we will be sacrificing in any such arrangement will be our power to be selective which is contained in the reciprocal trade principle under which we now operate
without this power we lay open any american industry which the europeans may find it economically profitable to destroy to the will of others
it is this loss of initiative in how we conduct our economy which may lead to the loss of initiative in how we conduct our political affairs
a brief for the negative
i disagree with mr. burnham 's position on the common market nov. ## as a desirable organization for us to join
for him to ignore the political consequences involved in an atlantic union of this kind is difficult to understand
the pressure for our entry to the common market is mounting and we will proceed towards this amalgamated trade union by way of a purely economic thoroughfare or garden path with the political ramifications kept neatly in the background
the appeal is going to be to the pocketbook and may be very convincing to those who do see its relation to political and legal as well as economic self-rule
in entering this union we will be surrendering most if all of our economic autonomy to international bodies such as the atlantic institute recently set up or the o.e.c.d. i.m.f. and others
to think that we can merely relinquish our economic autonomy without giving up our political or legal autonomy is wishful thinking
if it is enough that all of our internationalist one worlders are advocating that we join this market i refer you to an article in the new york times' magazine section nov. ## #### by mr. eric johnston entitled we must join the common market
he says it has swept aside petty nationalisms age-old rivalries and worn-out customs
referring to britain he says we see a nation that traditionally values sovereignty above all else willing to give up its economy placing this authority in continental hands
since the goal of our international planners is a world government this atlantic community would mark a giant step in that direction for once american economic autonomy is absorbed a larger grouping is a question of time
frankly it is being very cleverly done for in a sense they have us over a barrel
listen to what mr. johnston has to say consider the savage wounds that isolationism would inflict
we would lose our export markets and deny ourselves the imports we need
we would be crippled by reduced output industrial decline widespread unemployment
but the solution to this dilemma is the incorporation of the united states into an atlantic community or economic empire but merely what libertarians like henry hazlitt and ludwig von mises have been arguing for years an end to government regulations an end to government competition in industry and a realistic depreciation allowance for industry
create a free market here give us a sound debt-free money system and we'll compete with anyone europe and asia combined
in short get this governmental monstrosity off our backs and we won't have to worry about european competition or communism either
if we want to preserve our sovereignty this is the way to do it
acquiesce to an international planning board
if we go into this common market we might just as well stop talking about constitutional guarantees connally amendments or for that matter conservatism in general
we welcome this able brief for the negative as part of a many-sided discussion of the atlantic common market which jnr will be continuing in our pages
the peiping chinese were the only major silver seller in the world markets who stopped selling the metal on monday morning november ## anticipating by two days the announcement of the u.s. treasury that the pegged offering price will be removed
a professor and the army
in #### i was drafted and after serving two years honorably on active duty i was required to participate in any further army reserve activities
now more than five years later i cannot in any realistic sense be called a trained soldier
but in spite of this i at present a man ## years of age and a college professor have been recalled by direction of the president to report on november ##th to fort devens massachusetts for another twelve months of active duty as an sp # the equivalent of a pfc
today seven years after the date of my initial induction as a draftee i am assistant professor of philosophy and science at st. michael 's college
for after leaving the army in #### i spent five years in graduate school first at boston college and then at the university of toronto
this time added to that which i had already spent in school prior to my induction in #### makes a total of twenty-two ## years of education
the possibility of recall into the army is part of the price that a modern american has to pay for the enviable heritage of liberty which he enjoys
with this no loyal citizen can quarrel
however it seems axiomatic that the government has an obligation to exercise its mandate reasonably equitably and with full regard for the disruptions which it inevitably causes
in my own case i submit that such reasonable and fair exercise is woefully lacking
taken back into the army now as an sp # i am leaving ### college students whose teacher i am
a wry sidelight on this is that most of my students have deferments from the draft in order to attend my classes
at this late date it is impossible for st. michael 's college to find a suitable replacement for me
even apart from the fact that now at the age of ## my personal life is being totally disrupted for the second time for no very compelling reason i cannot help looking around at the black leather jacket brigades standing idly on the street corners and in the taverns of every american city and asking myself if our society has gone mad
mercenary : term of honor ? ?
in news broadcasts i consistently hear the foreign volunteers fighting in the katanga army referred to as mercenaries
this confuses me no end
if the hessian troops sent here willy-nilly by the hessian government to fight for england in the #### 's were mercenaries what shall we call the un troops sent to the congo willy-nilly by their governments to fight for the united nations
if the un troops are mercenaries then the hessians were mercenaries either
and if the foreigners fighting in the katanga army are mercenaries then lafayette and von steuben were mercenaries too as were also the members of the lafayette escadrille in the early part of world war # and of chennault 's flying tigers in the early days of world war #
modern postal slogan
it doesn't take a gore vidal to tell you what 's wrong with cherokee textile 's slogan pitney-bowes objects july #
it 's an eighteenth-century negative man
suggest the following twenty-first-century amendment by moving the term republic to lower case substituting the modern phrase move ahead for the stodgy keep and by using the postmaster 's name on every envelope in caps of course with the in spite as faded as possible the slogan cannot fail
the impending death of pope
in the issue of march # #### you had an excellent editorial which said
on trial in jakarta for having flown for the indonesian anti-communist insurgents u.s. pilot alan lawrence pope boldly told the court that in supporting the freedom fighters he was actually defending the sovereignty and independence of indonesia
facing a prosecution which has demanded the death penalty he said i have participated in the war against communism in korea and at dienbienphu and i have helped in the evacuation of north vietnamese to the free world
i have done all this for the freedom of the individuals concerned and also for the states which have been threatened by communist domination
at least in indonesia khrushchev found an american proud to be at total war with communism
since then nothing has happened to save the life of pope
i found recently a very small article in the new york times
u.s. flier loses plea
indonesia court upholds pope 's death sentence
indonesia military supreme court has confirmed the death sentence passed on alan lawrence pope an american pilot
pope was convicted last year of having aided north celebes rebels by flying bombing missions
he has been in prison since may #### when his aircraft was shot down over moluccas
he may appeal to president sukarno for clemency
as we see pope may appeal to president sukarno khrushchev 's friend for clemency
this possibility is anything but reassuring
the eleanor roosevelt tractor committee acts on behalf of the cuban freedom fighters
but who will act now and immediately to save the life of alan pope
are tractors available for him
does anybody think of saving the life of an anti-communist american pilot
a few days before i saw your mention of what texas liberals were doing to promote louis capet the week june # another analogy had occurred to me
consider this table #
louis ## aj
with no strong men and no parliament to dispute his will he was the government
a dust-settling period of decadence and decline
louis ## eisenhower
he opened his mouth said little and thought at all
louis ## kennedy
completely virtuous but completely incompetent
and marie antoinette jacqueline bouvier
the beautiful and light-hearted
french revolution conservative revolution
truly that liberals should choose louis ## as a bogey-symbol of conservatism is grotesquely ironic considering the louis ## character of their grand monarque fdr only in his accretion of absolute power and personal deification le roi gouverne par lui meme but in the disastrous effects of his spending and war policies
in defeating louis capet john tower 's victory in texas signals once again the end of the divine right of liberalism
it seems to me that n.c. in his editorial confrontation sr mar. ## has hit upon the real problem that bothers all of us in a complex world how do we retain our personal relationship with those who suffer
this affects us all intimately and can leave us hopeless in the face of widespread distress
i know of no other solution than the one n.c. proposes to do what we can for each sufferer as he confronts us hoping that this will spread beyond him to others at some time and some place
never have i seen this expressed so clearly and so sympathetically
thank you for the illustrated editorial confrontation
it is both great writing and profound religion
n.c. has said something important so well that this preacher will many times be tempted to quote the whole piece
i feel that n.c. hit the very core of our existence in the editorial confrontation
personally it meant a great deal
my only hope is that it will be shared by many many others
confrontation should fortify us all whether in southeast asia or the u.s.
congratulations to n.c. for successfully delving into the heart of the problems that face the peace corps
i concur that it is necessary for americans to have a confrontation of the situation existing in foreign lands
it would be heartbreaking to see idealism and hence effective leadership thwarted by the poverty and hardship which young americans will run into
the editorial confrontation was certainly direct in its appeal to those of us living here in america
i personally gained strength from it
thanks for continuing to capture the attention and uncover so many areas of need in this amazing world
n.c. 's editorial confrontation is a stunning piece of writing
i would hope that sargent shriver will encourage everyone entering the peace corps to read it
the important people to humanity are the khrushchevs and the castros but the schweitzers and the dooleys and the others like them whose names we will never know
editor 's note reprints of confrontation will be included among the material to be distributed to members of the peace corps
a peace corps official described the editorial as precisely the message we need to communicate to the men and women who will soon be peace corps volunteers
improper bostonian ? ?
f. l. lucas 's article in sr 's april # issue seemed to be a very fair and objective analysis of the new english bible
i certainly hope this will be the impression left in the minds of readers rather than the comment by cleveland amory in his first of the month column
it is blind fundamentalist dogmatism to say messing around with the king james version seems to us a perilous sport at best
facts in focus
lester markel is on the right track in his article interpretation of interpretation sr mar. ##
the current stereotype of straight news reporting was probably invaluable in protecting the press and its readers from pollution by that combination of doctored fact fancy and personal opinion called yellow journalism which flourished in this country more than a generation ago
we don't need this type of protection any more
the public is now armed with sophistication and numerous competing media
besides there are no longer enough corruptible journalists about
the accepted method of writing news has two major liabilities
first it does communicate
a reporter restricted to the competing propaganda statements of both sides in a major labor dispute for instance is unable to tell his readers half of what he knows about the causes of the dispute
second it subjects the news to distortion by the unscrupulous
the charges by the late junior senator from wisconsin only destroyed innocent people but misled the nation
yet the press was powerless to put these charges in perspective in its news columns
despite several years of front-page stories the average citizen was unable to get a complete picture of mccarthy until he saw on the television screen what the reporters had been seeing all along but had no effective way of communicating
the senator had boxed them in with their own restrictions
it seems to me the time has come for the american press to start experimenting with ways of reporting the news that will do a better job of communicating and will be less subject to abuse by those who have learned how to manipulate the present stereotype to serve their own ends
the objective should be to provide a method of getting into print a higher percentage than is now possible of the relevant information in the possession of reporters and editors
southern california blackout
i would like to see you devote some space in an early issue to the news blackout concerning president kennedy 's activities so far as southern california is concerned
you have on more than one occasion praised the idea of a televised press conference and the chance it gives the people to form intelligent opinions
to begin with the all-powerful los angeles times does publish a transcript of these press conferences
i am sure that they did when eisenhower was president
next because of the time differential the conferences come on the networks during the middle of the day
up until now the networks have grudgingly run half-hour tapes at # p.m. or sometimes # or ##:## p.m.
even then a few of the less interesting questions are edited out and glibly summarized by a commentator
however last night the tapes were run at all during the evening hours and all we got on tv were a few snatches which douglas edwards and huntley and brinkley could squeeze into their programs
this is no criticism of them as they obviously cannot get a half-hour program into a fifteen-minute news summary
the radio stations did run transcripts i thought during the evening hours
however by comparing the tv snatches two different radio station re-runs and the censored los angeles times version i found that the radio stations had edited out questions abc removed the one regarding laos or even a paragraph out of the middle of the president 's answer
i am interested to know he is getting mail from all over the country about the abuse he is being subjected to
we out here don't see enough of the conference to know he is being abused
i don't know if this is the situation in other parts of the country
apparently it is
it also happened with the inauguration which was re-run at all during the evening hours and i wrote to the tv editor of the times
he did mention in his column the fact that he had received many letters about this and he himself did understand the networks and the independent local stations' doing this but nothing happened
can you bring the networks' attention to this
for a college of propaganda
i was interested in james webb young 's madison avenue column in which he raised the question do we need a college of propaganda
sr feb. ##
in my estimation we definitely do
and the sad part of it is that we had one which was rounding into excellent shape and we let it disintegrate and die
during the war we set up schools for the teaching of psychological warfare which included the teaching of propaganda both black and white and the various shades of grey in between
we had a couple of schools in this country the principal one being on the marshall field estate out in lloyd 's neck
there were also a couple in canada and several in england
the english schools preceded ours and by the time we got into it they had learned a lot about the techniques of propaganda and its teaching
four of us here in the united states attended first as students then as instructors almost every one of these schools in england canada and the united states
we set up the lloyd 's neck school worked out its curriculum and taught there
toward the end of the war we really felt that we had learned something about propaganda and how to teach it
when the end did come and the schools were disbanded and abandoned we felt and hoped that the machinery of psychological warfare would be allowed to rust
we hoped that its practitioners and teachers might be put on some sort of reserve list and called back for refresher courses each year or so
alas no such thing happened
there apparently is no school of propaganda or psychological warfare
a study at the pentagon and at the service academies revealed that nothing was being done there
and one of the four men who attended all the schools has ever been called on to apply any of his knowledge in any way
congratulations on the article do we need a college of propaganda
this is one of the most constructive suggestions made in this critical field in years and i certainly hope it sparks some action
let the media clean house , too
many of us in public relations were flattered that richard l. tobin chose to devote his editorial in the march ## communications supplement to the merger of the public relations society of america and the american public relations association
i was surprised and sorry to find in your issue of march # a long and detailed attack upon a book that had yet been published
whether in his forthcoming book c. p. snow commits the errors of judgment and of fact with which your heavily autobiographical critic charged him is important
one should be able to get hold of the book at once
but the attack was made from an advance copy
if this practice should take root and spread the man who submits a manuscript to a publisher will find himself reviewed before he is accepted and publication will become a sort of post-mortem formality
editor 's note sir robert watson-watt wrote on page ## of sr research for # march ####
i have read an advance copy of the snow book which is to be titled science and government
until the work actually appears i am privileged to analyze it publicly in detail
but i have compared its text with already published commentaries on the #### series of godkin lectures at harvard from which the book was derived and i can with confidence challenge the gist of c. p. snow 's incautious tale
watson-watt 's remarks in sr did then constitute a review of the book but a rebuttal to the godkin lectures
representatives of harvard university press which is publishing the book this month of april recognize and freely acknowledge that they invited such reaction by allowing life magazine to print an excerpt from the book in advance of the book 's publication date
the text of the book leaves a somewhat milder impression than the prepublication excerpt
sir robert watson-watt 's rebuttal of sir charles snow 's godkin lectures is marred throughout by too forceful a desire to defend lindemann and apparently himself from sir charles' supposed falsehoods while stating those falsehoods in an unclear incoherent argument
the article presents the reader with an absurdity at its beginning
it calls the conclusion admitted valid by historians and military strategists alike a perverted conclusion
it submits an enthusiastic impressionistic conception of lindemann contributing another aspect of the man but on no more authoritative basis than sir charles' account
we are left to choose between the two lindemanns
the only fact that holds any weight in the article is the result of the tea party
but we are to believe that lindemann actively supported radar outside the tizard committee and dissembling discounted it inside
if so i would lean to sir charles' conception of the man
i think it was a grave error to print the article at this time
to the unfortunate people unable to attend the godkin lectures it casts an unjustifiable aura of falsehood over the book which may dissuade some people from reading it
it is news that nathan milstein is a wizard of the violin
certainly in orchestra hall where he has played countless recitals and where thursday night he celebrated his ##th season with the chicago symphony orchestra playing the brahms concerto with his own slashing demon-ridden cadenza melting into the high pale pure and lovely song with which a violinist unlocks the heart of the music or forever finds it closed
there was about that song something incandescent for this brahms was milstein at white heat
the noblest performance we have heard him play or the most spacious or even the most eloquent
those would be reserved for the orchestra 's great nights when the soloist can surpass himself
this time the orchestra gave him some superb support fired by response to his own high mood
but he had in walter hendl a willing conductor able only up to a point
that is when mr. milstein thrust straight to the core of the music sparks flying bow shredding violin singing glittering and sometimes spitting mr. hendl could go along
but mr. hendl does go straight to any point
he flounders and lets music sprawl
there was in the brahms none of the mysterious and marvelous alchemy by which a great conductor can bring soloist orchestra and music to ultimate fusion
so we had some dazzling and memorable milstein but great brahms
the concert opened with another big romantic score schumann 's overture to manfred which suffered fate this time with orchestral thrusts to the byronic point to keep it afloat
hindemith 's joust with weber tunes was a considerably more serious misfortune for it demands transluscent textures buoyant rhythms and astringent wit
it got the kind of scrambled coarsened performance that can happen to best of orchestras when the man with the baton lacks technique and style
bayreuth next summer
the bayreuth festival opens july ## with a new production of tannhaeuser staged by wieland wagner who is doing all the operas this time and conducted by wolfgang sawallisch
sawalisch also conducts the flying dutch opening july ##
parsifal follows july ## with hans knappertsbusch conducting and he also conducts die meistersinger to be presented aug. # and ##
the ring cycles are july ## ## ## and ## and aug. ## ## ## and ##
rudolf kempe conducts
no casts are listed but lotte lehmann sent word that the negro soprano grace bumbry will sing venus in tannhaeuser
remember how by a series of booking absurdities chicago missed seeing the bolshoi ballet
remember how by lack of two big theaters chicago missed the first visit of the royal danish ballet
well now we have two big theaters
but barring a miracle and don't hold your breath for it chicago will see the leningrad-kirov ballet which stems from the ballet cradle of the maryinsky and is one of the great companies of the world
before you let loose a howl saying we announced its coming once but several times indeed we did
the engagement was supposed to be all set for the big theater in mccormick place which sol hurok ballet booker extraordinary considers the finest house of its kind in the country and of course he doesn't weep at the capacity either
it was all set
allied arts corporation first listed the chicago dates as dec. # thru ##
later the hurok office made it dec. # thru ## a nice long booking for the full repertory
but if you keep a calendar of events as we do you noticed a conflict
allied arts had booked marlene dietrich into mccormick place dec. # and #
something had to give
allied arts then notified us that the kirov would cut short its los angeles booking fly here to open nov. ## and close dec. #
shorter booking but still a booking
we printed it
a couple of days later a balletomane told me he had telephoned allied arts for ticket information and was told the newspapers had made a mistake
so i started making some calls of my own
these are the results
the kirov ballet is firmly booked into the shrine auditorium los angeles nov. ## thru dec. #
a chance of opening here nov. ## barring that miracle
then why the juicy booking hurok had held for us
well dietrich won't budge from mccormick place
then how about the civic opera house
well allied arts has booked lena horne there for a week starting dec. #
queried about the impasse allied arts said better cancel the kirov for the time being
it 's all up in the air again
so the kirov will fly back to russia minus a chicago engagement a serious loss for dance fans and for the frustrated bookers cancellation of one of the richest bookings in the country
will somebody please reopen the auditorium
paintings and drawings by marie moore of st. thomas virgin islands are shown thru nov. # at the meadows gallery #### ellis av. week days # p.m. to # p.m. sundays # p.m. to # p.m. closed mondays
an exhibition of evelyn cibula 's paintings will open with a reception nov. # at the evanston community center ### davis st.
it will continue all month
abstractions and semi-abstractions by everett mcnear are being exhibited by the university gallery of notre dame until nov. #
in the line of operatic trades to cushion the budget the dallas civic opera will use san francisco 's new leni bauer-ecsy production of lucia di lammermoor this season returning the favor next season when san francisco uses the dallas don giovanni designed by franco zeffirelli
h e. bates has scribbled a farce called hark hark the lark
it is one of the most entertaining and irresponsible novels of the season
if there is a moral lurking among the shenanigans it is hard to find
perhaps the lesson we should take from these pages is that the welfare state in england still allows wild scope for all kinds of rugged eccentrics
anyway a number of them meet here in devastating collisions
one is an imperial london stockbroker called jerebohm
another is a wily countryman called larkin whose blandly boisterous progress has been chronicled i believe in earlier volumes of mr. bates' comedie humaine
what 's up now
well jerebohm and his wife pinkie have reached the stage of affluence that stirs a longing for the more atrociously expensive rustic simplicities
they want to own a junior-grade castle or a manor house or some modest little place where shakespeare might once have staged a pageant for great elizabeth and all her bearded courtiers
they are willing to settle however in anything that offers pheasants to shoot at and peasants to work at
and of course larkin has just the thing they want
splendor by sorcery
it 's a horror
the name of it is gore court and it is surrounded by a wasteland that would impress t. s. eliot
that 's precisely the way larkin urges them to look at it though
he conjures herds of deer and wild birds crowding the air
he suggests that gore court embodies all the glories of tudor splendor
the stained-glass windows may have developed unpremeditated patinas the paneling may be no more durable than the planks in a political platform
the vast dungeon kitchens may seem hardly worth using except on occasions when one is faced with a thousand unexpected guests for lunch
larkin has an answer to all that
the spaciousness of the tudor cooking areas for example will provide needed space for the extra television sets required by modern butlers cooks and maids
also perhaps table-tennis and other indoor sports to keep them fit and contented
it 's a wonder really to how much mendacious trouble larkin puts himself to sell the jerebohms that preposterous manse
he doesn't really need the immense sum of money probably converted from american gold on the london exchange he makes them pay
for larkin is already wonderfully contented with his lot
he has a glorious wife and many children
when he needs money to buy something like say the rolls-royce he keeps near his vegetable patch he takes a flyer in the sale of surplus army supplies
one of those capital-gains ventures in fact has saddled him with gore court
he is willing to sell it just to get it off his hands
and the jerebohms are more than willing to buy it
they plan to become county people who know the proper way to terminate a fox 's life on earth
first one , then the other
if in larkin 's eyes they are nothing but piccadilly farmers he has as much to learn about them as they have to learn about the ways of truly rural living
mr. bates shows us how this mutual education spreads its inevitable havoc
oneupmanship is practiced by both sides in a total war
first the larkins are ahead then the jerebohms
after larkin has been persuaded to restock his tangled acres with pheasants he poaches only what he needs for the nourishment of his family and local callers
one of the local callers a retired brigadier apparently left over from kipling 's tales of india does approve of the way larkin gets his birds
he doesn't think that potting them from a deck chair on the south side of the house with a quart glass of beer for sustenance is entirely sporting
but the brigadier dines on the birds with relish
it is truly odd and ironic that the most handsome and impressive film yet made from miguel de cervantes' don quixote is the brilliant russian spectacle done in wide screen and color which opened yesterday at the fifty-fifth street and sixty-eighth street playhouses
more than a beautiful visualization of the illustrious adventures and escapades of the tragi-comic knight-errant and his squire sancho panza in seventeenth-century spain this inevitably abbreviated rendering of the classic satire on chivalry is an affectingly warm and human exposition of character
nikolai cherkasov the russian actor who has played such heroic roles as alexander nevsky and ivan the terrible performs the lanky don quixote and does so with a simple dignity that bridges the inner nobility and the surface absurdity of this poignant man
his addle-brained knight-errant self-appointed to the ridiculous position in an age when armor had already been relegated to museums and the chivalrous code of knight-errantry had become a joke is as cervantes no doubt intended a gaunt but gracious symbol of good moving soberly and sincerely in a world of cynics hypocrites and rogues
cherkasov does caricature him as some actors have been inclined to do
he treats this deep-eyed bearded bony crackpot with tangible affection and respect
directed by grigory kozintsev in a tempo that is studiously slow he develops a sense of a high tradition shining brightly and passing gravely through an impious world
the complexities of communication have been considerably abetted in this case by appropriately stilted english language that has been excellently dubbed in place of the russian dialogue
the voices of all the characters including that of cherkasov have richness roughness or color to conform with the personalities
and the subtleties of the dialogue are most helpfully conveyed
since russian was being spoken instead of spanish there is no violation of artistry or logic here
splendid too is the performance of yuri tolubeyev one of russia 's leading comedians as sancho panza the fat grotesque squire
though his character is broader and more comically rounded than the don he gives it a firmness and toughness a sort of peasant dignity too
it is really as though the russians have seen in this character the oftentimes underlying vitality and courage of supposed buffoons
the episode in which sancho panza concludes the joke that is played on him when he is facetiously put in command of an island is one of the best in the film
true the pattern and flow of the drama have strong literary qualities that are a bit wearisome in the first half before don quixote goes to the duke 's court
but strength and poignancy develop thenceforth and the windmill and deathbed episodes gather the threads of realization of the wonderfulness of the old boy
there are other good representations of peasants and people of the court by actors who are finely costumed and magnificently photographed in this last of the russian films to reach this country in the program of joint cultural exchange
also on the bill at the fifty-fifth street is a nice ten-minute color film called sunday in greenwich village a tour of the haunts and joints
television has yet to work out a living arrangement with jazz which comes to the medium more as an uneasy guest than as a relaxed member of the family
there seems to be an unfortunate assumption that an hour of chicago-style jazz in prime evening time for example could be justified without the trimmings of a portentous documentary
at least this seemed to be the working hypothesis for chicago and all that jazz presented on nbc-tv nov. ##
the program came out of the nbc special projects department and was slotted in the du pont show of the week series
perhaps special projects necessarily thinks along documentary lines
if so it might be worth while to assign a future jazz show to a different department one with enough confidence in the musical material to cut down on the number of performers and give them a little room to display their talents
as a matter of fact this latter approach has already been tried and with pleasing results
a few years ago a timex all-star jazz show offered a broad range of styles ranging from lionel hampton 's big band to the free-wheeling dukes of dixieland
an enthusiastic audience confirmed the live character of the hour and provided the interaction between musician and hearer which almost always seems to improve the quality of performance
about that same time john crosby 's tv series on the popular arts proved again that giving jazz ample breathing space is one of the most sensible things a producer can do
in an hour remembered for its almost rudderless movement a score of jazz luminaries went before the cameras for lengthy periods
the program had been arranged to permit the establishment of a mood of intense concentration on the music
cameras stared at soloists' faces in extreme closeups then considerately pulled back for full views of ensemble work
chicago and all that jazz could be faulted on the choice of artists
some of the in-person performers were jack teagarden gene krupa bud freeman pee wee russell johnny st. cyr joe sullivan red allen lil armstrong blossom seeley
the jazz buff could hardly ask for more
furthermore garry moore makes an ideal master of ceremonies
he played host at the timex show already mentioned
one of the script 's big problems was how to blend pictures and music of the past with live performances by musicians of today
nbc had gathered a lot of historical material which it was eager to share
for example there was sheet music with the word jazz in the title to illustrate how a word of uncertain origin took hold
samples zoomed into closeup range in regular succession like telephone poles passing on the highway while representative music reinforced the mood of the late teens and #### 's
however well chosen and cleverly arranged such memorabilia unfortunately amounted to more of an interruption than an auxiliary to the evening 's main business which considering the talent at hand should probably have been the gathering of fresh samples of the chicago style
another source of nbc pride was its rare film clip of bix beiderbecke but this view of the great trumpeter flew by so fast that a prolonged wink would have blotted out the entire glimpse
similarly in presenting still photographs of early jazz groups the program allowed no time for a close perusal
chicago and all that jazz may have wound up satisfying neither the confirmed fan nor the inquisitive newcomer
by trying to be both a serious survey of a bygone era and a showcase for today 's artists the program turned out to be a not-quite-perfect example of either
still the network 's willingness to experiment in this musical field is to be commended and future essays happily anticipated
even joan sutherland may have anticipated the tremendous reception she received from the metropolitan opera audience attending her debut as lucia in donizetti 's lucia di lammermoor sunday night
the crowd staged its own mad scene in salvos of cheers and applause and finally a standing ovation as miss sutherland took curtain call after curtain call following a fantastic mad scene created on her own and with the help of the composer and the other performers
her entrance in scene # act # brought some disconcerting applause even before she had sung a note
thereafter the audience waxed applause-happy but discriminating operagoers reserved judgment as her singing showed signs of strain her musicianship some questionable procedure and her acting uncomfortable stylization
as she gained composure during the second act her technical resourcefulness emerged stronger though she had already revealed a trill almost unprecedented in years of performances of lucia
she topped the sextet brilliantly
each high note had the crowd in ecstasy so that it stopped the show midway in the mad scene but the real reason was a realization of the extraordinary performance unfolding at the moment
miss sutherland appeared almost as another person in this scene a much more girlish lucia a sensational coloratura who ran across stage while singing and an actress immersed in her role
what followed the outburst brought almost breathless silence as miss sutherland revealed her mastery of a voice probably unique among sopranos today
this big flexible voice with uncommon range has been superbly disciplined
nervousness at the start must have caused the blemishes of her first scene or she may warm up slowly
in the fullness of her vocal splendor however she could sing the famous scene magnificently
technically it was fascinating aurally spell-binding and dramatically quite realistic
many years have passed since a metropolitan audience heard anything comparable
her debut over perhaps the earlier scenes will emerge equally fine
the performance also marked the debut of a most promising young conductor silvio varviso
he injected more vitality into the score than it has revealed in many years
he may respect too much the italian tradition of letting singers hold on to their notes but to restrain them in a singers' opera may be quite difficult
richard tucker sang edgardo in glorious voice
his bel canto style gave the performance a special distinction
the remainder of the cast fulfilled its assignments no more than satisfactorily just as the old production and limited stage direction proved only serviceable
miss sutherland first sang lucia at covent garden in ####
the first metropolitan opera broadcast on dec. # will introduce her as lucia
she has since turned to bellini whose opera beatrice di tenda in a concert version with the american opera society introduced her to new york last season
she will sing la sonambula with it here next week
anyone for musical ping-pong
it 's really quite fun as long as you like games
you will need a stereo music system with speakers preferably placed at least seven or eight feet apart and one or more of the new london phase # records
there are ## of these to choose from all of them of popular music except for the star release pass in review sp-#####
this features the marching songs of several nations recorded as though the various national bands were marching by your reviewing stand
complete with crowd effects interruptions by jet planes and sundry other touches of realism this disc displays london 's new technique to the best effect
all of the jackets carry a fairly technical and detailed explanation of this new recording program
no reference is made to the possibility of recording other than popular music in this manner and it would seem to lend itself well to serious music
directionality is greatly exaggerated most of the time
but when the sounds of the two speakers are allowed to mix there is excellent depth and dimension to the music
you definitely hear some of the instruments close up and others farther back with the difference in placement apparently more distinct than would result from the nearer instruments merely being louder than the ones farther back
this is a characteristic of good stereo recording and one of its tremendous advantages over monaural sound
london explains that the very distinct directional effect in the phase # series is due in large part to their novel methods of microphoning and recording the music on a number of separate tape channels
these are then mixed by their sound engineers with the active co-operation of the musical staff and combined into the final two channels which are impressed on the record
in some of the numbers the instrumental parts have even been recorded at different times and then later combined on the master tape to produce special effects
some clue to the character of london 's approach in these discs may be gained immediately from the fact that ten of the ## titles include the word percussion or percussive
drums xylophones castanets and other percussive instruments are reproduced remarkably well
only too often however you have the feeling that you are sitting in a room with some of the instruments lined up on one wall to your left and others facing them on the wall to your right
they are definitely in the same room with you but your head starts to swing as though you were sitting on the very edge of a tennis court watching a spirited volley
the percussive twenties sp-##### stirs pleasant memories with well-known songs of that day and johnny keating 's kombo gives forth with tingling jazz in percussive moods sp-#####
big band percussion sp-##### seemed one of the least attractive discs the arrangements just didn't have so much character as the others
there is an extraordinary sense of presence in all of these recordings apparently obtained at least in part by emphasizing the middle and high frequencies
the penalty for this is noticeable in the big bold brilliant but brassy piano sounds in melody and percussion for two pianos sp-#####
all of the releases however are recorded at a gratifyingly high level with resultant masking of any surface noise
pass in review practically guarantees enjoyment and is a dramatic demonstration of the potentialities of any stereo music system
many hollywood films manage somehow to be authentic but realistic
strange but true authenticity and realism often aren't related at all
almost every film bearing the imprimatur of hollywood is physically authentic in fact impeccably so
in any given period piece the costumes bric-a-brac vehicles and decor bear the stamp of unimpeachable authenticity
the major studios maintain a cadre of film librarians and research specialists who look to this matter
during the making recently of an important biblical film some ## volumes of research material and sketches only of costumes and interiors but of architectural developments sports arenas vehicles and other paraphernalia were compiled consulted and complied with
but alas the authenticity seems to stop at the set 's edge
the drama itself and this seems to be lavishly true of biblical drama often has hardly any relationship with authenticity at all
the storyline in sort is wildly unrealistic
thus in the story of ruth we have ruth naomi and boaz and sets that are meticulously authentic
but except for a vague adherence to the basic storyline i.e. that ruth remained with naomi and finally wound up with boaz the film version has little to do with the bible
and in the new king of kings the plot involves intrigues and twists and turns that cannot be traced to the gospels
earlier this month edward r. murrow director of the united states information agency came to hollywood and had dinner with more than ### leaders of the motion picture industry
he talked about unauthentic storylines too
he intimated that they weren't doing the country much good in the cold war
and to an industry that prides itself on authenticity he urged greater realism
in many corners of the globe he said the major source of impressions about this country are in the movies they meet
would we want a future-day gibbon or macaulay recounting the saga of america with movies as his prime source of knowledge
yet for much of the globe hollywood is just that prime if sole source of knowledge
if a man totally ignorant of america were to judge our land and its civilization based on hollywood alone what conclusions do you think he might come to
francois d'albert hungarian-born violinist who made his new york debut three years ago played a return engagement last night in judson hall
he is now president of the chicago conservatory college
his pianist was donald jenni a faculty member at depaul university
the acoustics of the small hall had been misgauged by the artists so that for the first half of the program when the piano was partially open mr. jenni 's playing was too loud
in vying with him mr. d'albert also seemed to be overdriving his tone
this was an overriding drawback to enjoyment of the performances however except in the case of the opening work mozart 's sonata in a k. ### which clattered along noisily in an unrelieved fashion
brahm 's sonata in a although also vigorous stood up well under the two artists' strong large-scale treatment
mr. d'albert has a firm attractive tone which eschews an overly sweet vibrato
he made the most of the long brahmsian phrases and by the directness and drive of his playing gave the work a handsome performance
a sonata for violin and piano called bella bella by robert fleming was given its first united states performance
the title refers to the nickname given his wife by the composer who is also a member of the national film board of canada
the work 's two movements one melodically sentimental the other brightly capricious are clever enough in a ravel-like style but they rehash a wornout idiom
they might well indicate conjugal felicity but in musical terms that smack of hollywood
works by dohnanyi hubay mr. d'albert himself and paganini indicated that the violinist had some virtuoso fireworks up his sleeve as well as a reserved attitude toward a lyric phrase
standard items by sarasate and saint-saens completed the program
in recent years anna xydis has played with the new york philharmonic and at lewisohn stadium but her program last night at town hall was the greek-born pianist 's first new york recital since ####
miss xydis has a natural affinity for the keyboard and in the twenty years since her debut here she has gained the authority and inner assurance that lead to audience control
and the tone she commands is always beautiful in sound
since she also has considerable technical virtuosity and a feeling for music in the romantic tradition miss xydis gave her listeners a good deal of pleasure
she played with style and a touch of the grand manner and every piece she performed was especially effective in its closing measures
the second half of her program was devoted to russian composers of this century
it was in them that miss xydis was at her best
the rachmaninoff prelude no. ## op. ## for instance gave her an opportunity to exploit one of her special facilities the ability to produce fine deep-sounding bass tones while contrasting them simultaneously with fine silver filagree in the treble
the four kabalevsky preludes were also assured rich in color and songful
and the prokofieff seventh sonata had the combination of romanticism and modern bravura that prokofieff needs
miss xydis' earlier selections were mendelssohn 's variations serieuses in which each variation was nicely set off from the others
haydn 's sonata in e minor which was unfailingly pleasant in sound and chopin 's sonata in b flat minor
a memory lapse in the last somewhat marred the pianist 's performance
so what was the deepest music on her program had the poorest showing
miss xydis was best when she did need to be too probing
all the generals who held important commands in world war # did write books
it only seems as if they did
and the best books by generals were necessarily the first ones written
one of the very best is only now published in this country five years after its first publication in england
it is defeat into victory by field marshal viscount slim
a long book heavily weighted with military technicalities in this edition it is neither so long nor so technical as it was originally
field marshal slim has abridged it for the benefit of those who finding so great an attraction in accounts of military moves and counter-moves are more interested in men and their reactions to stress hardship and danger
the man whose reactions and conclusions get the most space is of course the field marshal himself
william joseph slim first viscount slim former governor general of australia was the principal british commander in the field during the burma war
he had been a corps commander during the disastrous defeat and retreat of #### when the ill-prepared ill-equipped british forces were outmaneuvered outfought and outgeneraled
he returned in command of an international army of gurkhas indians africans chinese and british
and in a series of bitterly fought battles in the jungles and hills and along the great rivers of burma he waged one of the most brilliant campaigns of the war
the forgotten war his soldiers called the burma fighting because the war in africa and europe enjoyed priorities in equipment and in headlines
parts of defeat into victory are a tangle of burmese place names and military units but a little application makes everything clear enough
on the whole this is an interesting and exceptionally well-written book
field marshal slim is striking in description amusing in many anecdotes
he has a pleasant sense of humor and is modest enough to admit mistakes and even a cardinal error
he praises many individuals generously
he himself seems to be tough tireless able and intelligent more intellectual and self-critical than most soldiers
remaking an army to win
defeat into victory is a dramatic and lively military narrative
but it is most interesting in its account of the unending problems of high command of decisions and their reasons of the myriad matters that demand attention in addition to battle action
before he could return to burma field marshal slim had to rally the defeated remnants of a discouraged army and unite them with fresh recruits
his remarks about training discipline morale leadership and command are enlightening
he believed in making inspiring speeches and he made a great many
he believed in being seen near the front lines and he was there
for general morale reasons and to encourage the efforts of his supply officers when food was short for combat troops he cut the rations of his headquarters staff accordingly
other crucial matters required constant supervision labor and all noncombatant troops whose morale was vital too
administrative organization and delicate diplomatic relations with top brass british american and chinese
health hygiene medical aid and preventive medicine
hospitals inadequate and nurses scanty
food and military supplies
logistics and transport
airdrops and airstrips
roads and river barges to be built
expected of a commander
commenting on these and other matters field marshal slim makes many frank and provocative remarks
when in doubt as to two courses of action a general should choose the bolder
the commander has failed in his duty if he has won victory for that is his duty
it only does harm to talk to troops about new and desirable equipment which others may have but which you cannot give them
it depresses them
so i made no mention of air transport until we could get at least some of it
field marshal slim is more impressed by the courage of japanese soldiers than he is by the ability of their commanders
of the japanese private he says he fought and marched till he died
if ### japanese were ordered to hold a position we had to kill ### before it was ours and then the last five killed themselves
brooding about future wars the field marshal has this to say the asian fighting man is at least equally brave as the white usually more careless of death less encumbered by mental doubts less troubled by humanitarian sentiment and so moved by slaughter and mutilation around him
he is by background and living standards better fitted to endure hardship uncomplainingly to demand less in the way of subsistence or comfort and to look after himself when thrown on his own resources
a bunch of young buckaroos from out west who go by the name of texas boys choir loped into town hall last night and succeeded in corralling the hearts of a sizable audience
actually the program they sang was at least two-thirds serious and high-minded and they sang it beautifully
under the capable direction of the choir 's founder geroge bragg the twenty-six boys made some lovely sounds in an opening group of renaissance and baroque madrigals and motets excerpts from pergolesi 's stabat mater and all of the britten ceremonial of carols
their singing was well-balanced clear and within obvious limitations extremely pleasing
the limitations are those one expects from untrained and unsettled voices an occasional shrillness of almost earsplitting intensity an occasional waver and now and then a bleat
but mr. bragg is a remarkably gifted conductor and the results he has produced with his boys are generally superior
most surprising of all he has accomplished some prodigies in training for the production of words
the latin for example was only clear
it was even beautiful
furthermore there were solid musical virtues in the interpretation of the music
lines came out neatly and in good balance
tempos were lively
the piano accompaniments by istvan szelenyi were stylish
a boy soprano named dixon boyd sang a durante solo motet and a few other passages enchantingly
other capable soloists included david clifton joseph schockler and pat thompson
the final group included folk songs from back home stomped out shouted and chanted with irresistible spirit and in cowboy costume
boys will be boys and texans will be texans
the combination proved quite irresistible last night
the polish song and dance company called mazowsze after the region of poland where it has its headquarters opened a three-week engagement at the city center last night
a thoroughly ingratiating company it is and when the final curtain falls you may suddenly realize that you have been sitting with a broad grin on your face all evening
that it is all funny by any means though some of it is definitely so but simply that the dancers are young and handsome high-spirited and communicative and the program itself is as vivacious as it is varied
there is no use at all in trying to follow it dance by dance and title by title for it has a kind of nonstop format and moves along in an admirable continuity that demands no pauses for identification
the material is all basically of folk origin gleaned from every section of poland
but under the direction of mira ziminska-sygietynska who with her late husband founded the organization in #### it has all been put into theatrical form treated selectively choreographed specifically for presentation to spectators and performed altogether professionally
under the surface of the wide range of folk movements is apparent a sound technical ballet training and an equally professional sense of performing
since the organization was created thirteen years ago it is obvious that this is the original company
it is more likely the sons and daughters of that company
the girls are charming children and the men are wonderfully vital and engaging youngsters
the stage is constantly full of them
indeed there are never fewer than eight of them on stage and that is only for the more intimate numbers
they can be exuberant or sentimental flirtatious or funny but the only thing they seem unable to be is dull
to pick out particular numbers is something of a problem but one or two identifiable items are too conspicuously excellent to be missed
there is for example a stunning krakowiak that closes the first act
the mazurka choreographed by witold zapala to music from moniuszko 's opera strasny dwor' may be the most beautiful mazurka you are likely ever to see
there is an enchanting polonaise
and the dances and songs from the tatras contain a magnificent dance for the men
everywhere there are little touches of humor and the leader of the on-stage band of musicians is an ebullient comedian who plays all sorts of odd instruments with winning warmth
the theatre-by-the-sea matunuck presents king of hearts by jean kerr and eleanor brooke
directed by michael murray
settings by william david roberts
producer john holmes has chosen a delightful comedy for his season 's opener at matunuck in jean kerr 's king of hearts
the dialogue is sharp witty and candid typical don't eat the daisies material which has stamped the author throughout her books and plays and it was obvious that the theatre-by-the-sea audience liked it
the story is of a famous strip cartoonist an arty individual whose specialty is the american boy and who adopts a ##-year-old to provide him with fresh idea material
this is when his troubles begin to mention a fledgling artist who he hires and who turns out to have ideas of his own with particular respect to the hero 's sweetheart-secretary
john heffernan playing larry larkin the cartoonist carries the show in marvelous fashion
his portrayal of an edgy head-in-the-clouds artist is virtually flawless
this may be unfortunate perhaps from the standpoint of david hedison providence 's contribution to hollywood who is appearing by special arrangement with ##th century-fox
that mr. hedison does make the most of his role
he does and more
but the book is written around a somewhat dizzy cartoonist and it has to be that way
a word should be said for gary morgan a broadway youngster who as the adopted son makes life miserable for nearly everybody and larkin in particular
and for his playmate francis coletta of west warwick who has a bit part billy
on the whole audiences will like this performance
it is a tremendous book lively constantly moving and the matunuck cast does well by it
the newport playhouse presents epitaph for george dillon by john osborne and anthony creighton directed by wallace gray
the angriest young man in newport last night was at the playhouse where epitaph for george dillon opened as the jazz festival closed
for the hero of this work by john osborne and anthony creighton is a chap embittered by more than the lack of beer during a jam session
he 's mad at a world he did make
furthermore he 's something of a scoundrel an artist whose mind and feelings are all finger-tips
this is in contrast to the family with whom he boards
they only think and feel cliches but live cliches as well
it is into this household one eroded by irritations that have tortured the souls out of its people that george dillon enters at the beginning of the play
an unsuccessful playwright and actor he has faith only in himself and in a talent he is sure exists
by the end of the third act the artist is dead but the body lingers on a shell among other shells
altogether a successful play epitaph for george dillon overcomes through sheer vitality and power what in a lesser work might be crippling
it is awfully talky for instance and all of the talk is terribly impressive
but it strikes sparks on occasion and their light causes all else to be forgotten
there is a fine second act as an example one in which samuel groom as dillon has an opportunity to blaze away in one impassioned passage after another
this is an exciting young actor to watch
just as exciting but in a more technically proficient way is laura stuart whose complete control of her every movement is lovely to watch
miss stuart is as intensely vibrant as one could wish almost an icy shriek threatening to explode at any moment
also fine are sue lawless as a mother more protective and belligerent than a female spider and just as destructive harold cherry as her scratchy spouse and hildy weissman as a vegetable in human form
wallace gray has directed a difficult play here usually well but with just a bit too much physical movement in the first act for my taste
still his finale is put together with taste and a most sensitive projection of that pale sustenance despair
the warwick musical theater presents where 's charley
with music and lyrics by frank loesser directed by christopher hewett choreography by peter conlow musical direction by samuel matlowsky
everybody fell in love with amy again last night at the warwick musical theater and shelley berman was to blame
one of the finest soft shoe tunes ever invented once in love with amy is also of course one of the most tantalizingly persistent of light love lyrics to come out of american musical comedy in our era
so the audience last night was all ears and eyes just after act # got a rousing opening chorus where 's charley
and berman sifted out all alone on the stage with the ambling chords and beat of the song just whispering into being
it is greatly to berman 's credit that he made no attempt to outdo ray bolger
he dropped his earlier and delightful hamming which is about the only way to handle the old war horse called charley 's aunt and let himself go with as appealing an amy as anybody could ask
in brief berman played himself and bolger
the big audience started applauding even before he had finished
the whole production this week is fresh and lively
the costumes are stunning evocations of the voluminous gowns and picture hats of the gibson girl days
the ballet work is on the nose especially in the opening number by the new ashmolean marching society and students' conservatory band along with a fiery and sultry brazilian fantasia later
berman whose fame has rested in recent years on his skills as a night club monologist proved himself very much at home in musical comedy
sparrow-size virginia gibson with sparkling blue eyes and a cheerful smile made a suitably perky amy while melisande congdon as the real aunt was positively monumental in the very best gibson girl manner
all told where 's charley
ought to be missed
it has a fast pace excellent music expert direction and only a good comedian but an appealing person in his own right mr. berman
the broadway theater league of rhode island presents c. edwin knill 's and martin tahse 's production of fiorello
at veterans memorial auditorium
the book is by jerome weidman and george abbott music by jerry bock lyrics by sheldon harnick choreography by peter gennaro scenery costumes and lighting by william and jean eckart musical direction by jack elliott and the production was directed by mr. abbott
this is one of the happier events of the season
the company which performed the pulitzer prize musical here last night and will repeat it twice today is full of bounce the politicians are in fine voice the chorines evoke happy memories and the little flower rides to break a lance again
i saw fiorello
performed in new york by the original cast and i think this company is every bit as good and perhaps better
certainly in the matter of principals there is nothing lacking
bob carroll may bear quite as close a physical resemblance to laguardia as tom bosley does but i was amazed at the way he became more and more fiorello as the evening progressed until one had to catch one 's self up and remember that this wasn't really laguardia come back among us again
then rudy bond was simply grand as ben the distraught republican party district chieftain
and paul lipson as morris the faithful one who never gets home to his shirley 's dinner was fine too
as for the ladies they were full of charm and sincerity and deep and abiding affection for this hurrying driving honest little man
charlotte fairchild was excellent as the loyal marie who became the second mrs. laguardia singing and acting with remarkable conviction
jen nelson as thea his first wife managed to make that short role impressive
and little zeme north a dora with real spirit and verve was fascinating whether she was singing of her love for floyd the cop who becomes sewer commissioner and then is promoted into garbage or just dancing to display her exuberant feelings
such fascinating novelties in the score as the fugual treatment of on the side of the angels and politics and poker were handled splendidly and i thought rudy bond and his band of tuneful ward-heelers made little tin box even better than it was done by the new york cast
all the words of its clever lyrics came through with perfect clarity
the party at floyd 's penthouse gave the chorines a chance for a nostalgic frolic through all those hackneyed routines which have become a classic choreographic statement of the era 's nonsense
laguardia 's multi-lingual rallies when he is running for congress are well staged and wind up in a wild jewish folk-dance that is really great musical theater
martin tahse has established quite a reputation for himself as a successful stager of touring productions
a corner has been visibly cut in this one
the sets are remarkably elaborate for a road-show that doesn't pause long in any one place and they are devised so that they shift with a minimum of interruption or obtrusiveness
several times recently i have wondered whether shows were being staged for the sake of the script or just to entertain the audience with the spectacle of scenery being shifted right in front of their eyes
i'm glad to say there 's none of that distraction in this fiorello
it has all been done in superb style and the result is a show which deserves the support of every person hereabouts who enjoys good musical theater
loew 's theater presents where the boys are an mgm picture produced by joe pasternak and directed by henry levin from a screenplay by george wells
since the hero a sterling and upright fellow is a rich brown senior while two yalies are cast as virtual rapists i suppose i should disqualify myself from sitting in judgment on where the boys are but i shall do nothing of the sort
instead and just to prove my objectivity i hasten to report that it 's a highly amusing film which probably does a fairly accurate job of reporting on the easter vacation shenanigans of collegians down in fort lauderdale and that it seems to come to grips quite honestly with the moral problem that most commonly vexes youngsters in this age group that is to say sex
the answers the girls give struck me as reasonably varied and healthily individual
if most of them weren't exactly specific well that 's the way it is in life i guess
but at least it 's reassuring to see some teenagers who don't profess to know all the answers and are thinking about their problems instead
where the boys are also has a juvenile bounce that makes for a refreshing venture in comedy
there are some sharp and whipping lines and some hilariously funny situations the best of the latter being a mass impromptu plunge into a nightclub tank where a mermaid is performing
most of the female faces are new or at least too familiar
dolores hart is charming in a leading role and quite believable
i was delighted with paula prentiss' comedy performance which was as fresh and unstilted as one 's highest hopes might ask
a couple of the males made good comedy too jim hutton and frank gorshin
the only performance which was too soft for me was that of yvette mimieux but since someone had to become the victim of despoilers just to emphasize that such things do happen at these fracases i suppose this was the attitude the part called for
i must say however that i preferred the acting that had something of a biting edge to it
to anyone who remembers newport at its less than maximum violence this view of what the boys and girls do in the springtime before they wing north for the jazz festival ought to prove entertaining
the second feature the price of silence is a british detective story that will talk your head off
the superb intellectual and spiritual vitality of william james was never more evident than in his letters
here was a man with an enormous gift for living as well as thinking
to both persons and ideas he brought the same delighted interest the same open-minded relish for what was unique in each the same discriminating sensibility and quicksilver intelligence the same gallantry of judgment
for this latest addition to the great letters series under the general editorship of louis kronenberger miss hardwick has made a selection which admirably displays the variety of james 's genius to mention the felicities of his style
and how he could write
his famous criticism of brother henry 's third style is surely as subtly even elegantly worded an analysis of the latter 's intricate air castles as henry himself could ever have produced
his letter to his daughter on the pains of growing up is surely as trenchant forthright and warmly understanding a piece of advice as ever a grown-up penned to a sensitive child and with just the right tone of unpatronizing good humor
most of all his letters to his philosophic colleagues show a magnanimity as well as an honesty which help to explain whitehead 's reference to james as that adorable genius
miss hardwick speaks of his superb gift for intellectual friendship and it is certainly a joy to see the intellectual life lived so free from either academic aridity or passionate dogmatism
this is a virtue of which we have great need in a society where there seems to be an increasing lack of communication or even desire for communication between differing schools of thought
it holds an equally valuable lesson for a society where the word intellectual has become a term of opprobrium to millions of well-meaning people who somehow imagine that it must be destructive of the simpler human virtues
to his harvard colleague josiah royce whose philosophic position differed radically from his own james could write different as our minds are yours has nourished mine as no other social influence ever has and in converse with you i have always felt that my life was being lived importantly
of another colleague george santayana he could write the great event in my life recently has been the reading of santayana 's book
although i absolutely reject the platonism of it i have literally squealed with delight at the imperturbable perfection with which the position is laid down on page after page
writing to his colleague george herbert palmer glorious old palmer as he addresses him james says that if only the students at harvard could really understand royce santayana palmer and himself and see that their varying systems are so many religions ways of fronting life and worth fighting for then harvard would have a genuine philosophic universe
the best condition of it would be an open conflict and rivalry of the diverse systems
the world might ring with the struggle if we devoted ourselves exclusively to belaboring each other
the belaboring is of course jocular yet james was lacking in fundamental seriousness unless we measure him by that ultimate seriousness of the great religious leader or thinker who stakes all on his vision of god
to james this vision never quite came despite his appreciation of it in others
but there is a dignity and even a hint of the inspired prophet in his words to one correspondent you ask what i am going to reply to bradley
but why need one reply to everything and everybody
i think that readers generally hate minute polemics and recriminations
all polemic of ours should i believe be either very broad statements of contrast or fine points treated singly and as far as possible impersonally
as far as the rising generation goes why simply express ourselves positively and trust that the truer view quietly will displace the other
here again god will know his own
the collected works of james thurber now numbering ## volumes including the present exhibit represent a high standard of literary excellence as every schoolboy knows
the primitive-eclogue quality of his drawings akin to that of graffiti scratched on a cave wall is equally well known
about all that remains to be said is that the present selection most of which appeared first in the new yorker comprises as usual a slightly unstrung necklace held together by little more than a slender thread cunningly inserted in the spine of the book
the one unifying note if any is sounded in the initial article entitled how to get through the day
it is repeated at intervals in some rather sadly desperate word-games for insomniacs the hospitalized and others forced to rely on inner resources including in the p 's alone palindromes paraphrases and parodies
the tyranny of trivia suggests arbitrary alphabetical associations to induce slumber
and new vistas of hairshirt asceticism are opened by scholarly monographs entitled friends romans countrymen lend me your ear-muffs such a phrase as drifts through dream and the new vocabularianism
some of thurber 's curative methods involve strong potions of mixed metaphor malapropism and gobbledygook and are recommended for use only in extreme cases
a burlesque paean entitled hark the herald tribune times and all the other angels sing brilliantly succeeds in exaggerating even motion-picture ballyhooey
how the kooks crumble features an amusingly accurate take-off on sneaky announcers who attempt to homogenize radio-tv commercials and the watchers of the night is a veritable waking nightmare
a semi-serious literary document entitled the wings of henry james is noteworthy if only for a keenly trenchant though little-known comment on the master 's difficult later period by modest owen wister author of the virginian
james he remarks in a letter to a friend is attempting the impossible namely to produce upon the reader as a painting produces upon the gazer a number of superimposed simultaneous impressions
he would like to put several sentences on top of each other so that you could read them all at once and get all at once the various shadings and complexities
equally penetrating in its fashion is the following remark by a lady in the course of a literary conversation so much has already been written about everything that you can't find out anything about it
or the mildly epigrammatic utterance also a quotation woman 's place is in the wrong
who but thurber can be counted on to glean such nectareous essences
a tribute to midsummer bang-sashes seems terribly funny though it would be hard to explain why
one of them banged the sash of the window nearest my bed around midnight in july and i leaped out of sleep and out of bed
it 's just a bat said my wife reassuringly and i sighed with relief
thank god for that i said
i thought it was a human being
in a sense perhaps thurber is indebted artistically to the surrealist painter was it salvador dali
who first conceived the startling fancy of a picture window in the abdomen
that is it is literally a picture window you don't see into the viscera
you see a picture trees or flowers
this is something like what thurber 's best effects are like if i am mistaken
though no longer able to turn out his protoplasmic pen-and-ink sketches several old favorites are scattered through the present volume thurber has retained unimpaired his vision of humor as a thing of simple unaffected humanness
in his concluding paragraph he writes the devoted writer of humor will continue to try to come as close to truth as he can
for many readers thurber comes closer than anyone else in sight
the latest low is a puzzler
the master 's hand has lost none of its craft
he is at his usual best in exposing the shams and self-deceptions of political and diplomatic life in the fifties
the reader meets a few old friends like blimp and the tuc horse and becomes better acquainted with new members of the cast of characters like the bomb itself and civilization in her classic robe watching the nuclear arms race her hair standing straight out
but there is a difference between the present volume and the early low
there is fear in the fifties as his title suggests and as his competent drawings show
but there was terror in the thirties when the nazis were on the loose and in those days low struck like lightning
anyone can draw his own conclusions from this difference
it might be argued that the communists are less inhuman than the nazis and furnish the artist with drama in a lower key
but this argument cannot be pushed very far because the communist system makes up for any shortcomings of its leaders in respect to corrosion
the communists wield a power unknown to hitler
and the leading issue that of piecemeal aggression remains the same
this is drama enough
do we ourselves offer mr. low less of a crusade
in the thirties we would face our enemy
that was a nightmarish situation and low was in his element
now we have stood up to the communists
we are stronger and more self-confident and low cannot so easily put us to rights
or does the reason for less jovian drawings lie elsewhere
it might be that low has seen too many stupidities and that they do outrage him now
he writes confucius held that in times of stress one should take short views only up to lunchtime
whatever the cause his mood in the fifties rarely rises above the level of the capably sardonic
he does seem to have caught the subtleties of the man
the skies turn dark but the clouds do loose their wrath
low seems to have supported eden at first and then relented because things worked out differently so there is no fire in his eye
stalin 's death churchill 's farewell to public life hillary and tensing on everest quemoy and matsu all subjects for a noble anger or an accolade
instead the cartoons seem to deal with foibles
their eisenhower is insubstantial
did low decide to let well enough alone when he made his selections
he often drew the bomb
he showed puny men attacked by splendidly tyrannical machines
and khrushchev turned out to be prime copy for the most witty caricaturist of them all
but but and but
look in this book for weak mortals and only on occasion for virtues and vices on the heroic scale
read the moderately brief text for captions sometimes for tart epigrams once in a while for an explosion in the middle of your fixed ideas
a gray fox with a patch on one eye confidence man city slicker lebensraum specialist tries to take over catfish bend in this third relaxed allegory from mr. burman 's refreshing louisiana animal community
the fox is all ingratiating smiles when he arrives from new orleans accompanied by one wharf rat
but like all despots as he builds his following from among the gullible he grows more threatening toward those who won't follow such solid citizens as doc raccoon
judge black the vegetarian black snake
and the eagle who leads the bird community when he is too busy in washington posing for fifty-cent pieces
as soon as the fox has taken hold on most of the populace he imports more wharf rats who of course say they are the aggrieved victims of an extermination campaign in the city
the followers of bullies invariably are aggrieved about the very things they plan to do to others
they train the mink and other animals to fight
and pretty soon gray fox is announcing that he won't have anyone around that 's against him and setting out to break his second territorial treaty with the birds
robert hillyer the poet writes in his introduction to this brief animal fable that mr. burman ought to win a nobel prize for the catfish bend series
he may have a point in urging that decadent themes be given fewer prizes
but it 's hard to imagine mr. burman as a nobel laureate on the basis of these charming but really momentous fables
in substance they lie somewhere between the southern dialect animal stories of joel chandler harris uncle remus and the polished witty fables of james thurber
george kennan 's account of relations between russia and the west from the fall of tsarism to the end of world war # is the finest piece of diplomatic history that has appeared in many years
it combines qualities that are seldom found in one work scrupulous scholarship a fund of personal experience a sense of drama and characterization and a broad grasp of the era 's great historical issues
in short the book based largely on lectures delivered at harvard university is both reliable and readable
the author possesses an uncommonly fine english style and he is dealing with subjects of vast importance that are highly topical for our time
if mr. kennan is sometimes a little somber in his appraisals if his analysis of how western diplomacy met the challenge of an era of great wars and social revolutions is often critical and pessimistic well the record itself is too encouraging
mr. kennan takes careful account of every mitigating circumstance in recalling the historical atmosphere in which mistaken decisions were taken
but he rejects perhaps a little too sweepingly the theory that disloyal and pro-communist influences may have contributed to the policy of appeasing stalin which persisted until after the end of the war and reached its high point at the yalta conference in february ####
after all alger hiss subsequently convicted of perjury in denying that he gave secret state department documents to soviet agents was at yalta
and harry dexter white implicated in f.b.i. reports in communist associations was one of the architects of the morgenthau plan which had it ever been put into full operation would have simply handed germany to stalin
one item in this unhappy scheme was to have germany policed exclusively by its continental neighbors among whom only the soviet union possessed real military strength
it is quite probable however that stupidity inexperience and childish adherence to slogans like unconditional surrender had more to do with the unsatisfactory settlements at the end of the war than treason or sympathy with communism
mr. kennan sums up his judgment of what went wrong this way
you see first of all and in a sense as the source of all other ills the unshakeable american commitment to the principle of unconditional surrender the tendency to view any war in which we might be involved as a means of achieving limited objectives in the way of changes in a given status quo but as a struggle to the death between total virtue and total evil with the result that the war had absolutely to be fought to the complete destruction of the enemy 's power no matter what disadvantages or complications this might involve for the more distant future
recognizing that there could have been no effective negotiated peace with hitler he points out the shocking failure to give support to the anti-nazi underground which very nearly eliminated hitler in ####
a veteran diplomat with an extraordinary knowledge of russian language history and literature kennan recalls how at the time of hitler 's attack on the soviet union in #### he penned a private note to a state department official expressing the hope that never would we associate ourselves with russian purposes in the areas of eastern europe beyond her own boundaries
the hope was vain
with justified bitterness the author speaks of what seems to me to have been an inexcusable body of ignorance about the nature of the russian communist movement about the history of its diplomacy about what had happened in the purges and about what had been going on in poland and the baltic states
he also speaks of franklin d. roosevelt 's puerile assumption that if only he stalin could be exposed to the persuasive charm of someone like f.d.r. himself ideological preconceptions would melt and russia 's co-operation with the west could be easily arranged
no wonder khrushchev 's first message to president kennedy was a wistful desire for the return of the good old days of roosevelt
this fascinating story begins with a sketch rich in personal detail of the glancing mutual impact of world war # and the two instalments of the russian revolution
the first of these involved the replacement of the tsar by a liberal provisional government in march ####
the second the seizure of power by the bolsheviks who later called themselves communists in november of the same year
as kennan shows the judgment of the allied governments about what was happening in russia was warped by the obsession of defeating germany
they were blind to the evidence that nothing could keep the russian people fighting
they attributed everything that went wrong in russia to german influence and intrigue
this more than any other factor led to the fiasco of allied intervention
as the author very justly says
had a world war been in progress there would never under any conceivable stretch of the imagination have been an allied intervention in north russia
the scope and significance of this intervention have been grossly exaggerated by communist propaganda
here kennan operating with precise facts and figures performs an excellent job of debunking
of many passages in the book that exemplify the author 's vivid style the characterizations of the two plebeian dictators whose crimes make those of crowned autocrats pale by comparison may be selected
this was a man of incredible criminality of a criminality effectively without limits
a man apparently foreign to the very experience of love without mercy or pity
a man in whose entourage none was ever safe
a man whose hand was set against all that could be useful to him at the moment
a man who was most dangerous of all to those who were his closest collaborators in crime
and here is kennan 's image of hitler stalin 's temporary collaborator in the subjugation and oppression of weaker peoples and his later enemy
behind that charlie chaplin moustache and that truant lock of hair that always covered his forehead behind the tirades and the sulky silences the passionate orations and the occasional dull evasive stare behind the prejudices the cynicism the total amorality of behavior behind even the tendency to great strategic mistakes there lay a statesman of no mean qualities shrewd calculating in many ways realistic endowed like stalin with considerable powers of dissimulation capable of playing his cards very close to his chest when he so desired yet bold and resolute in his decisions and possessing one gift stalin did possess the ability to rouse men to fever pitch of personal devotion and enthusiasm by the power of the spoken word
two criticisms of this generally admirable and fascinating book involve the treatment of wartime diplomacy which is jagged at the edges there is no mention of the potsdam conference or the morgenthau plan
and in a concluding chapter about america 's stance in the contemporary world one senses certain misplacements of emphasis and a failure to come to grips with the baffling riddle of our time how to deal with a wily and aggressive enemy without appeasement and without war
but one should ask for everything
mr. kennan who has recently abandoned authorship for a new round of diplomacy as the recently appointed american ambassador to yugoslavia is the only man who finds it easier to portray the past than to prescribe for the future
the story of a quarter of a century of soviet-western relations is vitally important and it is told with the fire of a first-rate historical narrator
the ireland we usually hear about in the theater is a place of bitter political or domestic unrest lightened occasionally with flashes of native wit and charm
in donnybrook there is quite a different eire a rural land where singing dancing fist-fighting and romancing are the thing
there is plenty of violence to be sure but it is a nice violence and no one gets killed
by and large robert mcenroe 's adaptation of maurice walsh 's film the quiet man provides the entertainment it set out to and we have a lively musical show if a superlative one
this is the tale of one john enright an american who has accidentally killed a man in the prize ring and is now trying to forget about it in a quiet place where he may become a quiet man
but innesfree where ellen roe danaher and her bullying brother will live is no place for a man who will use his fists
so enright 's courting of the mettlesome ellen is impeded considerably thereby providing the tale which is told
you may be sure he marries her in the end and has a fine old knockdown fight with the brother and that there are plenty of minor scraps along the way to ensure that you understand what the word donnybrook means
then there is a matchmaker one mikeen flynn a role for which eddie foy was happily selected
now there is no reason in the world why a matchmaker in ireland should happen also to be a talented soft-shoe dancer and gifted improviser of movements of the limbs torso and neck except that these talents add immensely to the enjoyment of the play
mr. foy is a joy having learned his dancing by practicing it until he is practically perfect
his matchmaking is naturally incidental and it only serves flynn right when a determined widow takes him by the ear and leads him off to matrimony
art lund a fine big actor with a great head of blond hair and a good voice impersonates enright
although he is graced with the subtleties of romantic technique that 's what an ex-prize fighter is supposed to have anyway
joan fagan a fiery redhead who can impress you that she has a temper whether she really has one or plays ellen and sings the role very well too
if the mettle which ellen exhibits has a bit of theatrical dross in it never mind
she fits into the general scheme well enough
susan johnson as the widow spends the first half of the play running a bar and singing about the unlamented death of her late husband and the second half trying to acquire a new one
she has a good firm delivery of songs and adds to the solid virtues of the evening
then there are a pair of old biddies played by grace carney and sibly bowan who may be right off the shelf of stock irish characters but they put such a combination of good will and malevolence into their parts that they're quite entertaining
and in the role of will danaher philip bosco roars and sneers sufficiently to intimidate only one american but the whole british army if he chose
donnybrook is no brigadoon but it does have some very nice romantic background touches and some excellent dancing
the ballads are sweet and sad and the music generally competent
it sometimes threatens to linger in the memory after the final curtain and some of it such as the catchy sez i does
a toast to the bride sung by clarence nordstrom playing a character called old man toomey is quite simple direct and touching
the men of innesfree are got up authentically in cloth caps and sweaters and their dancing and singing is fine
so is that of the limber company of lasses who whirl and glide and quickstep under jack cole 's expert choreographic direction
the male dancers sometimes wear kilts and their performance in them is spirited and stimulating
rouben ter-arutunian in his stage settings often uses the scrim curtain behind which mr. cole has placed couples or groups who sing and set the mood for the scenes which are to follow
there is no reason why most theatergoers should have a pretty good time at donnybrook unless they are permanently in the mood of enright when he sings about how easily he could hate the lovable irish
we can all breathe more easily this morning more easily and joyously too because joshua logan has turned the stage show fanny into a delightful and heart-warming film
the task of taking the raw material of marcel pagnol 's original trio of french films about people of the waterfront in marseilles and putting them again on the screen after their passage through the broadway musical idiom was a delicate and perilous one indeed
more than the fans of pagnol 's old films and of their heroic star the great raimu were looking askance at the project
the fans of the musical were too
but now the task is completed and the uncertainty resolved with the opening of the english-dialogue picture at the music hall yesterday
whether fan of the pagnol films or stage show whether partial to music or you can't help but derive joy from this picture if you have a sense of humor and a heart
some of the new york philharmonic musicians who live in the suburbs spent yesterday morning digging themselves free from snow
a tiny handful never did make the concert
but after a fifteen-minute delay the substantially complete philharmonic assembled on stage for the afternoon 's proceedings
they faced a rather small audience as quite a few subscribers apparently had decided to forego the pleasures of the afternoon
it was an excellent concert
paul paray rounding out his current stint with the orchestra is a solid musician and the philharmonic plays for him
their collaboration in the beethoven second symphony was lucid intelligent and natural sounding
it was a heavy ponderous beethoven
the music sang nicely sprinted evenly when necessary was properly accented and balanced
the franck symphonic poem psyche is a lush sweet-sounding affair that was pleasant to encounter once again
fortunate for the music itself it is too frequent a visitor
if it were its heavily chromatic harmonies would soon become cloying
mr. paray resisted the temptation to over-emphasize the melodic elements of the score
he did let the strings for instance weep whine or get hysterical
his interpretation was a model of refinement and accuracy
and in the prokofieff c major piano concerto with zadel skolovsky as soloist he was an admirable partner
mr. skolovsky 's approach to the concerto was bold sweeping and tonally percussive
he swept through the music with ease in a non-sentimental and ultra-efficient manner
an impressive technician mr. skolovsky has fine rhythm to boot
his tone is the weakest part of his equipment
it tends to be hard and colorless
a school of thought has it that those attributes are exactly what this concerto needs
it is after all a non-romantic work even with the big juicy melody of the second movement
and the composer himself was called the age of steel pianist
but granted all this one still would have liked to have heard a little more tonal nuance than mr. skolovsky supplied
taken as a whole though it was a strong performance from both pianist and orchestra
mr. skolovsky fully deserved the warm reception he received
a new work on the program was nikolai lopatnikoff 's festival overture receiving its first new york hearing
this was composed last year as a salute to the automobile industry
it is program music though
it runs a little more than ten minutes is workmanlike busy methodical and featureless
la gioconda like it or is a singer 's opera
and so of course it is a fan 's opera as well
snow or no the fans were present in force at the metropolitan opera last night for a performance of the ponchielli work
so the plot creaks the sets are decaying the costumes are pre-historic the orchestra was sloppy and very well connected with what the singers were doing
after all the opera has juicy music to sing and the goodies are well distributed with no less than six leading parts
one of those parts is that of evil evil barnaba the spy
his wicked deeds were carried on by anselmo colzani who was taking the part for the first time with the company
he has the temperament and the stage presence for a rousing villain and he sang with character and strong tone
what was lacking was a real sense of phrase the kind of legato singing that would have added a dimension of smoothness to what is after all a very oily character
regina resnik as laura and cesare siepi as alvise also were new to the cast but only with respect to this season
they have both sung these parts here before
laura is a good role for miss resnik and she gave it force dramatic color and passion
mr. siepi was as always a consummate actor
with a few telling strokes he characterized alvise magnificently
part of this characterization was of course accomplished with the vocal chords
his singing was strong and musical
unfortunately his voice was out of focus and often spread in quality
eileen farrell in the title role mignon dunn as la cieca and richard tucker as enzo were holdovers from earlier performances this season and all contributed to a vigorous performance
if only they and fausto cleva in the pit had got together a bit more
melodious birds sing madrigals saith the poet and no better description of the madrigaling of the deller consort could be imagined
their vanguard album madrigal masterpieces bg ###
stereo bgs #### is a good sample of the special elegant art of english madrigal singing
it also makes a fine introduction to the international art form with good examples of italian and english madrigals plus several french chansons
the english have managed to hold onto their madrigal tradition better than anyone else
the original impulses came to england late in the sixteenth century and continue strong long after everyone else had gone on to the baroque basso continuo sonatas operas and the like
even after elizabethan traditions were weakened by the cromwellian interregnum the practice of singing together choruses catches and glees always flourished
the english never again developed a strong native music that could obliterate the traces of an earlier great age the way say the opera in italy blotted out the italian madrigal
latter-day interest in elizabethan singing dates well back into the nineteenth century in england much ahead of similar revivals in other countries
as a result no comparable literature of the period is better known and better studied nor more often performed than the english madrigal
naturally mr. deller and the other singers in his troupe are most charming and elegant when they are squarely in their tradition and singing music by their countrymen william byrd thomas morley and thomas tomkins
there is an almost instrumental quality to their singing with a tendency to lift out important lines and make them lead the musical texture
both techniques give the music purity and clarity
claude jannequin 's vocal description of a battle the french equivalents of tarantara rum-tum-tum and boom-boom-boom are very picturesque is lots of fun and the singers get a sense of grace and shape into other chansons by jannequin and lassus
only with the more sensual intense and baroque expressions of marenzio monteverdi and gesualdo does the singing seem a little superficial
nevertheless the musicality accuracy and infectious charm of these performances excellently reproduced make it an attractive look-see at the period
the works are presented chronologically
texts and translations are provided
elegance and color
the elements of elegance and color in jannequin are strong french characteristics
baroque instrumental music in italy and germany tends to be strong lively intense controlled and quite abstract
in france it remained always more picturesque more dancelike more full of flavor
couperin and rameau gave titles to nearly everything they wrote in the later sense of program music but as a kind of nonmusical reference for the close clear musical forms filled with keen wit and precise utterance
both composers turn up on new imports from france
bam is the unlikely name of a french recording company whose full label is editions de la boite a musique
they specialize in out-of-the-way items and old french music naturally occupies a good deal of their attention
sonates et concerts royaux of couperin le grand occupy two disks ld### and ld### and reveal the impeccable taste and workmanship of this master delicate flexible and gemlike
the concerts nos. # # # ## and ## are represented are really closer to chamber suites than to concertos in the italian sense
the sonatas la francaise la sultane l'astree and l'imperiale are often more elaborately worked out and in fact show a strong italian influence
couperin also turns up along with some lesser-known contemporaries on a disk called musique francaise du ##e siecle bam ld ###
jean-marie leclair still is remembered a bit but bodin de beismortier corrette and mondonville are hardly household words
what is interesting about these chamber works here is how they all reveal the aspect of french music that was moving toward the rococo
the couperin la steinkerque with its battle music brevity wit and refined simplicity already shakes off corelli and points towards the mid-century elegances that ended the baroque era
if couperin shows the fashionable trend the others do so all the more
all these records have close attractive sound and the performances by a variety of instrumentalists is characteristic
rameau 's six concerts en sextuor recorded by l'orchestre de chambre pierre menet bam ld ### turn out to be harpsichord pieces arranged for strings apparently by the composer himself
the strange delightful little character pieces with their odd and sometimes inexplicable titles are still evocative and gracious
maitres allemands des ##e et ##e siecles contains music by pachelbel buxtehude rosenmueller and telemann well performed by the ensemble instrumental sylvie spycket bam ld ###
rococo music a lot of it was played in carnegie recital hall on saturday night in the first of four concerts being sponsored this season by a new organization known as globe concert arts
works by j. c. bach anton craft joseph haydn giuseppe sammartini comenico dragonetti and j. g. janitsch were performed by seven instrumentalists including anabel brieff flutist josef marx oboist and robert conant pianist and harpsichordist
since rococo music tends to be pretty and elegant above all it can seem rather vacuous to twentieth-century ears that have grown accustomed to the stress and dissonances of composers from beethoven to boulez
thus there was really an excess of eighteenth-century charm as one of these light-weight pieces followed another on saturday night
each might find a useful place in a varied musical program but taken together they grew quite tiresome
the performances were variable those of the full ensemble being generally satisfying some by soloists proving rather trying
ellie mao soprano and frederick fuller baritone presented a program of folksongs entitled east meets west in carnegie recital hall last night
they were accompanied by anna mi lee pianist
selections from fifteen countries were sung as solos and duets in a broad range of languages
songs from china and japan were reserved exclusively for miss mao who is a native of china and those of the british isles were sung by mr. fuller who is english by birth
this was a program intended to illustrate authentic folk styles
on the contrary miss mao and mr. fuller chose many of their arrangements from the works of composers such as mendelssohn dvorak canteloube copland and britten
there was therefore more musical substance in the concert than might have been the case otherwise
the performances were assured communicative and pleasingly informal
what was omitted from a neglected education were those essentials known as the facts of life
chabrier 's little one-act operetta presented yesterday afternoon at town hall is a fragile precious little piece very french without wit and charm
the poor uneducated newlywed a certain gontran de boismassif has his problems in getting the necessary information
the humor of the situation can be imagined
it all takes place in the eighteenth century
what a silly artificial way of life chabrier and his librettists chuckle
but they wish they could bring it back
chabrier 's delightful music stands just at the point where the classical rationalist tradition handed down to chabrier largely in the form of operetta and salon music becomes virtually neo-classicism
the musical cleverness and spirit plus a strong sense of taste and measure save a wry little joke from becoming either bawdy or mawkish
the simple clever production was also able to tread the thin line between those extremes
arlene saunders was charming as poor gontran
yes arlene is her name
the work uses the old eighteenth-century tradition of giving the part of a young inexperienced youth to a soprano
benita valente was delightful as the young wife and john parella was amusing as the tutor who failed to do all his tutoring
the work was presented as the final event in the town hall festival of music
it was paired with a darius milhaud opera the poor sailor set to a libretto by jean cocteau a kind of grand guignol by the sea a sailor returns unrecognized and gets done in by his wife
with the exception of a few spots milhaud 's music mostly churns away with his usual collection of ditties odd harmonies and lumbering satiric orchestration
had a funny experience at newport yesterday afternoon
sat there and as a woman sang she kept getting thinner and thinner right before my eyes and the eyes of some #,### other people
i make this observation about the lady miss judy garland because she brought up the subject herself in telling a story about a british female reporter who flattered her terribly in london recently and then wrote in the paper the next day
judy garland has arrived in london
but who cares when the lady sings
certainly the largest afternoon audience newport has ever had at a jazz concert and the most attentive and quiet
they applauded every number only at its conclusion but also at the first statement of the theme sometimes at the first chord
and judy sang the lovely old familiar things which seemed at times a blessed relief from the way-out compositions of the progressive jazzmen who have dominated these proceedings
things like when you're smiling almost like being in love do it again born to wander alone together who cares
puttin' on the ritz how long has this been going on
and her own personal songs like the man that got away and the inevitable over the rainbow
miss garland is only one of the great singers of our time but she is one of the superb showmen
at the start of her program there were evidences of pique
she had held to the letter of her contract and didn't come onto the stage until well after # p.m. the appointed hour although the music at newport people had tried to get the program underway at #
then there was a bad delay in getting mort lindsey 's ##-piece orchestra wedged into its chairs
along about #:## just when it was getting to be about time to turn the audience over and toast them on the other side judy came on singing in a short-skirted blue dress with a blue and white jacket that flapped in the wind
her bouffant coiffure was fortunately combed on the left which happened to be the direction from which a brisk breeze was blowing
in her first song she waved away one encroaching photographer who dared approach the throne unbidden and thereafter the boys with the cameras had to unsheathe their ### mm. lenses and shoot at extreme range
there also came a brief contretemps with the sound mixers who made the mistake of being overheard during a quiet moment near the conclusion of do it again and she made the tart observation that i never saw so much moving about in an audience
but it didn't take judy garland showman long to realize that this sort of thing was par for the course at newport and that you have to learn to live with it
before her chore was finished she was rescuing wind-blown sheets of music trundling microphones about the stage helping to move the piano and otherwise joining in the informal atmosphere
and time after time she really belted out her songs
sometimes they struck me as horribly over-arranged which was the way i felt about her come rain or come shine and sometimes they were just plain magnificent like her shatteringly beautiful beautiful weather
to her partisan audience such picayune haggling would have seemed nothing more than a critic striving to hold his franchise
they just sat back on their haunches and cried for more as though they could never get enough
they were rewarded with splendid exciting singing
her rockabye your baby was as good as it can be done and her really personal songs like the man that got away were deeply moving
the audience wouldn't let her leave until it had heard over the rainbow although the fellow that kept crying for get happy had to go home unhappy about that item anyway
she was generous with her encores and the audience was equally so with its cheers and applause and flowers
all went home happy except the newport police who feared that the throng departing at #:## might meet head-on the night crowd drawing nigh and those deprived of their happy hour at the cocktail bar
in newport last night there were flashes of distant lightning in the northern skies
this was perhaps symbolic of the jazz of the evening flashes in the distance but no storm
several times it came near breaking and there were in fact some lovely peals of thunder from jerry mulligan 's big band which is about as fine an aggregation as has come along in the jazz business since john hammond found count basie working in a kansas city trap
mulligan 's band has been infected with his solid sense of swing and what it does seems far more meaningful than most of the noise generated by the big concert aggregations
but what is equally impressive is the delicacy and wonderful lyric quality of both the band and mulligan 's baritone sax in a fragile ballad like bob brookmeyer 's arrangement of django 's castle
for subtle swinging rhythms i could admire intensely mulligan 's version of weep and the fireworks went on display in ## carrots for robert a sax tribute to johnny hodges
there was considerable contrast between this mulligan performance and that of art blakey and the jazz messengers who are able to generate a tremendous sound for such a small group
unfortunately blakey doesn't choose to work much of the time in this vein
he prefers to have his soloist performing and thus we get only brief glimpses of what his ensemble work is like
what we did get however was impressive
a few drops of rain just before midnight when sarah vaughan was in the midst of her first number scattered the more timid members of the audience briefly but at this hour and with sarah on the stand most of the listeners didn't care whether they got wet
miss vaughan was back in top form somehow mellowed and improved with the passage of time like a fine wine
after the spate of female vocalists we have been having all of whom took sarah as a point of departure and then tried to see what they could do that might make her seem old hat it seemed that all that has happened is to make the real thing seem better than ever
jazz three open program
the evening program was opened by the jazz three a newport group consisting of steve budieshein on bass jack warner drums and don cook piano
this was a continuation of a good idea which was first tried out saturday night when the eddie stack group also local talent went on first
putting on local musicians at this place in the program serves a triple purpose it saves the top flight jazz men from being wasted in this unenviable spot when the audience is cold restless and in flux
it prevents late-comers from missing some of the people they have come a long way to hear and it gives the resident musicians a chance to perform before the famous newport audience
the jazz three displayed their sound musicianship only in their own chosen set but as the emergency accompanists for al minns & leon james the superb jazz dancers who have now been newport performers for three successive years gradually moving up from a morning seminar on the evolution of the blues to a spot on the evening program
julie wilson sings
julie wilson a vigorous vocalist without many wild twists sang a set a large part of which consisted of such seldom heard old oldies as hard-hearted hannah the vamp of savannah and the delightful sunday
she frosted the cake with the always reliable bill bailey
from this taste of the ####s we leaped way out to stan getz 's private brand of progressive jazz which did lovely subtle things for baubles bangles and beads and a couple of ballards
getz is a difficult musician to categorize
he plays his sax principally for beauty of tone rather than for scintillating flights of meaningless improvisations and he has a quiet way of getting back and restating the melody after the improvising is over
in this he is sticking with tradition however far removed from it he may seem to be
shearing takes over
george shearing took over with his well disciplined group a sextet consisting of vibes guitar bass drums shearing 's piano and a bongo drummer
he met with enthusiastic audience approval especially when he swung from jazz to latin american things like the mambo
shearing himself seemed to me to be playing better piano than in his recent newport appearances
a very casual pleasant program one of those easy-going things that make newport 's afternoon programs such a relaxing delight was held again under sunny skies hot sun and a fresh breeze for an audience of at least a couple of thousands who came to newport to hear music rather than go to the beach
divided almost equally into two parts it consisted of the evolution of the blues narrated by jon hendricks who had presented it last year at the monterey calif. jazz festival and an hour-long session of maynard ferguson and his orchestra a blasting big band
hendricks' story was designed for children and he had a small audience of small children right on stage with him
tracing the blues from its african roots among the slaves who were brought to this country and the west indies he stressed the close relationship between the early jazz forms and the music of the negro churches
to help him on this religious aspect of primitive jazz he had big miller as a preacher-singer and hannah dean gospel-singer while oscar brown jr. an extremely talented young man did a slave auctioneer 's call a field-hands' work song and a beautifully sung negro lullaby brown baby which was one of the truly moving moments of the festival
one of those delightful surprise additions which so frequently occur in jazz programs was an excellent stint at the drums by the great joe jones drumming to old man river which seems to have been elected the favorite solo for the boys on the batterie at this year 's concerts
demonstrating the primitive african rhythmic backgrounds of the blues was michael babatunde olatunji who plays such native drums as the konga and even does a resounding job slapping his own chest
he has been on previous newport programs and was one of the sensations of last year 's afternoon concerts
hendricks had billy mitchell tenor sax
pony poindexter alto sax
jimmy witherspoon blues singer and a good one and the ike isaacs trio which has done such wonderful work for two afternoons now helping him with the musical examples
it all went very well
pianists who are serious about their work are likely to know the interesting material contained in schubert 's sonatas
music lovers who are familiar with this literature may hear an excellent example played for rca by emil gilels
he has chosen sonata op. ## in aj
the playing takes both sides of the disc
perhaps one of the reasons these sonatas are programmed more often is their great length
rhythmic interest melodic beauty and the expansiveness of the writing are all qualities which hold one 's attention with the gilels playing
his technique is ample and his musical ideas are projected beautifully
the male chorus of the robert shaw chorale sings sea shanties in fine style
the group is superbly trained
what a discussion can ensue when the title of this type of song is in question
do you say chantey as if the word were derived from the french word chanter to sing or do you say shanty and think of a roughly built cabin which derives its name from the french-canadian use of the word chantier with one of its meanings given as a boat-yard
i say chantey
either way the robert shaw chorus sings them in fine style with every colorful word and its musical frame spelled out in terms of agreeable listening
if your favorite song is here it must be an unfamiliar one
the london label offers an operatic recital by ettore bastianini a baritone whose fame is international
murray louis and his dance company appeared at the henry street playhouse on friday and saturday evenings and sunday afternoons in the premiere of his latest work signal and the repetition of an earlier one journal
signal is choreographed for three male dancers to an electronic score by alwin nikolais
its abstract decor is by john hultberg
program note reads as follows
this urgent visage beckons us
here as in journal mr. louis has given himself the lion 's share of the dancing and there is no doubt that he is capable of conceiving and executing a wide variety of difficult and arresting physical movements
indeed both journal and signal qualify as instructive catalogues of modern-dance calisthenics
but chains of movements are necessarily communicative and it is in the realm of communication that the works prove disappointing
one frequently has the feeling that the order of their movement combinations could be transposed without notable loss of effect there is too little suggestion of organic relationship and development
it may be of course that mr. louis is consciously trying to create works that anticipate an age of total automation
but it may be also that he is merely more mindful of athletics than of esthetics at the present time
one thing is certain however and that is that he is far more slavish to the detailed accents phrasings and contours of the music he deals with than a confident dance creator need be
an american journey
a brisk satirical spoof of contemporary american mores entitled an american journey was given its first new york performance at hunter college playhouse last night by the helen tamiris-daniel nagrin dance company
choreographed by mr. nagrin the work filled the second half of a program that also offered the first new york showing of miss tamiris' once upon a time as well as her women 's song and mr. nagrin 's indeterminate figure
eugene lester assembled a witty and explicit score for an american journey and malcolm mccormick gave it sprightly imaginative costumes
mr. nagrin has described four places each with its scenery and people added two diversions and concluded with a toccata for the young a refreshingly underplayed interpretation of rock'n'roll dancing
the places could be anywhere the idiosyncrasies and foibles observed there could be anybody 's and the laugh is on us all
but we need mind too much because mr. nagrin has expressed it through movement that is diverting and clever almost all the way
miss tamiris' once upon a time is a problem piece about a man and a woman and the three figures that bother them somehow
unfortunately the man and woman were made to appear very interesting at the outset and the menacing figures failed to make them any more so
nor did the dancing involved really seize the attention at any time
the music here russell smith 's tetrameron sounded good
all the performances of the evening were smooth and assured and the sizable company with mr. nagrin and marion scott as its leading dancers seemed to be fine shape
the symphony of the air greatly assisted by van cliburn last night got its seven-concert beethoven cycle at carnegie hall off to a good start
at the same time the orchestra announced that next season it would be giving twenty-five programs at carnegie and that it would be taking these concerts to the suburbs repeating each of them in five different communities
this news announced by jerome toobin the orchestra 's administrative director brought applause from the #,### persons who filled the hall
they showed they were glad that carnegie would have a major orchestra playing there so often next season to take up the slack with the departure to lincoln center of the new york philharmonic the philadelphia orchestra and the boston symphony
this season the orchestra has already taken a step toward the suburbs in that it is giving six subscription concerts for the orchestral society of westchester in the county center in white plains
the details of the suburban concerts next season and the centers in which they will be given will be announced later mr. toobin said
the concertos that van cliburn has been associated with in new york since his triumphant return from russia in #### have been the tchaikovsky the rachmaninoff third and the prokofieff third
it was pleasant last night therefore to hear him do something else a concerto he has recently recorded the emperor
the young texas pianist can make great chords ring out as well as anyone so last night the massive sonorities of this challenging concerto were no hazard to him
but they were what distinguished his performance
the elements that did were the introspective slow movement the beautiful transition to the third movement and the passages of filigree that laced through the bigger moments of the opening movement and the final rondo
mr. cliburn gave the slow movement some of the quality of a chopin nocturne
alfred wallenstein the conductor sensitive accompanist that he is picked up the idea and led the orchestra here with a sense of brooding poetic mystery
the collaboration was remarkable as it was in both the other movements too
mr. wallenstein who will lead all of the concerts in the cycle also conducted the leonore overture no. # and the fourth symphony
the orchestra was obviously on its mettle and it played most responsively
and although there was plenty of vigor in the performance the ensemble was at its best when the playing was soft and lyrical yet full of the suppressed tension that is one of the hallmarks of beethoven
igor oistrakh will be the next soloist on feb. #
there are times when one suspects that the songs that are dropped from musical shows before they reach broadway may really be better than many of those that are left in
today in the era of the integrated musical when an individual song must contribute to the over-all development of the show it is understandable that a song no matter how excellent it may be on its own terms is cut out because it does perform the function required of it
in the more casually constructed musicals of the nineteen twenties and nineteen thirties there would seem to have been less reason for eliminating a song of merit
yet there is the classic case of the gershwins' the man i love
deemed too static when it was first heard in lady be good in philadelphia in #### it was dropped from the score
it was heard again in philadelphia in #### in the first version of strike up the band and again abandoned shortly before the entire show was given up
it finally reached broadway in the second and successful version of strike up the band in ####
still another song in strike up the band i've got a crush on you was retrieved from a #### failure treasure girl
like the gershwins richard rodgers and lorenz hart were loath to let a good song get away from them
if one of mr. rodgers' melodies seemed to deserve a better fate than interment in boston or the obscurity of a broadway failure mr. hart was likely to deck it out with new lyrics to give it a second chance in another show
several of these double entries have been collected by ben bagley and michael mcwhinney along with rodgers and hart songs that disappeared permanently en route to new york and others that reached broadway but have become part of the constantly heard rodgers and hart repertory in a delightfully refreshing album rodgers and hart revisited spruce records ### fifth avenue new york
among the particular gems in this collection is the impudent opening song of the garrick gaieties an impressive forecast of the wit and melody that were to come from rodgers and hart in the years that followed
dorothy loudon 's raucous listing of the attractions at the roxy music hall from i married an angel
and the incisive style with which charlotte rae delivers the top-drawer hart lyrics of i blush a song that was cut from a connecticut yankee
altogether fifteen virtually unknown rodgers and hart songs are sung by a quintet of able vocalists
norman paris has provided them with extremely effective orchestral accompaniment
turning to the current musical season on broadway the most widely acclaimed of the new arrivals how to succeed in business without really trying has been transferred to an original cast album r. c. a. victor loc ####
stereo lso #### that has some entertaining moments although it is scarcely as inventive as the praise elicited by the show might lead one to expect
robert morse singing with comically plaintive earnestness carries most of the burden and is responsible for the high spots in frank loesser 's score
rudy vallee who shares star billing with mr. morse makes only two appearances
he shares with mr. morse a parody of the college anthems he once sang while his second song is whisked away from him by virginia martin a girl with a remarkably expressive yip in her voice
in general mr. loesser has done a more consistent job as lyricist than he has as composer
like mr. loesser jerry herman is both composer and lyriist for milk and honey r. c. a. victor loc ####
stereo lso #### but in this case it is the music that stands above the lyrics
for this story of an american couple who meet and fall in love in israel mr. herman has written songs that are warmly melodious and dance music that sparkles
there are the full-bodied resourceful voices of robert weede mimi benzell and tommy rall to make the most of mr. herman 's lilting melodies and for an occasional change of pace the bright humor of molly picon
mr. herman has managed to mix musical ideas drawn from israel and the standard american ballad style in a manner that stresses the basic tunefulness of both idioms
content to create only the music and lyrics noel coward also wrote the book and directed sail away capitol wao ####
stereo swao #### a saga of life on a cruise ship that is apt to be included among mr. coward 's more memorable works
the melodies flow along pleasantly as mr. coward 's songs usually do but his lyrics have a tired cut-to-a-familiar-pattern quality
elaine stritch who sings with a persuasively warm huskiness belts some life into most of her songs but the other members of the cast sound as lukewarm as mr. coward 's songs
with three fine russian films in recent months on world war # the house i live in the cranes are flying and ballad of a soldier we had every right to expect a real soviet block-buster in the day the war ended
it simply isn't by a long shot
the artkino presentation with english titles opened on saturday at the cameo theatre
make no mistake this gorky studio drama is a respectable import aptly grave carefully written performed and directed
in describing the initial allied occupation of a middle-sized german city the picture has color pictorial pull and genuinely moving moments
told strictly from the viewpoint of the russian conquerors the film compassionately peers over the shoulders of a smitten soviet couple at both sides of the conflict 's aftermath
unfortunately the whole picture hinges on this romance at the expense of everything else
tenderly and rather tediously the camera rivets on the abrupt deep love of a pretty nurse and a uniformed teacher complicated by nothing more than a friend they don't want to hurt
it 's the old story war or no war and more than one viewer may recall hollywood 's titanic several seasons back when the paramount concern was for the marital discord of a society dilettante
that the picture is superficial
under yakov segal 's direction it begins stirringly as crouching soviet and nazi troops silently scan each other waiting for the first surrender gesture
one high-up camera shot is magnificent as the germans straggle from a cathedral dotting a huge cobblestone square and drop their weapons
ring of bright water , by gavin maxwell
only once in a very long while comes a book that gives the reader a magic sense of sharing a rare experience
ring of bright water by gavin maxwell is just that a haunting warmly personal chronicle of a man an otter and a remote cottage in the scottish west highlands
he has married me with a ring of bright water begins the kathleen raine poem from which maxwell takes his title and it is this mystic bond between the human and natural world that the author conveys
the place is camusfearna the site of a long-vanished sea-village opposite the isle of skye
it is a land of long fjords few people a single-lane road miles away and of wild stags greylag geese wild swans dolphins and porpoises playing in the waters
how maxwell recounts his first coming to camusfearna his furnishing the empty house with beach-drift the subtle changes in season over ten years is a moving experience
just the evocations of time and place of passionate encounter between man and a natural world which today seems almost lost would be enough
but it isn't
there is mijbil an otter who travelled with maxwell and gave maxwell 's name to a new species from the tigris marshes to his london flat
it may sound extravagant to say that there has never been a more engaging animal in all literature
this is only a compliment to mijbil of whom there are a fine series of photographs and drawings in the book but to the author who has catalogued the saga of a frightened otter cub 's journey by plane from iraq to london then by train where he lay curled in the wash basin playing with the water tap to camusfearna with affectionate detail
mij as his owner was soon to learn had strange inexplicable habits
he liked to nip ear lobes of unsuspecting visitors with his needle-sharp teeth
he preferred sleeping in bed with his head on a pillow
systematically he would open and ransack drawers
given a small ball or marbles he would invent games and play by himself for hours
with curiosity and elan he explored every inch of glen beach and burn once stranding himself for hours on a ledge high up a sheer seventy-foot cliff and waiting with calm faith to be rescued by maxwell who nearly lost his life in doing so
a year and a day of this idyll is described for the reader one in which only discovery of a new world of personality is charted but self-discovery as well
in the solitude of camusfearna there had been no loneliness
to be quite alone where there are no other human beings is sharply exhilarating
it is as though some pressure had suddenly been lifted allowing an intense awareness a sharpening of the senses
now with the increasing interdependence between himself and mij came a knowledge of an obscure need that of being trusted implicitly by some creature
two other people in time shared mijbil 's love it remained around us three that his orb revolved when he was away in his own imponderable world of wave and water
we were his trinity and he behaved towards us with a mixture of trust and abuse passion and irritation
in turn each of us in our own way depended as gods do upon his worship
yet the idyll ended
the brief details of mijbil 's death lend depth to the story give it an edge of ironic tragedy
man to whom mij gave endless affection and fealty was responsible in the form of a road worker with a pickaxe who somehow becomes an abstract symbol of the savage in man
but then through a strange coincidence maxwell manages to acquire idal a female otter and the fascinating story starts once more
one is sure who emerges as the main personality of this book mijbil with his rollicking ways or maxwell himself poet portrait painter writer journalist traveller and zoologist sensitive but never sentimental recorder of an unusual way of life in a language at once lyrical and forceful vivid and unabashed
this reviewer read the book when it was first brought out in england with a sense of discovery and excitement
now gavin maxwell 's ring of bright water has widened to enchant the world
the performances of the comedie francaise are the most important recent events in the new york theater
they serve to contradict a popular notion that the comedie merely repeats as accurately as possible the techniques of acting the classics that prevailed in the ##th century
on the contrary the old plays are continually being reinterpreted and each new production of a classic has only a brief history at the comedie
of course the well-received revivals last longer than the others and that further reminds us that the comedie is insensitive to criticism
the directors of the comedie do respond to adverse notices in as docile and subservient a manner as the broadway producers who in two instances this season closed their plays after one performance
but they are aware of the world outside they court public approval they delight in full houses and they occasionally dare to experiment in interpreting a dramatic classic
in france novel approaches to the classic french plays are frequently attempted
the government pays a subsidy for revival of the classics and this policy attracts experimenters who sometimes put moliere 's characters in modern dress and often achieve interesting results
so far as i know the comedie has never put moliere 's people in the costumes of the ##th century but they do reinterpret plays and characters
last season the comedie 's two principal experiments came to grief and in consequence we can expect fairly soon to see still newer productions of racine 's phedre and moliere 's school for wives
the new phedre was done in ##th century setting instead of ancient greek
perhaps that is the comedie 's equivalent for thrusting this play 's characters into our own time
the speaking of the lines seemed excessively slow and stately possibly in an effort to capture the spirit of ##th century elegance
a few literary men defended what they took to be an emphasis on the poetry at the expense of the drama but the response was mainly hostile and quite violent
the new school for wives was interpreted according to a principle that is becoming increasingly common in the playing of classic comedy the idea of turning some obviously ludicrous figure into a tragic character
among the moliere specialists of some years ago louis jouvet tried to humanize some of the clowns while fernand ledoux often performing at the comedie made them more gross than moliere may have intended
apparently jouvet and ledoux attempted just these dissimilar approaches in the role of arnolphe in the school for wives
i say apparently although i saw jouvet as arnolphe when he visited this country shortly before his death
by that time he seemed to have dropped the tragic playing of the last moments of the comedy
arnolphe it will be recalled is a man of mature years who tries to preserve the innocence of his youthful wife-to-be
the part can lend itself to serious treatment
one influential french critic remarked pity for arnolphe comes with age
accordingly at the comedie last year jean meyer played a sympathetic arnolphe and drew criticism for turning the comedy into a tragedy
but the stuff of tragedy was truly present and the play became only comedy acted rather slowly
wisely the comedie has brought moliere 's tartuffe on its tour and has left the school for wives at home
tartuffe is the religious hypocrite who courts his benefactor 's wife
jouvet played him as a sincere zealot and ledoux at the comedie made him a gross buffoon or so the historians tell us
louis seigner who formerly played the deluded benefactor opposite ledoux is the tartuffe of the present production which he himself directed
his tartuffe observes the golden mean
his red face his coarse gestures and his lustful stares bespeak his sensuality
but his heavenward glances and his pious speeches are merely perfunctory
of course they do reflect sincerity but they exhibit a concern to make a good job out of his pious impersonation
occasionally seigner draws some justly deserved laughs by his quick shifts from one personality to another
the whole role by the way is a considerable transformation for anyone who has seen seigner in his other parts
his normal specialty is playing the good-natured old man frequently stupid or deluded but never mean or sly
here he is quite persuasively the very embodiment of meanness and slyness
seigner is the dean of the company the oldest actor in point of continuous service
in that function he helps to rebut another legend about the comedie
we are often told that the comedie has unfortunately life-contracts with old actors who are both mediocre and lazy drawing their pay without much acting but probably doing real service to the comedie by staying off the stage
seigner however is a fine actor and probably the busiest man in the company
among his other parts are the leads in the bourgeois gentleman and the imaginary invalid
in moliere 's farce the tricks of scapin robert hirsch undertakes another of the great roles
here some innovation is attempted
to begin with scapin is a trickster in the old tradition of the clever servant who plots the strategy of courtship for his master
hirsch 's scapin is healthy cheerful energetic revelling in his physical agility and his obvious superiority to the young gentlemen whom he serves
hirsch says that he has given the role certain qualities he has observed in the city toughs of the real world
and surely his scapin has a fresh directness a no-nonsense quality that seems to make him his own master and nobody 's servant
django reinhardt the ill-fated gypsy was a true artist one who demonstrated conclusively the power of art to renew itself and flow into many channels
there is hardly a jazz guitarist in the business today who doesn't owe something to django
and django owed much to louis armstrong
he told once of how he switched his style of playing to jazz after listening to two old armstrong records he bought in the flea market in paris
it was the first jazz he had heard
django who was born jean baptiste reinhardt in belgium and who died in #### in france was an extraordinary man
most of the fingers on his left hand were burned off when he fell asleep with a cigarette
and this was before he began to play his startlingly beautiful jazz
you can catch up with him if you haven't already on rca-victor 's album
djangology made up of tracks he recorded with stephane grappelly and the quintet of the hot club of france
this is a choice item and grappely deserves mention too of course
he is one of the few men in history who plays jazz on a violin
they play minor swing honeysuckle rose beyond the sea bricktop heavy artillery djangology after you've gone where are you my love
i saw stars lover man menilmontant and swing ##
all this is great proceedings get the minutes
kid ory the trombonist chicken farmer is also one of the solid anchor points of jazz
he dates back to the days before the first sailing ship pulled into new orleans
his horn has blown loud and clear across the land for more years than he cares to remember
good time jazz has released a nice two-record album which he made
he is starred against alvin alcorn trumpet
phil gomez clarinet
cedric haywood piano
julian davidson guitar
wellman braud bass and minor hall drums
the set contains high society do what ory say down home rag careless love jazz me blues weary blues original dixieland one-step bourbon street parade panama toot toot tootsie oh didn't he ramble beale street blues maryland my maryland #### rag eh , la bas mood indigo and bugle call rag
all this will serve to show off the ory style in fine fashion and is a must for those who want to collect elements of the old-time jazz before it is too late to lay hands on the gems
mischa elman shared last night 's lewisohn stadium concert with three american composers
his portion of the program and a big portion it was consisted of half the major nineteenth-century concertos for the violin to wit the mendelssohn and the tchaikovsky
that is an evening of music-making that would faze many a younger man
mr. elman is ## years old
there were #,### persons at the stadium who can tell their grandchildren that they heard elman
but with all due respects and allowances it must truthfully be said that what they heard was more syrupy than sweet more mannered than musical
the occasion was sentimental
so was the playing
the american part of the evening consisted of paul creston 's dance overture william schuman 's chester from new england triptych and two works of wallingford riegger dance rhythms op. ## and a romanza for strings op. ##a
the creston is purely a potboiler with spanish english french and american dances mixed into the stew
the riegger with its latin hesitation bounce is just this side of the pale
like his sweet attractive romanza it belongs to what the composer called his non-dissonant mostly category of works
the schuman chester takes off from an old william billings tune with rousing woodwind and brass effect
all these potboilers or no provided a welcome breath of fresh air in the form of lively colorful unstuffy works well suited for the great out-of-doors
it was nice to have something a little up-to-date for a change
we have alfredo antonini to thank for this healthy change of diet as well as the lively performances of the stadium symphony
a woman who undergoes artificial insemination against the wishes of her husband is the unlikely heroine of a question of adultery yesterday 's new british import at the apollo
since an objective viewer might well conclude that this is a situation that would often arise the film 's extensive discussion of the problem seems at best superfluous
in its present artless low-budget form the subject matter seems designed to invite censorial wrath
with julie london enacting the central role with husky-voiced sincerity the longsuffering heroine is at least attractive
the explanation offered for her conduct is a misguided attempt to save her marriage to a neurotic husband left sterile as a result of an automobile accident
anthony steel as the husband is a jealous type who argues against her course and sues for divorce labeling her action adulterous
the actor plays his role glumly under the lurid direction of don chaffey as do basil sydney as his unsympathetic father and anton diffring as an innocent bystander
after a protracted hysterical trial scene more notable for the frankness of its language than for dramatic credibility the jury to no one 's surprise leaves the legal question unresolved
when the husband drops the case and returns to his wife both seem sorry they brought the matter up in the first place
so was the audience
london , july #
for its final change of bill in its london season the leningrad state kirov ballet chose tonight to give one of those choreographic miscellanies known as a gala program at the royal opera house covent garden
no doubt the underlying idea was to show that for all the elegance and artistry that have distinguished its presentations thus far it too could give a circus if it pleased
and please it did in every sense of the word for it had the audience shouting much of the time in a manner far from typical of london audiences
at the end of the program indeed there was a demonstration that lasted for forty-five minutes and nothing could stop it
alexandre livshitz repeated a fantastic technical bit from the closing number taras bulba but even then there was a substantial number of diehards who seemed determined to go home at all
only a plea from the house manager john collins finally broke up the party
but for all the manifest intention to show off this was a circus with a difference for instead of descending in quality to what is known as a popular level it added further to the evidence that this is a very great dancing company
the taras bulba excerpt is a rousing version of gogol 's ukrainian folk-tale choreographed by bo fenster to music of soloviev-sedoi
it is danced by some thirty-five men and no women and it contains everything in the books lusty comedy gregarious cavorting and tricks that only madmen or russians would attempt to make the human body perform
yuri soloviev oleg sokolov alexei zhitkov lev sokolov yuri korneyev and mr. livshitz were the chief soloists but everybody on stage was magnificent
at the other extreme in character was the half-hour excerpt from the petipa-minkus ballet bayaderka which opened the evening
what a man this petipa was
and why do we in the west know so few of his ballets
this scene is a white ballet in which a lovelorn hero searches for his departed love 's spirit among twenty-eight extraordinarily beautiful shadows who can all dance like nothing human which of course is altogether fitting
the ensemble enters in a long adagio passage that is of fantastic difficulty as well as loveliness and adagio is the general medium of the piece
its ballerina olga moiseyeva performs simple miracles of beauty and ludmilla alexeyeva inna korneyeva and gabrielle komleva make up a threesome of exquisite accomplishments
sergei vikulov as the lone male meets the competition well with some brilliant hits but the work is designed to belong to the ladies
the middle section of the program was made up of short numbers naturally enough of unequal merit but all of them pretty good at that
they consisted of a new arrangement of nutcracker excerpts danced stunningly by irina kolpakova and mr. sokolev with a large ensemble
a winning little snow maiden variation by the adorable galina kekisheva
two of those poetic adagios in greek veils and superb esthetic acrobacy by alla osipenko and igor chernishev in one case and inna zubkovskaya and yuri kornevey in the other
an amusing character pas de cinq called gossiping women
a stirring flames of paris pas de deux by xenia ter-stepanova and alexandre pavlovsky and a lovely version of fokine 's le cygne by olga moiseyeva which had to be repeated
vadim kalentiev was the conductor
it was quite an evening
a year ago today when the democrats were fretting and frolicking in los angeles and john f. kennedy was still only an able and ambitious senator who yearned for the power and responsibility of the presidency theodore h. white had already compiled masses of notes about the presidential campaign of ####
as the pace of the quadrennial american political festival accelerated mr. white took more notes
he traveled alternately with mr. kennedy and with richard m. nixon
he asked intimate questions and got frank answers from the members of what he calls the candidates' in-groups
he assembled quantities of facts about the nature of american politics in general as well as about the day-to-day course of the closest presidential election in american history
those of us who read the papers may think we know a good deal about that election
how little we know of what there is to be known is made humiliatingly clear by mr. white in the making of the president ####
this is a remarkable book and an astonishingly interesting one
what might have been only warmed-over topical journalism turns out to be an eyewitness contribution to history
mr. white who is only a competent novelist is a brilliant reporter
his zest for specific detail his sensitivity to emotional atmosphere his tireless industry and his crisply turned prose all contribute to the effectiveness of his book
a lesson in politics
as a dramatic narrative the making of the president #### is continuously engrossing
and as an introduction to american politics it is highly educational
the author begins this volume with a close-up of mr. kennedy his family and his entourage waiting for the returns
he then switches back to a consideration of the seven principal presidential hopefuls five democrats senator hubert h. humphrey senator stuart symington senator lyndon b. johnson adlai e. stevenson and mr. kennedy and two republicans governor rockefeller and mr. nixon
then in chronological order mr. white covers the primary campaigns the conventions and the presidential campaign itself
in the process he writes at length about many related matters the importance of race religion local tradition bosses organizations zealous volunteers and television
mr. white is bluntly frank in his personal opinions
he frequently cites intimate details that seem to come straight from the horse 's mouth from numerous insiders and from mr. kennedy himself
but never from mr. nixon who looked on reporters with suspicion and distrust
rarely in american history has there been a political campaign that discussed issues less or clarified them less says mr. white
mr. nixon he believes has no particular political philosophy and mismanaged his own campaign
although a skillful politician and a courageous and honest man mr. nixon mr. white believes ignored his own top-level planners wasted time and effort in the wrong regions missed opportunities through indecision and damaged his chances on television
mr. nixon is a broody moody man given to long stretches of introspection
he trusts only himself and his wife
he is a man of major talent but a man of solitary uncertain impulses
he was above all a friend seeker almost pathetic in his eagerness to be liked
he wanted to identify with people and have a connection with them
the least inspiring candidate since alfred m. landon
mr. kennedy mr. white believes had mastered politics on so many different levels that no other american could match him
calm dignified composed superbly eloquent mr. kennedy always knew everything about everybody
he enlisted a staff of loyal experts and of many zealous volunteers
every decision was made quickly on sound grounds
efficiency was enforced and nothing was left to chance
mr. kennedy did neglect to cultivate the personal friendship of reporters
mr. white admires him profoundly and leaves no doubt that he is a democrat himself who expects mr. kennedy to be a fine president
throughout the making of a president mr. white shows wonderfully well how the pressures pile up on candidates how decisions have constantly to be made how fatigue and illness and nervous strain wear candidates down how subordinates play key roles
and he makes many interesting comments
here are several
the root question in american politics is always who 's the man to see
to understand american politics is simply to know people to know the relative weight of names who are heroes who are straw men who controls who does
but to operate in american politics one must go a step further one must build a bridge to such names establish a warmth a personal connection
in the hard life of politics it is well known that no platform nor any program advanced by either major american party has any purpose beyond expressing emotion
all platforms are meaningless the program of either party is what lies in the vision and conscience of the candidate the party chooses to lead it
nostalgia week at lewisohn stadium which had begun with the appearance of the ##-year-old mischa elman on tuesday night continued last night as lily pons led the list of celebrities in an evening of french operatic excerpts
miss pons is certainly ## no singer ever is and yet the rewards of the evening again lay more in paying tribute to a great figure of times gone by than in present accomplishments
the better part of gallantry might be perhaps to honor her perennial good looks and her gorgeous rainbow-hued gown and to chide the orchestra for playing in the same keys in which she had chosen to sing
no orchestra however could be expected to follow a singer through quite as many adventures with pitch as miss pons encountered last night
in all fairness there were flashes of the great stylist of yesteryear flashes even of the old consummate vocalism
one such moment came in the breathtaking way miss pons sang the cadenza to meyerbeer 's shadow song
the years suddenly fell away at this point
on the whole however one must wonder at just what it is that forces a beloved artist to besmirch her own reputation as time marches inexorably on
sharing the program was the young french-canadian tenor richard verreau making his stadium debut on this occasion
mr. verreau began shakily with a voice that tended toward an unpleasant whiteness when pushed beyond middle volume
later on this problem vanished and the flower song from bizet 's carmen was beautifully and intelligently projected
radio is easily outdistancing television in its strides to reach the minority listener
lower costs and a larger number of stations are the key factors making such specialization possible
the mushrooming of fm outlets offering concerts both jazz and classical lectures and other special events is a phenomenon which has had a fair amount of publicity
so well known is the growth of broadcasting operations aimed wholly or partly at negro listeners an audience which in the united states comprises some ##,###,### people with $##,###,###,### to spend each year
of course the nonwhite listener does his share of television watching
he even buys a lot of the products he sees advertised despite the fact that the copy makes no special bid for his favor and sponsors rarely use any but white models in commercials
but the growing number of negro-appeal radio stations plus evidence of strong listener support of their advertisers give time salesmen an impressive argument as they approach new prospects
it is estimated that more than ### stations of a total of #,### do a significant amount of programing for the negro
at least ## stations devote all of their time to reaching this audience in about half of the ## states
these and other figures and comments have been reported in a special supplement of sponsor magazine a trade publication for radio and tv advertisers
for ## years sponsor has issued an annual survey of the size and characteristics of the negro market and of successful techniques for reaching this market through radio
in the past ## years sponsor observes these trends have become apparent
negro population in the u.s. has increased ## per cent while the white population was growing by ## per cent
the forgotten ## million as sponsor tagged the negro market in its first survey has become a better-remembered ## million
advertisers are changing their attitudes both as to the significance of this market and the ways of speaking to it
stations programing to negro listeners are having to upgrade their shows in order to keep pace with rising educational economic and cultural levels
futhermore the station which wants real prestige must lead or participate in community improvement projects simply serve on the air
in the last decade the number of negro-appeal radio program hours has risen at least ## per cent and the number of negro-appeal stations has increased ## per cent according to a research man quoted by sponsor
a year ago the negro radio association was formed to spur research which the ##-odd member stations are sure will bring in more business
the #### census underscored the explosive character of the population growth
it also brought home proof of something a casual observer might have missed that more than half of the u.s. negroes live outside the southeastern states
also the state with the largest number of negroes is new york in the south at all
in new york city wlib boasts more community service programs than any other negro station and one of the largest negro news staffs in america
and wwrl 's colorful mobile unit cruising predominately negro neighborhoods is a frequent reminder of that station 's round-the-clock dedication to nonwhite interests
recently wwrl won praise for its expose of particular cases of employment agency deceit
a half-dozen other stations in the new york area also bid for attention of the city 's negro population up about ## per cent in the past decade
in all big cities outside the south and even in small towns within the south radio stations can be found beaming some or all of their programs at negro listeners
the keystone broadcasting system 's negro network includes ### affiliated stations whose signals reach more than half the total u.s. negro population
one question which inevitably crops up is whether such stations have a future in a nation where the negro is moving into a fully integrated status
whatever the long-range impact of integration the owners of negro-appeal radio stations these days know they have an audience and that it is loyal
advertisers have discovered the tendency of negroes to shop for brand names they have heard on stations catering to their special interests
and many advertisers have been happy with the results of letting a negro disc jockey phrase the commercial in his own words working only from a fact sheet
what sets negro-appeal programing apart from other radio shows
sponsor magazine notes the stress on popular negro bands and singers
rhythm-and-blues mood music
race music folk songs and melodies and gospel programs
furthermore news and special presentations inform the listener about groups projects and personalities rarely mentioned on a general-appeal station
advertising copy frequently takes into account matters of special negro concern
sponsor quotes john mclendon of the mclendon-ebony station group as saying that the southern negro is becoming conscious of quality and does wish to be associated with radio which is any way degrading to his race
he tends to shy away from the hooting and hollering personalities that originally made negro radio programs famous
the sociological impact is perhaps most eloquently summed up in this quotation of j. walter carroll of ksan san francisco
negro-appeal radio is more important to the negro today because it provides a direct and powerful mirror in which the negro can hear and see his ambitions achievements and desires
it will continue to be important as a means of orientation to the negro seeking to become urbanized as he tries to make adjustment to the urban life
negro radio is vitally necessary during the process of assimilation
presentation of the life and times of john sloan in the delaware art center here suggests a current nostalgia for human values in art
staged by way of announcing the gift of a large and intimate sloan collection by the artist 's widow helen farr sloan to the wilmington society of the fine arts the exhibition presents a survey of sloan 's work
from early family portraits painted before he entered the schools of the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts the chronology extends to a group of paintings executed in his last year #### and still part of his estate
few artists have left a life work so eloquent of the period in which they lived
few who have painted the scenes around them have done so with so little bitterness
the paintings drawings prints and illustrations all reflect the manners costumes and mores of america in the first half of the present century
obviously sloan 's early years were influenced by his close friend robert henri
as early as #### however the sloan style began to change
the dark pigments of the early work were superseded by a brighter palette
the solidity of brush stroke yielded to a hatching technique that finally led to virtual abandonment of american genres in favor of single figure studies and studio nudes
the exhibition presents all phases of sloan 's many-sided art
in addition to the paintings are drawings prints and illustrations
sloan created such works for newspaper supplements before syndication threw him out of a job and sent him to roam the streets of new york thereby building for america an incomparable city survey from paintings of mcsorley 's saloon to breezy clotheslines on city roofs
one of the most appealing of the rooftop canvases is sun and wind on the roof with a woman and child bracing themselves against flapping clothes and flying birds
although there are landscapes in the show one of the strongest is a vista of gloucester harbor in #### the human element was the compelling factor in sloan 's art
significant are such canvases as bleeker street saturday night with its typically american crowd sloan never went abroad
the multifigure traveling carnival in which action is vivified by lighting
or carmine theater #### the only canvas with an ash can and foraging dog although sloan was a member of the famous eight and of the so-called ash-can school a term he resented
all the paintings however are of cities
the exhibition touches briefly on his sojourn in the southwest koshare in the dust a vigorous indian dance and landscapes suggest the influence of western color on his palette
the fact that sloan was an extrovert concerned primarily with what he saw adds greatly to the value of his art as a human chronicle
there are ### items in the wilmington show including one painting by each member of the eight as well as work by sloan 's friends and students
supplementing the actual art are memorabilia correspondence diaries books from the artist 's library etc.
all belong to the collection being given to wilmington over a period of years by mrs. sloan who has cherished such revelatory items ever since she first studied with sloan at the art students league new york in the #### 's
to enable students and the public to spot sloan forgeries the delaware art center according to its director bruce st. john will maintain a complete file of photographs of all sloan works as well as a card index file
the entire sloan collection will be made available at the center to all serious art students and historians
the current exhibition which remains on view through oct. ## has tapped ## major collections and many private sources
any musician playing beethoven here where beethoven was born is likely to examine his own interpretations with special care
in a sense he is offering bonn what its famous son who left as a youth never did the sound of the composer 's mature style
robert riefling who gave the only piano recital of the recently concluded ##rd beethoven festival penetrated deep into the spirit of the style
his readings were careful without being fussy and they were authoritative without being presumptuous
the ## c minor variations with which he opened moved fluently yet logically from one to another leaving the right impression of abundance under discipline
the d minor sonata op. ## no. # introduced by dynamically shaped arpeggios was most engaging in its moments of quasi-recitative single lines in which the fingers seemed to be feeling their way toward the idea to come
these inwardly dramatic moments showed the kind of opera style of which beethoven was genuinely capable but which did take so kindly to the mechanics of staging
two late sonatas op. ### and ### were played with similar insight the disarming simplicities of the op. ### adagio made plain without ever becoming obvious
the two were separated from each other by the six bagatelles of op. ###
herr riefling in everything he gave his large beethoven hall audience proved himself as an interpreter of unobtrusive authority
volker wangenheim who conducted bonn 's stadtisches orchester on the following evening made one more conscious of the process of interpretation
herr wangenheim has only recently become the city 's music director and is a young man with a clear flair for the podium
but he weighted the eighth symphony at times with a shuddering subjectivity which seemed considerably at odds with the music
he might have been hoping to all appearances that this relatively sunny symphony in conjunction with the choral fantasy at the end of the program could amount to something like the ninth
but no amount of head-tossing could make it so
the conductor 's preoccupation with the business of starting and stopping caused occasional raggedness as with the first orchestra entrance in the fourth piano concerto but when he put his deliberations and obsequies aside and let the music move as designed it did so with plenty of spring
the concerto 's soloist hans richter-haaser played with compensatory ease and economy though without the consummate plasticity to which we had been treated on the previous evening by herr riefling
his was a burgomaster 's beethoven solid and sensible
everybody returned after intermission for the miscellaneous sweepings of the fantasy for piano chorus and orchestra in c minor made up by its composer to fill out one of his programs
the entrance of the stadtisches gesangverein bonn 's civic chorus was worth all the waiting however as the young rhenish voices finally brought the music to life
the last program of this festival which during two weeks had sampled most compositional categories brought the cologne rundfunk-sinfonie-orchester and rundfunkchor to bonn 's gold-filled hall for a performance of the missa solemnis
a tribe in ancient india believed the earth was a huge tea tray resting on the backs of three giant elephants which in turn stood on the shell of a great tortoise
this theory eventually proved inexact
but the primitive method of explaining the unknown with what is known bears at least a symbolic resemblance to the methods of modern science
it is the business of cosmologists the scientists who study the nature and structure of the universe to try to solve the great cosmic mysteries by using keys that have clicked open other doors
these keys are the working principles of physics mathematics and astronomy principles which are then extrapolated or projected to explain phenomena of which we have little or no direct knowledge
in the autumn of #### the british broadcasting corporation presented a series of talks by four scientists competent in cosmology
three of these men discussed major theories of the universe while the other acted as a moderator
the participants were professor h. bondi professor of mathematics at king 's college london
dr. w. b. bonnor reader in mathematics at queen elizabeth college london
dr. r. a. lyttleton a lecturer at st. john 's college cambridge and a reader in theoretical astronomy at the university of cambridge
and dr. g. j. whitrow reader in applied mathematics at the imperial college of science and technology london
dr. whitrow functioned as moderator
the programs were so well received by the british public that the arguments have been published in a totally engrossing little book called rival theories of cosmology
dr. bonnor begins with a discussion of the relativistic theories of the universe based on the general theory of relativity
first of all and this has been calculated by observation the universe is expanding that is the galaxies are receding from each other at immense speeds
because of this dr. bonnor holds that the universe is becoming more thinly populated by stars and whatever else is there
this expansion has been going on for an estimated eight billion years
expands and contracts
dr. bonnor supports the idea that the universe both expands and contracts that in several billion years the expansion will slow up and reverse itself and that the contraction will set in
then after many more billions of years when all the galaxies are whistling toward a common center this movement will slow down and reverse itself again
professor bondi disagrees with the expansion-contraction theory
he supports the steady-state theory which holds that matter is continually being created in space
for this reason he says the density of the universe always remains the same even though the galaxies are zooming away in all directions
new galaxies are forever being formed to fill in the gaps left by the receding galaxies
if this is true then the universe today looks just as it did millions of years ago and as it will look millions of years hence even though the universe is expanding
for new galaxies to be created professor bondi declares it would only be necessary for a single hydrogen atom to be created in an area the size of your living room once every few million years
he contends this idea doesn't conflict with experiments on which the principle of conservation of matter and energy is based because some slight error must be assumed in such experiments
dr. lyttleton backs the theory that we live in an electric universe and this theory starts with the behavior of protons and electrons
protons and electrons bear opposite electrical charges which make them attract each other and when they are joined they make up an atom of hydrogen the basic building block of matter
the charges of the electron and proton are believed to be exactly equal and opposite but dr. lyttleton is so sure
suppose says dr. lyttleton the proton has a slightly greater charge than the electron so slight it is presently immeasurable
this would give the hydrogen atom a slight charge-excess
now if one hydrogen atom were placed at the surface of a large sphere of hydrogen atoms it would be subject both to the gravitation of the sphere and the charge-excess of all those atoms in the sphere
because electrical forces the charge-excess are far more powerful than gravitation the surface hydrogen atoms would shoot away from the sphere
dr. lyttleton then imagines the universe as a large hydrogen sphere with surface atoms shooting away from it
this he claims would reasonably account for the expansion of the universe
this slim book while giving the reader only a fleeting glimpse of the scientific mind confronting the universe has the appeal that informed conversation always has
several photographs and charts of galaxies help the non-scientist keep up with the discussion and the smooth language indicates the contributors were determined to avoid the jargon that seems to work its way into almost every field
it is clear from this discussion that cosmologists of every persuasion look hopefully toward the day when a man-made satellite can be equipped with optical devices which will open up new vistas to science
presently the intense absorption of ultra-violet rays in the earth 's atmosphere seriously hinders ground observation
these scientists are convinced that a telescope unclouded by the earth 's gases will go a long way toward bolstering or destroying cosmic theories
there would seem to be some small solace in the prospect that the missile race between nations is at the same time accelerating the study of the space around us giving us a long-sought ladder from which to peer at alien regions
in doing away with the tea tray the elephants and the giant tortoise science has developed a series of rationally defensible explanations of the cosmos
and although the universe may forever defy understanding it might even now be finding its match in the imagination of man
roots the new play at the brand-new mayfair theater on ##th st. which has been made over from a night club is about the intellectual and spiritual awakening of an english farm girl
highly successful in england before its transfer to new york most of roots is as relentlessly dour as the trappings of the small new theater are gaudy
only in its final scene where beatie bryant mary doyle shakes off the disappointment of being jilted by her intellectual lover and proclaims her emancipation do we get much which makes worthwhile the series of boorish rustic happenings we have had to watch for most of the first two and one-half acts
the burden of mr. wesker 's message is that people living close to the soil at least in england are the happy fine strong natural earthy people city-bred intellectuals imagine
rather they are genuine clods proud of their cloddishness and openly antagonistic to the illuminating influences of aesthetics or thought
they care no more for politics says mr. wesker than they do for a symphony
seeming to have roots in the soil they actually have none in life
they dwell in short in the doltish twilight in which peasants and serfs of the past are commonly reported to have lived
but this is a theme which does take so much time to state as mr. wesker dedicates to it
so much untidiness of mind and household does attract the interest of the theatergoer unless he has been living in a gilded palace perhaps and wants a real big heap of contrast
the messy meals the washing of dishes the drying of clothes may be realism but there is such a thing as redundancy
now for the good points
miss doyle as beatie has a great fund of animal spirits a strong voice and a warm smile
she is just home from a sojourn in london where she has become the sweetheart of a young fellow named ronnie we never do see him and has been subjected to a first course in thinking and appreciating including a dose of good british socialism
but while she is able to tell her retarded family about the new world she has seen open before her ronnie has been able to observe her progress and instead of appearing at a family party to be looked over like a new bull he sends beatie a letter of dismissal
beatie getting no sympathy for her misfortune soon rallies and finds that although she has lost a lover she has gained her freedom
despite a too long sustained declamatory flight this final speech is convincing and we see why british audiences apparently were impressed by roots
there were several fairly good minor portraits in the play including william hansen 's impersonation of a stubborn rather pathetic father and katherine squire 's vigorous characterization of a farm mother who brooked no hifalutin' nonsense from her daughter or anyone else
but i am afraid mr. wesker 's meat and potatoes dish isn't well seasoned enough for local audiences
shakespeare had a word for everything even for the rain that disrupted wednesday night 's much ado about nothing opening the season of free theatre in central park
the new york shakespeare festival which is using the wollman memorial skating rink while its theatre near the belvedere is being completed began bravely
joseph papp impassioned founder of the festival and director of much ado had a vibrant colorful production under way
using a wide stage resourcefully he mingled music and dance with shakespeare 's words in a spirited mixture
the audience filled all the seats inside the wollman enclosure and overflowed onto the lawns outside the fence
the barbed sallies of beatrice and benedick so contemporary to a public inured to the humor of insult raised chuckles
the simple-minded comedy of dogberry and verges also familiar in a day that responds easily to jokes skimmed off the top of writers' heads evoked laughter
the vivacity of the masquers' party at leonato 's palace with the spanish motif in the music and dancing in honor of the visiting prince of arragon cast a spell of delight
as much ado turned serious while the insipid claudio rejected hero at the altar a sprinkle began to fall
at first hardly a person in the audience moved although some umbrellas were opened
but the rain came more heavily and men and women in light summer clothes began to depart
the grieving hero and her father leonato followed by the friar left the stage
a voice on the loudspeaker system announced that if the rain let up the performance would resume in ten minutes
more than half the audience departed
some remained in the wollman enclosure fortified with raincoats or with newspapers to cover their heads
others huddled under the trees outside the fence
twenty minutes after the interruption although it was still raining the play was resumed at the point in the fourth act where it had been stopped
beatrice nan martin and benedick j. d. cannon took their places on the stage
in their very first speeches it was clear that shakespeare like a nostradamus had foreseen this moment
said benedick lady beatrice have you wept all this while
replied beatrice yea and i will weep a while longer
the heavens refused to give up their weeping
the gallant company completed act # and got through part of act #
but the final scenes could be played
if any among the hardy hundreds who sat in the downpour are in doubt about how it comes out let them take comfort
much ado ends happily
the parks department has done an admirable job of preparing the wollman rink for shakespeare
one could hardly blame newbold morris the parks commissioner for devoting so much grateful mention to the department 's technicians who at short notice provided the stage with its rising platforms its balcony its generous wings and even its impressive trapdoors for the use of the villains
eldon elder who designed the stage also created a gay spacious set that blended attractively with the park background and shakespeare 's lighthearted mood
mr. papp has directed a performance that has verve and pace although he has tolerated obvious business to garner easy laughs where elegance and consistency of style would be preferable
elisabeth schwarzkopf sang so magnificently saturday night at hunter college that it seems a pity to have to register any complaints
still a demurrer or two must be entered
schwarzkopf is of course schwarzkopf
for style and assurance for a supreme and regal bearing there is still no one who can touch her
if the voice is just a shade less glorious than it used to be it is still a beautiful instrument controlled and flexible
put to the service of lieder of schubert brahms strauss and wolf in a dramatical and musical way it made its effect with ease and precision
but what has been happening recently might be described as creeping mannerism
instead of her old confidence in the simplest purest most moving musical expression miss schwarzkopf is letting herself be tempted by the classic sin of artistic pride that subtle vanity that sometimes misleads a great artist into thinking that he or she can somehow better the music by bringing to it something extra some personal dramatic touch imposed from the outside
the symptoms saturday night were unmistakable
clever light songs were overly coy tragic songs a little too melodramatic
there was an extra pause here a gasp or a sigh there here and there an extra little twist of a word or note all in the interest of effect
the result was like that of a beautiful painting with some of the highlights touched up almost to the point of garishness
there were stunning musical phrases too and sometimes the deepest kind of musical and poetic absorption and communication
miss schwarzkopf and her excellent pianist john wustman often achieved the highest lyrical ideals of the lieder tradition
all the more reason why there should have been no place for the frills
miss schwarzkopf is too great an artist to need them
the dance dancers and dance enthusiasts #,### of them had a much better time of it at lewisohn stadium on saturday night than all had had two nights earlier when stadium concerts presented the first of two dance programs
on saturday the orchestra was sensibly situated down on the field the stage floor was apparently in decent condition for dancing and the order of the program improved
there was additionally a bonus for the saturday-night patrons
alvin ailey and carmen de lavallade appeared in the first new york performance of mr. ailey 's roots of the blues a work given its premiere three weeks ago at the boston arts festival
otherwise the program included as on thursday the taras-tchaikovsky design for strings the dollar-britten divertimento the dollar-de banfield the duel and the pas de deux from the nutcracker
maria tallchief and erik bruhn who danced the nutcracker pas de deux were also seen in the petipa-minkus pas de deux from don quixote another brilliant showpiece that displayed their technical prowess handsomely
among the other solo ballet dancers of the evening elisabeth carroll and ivan allen were particularly impressive in their roles in the duel a work that depends so much upon the precision and incisiveness of the two principal combatants
mr. ailey 's roots of the blues an earthy and very human modern dance work provided strong contrast to the ballet selections of the evening
as brother john sellers sang five blues to the guitar and drum accompaniments of bruce langhorne and shep shepard mr. ailey and miss de lavallade went through volatile dances that were by turns insinuating threatening contemptuous and ecstatic
their props were two stepladders a chair and a palm fan
he wore the clothes of a laborer and she was wondrously seductive in a yellow and orange dress
the cat-like sinuousness and agility of both dancers were exploited in leaps lifts crawls and slides that were almost invariably compelling in a work of strong sometimes almost frightening tensions
roots of the blues may be for gentle souls but others should welcome its super-charged impact
perhaps it is better to stay at home
the armchair traveler preserves his illusions
this somewhat cynical comment may be found in blue skies brown studies a collection of travel essays by william sansom who would never consider staying home for long
mr. sansom is english bearded formidably cultivated the versatile author of numerous volumes of short stories of novels and of pieces that are neither short stories nor travel articles but something midway between
the only man alive who seems qualified by his learning his disposition and his addiction to a baroque luxuriance of language to inherit the literary mantle of sacheverell sitwell mr. sansom writes of foreign parts with a dedication to decoration worthy of a pastry chef creating a wedding cake for the marriage of a hungarian beauty her third and an american multimillionaire his fourth
the result is rather wonderful but so rich as to be indigestible if taken in too thick slices
there are sixteen essays in blue skies brown studies
most of them were written between #### and #### and originally appeared in various magazines
all are well written and are overwritten
but even if mr. sansom labors too hard to extract more refinements of meaning and feeling from his travel experiences than the limits of language allow he still can charm and astound
too many books and articles are just assembled by putting one word after another
mr. sansom actually writes his with a nice ear for a gracefully composed sentence with an intense relish in all the metaphorical resources of english with a thick shower of sophisticated cultural references
a contemplative connoisseur
i like to sniff a place and reproduce what it really smells and looks like its color its particular kind of life
this is an exact description of what mr. sansom does
he ignores guidebook facts
he only rarely tells a personal anecdote and hardly ever sketches an individual or quotes his opinions
it is an over-all impression mr. sansom strives for an impression compounded of visual details of a savory mixture of smells of much loving attention to architecture and scenery of lights and shadows of intangibles of atmosphere and of echoes of the past
william sansom writes only about europe in this book and frequently of such familiar places as london vienna the french riviera and the norwegian fjords
but no matter what he writes about he brings to his subject his own original mind and his own sensitive reactions
a writer lives at best in a state of astonishment he says
beneath any feeling he has of the good or the evil of the world lies a deeper one of wonder at it all
to transmit that feeling he writes
this may be true of many writers but it certainly is true of mr. sansom
so in these pages one can share his wonder at the traditional fiesta of st. torpetius that still persists in st. tropez
at the sun and the heat of mediterranean lands always much brighter and hotter to an englishman than to an american used to summers in new york or kansas city
at the supreme delights to be found in one of the world 's finest restaurants la bonne auberge which is situated on the seacoast twenty miles west of the nice airport
and at the infinite variety of london
mr. sansom can be eloquent in a spectacular way which recalls to those who recall easily the statues of bernini and the gigantic paintings of tintoretto
he can coin a neat phrase a street spattered with an invigoration of people
tulips with petals wide and shaggy as a spaniel 's ears
after a snowstorm a landscape smelling of woodsmoke and clarity
and for all his lacquered almost byzantine self-consciousness he can make one recognize the aptness of an unexpected comparison
beauty borrowed from afar
in one of his best essays mr. sansom expresses his enthusiasm for the many country mansions designed by andrea palladio himself that dot the environs of vicenza
how far that pedimented and pillared style has shed its influence mr. sansom reminds us thus
the white colonnaded cedar-roofed southern mansion is directly traceable via the grey and buff stone of grey-skied england to the golden stucco of one particular part of the blue south the palladian orbit stretching out from vicenza the old mind of andrea palladio still smiles from behind many an old rocking chair on a southern porch the deep friezes of his architectonic music rise firm above the shallower freeze in the kitchen his feeling for light and shade brings a glitter from a tall mint julep his sense of columns framing the warm velvet night has brought together a million couple of mating lips
nice even if a trifle gaudy
blue skies brown studies is illustrated with numerous excellent photographs
in recent days there have been extensive lamentations over the absence of original drama on television but for years have many regretted the passing of new plays on radio
wbai the listener-supported outlet on the frequency-modulation band has decided to do what it can to correct this aural void
yesterday it offered poised for violence by jean reavey
wbai is on the right track in the sound medium there has been excessive emphasis on music and news and there could and should be a place for theatre as the canadian and british broadcasting corporations continue to demonstrate
unfortunately poised for violence was the happiest vehicle with which to make the point
mrs. reavey 's work is written for the stage it is mentioned for an off-broadway production in the fall and in addition employs an avant-garde structure that particularly needs to be seen if comprehension is to be encouraged
the play 's device is to explore society 's obsession with disaster and violence through the eyes of a group of artist 's models who remain part of someone else 's painting rather than just be themselves
in a succession of scenes they appear in different guises patrons of a cafe performers in a circus and participants in a family picnic but in each instance they inevitably put ugliness before beauty
somewhere in mrs. reavey 's play there is both protest and aspiration of merit
but its relentless discursiveness and determined complexity are so overwhelming that after an hour and a half a listener 's stamina begins to wilt
moreover her central figures are so busily fulfilling their multitudinous assignments that none emerges as an arresting individual in his own right or as a provocative symbol of mankind 's ills
but quite conceivably an altogether different impression will obtain when the work is offered in the theatre and there can be other effects to relieve the burden on the author 's words
which in itself is an immediate reward of the wbai experiment
good radio drama has its own special demands that badly need reinvigoration
a weekly showcase for contemporary music from the austere archaism of stravinsky to the bleeps and bloops of electronic music is celebrating its fourth anniversary this month
titled what 's new in music
the enterprising program is heard saturday afternoons on radio station aj
the brief notes introducing each work offer salient historical or technical points and many listeners are probably grateful for being intelligently taken by the hand through an often difficult maze
the show is programed and written by the station 's assistant continuity editor chuck briefer
the first saturday in each month is set aside for new recordings
last saturday 's interesting melange included ernst toch karlheinz stockhausen richard yardumian and a brief excerpt from a new space opera by the swedish composer karl-birger blomdahl
other saturdays are devoted to studies of a selected american composer a particular type of music or the music of a given country
it is commendable that a regularly scheduled hour is set aside for an introduction to the contemporary musical scene
but one wishes when the appetite is whetted as it was in the case of the all-too-brief excerpt from the blomdahl opera that further opportunity would be provided both for hearing the works in their entirety and for a closer analytical look at the sense and nature of the compositions
the moiseyev dance company dropped in at madison square garden last night for the first of four farewell performances before it brings its long american tour to a close
it is simply giving a repetition of the program it gave during its new york engagement earlier this season but has brought back many of the numbers that were on the bill when it paid us its first visit and won everybody 's heart
it is good to see those numbers again
the suite of old russian dances that opened that inaugural program with the slow and modest entrance of the maidens and built steadily into typical moiseyev vigor and warmth
the amusing yurochka in which a hard-to-please young man is given his come-uppance
the lovely and of course vigorous polyanka or the meadow
the three moldavian dances entitled zhok
the sweet and funny little dance about potato planting called bul'ba
and the hilarious picture of social life in an earlier day called city quadrille are all just as good as one remembers them to have been and they are welcome back
so for that matter are the newer dances the kalmuk dance with its animal movements that genial juggling act by sergei tsvetkov called the platter the rousing and beautiful betrothal celebration called summer the three shepherds of azerbaijan hopping up on their staffs and of course the trenchant rock 'n' roll
as autumn starts its annual sweep few americans and canadians realize how fortunate they are in having the world 's finest fall coloring
spectacular displays of this sort are relatively rare in the entire land surface of the earth
the only other regions so blessed are the british isles western europe eastern china southern chile and parts of japan new zealand and tasmania
their autumn tints are all fairly low keyed compared with the fiery stabs of crimson gold purple bronze blue and vermilion that flame up in north america
jack frost is really responsible for this great seasonal spectacle
in fact a freezing autumn dulls the blaze
the best effects come from a combination of temperate climate and plenty of late-summer rain followed by sunny days and cool nights
foliage pilgrimages either organized or individual are becoming an autumn item for more and more americans each year
below is a specific guide keyed to the calendar
late september finds quebec 's color at its peak especially in the laurentian hills and in the area south of the st. lawrence river
in the maritime provinces farther east the tones are a little quieter
ontario 's foliage is most vivid from about sept. ## to oct. ## with both muskoka ### miles north of toronto and haliburton ### miles northwest of toronto holding color cavalcades starting sept. ##
in the canadian rockies great groves of aspen are already glinting gold
new england .
vermont 's sugar maples are scarlet from sept. ## to oct. ## and often hit a height in early october
new hampshire figures its peak around columbus day and boasts of all its hardwoods including the yellow of the birches
the shades tend to be a little softer in the forests that blanket so much of maine
in western massachusetts and northwest connecticut the berkshires are at their vibrant prime the first week of october
middle atlantic states .
the adirondacks blaze brightest in early october choice routes being #n from saratoga up to lake george and ## and ## in the lake placid area
farther south in new york there is a heavy haze of color over the catskills in mid-october notably along routes ## and ##a
about the same time the alleghenies and poconos in pennsylvania are magnificent renovo holds its annual flaming foliage festival on oct. ## ##
new jersey 's color varies from staccato to pastel all the way from the delaware water gap to cape may
during the first half of october the blue ridge and other parts of the appalachians provide a spectacle stretching from maryland and west virginia to georgia
the most brilliant displays are along the skyline drive above virginia 's shenandoah valley and throughout the great smokies between north carolina and tennessee
michigan wisconsin and minnesota have many superb stretches of color which reach their height from the last few days of september well into october especially in their northern sections e.g. wisconsin 's vilas county whose colorama celebration is sept. ##-oct. #
in wisconsin take route ## north of shawano or routes ## and ## from portage to prairie du chien
in michigan there is fine color on route ## up to the mackinac straits while the views around marquette and iron mountain in the upper peninsula are spectacular
in minnesota arrowhead county and route ## north to international falls are outstanding
farther south there are attractive patches all the way to the ozarks with some seasonal peaks as late as early november
illinois' shawnee national forest missouri 's iron county and the maples of hiawatha kan. should be at their best in mid-october
the west .
the rockies have many aspencades which are organized tours of the aspen areas with frequent stops at vantage points for viewing the golden panoramas
in colorado ouray has its fall color week sept. ##-## rye and salida both sponsor aspencades sept. ## and steamboat springs has a week-long aspencade sept. ##-##
new mexico 's biggest is at ruidoso oct. # # while alamogordo and cloudcroft cooperate in similar trips oct. #
pleasure domes .
two sharply contrasting places designed for public enjoyment are now on display
the corn palace at mitchell s. dak. the world 's corniest building has a carnival through sept. ## headlining the three stooges and pee wee hunt
since #### ears of red yellow purple and white corn have annually been nailed to ## big picture panels to create huge paintings
the #### theme is the dakota territorial centennial with the pictures including the lewis and clark expedition the first river steamboat the #### gold rush a little red schoolhouse on the prairie and today 's construction of large missouri river reservoirs
the panels will stay up until they are replaced next summer
longwood gardens near kennett square pa. about ## miles from wilmington del. was developed and heavily endowed by the late pierre s. du pont
every wednesday night through oct. ## there will be an elaborate colored fountain display with ### nozzles throwing jets of water up to ### feet
the peacock tail nozzle throws a giant fan of water ### feet wide and ## feet high
the gardens themselves are open free of charge the year round and the ### permanent employes make sure that a dead or wilted flower is ever seen indoors or out by any visitor
the greenhouses alone cover #-# acres
clock without hands .
carson mccullers after a long painful illness that might have crushed a less-indomitable soul has come back with an absolute gem of a novel which jumped high on best-seller lists even before official publication
though the subject segregation in her native south has been thoroughly worked miss mccullers uses her poet 's instinct and storyteller 's skill to reaffirm her place at the very top of modern american writing
franny and zooey .
with an art that almost conceals art j. d. salinger can create a fictional world so authentic that it hurts
here in the most eagerly awaited novel of the season his first since the catcher in the rye he tells of a college girl in flight from the life around her and the tart but sympathetic help she gets from her ##-year-old brother
the head of monsieur m. ,
a deft hilarious satire on very high french society involving a statesman with two enviable possessions a lovely young bride and a head containing such weighty thoughts that he has occasionally to remove it for greater comfort
there is probably a moral in all this about mind vs. heart
a matter of life and death .
virgilia peterson a critic by trade has turned her critical eye pitilessly and honestly on herself in an autobiography more of the mind and heart than of specific events
it is an engrossing commentary on a repressive upper-middle-class new york way of life in the first part of this century
dark rider .
this retelling by louis zara of the brief anguished life of stephen crane poet and master novelist at ## dead at ## is in novelized form but does abuse its tragic subject
rural free ,
subtitled a farmwife 's almanac of country living this is a gentle and nostalgic chronicle of the changing seasons seen through the clear humorous eye of a hoosier housewife and popular columnist
russians , filipinos .
two noted troupes from overseas will get the fall dance season off to a sparkling start
leningrad 's kirov ballet famous for classic purity of technique begins its first u.s. tour in new york through sept. ##
the bayanihan philippine dance company with music and dances that depict the many facets of filipino culture opens its ##-city u.s. tour in san francisco through sept. ## then via one-night stands moves on to los angeles sept. ## thru oct. #
across the land .
with harvests in full swing you can enjoy festivals for grapes at sonoma calif. sept. ##-## as well as for cranberries at bandon ore. sept. ## thru oct. # for buckwheat at kingwood w. va. sept. ##-## sugar cane at new iberia la. sept. ## thru oct. # and tobacco at richmond va. sept. ##-##
the mule is honored at benson n.c. sept. ## ## and at boron calif. sept. ## thru oct. # while the legend of the maid of the mist is celebrated at niagara falls through the ##th
the fine old mansions of u.s. grant 's old home town of galena ill. are open for inspection sept. ## ##
an archery tournament will be held at north falmouth mass. sept. ## ##
the ###th anniversaries of staten island through sept. ## and of mamaroneck n.y. through sept. ## will both include parades and pageants
purple noon :
this french film set in italy is a summertime splurge in shock and terror all shot in lovely sunny scenery so breath-taking that at times you almost forget the horrors the movie is dealing with
but slowly they take over as alain delon life sept. ## playing a sometimes appealing but always criminal boy casually tells a rich and foot-loose american that he is going to murder him then does it even while the american is trying to puzzle out how delon expects to profit from the act
callas devotees will have good reason to do their customary cart wheels over a new and complete stereo version of the bellini opera
maria goes all out as a druid princess who gets two-timed by a roman big shot
by turns her beautifully sung norma is fierce tender venomous and pitiful
the tenor lead franco corelli and la scala cast under maestro tullio serafin are all first rate
jeremiah peabody 's polyunsaturated quick dissolving fast acting pleasant tasting green and purple pills .
in a raucous take-off on radio commercials singer ray stevens hawks a cure-all for neuritis neuralgia head-cold distress beriberi overweight fungus mungus and water on the knee
of the nation 's eight million pleasure-boat owners a sizable number have learned that late autumn is one of the loveliest seasons to be afloat at least in that broad balmy region that lies below america 's belt line
waterways are busy right now from the virginia capes to the texas coast
there true yachtsmen often find november winds steadier the waters cooler the fish hungrier and rivers more pleasant less turbulence and mud and fewer floating logs
more and more boats move overland on wheels #.# million trailers are now in use and midwesterners taking long weekends can travel south with their craft
in the southwest the fall brings out flotillas of boatsmen who find the summer too hot for comfort
and on northern shores indomitable sailors from long island to lake michigan will beat around the buoys in dozens of frostbite races
some pleasant fall cruising country is mapped out below
west coast .
pleasure boating is just scooting into its best months in california as crisp breezes bring out craft of every size on every kind of water ocean lake and reservoir
shore facilities are enormous los angeles harbors #,### boats and long beach #,### but marinas are crowded everywhere
new docks and ramps are being rushed at playa del rey ventura dana point oceanside and mission bay
inland outboard motorists welcome cooler weather and the chance to buzz over colorado river sandbars and lake mead
newest small-boat playground is the salton sea a once-dry desert sinkhole which is now a salty lake ## miles long and ### feet below sea level
on nov. ## ## racers will drive their flying shingles in #-mile laps over its ###-mile speedboat course
in san francisco bay winds are gusty and undependable during this season
a sailboat may have a bone in her teeth one minute and lie becalmed the next
but regattas are scheduled right up to christmas
the corinthian yacht club in tiburon launches its winter races nov. #
gulf coast .
hurricane carla damaged ##% of the marinas in the galveston-port aransas area but fuel service is back to normal and explorers can roam as far west as port isabel on the mexican border
sailing activity is slowed down by texas northers but power cruisers can move freely poking into the san jacinto trinity and brazos rivers fine tarpon fishing in the brazos or pushing eastward to the pirate country of barataria
off grand isle yachters often visit the towering oil rigs
the mississippi sound leads into a protected waterway running about ### miles from pascagoula to apalachicola
lower mississippi .
memphis stinkpotters like mckellar lake inside the city limits and sailors look for autumn winds at arkabutla lake where fall racing is now in progress
river cruising for small craft is ideal in november
at new orleans ##-mile-square lake pontchartrain has few squalls and year-long boating
marinas are less plush than the florida type but service is good and creole cooking better
tva lakes .
ten thousand twisty miles of shoreline frame the ##-odd lakes in the vast tennessee river system that loops in and out of seven states
when dam construction began in #### fewer than ### boats used these waters
today there are ##,###
a year ago it was bruited that the primary character in erich maria remarque 's new novel was based on the marquis alfonso de portago the spanish nobleman who died driving in the mille miglia automobile race of ####
if this was in fact mr. remarque 's intention he has achieved a notable failure
clerfayt of heaven has no favorites resembles portago only in that he is male and a race-driver quite a bad race-driver whereas portago was a good one
he is a dull unformed and aimless person
the twelfth marquis de portago was intelligent purposeful and passionate
one looked forward to mr. remarque 's ninth book if only because even a reasonably good novel has yet been written grounded on automobile racing as dramatic a sport as mankind has devised
unhappily heaven has no favorites does alter the record except to add one more bad book to the list
mr. remarque 's conception of this novel was sound and perhaps even noble
he proposed throwing together a man in an occupation of high hazard and a woman balanced on a knife-edge between death from tuberculosis and recovery
his treatment of it is something else
his heroine chooses to die the price of recovery years under the strict regimen of a sanatorium being higher than she wishes to pay
her lover precedes her in death at the wheel and presumably he too has chosen
between the first meeting of clerfayt and lillian and this dismal denouement mr. remarque has laid down many pages of junior-philosophical discourse some demure and rather fetching love-making pleasant talk about some of the countryside and restaurants of europe and a modicum of automobile racing
the ramblings on life death and the wonder of it all are distressing
the love-making perhaps because it is pale and low-key when one has been conditioned to expect harsh colors and explicitness is often charming
the automobile racing bears little relation to reality
this latter failure is more than merely bad reportage and it is distinctly more important than it would have been had the author drawn clerfayt as say a tournament golfer
hazards to life and limb on the golf course while existent are actuarially insignificant
race-drivers on the other hand are quite often killed on the circuit and since it was obviously mr. remarque 's intention to establish automobile racing as life in microcosm one might reasonably have expected him to demonstrate precise knowledge only of techniques but of mores and attitudes
the jacket biography describes him as a former racing driver and he may indeed have been although i do recall having encountered his name either in the records or the literature
perhaps he has only forgotten a great deal
the book carries a disclaimer in which remarque says it has been necessary for him to take minor liberties with some of the procedures and formalities of racing
the necessity is clear to me and in any case to present a case-hardened race-driver as saying he has left his car which or whom he calls giuseppe parked on the place vendome sneering at a dozen bentleys and rolls-royces parked around him is a liberty
it is an absurdity
but it is in the matter of preoccupation with death which is the primary concern of the book that remarque 's failure is plainest
clerfayt is neurotic preoccupied and passive
to be human he believes is to seek one 's own destruction the freudian death-wish cliche inevitably cited whenever laymen talk about auto race-drivers
in point of fact the race-drivers one knows are nearly always intelligent healthy technicians who differ from other technicians only in the depth of the passion they feel for the work by which they live
a clerfayt may moon on about the face of death in the cockpit
a portago could say as he did say to me if i die tomorrow still i have had twenty-eight wonderful years
but i shan't die tomorrow
i'll live to be ###
clerfayt transported may think of the engine driving his car as a mystical beast under the hood
the italian master piero taruffi no less sensitive knows twice the ecstasy though he thinks of a car 's adhesion to a wet two-lane road at ### miles an hour as a matter best expressed in algebraic formulae
clerfayt driving sees himself a volcano whose cone funneled down to hell
the briton stirling moss one of the greatest virtuosi of all time believes that ultra-fast road-circuit driving is an art form related to ballet
errors in technical terminology suggest that the over-all translation from the german may convey quite everything mr. remarque hoped to tell us
however my principal objection in this sort of novel is to the hackneyed treatment of race-drivers pilots submariners atomic researchers and all the machine-masters of our age as brooding mystics or hysterical fatalists
the west is leaderless according to this book
in contrast the east is ably led by such stalwart heroes as khrushchev tito and mao
against this invincible determination to communize the whole world stands a group of nations unable to agree on fundamentals and each refusing to make any sacrifice of sovereignty for the common good of all
it is field marshal montgomery 's belief that in most western countries about ## per cent of the people do really care about democracy or christianity
about ## per cent call themselves christians in order to keep up appearances and be considered respectable and only the last ## per cent are genuine christians and believers in democracy
but these western countries do care about themselves
each feels intensely national
if say the russians intended to stop tom jones' going to the pub then tom jones would fight the commies
but he would fight for his own liberty rather than for any abstract principle connected with it such as cause
for all practical purposes the west stands disunited undedicated and unprepared for the tasks of world leadership
with this barrage montgomery of alamein launches his attack upon the blunderings of the west
never given to mincing words he places heavy blame upon the faulty uncourageous leadership of britain and particularly america
at war 's end leadership in western europe passed from britain because the labour government devoted its attention to the creation of a welfare state
with britain looking inward overseas problems were neglected and the baton was passed on to the united states
montgomery believes that she started well
america gave generously in economic aid and military equipment to friend and foe alike
she pushed wartorn and poverty-stricken nations into prosperity but she failed to lead them into unity and world peace
america has divided more than she has united the west
the reasons are that america generally believes that she can buy anything with dollars and that she compulsively strives to be liked
however she really does know how to match the quantity of dollars given away by a quality of leadership that is basically needed
but the greater reason for fumbling stumbling american leadership is due to the shock her pride suffered when the japanese attacked at pearl harbor
they are determined montgomery writes to be surprised again and now insist on a state of readiness for war which is only unnecessary but also creates nervousness among other nations in the western alliance to mention such great suspicions among the nations of the eastern bloc that any progress towards peaceful coexistence or disarmament is possible
the net result is that under american leadership the general world situation has become bad
to monty the american people who in two previous world wars were very reluctant to join the fight now look like the nation most likely to lead us all into a third world war
as faulty as has been our leadership clearly the united states must be relied upon to lead
the path to leadership is made clear
montgomery calls for a leader who will first put the west 's own house in order
such a man must be able and willing to give clear and sensible advice to the whole group a person in whom all the member nations will have absolute confidence
this leader must be a man who lives above illusions that heretofore have shaped the foreign policy of the united states namely that russia will agree to a reunited germany that the east german government does exist that events in japan in june #### were communist-inspired that the true government of china is in formosa that mao was the evil influence behind khrushchev at the summit conference in paris in may #### and that either china or russia wants or expects war
such a leader must strengthen nato politically and establish that true unity about which it has always talked
after drastically overhauling nato western leadership should turn to reducing the suspicions that tear apart the east and west
major to this effort is to get all world powers to withdraw to their own territories say by ####
the west should make the central proposal
but the east would have to show sincerity in carrying it out
but where is the leader who will handle all these things for us
montgomery knew all the national leaders up to the time of kennedy
the man whom he would select as our leader for this great task is de gaulle
he alone has the wisdom the conviction the tenacity and the courage to reach a decision
but de gaulle is buried in the cause of restoring france 's lost soul
whoever rises to the occasion walks a treacherous path to leadership
the leader montgomery envisages will need to discipline himself lead a carefully regulated and orderly life allow time for quiet thought and reflection adapt decisions and plans to changing situations be ruthless particularly with inefficiency and be honest and morally proper
all in all montgomery calls for a leader who will anticipate and dominate the events that surround him
in looking as far back as moses thence to cromwell napoleon lincoln churchill and nehru montgomery attempts to trace the stirrings and qualities of great men
he believes that greatness is a marriage between the man and the times as was aptly represented by churchill who would very possibly have gone down in history as a political failure if it had been for hitler 's war
however montgomery makes little contribution to leadership theory and practice
most of what is said about his great men of history has already been said and what has is largely irrelevant to the contemporary scene
like eisenhower he holds the militarist 's suspicion of politicians
however at the same time montgomery selects as his hero de gaulle who is a militarist dominated by political ambitions
monty shows a remarkable capacity for the direct statement and an equally remarkable incapacity for giving adequate support
for the most part his writing rambles and jogs preventing easy access by the reader to his true thoughts
nevertheless montgomery has stated courageously and wisely the crisis of the western world
it suffers from a lack of unity of purpose and respect for heroic leadership
and it remains to be seen if the new frontier now taking form can produce the leadership and wisdom necessary to understand the current shape of events
it is no common thing for a listener critical or otherwise to hear a singer live for the first time only after he has died
but then mario lanza was no common singer and his whole career public and non-public was studded with the kind of unconventional happenings that terminate with the appearance of his first recital only when he has ceased to be a living voice
it is a kind of justice too that it should originate in london 's royal albert hall where traditionally the loudest if the greatest performers have entertained the thousands it will accommodate rca victor lm #### $#.##
to be sure lanza made numerous concert tours here and abroad but these did take him to new york where the carping critic might lurk
the reading public the theatergoing public the skindiving public the horse-playing public all these and others fill substantial roles in u.s. life but none is so varied vast and vigilant as the eating public
the department of agriculture averaged out u.s. food consumption last year at #,### lbs. per person which allowing for the ## million americans that john kennedy said go to bed hungry every night means that certain gluttons on the upper end must somehow down # lbs. or more a day
that mother hen of the weight-height tables the metropolitan life insurance co. clucks that ## million americans are overweight
through previous centuries eating changed by nearly imperceptible degrees and mostly toward just getting enough
now big forces buffet food
for the first time in history the u.s. has produced a society in which less than one-tenth of the people turn out so much food that the government 's most embarrassing problem is how to dispose inconspicuously of ### million tons of surplus farm produce
in this same society the plain citizen can with an average of only one-fifth his income buy more calories than he can consume
refrigeration automated processing and packaging conspire to defy season and banish spoilage
and in the wake of the new affluence and the new techniques of processing comes a new american interest in how what people eat affects their health
to eat is human the nation is learning to think to survive divine
fads , facts
all the concern for health is well directed
from the fusty panaceas of spinach eggs and prunes the u.s. has progressed to curds concentrates and capsules
each year reports the american medical association ten million americans spend $### million on vitamins tonics and other food supplements
at juice bars in los angeles' ## health stores a new sensation is a pink high-protein cocktail concocted of dried eggs powdered milk and cherry-flavored no-cal which sells for ##-cents per #-oz. glass
grocery stores sell dozens of foods that boast of having almost no food value at all
but a big part of the public wants to know facts about diet and health and a big group of u.s. scientists wants to supply them
the man most firmly at grips with the problem is the university of minnesota 's physiologist ancel keys ## inventor of the wartime k for keys ration and author of last year 's bestselling eat well and stay well
from his birch-paneled office in the laboratory of physiological hygiene under the university 's football stadium in minneapolis we get a rumble on every touchdown blocky grey-haired dr. keys directs an ambitious $###,###-a-year experiment on diet which spans three continents and seven nations and is still growing
pursuing it he has logged ###,### miles suffered indescribable digestive indignities and meticulously collected physiological data on the health and eating habits of ##,### individuals from bantu tribesmen to italian contadini
he has measured the skinfolds the fleshy areas under the shoulder blades of neapolitan firemen studied the metabolism of finnish woodcutters analyzed the mealie-meal eaten by capetown coloreds and experimented on minneapolis businessmen
and fats .
keys 's findings though far from complete are likely to smash many an eating cliche
vitamins eggs and milk begin to look like foods to hold down on though mothers' milk is still the ticket
readings of the number of milligrams of cholesterol in the blood which seem to have value in predicting heart attacks are becoming as routine as the electrocardiogram which can show that the heart has suffered a symptomatic attack
already many an american knows his count and rejoices or worries depending on whether it is nearer ### safe or ### dangerous
out of cholesterol come keys 's main messages so far
americans eat too much
the typical u.s. daily menu says dr. keys contains #,### calories should contain #,###
and extra weight increases the risk of cancer diabetes artery disease and heart attack
americans eat too much fat
with meat milk butter and ice cream the calorie-heavy u.s. diet is ##% fat and most of that is saturated fat the insidious kind says dr. keys that increases blood cholesterol damages arteries and leads to coronary disease
obesity : a malnutrition .
throughout much of the world food is still so scarce that half of the earth 's population has trouble getting the #,### calories a day necessary to sustain life
the deficiency diseases scurvy tropical sprue pellagra run rampant
in west africa for example where meat is a luxury and babies must be weaned early to make room at the breast for later arrivals a childhood menace is kwashiorkor or red johnny a growth-stunting protein deficiency signs reddish hair bloated belly that kills more than half its victims leaves the rest prey for parasites and lingering tropical disease
in the well-fed u.s. deficiency diseases have virtually vanished in the past ## years
today as harrison 's principles of internal medicine a standard internist 's text puts it the most common form of malnutrition is caloric excess or obesity
puritan new england regarded obesity as a flagrant symbol of intemperance and thus a sin
says keys maybe if the idea got around again that obesity is immoral the fat man would start to think
morals aside the fat man has plenty to worry about over and above the fact that no one any longer loves him
the simple mechanical strain of overweight says new york 's dr. norman jolliffe can overburden and damage the heart for much the same reason that a chevrolet engine in a cadillac body would wear out sooner than if it were in a body for which it was built
the fat man has trouble buying life insurance or has to pay higher premiums
he has for unclear reasons a ##% higher death rate from cancer
he is particularly vulnerable to diabetes
he may find even moderate physical exertion uncomfortable because excess body fat hampers his breathing and restricts his muscular movement
physiologically people overeat because what dr. jolliffe calls the appestat is set too high
the appestat which adjusts the appetite to keep weight constant is located says jolliffe in the hypothalamus near the body 's temperature sleep and water-balance controls
physical exercise raises the appestat
so does cold weather
in moderate doses alcohol narcotizes the appestat and enhances appetite the original reason for the cocktail
but because liquor has a high caloric value ### calories per oz. the heavy drinker is seldom hungry
in rare cases diseases such as encephalitis or a pituitary tumor may damage the appestat permanently destroying nearly all sense of satiety
food for frustration .
far more frequently overeating is the result of a psychological compulsion
it may be fostered by frustration depression insecurity or in children simply by the desire to stop an anxious mother 's nagging
some families place undue emphasis on food conversations center on it and rich delicacies are offered as rewards withheld as punishment
the result says jolliffe the child gains the feeling that food is the purpose of life
food may act as a sedative giving temporary emotional solace just as for some people alcohol does
reports dr. keys a fairly common experience for us is the wife who finds her husband staying out more and more
he may be interested in another woman or just like being with the boys
so she fishes around in the cupboard and hauls out a chocolate cake
it 's a matter of boredom and the subconscious feeling that she is entitled to something because she 's being deprived of something else
for the army of compulsive eaters from the nibblers and the gobblers to the downright gluttons reducing is a war with the will that is rarely won
physiologist keys flatly dismisses such appetite depressants as the amphetamines benzedrine dexedrine as dangerous crutches for a weak will
keys has no such objections to metrecal quaker oats 's quota and other ###-calorie milk formulas that are currently winning favor from dieters
metrecal is a pretty complete food he says
it contains large amounts of protein vitamins and minerals
in the quantity of ### calories a day anyone will lose weight on it ## ## or ## lbs.
but keys worries that the metrecal drinker will never make either the psychological or physiological adjustment to the idea of eating smaller portions of food
that remarkable cholesterol .
despite his personal distaste for obesity disgusting dr. keys has only an incidental interest in how much americans eat
what concerns him much more is the relationship of diet to the nation 's no. # killer coronary artery disease which accounts for more than half of all heart fatalities and kills ###,### americans a year twice the toll from all varieties of cancer five times the deaths from automobile accidents
cholesterol the cornerstone of dr. keys 's theory is a mysterious yellowish waxy substance chemically a crystalline alcohol
scientists assume that cholesterol from the greek chole meaning bile and sterios meaning solid is somehow necessary for the formation of brain cells since it accounts for about #% of the brain 's total solid weight
they know it is the chief ingredient in gallstones
they suspect it plays a role in the production of adrenal hormones and they believe it is essential to the transport of fats throughout the circulatory system
but they cannot fully explain the process of its manufacture by the human liver
although the fatty protein molecules carried in the blood and partly composed of cholesterol are water soluble cholesterol itself is insoluble and cannot be destroyed by the body
a remarkable substance says dr. keys quite apart from its tendency to be deposited in the walls of arteries
when thus deposited keys says that cholesterol is mainly responsible for the arterial blockages that culminate in heart attacks
explains keys as the fatty protein molecules travel in the bloodstream they are deposited in the intima or inner wall of a coronary artery
the proteins and fats are burned off and the cholesterol is left behind
as cholesterol piles up it narrows irritates and damages the artery encouraging formation of calcium deposits and slowing circulation
eventually says keys one of two things happens
a clot forms at the site seals off the flow of blood to the heart and provokes a heart attack
or more commonly thinks keys the deposits themselves get so big that they choke off the artery 's flow to the point that an infarct occurs the heart muscle is suffocated cells supplied by the artery die and the heart is permanently perhaps fatally injured
fats & coronaries .
ordinarily the human liver synthesizes only enough cholesterol to satisfy the body 's needs for transportation of fats and for production of bile
even eggs and other cholesterol-rich foods eaten in normal amounts says dr. keys do materially affect the amount of cholesterol in the blood
but fatty foods do
during world war # doctors in the netherlands and scandinavia noted a curious fact despite the stresses of nazi occupation the death rate from coronary artery disease was slowly dropping
until long after the war #### in fact did they get a hint of the reason
that year sweden 's haqvin malmros showed that the sinking death rate neatly coincided with increasingly severe restrictions on fatty foods
that same year the university of california 's dr. laurance kinsell timing oxidation rates of blood fats stumbled onto the discovery that many vegetable fats cause blood cholesterol levels to drop radically while animal fats cause them to rise
here keys and others such as dr. a. e. ahrens of the rockefeller institute took over to demonstrate the chemical difference between vegetable and animal fats and even between different varieties of each
all natural food fats fall into one of three categories saturated mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated
the degree of saturation depends on the number of hydrogen atoms on the fat molecule
saturated fats can accommodate no more hydrogens
mono-unsaturated fats have room for two more hydrogens on each molecule and the poly-unsaturated fat molecule has room for at least four hydrogens
the three fats have similar caloric values about ### calories per oz. but each exerts a radically different influence on blood cholesterol
as a result although we still make use of this distinction there is much confusion as to the meaning of the basic terms employed
just what is meant by spirit and by matter
the terms are generally taken for granted as though they referred to direct and axiomatic elements in the common experience of all
yet in the contemporary context this is precisely what one must do
for in the modern world neither spirit nor matter refer to any generally agreed-upon elements of experience
we are in a transitional stage in which many of the connotations of former usage have had to be revised or rejected
when the words are used we are never sure which of the traditional meanings the user may have in mind or to what extent his revisions and rejections of former understandings correspond to ours
one of the most widespread features of contemporary thought is the almost universal disbelief in the reality of spirit
just a few centuries ago the world of spirits was as populous and real as the world of material entities
only in popular thought but in that of the highly educated as well was this true
demons fairies angels and a host of other spiritual beings were as much a part of the experiential world of western man as were rocks and trees and stars
in such a world the words matter and spirit both referred to directly known realities in the common experience of all
in it important elements of christianity and of the biblical view of reality in general which now cause us much difficulty could be responded to quite naturally and spontaneously
the progress of science over these last few centuries and the gradual replacement of biblical by scientific categories of reality have to a large extent emptied the spirit world of the entities which previously populated it
in carrying out this program science has undoubtedly performed a very considerable service for which it can claim due credit
the objectification of the world of spirit in popular superstition had certainly gone far beyond what the experience of spirit could justify or support
science is fully competent to deal with any element of experience which arises from an object in space and time
when therefore it turned its attention to the concrete entities with which popular imagination had peopled the world of spirit these entities soon lost whatever status they had enjoyed as actual elements of external reality
in doing so science has unquestionably cleared up widespread misconceptions removed extraneous and illusory sources of fear and dispelled many undesirable popular superstitions
there have been indeed many important and valuable gains from the development of our present scientific view of the world for which we may be rightly grateful
all this has however been an unmixed blessing
the scientific debunking of the spirit world has been in a way too successful and too thorough
the house has been swept so clean that contemporary man has been left with no means or at best with wholly inadequate means for dealing with his experience of spirit
although the particular form of conceptualization which popular imagination had made in response to the experience of spirit was undoubtedly defective the raw experience itself which led to such excesses remains with us as vividly as ever
we simply find ourselves in the position of having no means for inquiring into the structure and meaning of this range of our experience
there is no framework or structure of thought with respect to which we can organize it and no part of reality as we know and apprehend it with respect to which we can refer this experience
science has simply left us helpless and powerless in this important sector of our lives
the situation in which we find ourselves is brought out with dramatic force in arthur miller 's play the crucible which deals with the salem witch trials
as the play opens the audience is introduced to the community of salem in puritan america at the end of the eighteenth century
aside from a quaint concern with witches and devils which provides the immediate problem in the opening scene it is a quite normal community
the conversation of the characters creates an atmosphere suggesting the usual mixture of pleasures foibles irritations and concerns which would characterize the common life of a normal village in any age
there is no occasion to feel uneasy or disturbed about these people
instead the audience can sit back at ease and from the perspective of an enlightened time which no longer believes in such things enjoy the dead seriousness with which the characters in the play take the witches and devils which are under discussion
a teenage girl abigail williams is being sharply questioned by her minister uncle the reverend samuel parris about a wild night affair in the woods in which she and some other girls had seemed to have had contact with these evil beings
for all involved in this discussion the devil is a real entity who can really be confronted in the woods on a dark night the demon world is populated with real creatures and witches actually can be seen flying through the air
as the play unfolds however the audience is subtly brought into the grip of an awful evil which grows with ominously gathering power and soon engulfs the community
everyone in salem saint and sinner alike is swept up by it
it is like a mysterious epidemic which starting first with abigail and parris spreads inexorably with a dreadfully growing virulence through the whole town until all have been infected by it
it grows terribly and unavoidably in power and leaves in its wake a trail of misery moral disintegration and destruction
the audience leaves the play under a spell it is the kind of spell which the exposure to spirit in its living active manifestation always evokes
if one asks about this play what it is that comes upon this community and works within it with such terrible power there is no better answer to give than spirit
this is to attempt to say what spirit is but only to employ a commonly used word to designate or simply identify a common experience
in the end the good man john proctor expresses what the audience has already come to feel when he says a fire a fire is burning
i hear the boot of lucifer i see his filthy face
the tragic irony of the play is that the very belief in and concern with a devil who could be met in the woods and combatted with formulae set out in books was the very thing that prevented them from detecting the real devil when he came among them
we marvel at their blindness for seeing this
yet are we of the mid-twentieth century who rightly do believe there is any such thing as the devil just as bad off as they only in a different way
in our disbelief we think that we can no longer even use the word and so are unable to even name the elemental power which is so vividly real in this play
we are left helpless to cope with it because we do dare speak of it as anything real for fear that to do so would imply a commitment to that which has already been discredited and proved false
even mr. miller himself seems uncertain on this score
in a long commentary which he has inserted in the published text of the first act of the play he says at one point however that experience never raised a doubt in his mind as to the reality of the underworld or the existence of lucifer 's many-faced lieutenants
and his belief is to his discredit
better minds than hale 's were and still are convinced that there is a society of spirits beyond our ken
page ## on the other hand a little later on he says since #### a great but superficial change has wiped out god 's beard and the devil 's horns but the world is still gripped between two diametrically opposed absolutes
the concept of unity in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force in which good and evil are relative ever-changing and always joined to the same phenomenon such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas
when we see the steady and methodical inculcation into humanity of the idea of man 's worthlessness until redeemed the necessity of the devil may become evident as a weapon a weapon designed and used time and time again in every age to whip men into a surrender to a particular church or church-state
apparently he does intend that those who read or view this play should think of the devil as being actually real
yet such is the dramatic power of his writing that the audience is nevertheless left in the grip of the terrible power and potency of that which came over salem
it casts a spell upon them so that they leave with a feeling of having been in the mysterious presence of an evil power
it is enough in accounting for this feeling to analyze it into the wickedness of individual people added together to produce a cumulative effect
for this does account for the integral elemental power of that which grows with abounding vigor as the play unfolds nor does it explain the strange numinous sense of presentness which comes over those who watch the play like a spell
the reality of spirit emerges in this play in spite of the author 's convictions to the contrary
spirit and community
there is nothing in the whole range of human experience more widely known and universally felt than spirit
apart from spirit there could be no community for it is spirit which draws men into community and gives to any community its unity cohesiveness and permanence
think for example of the spirit of the marine corps
surely this is a reality we all acknowledge
we cannot of course assign it any substance
it is material and is a thing occupying space and time
yet it exists and has an objective reality which can be experienced and known
so it is too with many other spirits which we all know the spirit of nazism or communism school spirit the spirit of a street corner gang or a football team the spirit of rotary or the ku klux klan
every community if it is alive has a spirit and that spirit is the center of its unity and identity
in searching for clues which might lead us to a fresh apprehension of the reality of spirit the close connection between spirit and community is likely to prove the most fruitful
for it is primarily in community that we know and experience spirit
it is spirit which gives life to a community and causes it to cohere
it is the spirit which is the source of a community 's drawing power by means of which others are drawn into it from the world outside so that the community grows and prospers
yet the spirit which lives in community is identical with the community
the idea of community and the idea of spirit are two distinct and separable ideas
one characteristic of the spirit in community is its givenness
the members of the community do create the spirit but rather find it present and waiting for them
it is for them a given which they and they alone possess
the spirit of the marine corps was present and operative before any of the present members of it came into it
it is they of course who keep it alive and preserve it so the same spirit will continue to be present in the corps for future recruits to find as they come into it
if the content of faith is to be presented today in a form that can be understanded of the people and this it must be forgotten is one of the goals of the perennial theological task there is no other choice but to abandon completely a mythological manner of representation
this does mean that mythological language as such can no longer be used in theology and preaching
the absurd notion that demythologization entails the expurgation of all mythological concepts completely misrepresents bultmann 's intention
his point is that mythology may be used but that it may no longer be regarded as the only or even the most appropriate conceptuality for expressing the christian kerygma
when we say that a mythological mode of thought must be completely abandoned we mean it must be abandoned as the sole or proper means for presenting the christian understanding of existence
mythological concepts may by all means still be used but they can be used responsibly only as symbols or ciphers that is only if they are also constantly interpreted in nonmythological or existential terms
the statement is often made that when bultmann argues in this way he overestimates the intellectual stumbling-block which myth is supposed to put in the way of accepting the christian faith
but this statement is completely unconvincing
if bultmann 's own definition of myth is strictly adhered to and it is interesting that this is almost never done by those who make such pronouncements the evidence is overwhelming that he does at all exaggerate the extent to which the mythological concepts of traditional theology have become incredible and irrelevant
nor is it necessary to look for such evidence in the great urban centers of our culture that are admittedly almost entirely secularized and so profoundly estranged from the conventional forms in which the gospel has been communicated
on the contrary even in the heart of the bible belt itself as can be attested by any one who is called to work there the industrial and technological revolutions have long been under way together with the corresponding changes in man 's picture of himself and his world
in fact it is in just such a situation that the profundity of bultmann 's argument is disclosed
although the theological forms of the past continue to exist in a way they do in a more secularized situation the striking thing is the rapidity with which they are being reduced to a marginal existence
this is especially in evidence among the present generation of the suburban middle class
time and again in counseling and teaching one encounters members of this group whose attempts to bring into some kind of unity the insubstantial mythologies of their fundamentalist heritage and the stubborn reality of the modern world are only too painfully obvious
the same thing is also evidenced by the extreme culture-protestantism so often observed to characterize the preaching and teaching of the american churches
in the absence of a truly adequate conceptuality in which the gospel can be expressed the unavoidable need to demythologize it makes use of whatever resources are at hand and this usually means one or another of the various forms of folk religion current in the situation
this is to say that the only explanation of the present infatuation with norman vincent peale 's cult of reassurance or the other types of a purely cultural christianity is the ever-present need for a demythologized gospel
but it is to say that this need is far more important for such infatuation than most of the pundits seem to have suspected
however even if the latent demand for demythologization is nearly as widespread as we are claiming at least among the cultured elements of the population there tends to be an almost complete indifference to the church and its traditional message of sin and grace
to be sure when this is pointed out a common response among certain churchmen is to fulminate about the little flock and the great crowd and to take solace from paul 's castigation of the wisdom of the wise in the opening chapter of first corinthians
but can we any longer afford the luxury of such smug indigation
can the church risk assuming that the folly of men is as dear to god as their wisdom or as is also commonly implied that the foolishness of god and the foolishness of men are simply two ways of talking about the same thing
can we continue to alienate precisely those whose gifts we so desperately need and apart from whose co-operation our mission in the world must become increasingly precarious
there is an ancient and venerable tradition in the church which derives however from the heritage of the greeks rather than from the bible that god is completely independent of his creation and so has no need of men for accomplishing his work in the world
by analogy the church also has been regarded as entirely independent of the world in the sense of requiring nothing from it in order to be the church
but as scripture everywhere reminds us god does have need of his creatures and the church a fortiori can ill afford to do without the talents with which the world by god 's providence presents it
and yet this is exactly the risk we run when we assume as we too often do that we can continue to preach the gospel in a form that makes it seem incredible and irrelevant to cultured men
until we translate this gospel into a language that enlightened men today can understand we are depriving ourselves of the very resources on which the continued success of our witness most certainly depends
in arguing in this way we are obviously taking for granted that a demythologized restatement of the kerygma can be achieved
and that we firmly believe this will presently become evident when we set forth reasons to justify such a conviction
but the main point here is that even if such a restatement were possible the demand to demythologize the kerygma would still be unavoidable
this is what we mean when we say this demand must be accepted without condition
if to be a christian means to say yes where i otherwise say no or where i do have the right to say anything at all then my only choice is to refuse to be a christian
expressed differently if the price for becoming a faithful follower of jesus christ is some form of self-destruction whether of the body or of the mind sacrificium corporis sacrificium intellectus then there is no alternative but that the price remain unpaid
this must be stressed because it is absolutely essential to the argument of this concluding chapter
modern man as dietrich bonhoeffer has told us has come of age
and though this process by no means represents an unambiguous gain and is in fact marked by the estrangement from the depths that seems to be the cost of human maturation it is still a positive step forward
and those of us who so richly benefit from it should be the last to despise it
in any event it is an irreversible step and if we are at all honest with ourselves we will know we have no other alternative than to live in the world in which god has seen fit to place us
to say this of course is to take up a position on one side of a controversy going on now for some two hundred years or at any rate since the beginning of the distinctively modern period in theological thought
we have aligned ourselves with that liberal tradition in protestant christianity that counts among the great names in its history those of schleiermacher ritschl herrmann harnack and troeltsch and more recently schweitzer and the early barth and in part at least bultmann
it is to this same tradition that most of the creative figures in the last century and a half of american theology also belong
for we must number here only the names of bushnell clarke and rauschenbusch to mention those of the chicago school and macintosh but those of the brothers niebuhr and if america may claim him
tillich as well
finally we may also mention the several members of the self-consciously neoliberal movement that developed at the university of chicago and is heavily indebted philosophically to the creative work of alfred north whitehead
what makes this long and diverse tradition essentially one is that those who have belonged to it have been profoundly in earnest about being modern men in a distinctively modern world
although they have also been concerned to stand squarely within the tradition of the apostolic church they have exhibited no willingness whatever to sacrifice their modernity to their christianity
they have insisted rather on living fully and completely within modern culture and so far from considering this treason to god have looked upon it as the only way they could be faithful to him
when we say then that today in our situation the demand for demythologization must be accepted without condition we are simply saying that at least this much of the liberal tradition is an enduring achievement
however much we may have to criticize liberal theology 's constructive formulations the theology we ourselves must strive to formulate can only go beyond liberalism behind it
in affirming this we have already taken the decisive step in breaking the deadlock into which bultmann 's attempt to formulate such a theology has led
for we have said in effect that of the two alternatives to his position variously represented by the other participants in the demythologizing discussion only one is really an alternative
if the demand for demythologization is unavoidable and so must be accepted by theology unconditionally the position of the right is clearly untenable
whereas bultmann 's center position is structurally inconsistent and is therefore indefensible on formal grounds alone the general position of the right as represented say by karl barth involves the rejection or at least qualification of the demand for demythologization and so is invalidated on the material grounds we have just considered
it follows then provided the possibilities have been exhausted that the only real alternative is the general viewpoint of the left which has been represented on the continent by fritz buri and to some extent at least is found in much that is significant in american and english theology
in order to make the implications of our position as clear as possible we may develop this argument at greater length
we may show first that there cannot possibly be an alternative other than the three typically represented by bultmann barth and buri
to do this it is sufficient to point out that if the principle in terms of which alternatives are to be conceived is such as to exclude more than two then the question of a third possibility is a meaningless question
thus if what is at issue is whether all s is p it is indifferent whether some s is p or no s is p since in either case the judgment in question is false
hence if what is in question is whether in a given theology myth is or is completely rejected it is unimportant whether only a little bit of myth or a considerable quantity is accepted
for in either event the first possibility is excluded
therefore the only conceivable alternatives are those represented on the one hand by the two at least apparently self-consistent but mutually exclusive positions of buri and barth and on the other hand by the third but really pseudo position analogous to a round square of bultmann
a second point requires more extended comment
it will be recalled from the discussion in section # that the position of the right as represented by barth rests on the following thesis the only tenable alternative to bultmann 's position is a theology that # rejects or at least qualifies his unconditioned demand for demythologization and existential interpretation
# accepts instead a special biblical hermeneutics or method of interpretation
and # in so doing frees itself to give appropriate emphasis to the event jesus christ by means of statements that from bultmann 's point of view are mythological
one hundred years ago there existed in england the association for the promotion of the unity of christendom
representing as it did the efforts of only unauthorized individuals of the roman and anglican churches and urging a communion of prayer unacceptable to rome this association produced little fruit and in fact was condemned by the holy office in ####
now again in #### in england there is perhaps nothing in the religious sphere so popularly discussed as christian unity
the church unity octave january ##-## was enthusiastically devoted to prayer and discussion by the various churches
many people seem hopeful yet it is difficult to predict whether or there will be any more real attainment of christian unity in #### than there was in ####
but it must be readily seen that the religious picture in england has so greatly changed during these hundred years as to engender hope at least on the catholic side
for the tide is well on the turn as the london catholic weekly universe has written
i came to england last summer to do research on the unpublished letters of cardinal newman
as an american catholic of irish ancestry i came with certain preconceptions and expectations
being intellectually influenced by newman and the general ##th-century literature of england i knew only a protestant-dominated country
since arriving here however i have formed a far different religious picture of present-day england
in representing part of this new picture i will be recounting some of my own personal experiences reactions and judgments
but my primary aim is to transcribe what englishmen themselves are saying and writing and implying about the roman and anglican churches and about the present religious state of england
since the protestant clergy for the most part wear gray or some variant from the wholly black suit my roman collar and black garb usually identify me in england as a roman catholic cleric
in any case i have always been treated with the utmost courtesy by englishmen even in devonshire and cornwall where anti-catholic feeling has supposedly existed the strongest and longest
nowhere have i seen public expression of anti-catholicism
on my first guy fawkes day here i found catholics as well as non-catholics celebrating with the traditional fireworks and bonfires and was told that most englishmen either do know or are concerned with the historical significance of the day
a birmingham newspaper printed in a column for children an article entitled the true story of guy fawkes which began
when you pile your guy on the bonfire tomorrow night i wonder how much of the true story of guy fawkes you will remember
in the ### years since the first guy fawkes night much of the story has been forgotten so here is a reminder
the article proceeded to give an inaccurate account of a catholic plot to kill king james #
in spite of the increase in numbers and prestige brought about by the conversions of newman and other tractarians of the #### 's and #### 's the catholic segment of england one hundred years ago was a very small one four per cent or ###,### which did enjoy a gracious hearing from the general public
the return of the catholic hierarchy in #### was looked upon with indignant disapprobation and in fact was charged with being a gesture of disloyalty
in #### newman professedly had to write his apologia with his keenest feelings in order to be believed and to command a fair hearing from english readers
now in #### the catholic population of england is still quite small ten per cent or # million
yet it represents a very considerable percentage of the churchgoing population
a protestant woman marveled to me over the large crowds going in and out of the birmingham oratory catholic church on sunday mornings
she found this a marvel because as she said only six per cent of english people are churchgoers
she may have been exact on this number but others here feel quite certain that the percentage would be less than ten
from many sides come remarks that protestant churches are badly attended and the large medieval cathedrals look all but empty during services
a catholic priest recently recounted how in the chapel of a large city university following anglican evensong at which there was a congregation of twelve he celebrated mass before more than a hundred
the protestant themselves are the first to admit the great falling off in effective membership in their churches
according to a newspaper report of the #### statistics of the church of england the total of confirmed members is #,###,### but only #,###,### are registered on the parochial church rolls and over ## million people in england are baptized into the church of england but roughly only a tenth of them continue
an amazing article in the manchester guardian of last november entitled fate of redundant churches states than an archbishops' commission reported last month that in the church of england alone there are ### churches which are redundant now or will be in ## years' time
a further ### anglican churches have been demolished since ####
and in the last five years the methodist chapel committee has authorized the demolition or more often the sale of ### chapels
most of these former churches are now used as warehouses but neither anglicans nor nonconformists object to selling churches to roman catholics and have done so
while it must be said that these same protestants have built some new churches during this period and that religious population shifts have emptied churches a principal reason for this phenomenon of redundancy is that fewer protestants are going to church
it should be admitted too that there is a good percentage of lapsed or nonchurchgoing catholics one paper writes ## per cent
still it is clear from such reports and apparently clear from the remarks of many people that protestants are decreasing and catholics increasing
an anglican clergyman in oxford sadly but frankly acknowledged to me that this is true
a century ago newman saw that liberalism what we now might call secularism would gradually but definitely make its mark on english protestantism and that even high anglicanism would someday no longer be a serviceable breakwater against doctrinal errors more fundamental than its own
that day is perhaps today #### and it seems no longer very meaningful to call england a protestant country
one of the ironies of the present crusade for christian unity is that there are relatively speaking many real christians to unite
many english catholics are proud of their catholicism and know that they are in a new ascendancy
the london universe devoted its centenary issue last december # to mapping out various aspects of catholic progress during the last one hundred years
with traditional nationalistic spirit some englishmen claim that english catholicism is catholicism at its best
i have found myself saying with other foreigners here that english catholics are good catholics
it has been my experience to find as many men as women in church and to hear almost everyone in church congregations reciting the latin prayers and responses at mass
they hope of course to reclaim the non-catholic population to the catholic faith and at every sunday benediction they recite by heart the prayer for england
o blessed virgin mary mother of god and our most gentle queen and mother look down in mercy upon england thy dowry and upon us all who greatly hope and trust in thee
intercede for our separated brethren that with us in the one true fold they may be united to the chief shepherd the vicar of thy son
a hymn often to be heard in catholic churches is faith of our fathers which glories in england 's ancient faith that endured persecution and which proclaims faith of our fathers mary 's prayers shall win our country back to thee
the english saints are widely venerated quite naturally and now there is great hope that the forty martyrs and cardinal newman will soon be canonized
because they have kept the faith of their medieval fathers english catholics have always strongly resented the charge of being un-english
i have seen this charge made during my stay here but apparently it is still in the air
for example a writer in a recent number of the queen hyperbolically states that of the myriad imprecations the only one which the english catholics really resent is the suggestion that they are un-english
in this connection it has been observed that the increasing number of irish catholics priests and laity in england while certainly seen as good for catholicism is nevertheless a source of embarrassment for some of the more nationalistic english catholics especially when these irishmen offer to remind their christian brethren of this good
one of the more noteworthy changes that have taken place since the mid-##th century is the situation of catholics at oxford and cambridge universities
at oxford one hundred years ago there were very few catholics partly because religious tests were removed only in ####
moreover for those few there was almost no ecclesiastical representation in the city to care for their religious needs
now only are there considerably more laity as students and professors at oxford but there are also numerous houses of religious orders existing in respectable and friendly relations with the non-catholic members of the university
some catholic priests lecture there
catholic seminarians attend tutorials and row on the cherwell with non-catholic students
further evidence that roman catholicism enjoys a more favorable position today than in #### is the respectful attention given to it in the mass media of england
the general tone of articles appearing in such important newspapers as the manchester guardian and the sunday observer implies a kindly recognition that the catholic church is now at least of equal stature in england with the protestant churches
on successive sundays during october #### paul ferris a non-catholic wrote articles in the observer depicting clergymen of the church of england the church of rome and the nonconformist church
the catholic priest though somewhat superficially drawn easily came out the best
there were many letters of strong protest against the portrait of the anglican clergyman who was indeed portrayed as a man particularly concerned with religious matters and without really very much to do as clergyman
such a series of articles was certainly never printed in the public press of mid-victorian england
there was so much interest shown in this present-day venture that it was continued on b.b.c. where comments were equally made by an anglican parson a free church minister and a catholic priest
catholic priests have frequently appeared on television programs sometimes discussing the christian faith on an equal footing with protestant clergymen
a notable example of this was the discussion of christian unity by the catholic archbishop of liverpool dr. heenan and the anglican archbishop of york dr. ramsey recently appointed archbishop of canterbury
the good feeling which exists between these two important church figures is now well known in england
the holy sacrifice of the mass with commentary has been televised several times in recent months
and it was interesting to observe that b.b.c. 's television film on christmas eve was the bells of st. mary 's
of course the crowning event that has dramatically upset the traditional pattern of english religious history was the friendly visit paid by dr. fisher then anglican archbishop of canterbury to the vatican last december
it was the first time an english primate has done this since the ##th century
english catholics reacted to this event with moderate but real hope
almost daily something is reported which feeds this catholic hope in england statistics of the increasing numbers of converts and irish catholic immigrants
news of a protestant minister in leamington who has offered to allow a catholic priest to preach from his pulpit
a report that a catholic nun had been requested to teach in a non-catholic secondary school during the sickness of one of its masters
the startling statement in a respectable periodical that catholics if the present system is still in operation will constitute almost one-third of the house of lords in the next generation
a report that ### protestant clergymen and laity attended a votive mass offered for christian unity at a catholic church in slough during the church unity octave
the death of a man is unique and yet it is universal
the straight line would symbolize its uniqueness the circle its universality
but how can one figure symbolize both
christianity declares that in the life and death of jesus christ the unique and the universal concur
perhaps no church father saw this concurrence of the unique and the universal as clearly or formulated it as precisely as irenaeus
to be the savior and the lord jesus christ has to be a historical individual with a biography all his own
he dare be a cosmic aeon that swoops to earth for a while but never identifies itself with man 's history
yet this utterly individual historical person must also contain within himself the common history of mankind
his history is his alone yet each man must recognize his own history in it
his death is his alone yet each man can see his own death in the crucifixion of jesus
each man can identify himself with the history and the death of jesus christ because jesus christ has identified himself with human history and human death coming as the head of a new humanity
a circle then nor a straight line but a spiral represents the shape of death as irenaeus sees it
for a spiral has motion as well as recurrence
as represented by a spiral history may in some sense be said to repeat itself
yet each historical event remains unique
christ is both unique and universal
the first turn of the spiral is the primeval history of humanity in adam
as origen interprets the end of history on the basis of its beginning so irenaeus portrays the story of adam on the basis of the story of christ
whence then comes the substance of the first man
from god 's will and wisdom and from virgin earth
for god had rained says the scripture before man was made and there was no man to till the earth
from this earth then while it was still virgin god took dust and fashioned the man the beginning of humanity
irenaeus does regard adam and eve merely as private individuals but as universal human beings who were and are all of humanity
adam and eve were perfect in the sense that they possessed perfection but in the sense that they were capable of development toward perfection
they were in fact children
irenaeus does claim pre-existence for the human soul
therefore there is no need for him as there is for origen to identify existence itself with the fall
existence is created and willed by god and is the consequence of a pre-existent rebellion or of a cosmic descent from eternity into history
historical existence is a created good
the biblical symbol for this affirmation is expressed in the words so god created man in his own image
in the similitude of god he created him
there are some passages in the writings of irenaeus where the image of god and the similitude are sharply distinguished so most notably in the statement if the holy spirit is absent from the soul such a man is indeed of an animal nature
and being left carnal he will be an imperfect being possessing the image of god in his formation but receiving the similitude of god through the spirit
thus the image of god is that which makes a man a man and an oyster
the similitude of god by contrast is that which makes a man a child of god and merely a rational creature
recent research on irenaeus however makes it evident that he does consistently maintain this distinction
he does mean to say that adam lost the similitude of god and his immortality through the fall
for he was created exactly immortal nor yet exactly mortal but capable of immortality as well as of mortality
therefore irenaeus describes man 's creation as follows
so that the man should have thoughts of grandeur and become lifted up as if he had no lord because of the dominion that had been given to him and the freedom fall into sin against god his creator overstepping his bounds and take up an attitude of self-conceited arrogance towards god a law was given him by god that he might know that he had for lord the lord of all
and he laid down for him certain conditions so that if he kept the command of god then he would always remain as he was that is immortal
but if he did he would become mortal melting into earth whence his frame had been taken
these conditions man did keep and thus he became mortal
yet he did stop being human as a result
there is no justification for systematizing the random statements of irenaeus about the image of god beyond this nor for reading into his imprecise usage the later theological distinction between the image of god humanity and the similitude of god immortality
man was created with the capacity for immortality but the devil 's promise of immortality in exchange for disobedience cost adam his immortality
he was in the words of irenaeus beguiled by another under the pretext of immortality
the true way to immortality lay through obedience but man did believe this
eve was disobedient
for she did obey when as yet she was a virgin
and even as she having indeed a husband adam but being nevertheless as yet a virgin having become disobedient was made the cause of death both to herself and to the entire human race
so also did mary having a man betrothed to her and being nevertheless a virgin by yielding obedience become the cause of salvation both to herself and the whole human race
because he interprets the primitive state of man as one of mere potentiality or capacity and believes that adam and eve were created as children irenaeus often seems inclined to extenuate their disobedience as being due no doubt to carelessness but still wicked
his interpretation of the beginning on the basis of the end prompts him to draw these parallels between the virgin eve and the virgin mary
that parallelism affects his picture of man 's disobedience too
for as it was christ the word of god who came to rescue man so it was disobedience to the word of god in the beginning that brought death into the world and all our woe
with this act of disobedience and with the inception of his individual existence man began the downward circuit on the spiral of history descending from the created capacity for immortality to an inescapable mortality
at the nadir of that circuit is death
along with the fruit they did also fall under the power of death because they did eat in disobedience
and disobedience to god entails death
wherefore as they became forfeit to death from that moment they were handed over to it
this leads irenaeus to the somewhat startling notion that adam and eve died on the same day that they disobeyed namely on a friday as a parallel to the death of christ on good friday
he sees a parallel also to the jewish day of preparation for the sabbath
in any case though they had been promised immortality if they ate of the tree they obtained mortality instead
the wages of sin is death
man 's life originally shaped for immortality and for communion with god must now be conformed to the shape of death
nevertheless even at the nadir of the circuit the spiral of history belongs to god and he still rules
even death therefore has a providential as well as a punitive function
wherefore also he god drove him man out of paradise and removed him far from the tree of life because he envied him the tree of life as some venture to assert but because he pitied him and did desire that he should continue a sinner for ever nor that the sin which surrounded him should be immortal and evil interminable and irremediable
but he set a bound to his state of sin by interposing death and thus causing sin to cease putting an end to it by the dissolution of the flesh which should take place in the earth so that man ceasing at length to live in sin and dying to it might live to god
this idea which occurs in both tatian and cyprian fits especially well into the scheme of irenaeus' theology
for it prepares the way for the passage from life through death to life that is achieved in christ
as man can live only by dying so it was only by his dying that christ could bring many to life
it is probably fair to say that the idea of death is more profound in irenaeus than the idea of sin is
this applies to his picture of adam
it is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next
it becomes most evident in his description of christ as the second adam who does indeed come to destroy sin but whose work culminates in the achievement of immortality
this emphasis upon death rather than sin as man 's fundamental problem irenaeus shares with many early theologians especially the greek-speaking ones
they speak of the work of christ as the bestowal of incorruptibility which can mean though it does have to mean deliverance from time and history
death reminds man of his sin but it reminds him also of his transience
it represents a punishment that he knows he deserves but it also symbolizes most dramatically that he lives his life within the process of time
these two aspects of death cannot be successfully separated but they dare be confused or identified
the repeated efforts in christian history to describe death as altogether the consequence of human sin show that these two aspects of death cannot be separated
such efforts almost always find themselves compelled to ask whether adam was created capable of growing old and then older and then still older in short whether adam 's life was intended to be part of the process of time
if it was then it must have been god 's intention to translate him at a certain point from time to eternity
one night so some of these theories run adam would have fallen asleep much as he fell asleep for the creation of eve
and thus he would have been carried over into the life eternal
the embarrassment of these theories over the naturalness of death is an illustration of the thesis that death cannot be only a punishment for some termination seems necessary in a life that is lived within the natural order of time and change
on the other hand christian faith knows that death is more than the natural termination of temporal existence
it is the wages of sin and its sting is the law
if this aspect of death as punishment is distinguished from the idea of death as natural termination the conclusion seems inevitable that temporal existence itself is a form of punishment rather than the state into which man is put by the will of the creator
this seems to have been the conclusion to which origen was forced
if death receives more than its share of attention from the theologian and if sin receives less than its share the gift of the life eternal through christ begins to look like the divinely appointed means of rescue from temporal i.e. created existence
such an interpretation of death radically alters the christian view of creation
for it teaches salvation from salvation in time and history
because christianity teaches only salvation in history but salvation by the history of christ such an interpretation of death would require a drastic revision of the christian understanding of the work of christ
furthermore as an encouragement to revisionist thinking it manifestly is fair to admit that any fraternity has a constitutional right to refuse to accept persons it dislikes
the unitarian clergy were an exclusive club of cultivated gentlemen as the term was then understood in the back bay and parker was definitely a gentleman either in theology or in manners
ezra stiles gannett an honorable representative of the sanhedrin addressed himself frankly to the issue in #### insisting that parker should be persecuted or calumniated and that in this republic no power to restrain him by force could exist
even so gannett judiciously argued the association could legitimately decide that parker should be encouraged nor assisted in diffusing his opinions by those who differ from him in regard to their correctness
we today are entitled to excoriate honest men who believed parker to be downright pernicious and who barred their pulpits against his demand to poison the minds of their congregations
one can even argue though this is a delicate matter that every justification existed for their returning the public lecture to the first church and so to suppress it rather than let parker use it as a sounding board for his propaganda when his turn should come to occupy it
finally it did seem clear as day to these clergymen as gannett 's son explained in the biography of his father they had always contended for the propriety of their claim to the title of christians
their demand against the calvinist orthodoxy for intellectual liberty had never meant that they would follow free inquiry to the extreme of proclaiming christianity a natural religion
grant all this still when modern unitarianism and the harvard divinity school recall with humorous affection the insults parker lavished upon them or else argue that after all parker received the treatment he invited they betray an uneasy conscience
whenever new england liberalism is reminded of the dramatic confrontation of parker and the fraternity on january ## #### while it may defend the privilege of chandler robbins to demand that parker leave the association while it may plead that dr. n. l. frothingham had every warrant for stating the difference between trinitarians and unitarians is a difference in christianity
the difference between mr. parker and the association is a difference between no christianity and christianity despite these supposed conclusive assurances the modern liberal heaves repeatedly a sigh of relief of positive thanksgiving that the association never quite brought itself officially to expel parker
had it done so the blot on its escutcheon would have remained indelible nor could the harvard divinity school assemble today to honor parker 's insurgence other than by getting down on its collective knees and crying peccavi
happily for posterity then the boston association did actually command parker to leave the room though it came too close for comfort to what would have been an unforgivable brutality
fortunately the honor of the denomination can attest that cyrus bartol defended parker 's sincerity as did also gannett and chandler robbins
whereupon parker broke down into convulsions of weeping and rushed out of the room though out of the fellowship
in the hall after adjournment dr. frothingham took him warmly by the hand and requested parker to visit him whereupon our burly theodore again burst into tears
all this near tragedy which to us borders on comedy enables us to tell the story over and over again always warming ourselves with a glow of complacency
it was indeed a near thing but somehow the inherent decency of new england which we inherit did triumph
parker was never excommunicated
to the extent that he was ostracized or even reviled we solace ourselves by saying he asked for it
yet even after all these stratagems the conscience of christian liberality is still laid to rest any more than is the conscience of harvard university for having done the abject penance for its rejection of ralph waldo emerson 's the divinity school address of naming its hall of philosophy after him
in both cases the stubborn fact remains liberalism gave birth to two brilliant apostates both legitimate offspring of its loins and when brought to the test it behaved shabbily
suppose they both had ventured into realms which their colleagues thought infidel is this the way gentlemen settle frank differences of opinion
is it after all possible that no matter how the liberals trumpet their confidence in human dignity they are exposed to a contagion of fear more insidious than any conservative has ever to worry about
however there is a crucial difference between the two histories
emerson evaded the problem by shoving it aside or rather by leaving it behind him he walked out of the unitarian communion so that it could lick the wound of his departure preserve its self-respect and eventually accord him pious veneration
parker insisted upon resigning even when the majority wanted him to depart upon daring the fellowship to throw him out
hence he was in his lifetime as is the memory of him afterwards a canker within the liberal sensitivity
he still points an accusing finger at all of us telling us we have neither the courage to support him nor the energy to cut his throat
actually the dispute between parker and the society of his time both ecclesiastical and social was a real one a bitter one
it cannot be smoothed over by now cherishing his sarcasms as delightful bits of self-deprecation or by solemnly calling for a reconsideration of the justice of the objections to him
the fact is incontestable that liberal world of unitarian boston was narrow-minded intellectually sterile smug afraid of the logical consequences of its own mild ventures into iconoclasm and quite prepared to resort to hysterical repressions when its brittle foundations were threatened
parker along with garrison and charles sumner showed a magnificent moral bravery when facing mobs mobilized in defense of the mexican war and slavery
nevertheless we can find reasons for respecting even the bigotry of the populace
their passions were genuine and the division between them and the abolitionists is clear-cut
but parker as the ultra-liberal minister within the pale of a church which had proclaimed itself the repository of liberality poses a different problem which is to be resolved by holding him up as the champion of freedom
even though his theological theses have become to us commonplaces the fundamental interrogation he phrased is very much with us
it has been endlessly rephrased but i may here put it thus at what point do the tolerant find themselves obliged to become intolerant
and then as they become aware that they have reached the end of their patience what do they to their dismay learn for the first time about themselves
there can be no doubt the boston of that era could be exquisitely cruel in enforcing its canons of behavior
the gentle channing revered by all bostonians orthodox or unitarian wrote to a friend in louisville that among its many virtues boston did abound in a tolerant spirit that the yoke of opinion crushed individuality of judgment and action no city in the world is governed so little by a police and so much by mutual inspections and what is called public sentiment
we stand more in awe of one another than most people
opinion is less individual or runs more into masses and often rules with a rod of iron
even more poignantly and with the insight of a genius channing added remember this is channing parker
that should a minister in boston trust himself to his heart should he speak without book and consequently break some law of speech or be hurried into some daring hyperbole he should find little mercy
channing wrote this in a letter
i think it fair to say that he never quite reached such candor in his sermons
but theodore parker commencing his mission to the world-at-large disguised as the minister of a twenty-eighth congregational church which bore no resemblance to the congregational polities descended from the founders among which were still the unitarian churches made explicit from the beginning that the conflict between him and the hunkerish society was something which could be evaporated into a genteel difference about clerical decorum
because he spoke openly with what channing had prophesied someone might with daring hyperbole parker vindicated channing 's further prophecy that he who committed this infraction of taste would promptly discover how little mercy liberals were disposed to allow to libertarians who appeared to them libertines
an institutionalized liberalism proved itself fundamentally an institution and only within those defined limits a license
by reminding ourselves of these factors in the situation we should i am sure come to a fresh realization however painful it be that the battle between parker and his neighbors was fought in earnest
he arraigned the citizens in language of so little courtesy that they had to respond with at the least resentment
what otherwise could the lawyer doctor minister the men of science and letters do when told that they had become the cherubim and seraphim and the three archangels who stood before the golden throne of the merchant and continually cried holy holy holy is the almighty dollar
nor when we recollect how sensitive were the emotions of the old puritan stock in regard to the recent tides of immigration should we be astonished that their thin lips were compressed into a white line of rage as parker snarled at them thus talk about the catholics voting as the bishop tells
reproach the catholics for it
you and i do the same thing
there are a great many bishops who have never had a cross on their bosom nor a mitre on their head who appeal to the authority of the pope at rome but to the almighty dollar a pope much nearer home
boston has been controlled by a few capitalists lawyers and other managers who told the editors what to say and the preachers what to think
this was war
parker meant business
and he took repeated care to let his colleagues know that he intended them even the unitarian churches have caught the malaria and are worse than those who deceived them which implied that they were very bad indeed
it was duty he said that his parents had given him as a rule beyond even the love that suffused his being and the sense of humor with which he was largely supplied and it was duty he would perform though it cost him acute pain and exhausted him by the age of fifty
parker could weep and he wept astonishingly often and on the slightest provocation but the psychology of those tears was entirely compatible with a remorseless readiness to massacre his opponents
if it gave me pleasure to say hard things he wrote i would shut up forever
we have to tell ourselves that when parker spoke in this vein he believed what he said because he could continue but the truth which cost me bitter tears to say i must speak though it cost other tears hotter than fire
because he copiously shed his own tears and yielded himself up as a living sacrifice to the impersonalized conscience of new england he was disturbed by the havoc he worked in other people 's consciences
our endeavor to capture even a faint sense of how strenuous was the fight is muffled by our indifference to the very issue which in the boston of #### seemed to be the central hope of its christian survival that of the literal factual historicity of the miracles as reported in the four gospels
it is idle to ask why we are no longer disturbed if somebody professing the deepest piety decides anew that it is of no importance whether or christ transformed the water into wine at eleven a.m. on the third of august a.d. ##
we have no answer as to why we are alarmed
so we are the more prepared to give parker the credit for having taken the right side in an unnecessary controversy to salute his courage and to pass on happily forgetting both him and the entire episode
we have the leisure or the patience or the skill to comprehend what was working in the mind and heart of a then recent graduate from the harvard divinity school who would muster the audacity to contradict his most formidable instructor the majesterial andrews norton by saying that while he believed jesus like other religious teachers worked miracles i see how a miracle proves a doctrine
i have within the past fifty years come out of all uncertainty into a faith which is a dominating conviction of the truth and about which i have a shadow of doubt
it has been my lot all through life to associate with eminent scientists and at times to discuss with them the deepest and most vital of all questions the nature of the hope of a life beyond this
i have also constantly engaged in scientific work and am fully aware of the value of opinions formed in science as well as in the religions in the world
in an amateurish yet in a very real sense i have followed the developments of archaeology geology astronomy herpetology and mycology with a hearty appreciation of the advances being made in these fields
at one time i became disturbed in the faith in which i had grown up by the apparent inroads being made upon both old and new testaments by a higher criticism of the bible to refute which i felt the need of a better knowledge of hebrew and of archaeology for it seemed to me that to pull out some of the props of our faith was to weaken the entire structure
doubts thus inculcated left me floundering for a while and like some higher critical friends trying to continue to use the bible as the word of god while at the same time holding it to have been subjected to a vast number of redactions and interpolations attempting to bridge the chasm between an older reverent bible-loving generation and a critical doubting bible-emancipated race
although still aware of a great light and glow of warmth in the book i stood outside shivering in the cold
in one thing the higher critics like the modernists however overreached themselves in claiming that the gospel of john was written in john 's time but well after the first century perhaps as late as ### a.d.
now if any part of the bible is assuredly the very word of god speaking through his servant it is john 's gospel
to ask me to believe that so inexpressibly marvelous a book was written long after all the events by some admiring follower and was inspired directly by the spirit of god is asking me to accept a miracle far greater than any of those recorded in the bible
here i took my leave of my learned friends to step out on another path to which we might give the modern name of pragmatism or the thing that works
test it try it and if it works accept it as a guiding principle
so i put my bible to the practical test of noting what it says about itself and then tested it to see how it worked
as a short possibly the best method i looked up word in the concordance and noted that the bible claims from genesis # to revelation ## to be god 's personal message to man
the next traditional step then was to accept it as the authoritative textbook of the christian faith just as one would accept a treatise on any earthly science and i submitted to its conditions according to christ 's invitation and promise that if any man will do his will he shall know of the doctrine whether it be of god or whether i speak of myself john # : ##
the outcome of such an experiment has been in due time the acceptance of the bible as the word of god inspired in a sense utterly different from any merely human book and with it the acceptance of our lord jesus christ as the only begotten son of god son of man by the virgin mary the saviour of the world
i believe therefore that we are without exception sinners by nature alienated from god and that jesus christ the son of god came to earth the representative head of a new race to die upon the cross and pay the penalty of the sin of the world and that he who thus receives christ as his personal saviour is born again spiritually with new privileges appetites and affections destined to live and grow in his likeness forever
nor can any man save himself by good works or by a commendable moral life although such works are the natural fruits and evidences of a saving faith already received and naturally expressing itself through such avenues
i now ever look for christ according to his promises and those of the old testament as well to appear again in glory to put away all sin and to reign in righteousness over the whole earth
to state fully what the bible means as my daily spiritual food is as intimate and difficult as to formulate the reasons for loving my nearest and dearest relatives and friends
the bible is as obviously and truly food for the spirit as bread is food for the body
again as faith reveals god my father and christ my saviour i follow without question where he leads me daily by his spirit of love wisdom power and prayer
i place his precepts and his leadings above every seeming probability dismissing cherished convictions and holding the wisdom of man as folly when opposed to him
i discern no limits to a faith vested in god and christ who is the sum of all wisdom and knowledge and daring to trust him even though called to stand alone before the world
our lord 's invitation with its implied promise to all is come and see
i stood at the bedside of my patient one day and beheld a very sick man in terrible pain
as i ministered to his needs i noticed that his face was radiant in spite of his suffering and i learned that he was trusting only in the skill of his doctor and nurse but also the lord
in his heart he had that peace of which the lord spoke when he said peace i leave with you my peace i give unto you as the world giveth give i unto you
let your heart be troubled neither let it be afraid
what a joy to realize that we too can claim this promise tendered by the lord during his earthly ministry to a group of men who were very dear to him
he was about to leave them to depart from this world and return to his father in heaven
before he left them he promised that his peace would be their portion to abide in their hearts and minds
i praise god for the privilege of being a nurse who has that peace through faith in the lord jesus christ
it makes my work a great deal easier to be able to pray for the lord 's guidance while ministering to the physical needs of my patients
how often have i looked to jesus when entering the sick room asking for his presence and help in my professional duties as i give my talents only as the world giveth but as one who loves the saviour and his creatures
looking unto god the prophet isaiah wrote these blessed words almost three thousand years ago thou wilt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on thee because he trusteth in thee
are you longing for peace in your heart
such a calm and assuring peace can be yours
as only a member of the family can share in the innermost joys of the family likewise one must belong to the family of god in order to receive the benefits that are promised to those who are his own
perhaps you are his child
perhaps you do know if you belong to him
you may know that you are in god 's family and be just as sure of it as you are that you belong to the family of your earthly father
god so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son that whosoever believeth in him should perish but have everlasting life and as many as received him to them gave he power to become the sons of god even to them that believe on his name
it is to those who believe on his name and belong to him that he gives his peace
that empty peace the world offers but a deep abiding peace which nothing can destroy
why open your heart to the lord jesus christ now accept him as your saviour and let him fill you with peace that only he can give
then with the hymn writer of old you can say
i am resting today in his wonderful peace
resting sweetly in jesus' control
i am kept from all danger by night and by day
and his glory is flooding my soul
satellites sputniks rockets balloons
our necks are stiff from gazing at the wonders of outer space which have captured the imagination of the american public
cape canaveral 's achievements thunder forth from the radio television and newspaper
while we are filling outer space with scientific successes for many the inner space of their soul is an aching void
an average of ## suicides are reported in america each day
one out of every three or four marriages ends in divorce
over $###,###,### is paid yearly to the ##,### full-time fortune-tellers in the united states by fearful mankind who want to know what the future holds
delinquency juvenile and adult is at an all-time high
read your daily newspaper
unfortunately in our rush to beat the russians we have forgotten these truth-packed words of jesus christ what shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world that includes outer space and lose his own soul
or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul
mark ## ##
gaining outer space and losing inner space is bad business according to god 's standards
it is true that we must keep up our national defenses and scientific accomplishments
only a fool would think otherwise
but we must forget man 's soul
is putting a rocket in orbit half so significant as the good news that god put his son jesus christ on earth to live and die to save our hell-bound souls
for god so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son that whosoever believeth in him should perish but have everlasting life john #
never forget that a chain is only as strong as its weakest link
your spiritual inner space helps determine the spirituality of america as a nation
we trust you are one of the ##,###,### americans who do attend church but who feel that various forms of recreation are more important than worshipping the god who made our country great
is forgiveness of past sins assurance of present help and hope of future bliss in your orbit
or are you trying the devil 's substitutes to relieve that spiritual hunger you feel within
pleasure fame and fortune drowning your troubles with a drink and living it up with the gang are like candy bars when you're hungry they may ease your hunger temporarily but they'll never take the place of a satisfying mouth-watering steak
so it is spiritually
no amount of religious ceremonies or even joining a church will relieve the gnawing of your inner space
because your soul was made to be filled with god himself religious functions about him
only he can satisfy the deepest longings
that is why the bible commands you to taste and see that the lord is good blessed happy is the man that trusteth in him psalm ## : #
you can receive god into your heart and life by a step of personal faith
accept the sinless son of god jesus christ as your own personal saviour
as many as received him jesus to them gave he power to become the sons of god even to them that believe on his name
the lord is my light and my salvation
whom shall i fear
the lord is the strength of my life
of whom shall i be afraid
psalm ## : #
a certain teacher scheduled a fear party for her fourth grade pupils
it was a session at which all the youngsters were told to express their fears to get them out in the open where they could talk about them freely
the teacher thought it was so successful that she asks wouldn't it be helpful to all age groups if they could participate in a similar confessional of their fears and worries
dr. george w. crane a medical columnist thinks it would
he says that would reduce neurotic ailments tremendously
each week an estimated ## million patients call upon us doctors
of this number ##% or ## million patients have no diagnosable physical ailments whatever
they are worry warts
yet they keep running from one physician to another largely to get a willing ear who will listen to their parade of troubles
one of the most wholesome things you could schedule in your church would thus be a group confessional where people could admit of their inner tensions
we are evidently trying hard to think of new ways to deal with the problem of fear these days
it must be getting more serious
people are giving their doctors a hard time
one doctor made a careful survey of his patients and the reasons for their troubles and he reported that ##% of them worried about things that never happened
##% of them worried about past happenings which were completely beyond their control
##% of them worried about their health although their ailments were imaginary
##% of them worried about their friends neighbors and relatives most of whom were quite capable of taking care of themselves
only #% of the worries had behind them real causes which demanded attention
well most of our fears may be unfounded but after you discover that fact you have something else to worry about why then do we have these fears
what is the real cause of them
what is there about us that makes us so anxious
look at the things we do to escape our fears and to forget our worries
we spend millions of dollars every year on fortune tellers and soothsayers
we spend billions of dollars at the race tracks and more billions on other forms of gambling
we spend billions of dollars on liquor and many more billions on various forms of escapist entertainment
we consume tons of aspirin and tranquilizers and sleeping pills in order to get a moment 's relief from the tensions that are tearing us apart
a visitor from a more peaceful country across the sea was taken to one of our amusement parks and after he had seen it all he said to a friend you must be a very sad people
sad was the right word of course
he should have said jittery for that 's what we are
and that 's worse than sad
watch people flock to amusement houses cocktail lounges and night clubs that advertise continuous entertainment which means an endless flow of noise and frivolity by paid entertainers who are supposed to perform in those incredible ways which are designed to give men a few hours of dubious relaxation watch them and you can tell that many of them are running away from something
in one of his writings pascal speaks of this mania for diversion as being a sign of misery and fear which man cannot endure without such opiates
yes and as tension mounts in this world fear is increasing
does that explain why there is now such a big boom in the bomb shelter business
we have so many new things to fear in this age of nuclear weapons dreadful things which are too horrible to contemplate
i doubt that fear parties and group confessionals will help very much
suppose we do get our fears out in the open what then
isn't that where most of them are already right out on the front page of our newspapers
maybe we are talking about them too much
the question is what are we going to do about them
meanwhile the enemy will capitalize on our fears if he can
hitler did just that ## years ago building up tensions that first led to a munich and then to a world war
the fear of war can make us either too weak to stand and too willing to compromise or too reckless and too nervous to negotiate for peace as long as there is any chance to negotiate
it is said that fear in human beings produces an odor that provokes animals to attack
it could have the same effect on communists
the president of the united states has said we will never negotiate out of fear and we will never fear to negotiate
that is a sound position but it is important that moscow shall recognize it merely as the word of a president but as the mind of a free people who are afraid
and that 's another reason why it is imperative for us these days to conquer our fears to develop the poise that promotes peace
turning to the word of god we find the only sure way to do that
in psalm ## : # you read those beautiful words which you must have in your heart if you are to master the fears that surround you or to drive them out if they have you in their grip the lord is my light and my salvation
whom shall i fear
the lord is the strength of my life
of whom shall i be afraid
well you say those are beautiful words all right but it was easy for the psalmist to sing them in his day
he didn't live in a world of perpetual peril like ours
he didn't know anything about the problems we face today
read the next two verses when the wicked even mine enemies and my foes came upon me to eat up my flesh they stumbled and fell
though an host should encamp against me my heart shall fear though war should rise against me in this will i be confident
that is almost a perfect description of the predicament in which we find ourselves today isn't it
our enemy is also threatening to devour us
he has already devoured huge areas of the world putting men behind concrete walls and iron curtains and barbed wire reducing them to slavery systematically crushing only their bodies but their souls and shooting them to death if they try to escape their prison
yes indeed we too can see a warlike host of infidels encamped against us
what a terrible thing that wailing wall in berlin
a man with a baby in his arms stood there pleading for his wife who is on the other side with the rest of the family
another man tried to swim across the river from the east to the west but was shot and killed
a middle aged woman opened a window on the third floor of her house which was behind the wall she threw out a few belongings and then jumped
she was fatally injured
the entrance to a church has been walled up so that the congregation most of which is in the western sector cannot worship god there anymore
practically everybody in berlin has relatives and friends that live in the opposite part of the city
people stand at the wall giving vent to their feelings weeping pounding it with their fists pleading for loved ones
but the enemy answers them from loudspeakers that pour out communist propaganda with a generous mixture of terrible profanity
there is only one escape left a tragic one and too many people are taking it suicide
the normal rate of suicides in east berlin was one a day but since the border was closed on august ## it has jumped to ## a day
these things may be happening many miles away from us but really they are right next door
we are all involved in them deeply involved
and nobody knows what comes next
we live from crisis to crisis
and there is only one way for a man to conquer his fears in such a world
he must learn to say with true faith what the psalmist said in a similar world the lord is my light and my salvation
whom shall i fear
the lord is the strength of my life
of whom shall i be afraid
notice that this man had a threefold conception of god which is the secret of his faith
first the lord is my light
he lived in a very dark world but he was in the dark
the same god who called this world into being when he said let there be light
those were his very first creative words he began the world with light this god still gives light to a world which man has plunged into darkness
for those who put their trust in him he still says every day again let there be light
and there is light
in fact he came into this world himself in the person of his son jesus christ who stood here amid the darkness of human sin and said i am the light of the world he that followeth me shall walk in darkness but shall have the light of life
the psalmist could say that god was his light even though he could only anticipate the coming of christ
he lived in the dawn
he could only see the light coming over the horizon
we live in the bright daylight of that great event
for us it is a fact in history
why should we have the same faith and an even greater experience of the light which it gives
this is the faith that moved the psalmist to add his second conception of god the lord is my salvation
he knew that his god would save him from his enemies because he had saved him from his sins
if god could do that he could do anything
the enemies at his gate threatening to eat up his flesh were nothing compared with the enemy of sin within his own soul
and god had conquered that one by his grace
so why worry about all the others
the apostle paul said the same thing in the language and faith of the new testament he that spared his own son but delivered him up for us all how shall he with him freely give us all things
if god be for us who can be against us
who shall separate us from the love of christ
shall tribulation or distress or persecution or famine or nakedness or peril or sword
romans ## , ## ##
this is the key to the conquest of fear
this gets down to the heart of our problem for it reconciles us with god whom we fear most of all because we have sinned against him
when that fear has been removed by faith in jesus christ when we know that he is our savior that he has paid our debt with his blood that he has met the demands of god 's justice and thus has turned his wrath away when we know that we have peace with god in our hearts
and then with this god on our side we can face the whole world without fear
and so the psalmist gives us one more picture of god the lord is the strength of my life
the word is really stronghold
it recalls those words of another psalm god is our refuge and strength a very present help in trouble
therefore will we fear though the earth be removed and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea come behold the works of the lord what desolations he hath made in the earth
but again we have no real evidence on this from that quarter until the close of the ninth century a.d. when an arabic scholar tabit ibn korra ###-### is said to have discussed the magic square of three
thus while it remains possible that the babylonians and the pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the chinese did more definite evidence will have to turn up from the middle east or the classical world before china can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years
the lo shu square as an expression of centrality
the concept of the middle kingdom at peace strong and united under a forceful ruler which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the warring states was finally realized by the establishment of a chinese empire under the ch'in dynasty ###-### b.c.
but this was only accomplished by excessive cruelty and extremes of totalitarian despotism
among the many severe measures taken by the first emperor shih huang-ti in his efforts to insure the continuation of this hard-won national unity was the burning of the books in ### b.c. with the expressed intention of removing possible sources for divergent thinking
but as he had a special fondness for magic and divination he ordered that books on these subjects should be spared
many of the latter were destroyed in their turn during the burning of the vast ch'in palace some ten years later
yet some must have survived because the old interest in number symbolism divination and magic persisted on into the han dynasty which succeeded in reuniting china and keeping it together for a longer period from ### b.c. to a.d. ###
in fact during the first century b.c. an extensive literature sprang up devoted to these subjects finding its typical expression in the so-called wei books a number of which were specifically devoted to the lo shu and related numerical diagrams especially in connection with divination
however the wei books were also destroyed in a series of orthodox confucian purges which culminated in a final proscription in ###
after all this destruction of old literature it should be obvious why we have so little information about the early history and development of the lo shu which was already semisecret anyhow
but in spite of all this enough evidence remains to show that the magic square of three must indeed have been the object of a rather extensive cult or series of cults reaching fullest expression in the han period
although modern scholars have expressed surprise that the simple magic square of three a mere mathematical puzzle was able to exert a considerable influence on the minds and imaginations of the cultured chinese for so many centuries they could have found most of the answers right within the square itself
but up to now no one has attempted to analyze its inherent mathematical properties or the numerical significance of its numbers singly or in combination and then tried to consider these in the light of old chinese cosmological concepts
such an analysis speedily reveals why the middle number of the lo shu # was so vitally significant for the chinese ever since the earliest hints that they had a knowledge of this diagram
the importance of this # can largely be explained by the natural mathematical properties of the middle number and its special relationship to all the rest of the numbers quite apart from any numerological considerations which is to say any symbolic meaning arbitrarily assigned to it
indeed mathematically speaking it was both functionally and symbolically the most important number in the entire diagram
if one takes the middle number # and multiplies it by # the base number of the magic square of three the result is ## which is also the constant sum of all the rows columns and two main diagonals
then if the middle number is activated to its greatest potential in terms of this square through multiplying it by the highest number # which is the square of the base number the result is ##
and the latter is the total sum of all the numbers in the square by which all the other numbers are overshadowed and in which they may be said to be absorbed
furthermore the middle number of the lo shu is only the physical mean between every opposing pair of the other numbers by reason of its central position
it is also their mathematical mean since it is equal to half the sum of every opposing pair all of which equal ##
in fact the neat balance of these pairs and their subtle equilibrium would have had special meaning in the minds of the old chinese
for they considered the odd numbers as male and the even ones as female equating the two groups with the yang and yin principles in nature
and in this square the respective pairs made up of large and small odd yang numbers and those composed of large and small even yin numbers were all equal to each other
thus all differences were leveled and all contrasts erased in a realm of no distinction and the harmonious balance of the lo shu square could effectively symbolize the world in balanced harmony around a powerful central axis
the tremendous emphasis on the # in the lo shu square for purely mathematical reasons and the fact that this number so neatly symbolized the heart and center of the universe could well explain why the old chinese seem to have so revered the number # and why they put so much stress on the concept of centrality
these twin tendencies seem to have reached their height in the han dynasty
the existing reverence for centrality must have been still further stimulated toward the close of the second century b.c. when the han emperor wu ti ordered the dynastic color changed to yellow which symbolized the center among the traditional five directions and took # as the dynastic number believing that he would thus place himself his imperial family and the nation under the most auspicious influences
his immediate motive for doing this may have been directly inspired by the lo shu but this measure must inevitably have increased the existing beliefs in the latter 's efficacy
after this time inscriptions on the han bronze mirrors as well as other writings emphasized the desirability of keeping one 's self at the center of the universe where cosmic forces were strongest
later we shall see what happened when an emperor took this idea too literally
all this emphasis on centrality and on the number # as a symbolic expression of the center which seems to have begun as far back as ### b.c. also may conceivably have led to the development of the five-elements school and the subsequent efforts to fit everything into numerical categories of five
we find for example such groupings as the five ancient rulers the five sacred mountains the five directions with center the five metals five colors five tastes five odors five musical notes five bodily functions five viscera and many others
this trend has often been ascribed to the cult of the five elements itself as though they had served as the base for all the rest
but why did the old chinese postulate five elements when the ancient near east which may have initiated the idea that natural elements exerted influence in human life and activities recognized only four
and why did the chinese suddenly begin to talk about the five directions when the animals they used as symbols of the directions designated only the usual four
obviously something suddenly caused them to start thinking in terms of fives and that may have been the workings of the lo shu
this whole tendency had an unfortunate effect on chinese thinking
whereas the primary meanings of the lo shu diagram seemed to have been based on its inner mathematical properties and we shall see that even its secondary meanings rested on some mathematical bases the urgent desire to place everything into categories of fives led to other groupings based on other numbers until an exaggerated emphasis on mere numerology pervaded chinese thought
scholars made numbered sets of as many things as possible in nature or assigned arbitrary numbers to individual things in a fashion that seems to the modern scientific mind as downright nonsensical and philosophical ideas based upon all this tended to stifle speculative thought in china for many centuries
yin and yang in the lo shu square
although the primary mathematical properties of the middle number at the center of the lo shu and the interrelation of all the other numbers to it might seem enough to account for the deep fascination which the lo shu held for the old chinese philosophers this was actually only a beginning of wonders
for the lo shu square was a remarkably complete compendium of most of the chief religious and philosophical ideas of its time
as such one cannot fully understand the thought of the pre-han and han periods without knowing the meanings inherent in the lo shu
but conversely one cannot begin to understand the lo shu without knowing something about the world view of the old chinese which they felt they saw expressed in it
the chinese world view during the han dynasty when the lo shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity was based in large part on the teachings of the yin-yang and five-elements school which was traditionally founded by tsou yen
according to this doctrine the universe was ruled by heaven t'ien as a natural force or in the personification of a supreme sky-god governing all things by means of a process called the tao which can be roughly interpreted as the order of the universe or the universal way
heaven acting through the tao expressed itself by means of the workings of two basic principles the yin and the yang
the yang or male principle was the source of light heat and dynamic vitality associated with the sun
while the yin or female principle flourished in darkness cold and quiet inactivity and was associated with the moon
together these two principles influenced all things and in varying combinations they were present in everything
we have already seen that odd numbers were considered as being yang while the even numbers were yin so that the eight outer numbers of the lo shu represented these two principles in balanced equilibrium around the axial center
during the han dynasty another yin-yang conception was applied to the lo shu considering the latter as a plan of ancient china
instead of linking the nine numbers of this diagram with the traditional nine provinces as was usually done this equated the odd yang numbers with mountains firm and resistant hence yang and the even numbers with rivers sinuous and yielding hence yin
taking the former from the five sacred mountains of the han period and the latter from the principal river systems of old china
thus the middle number # represented sung-shan in honan central china
the # t'ai-shan in shantung east china
the # hwa-shan in shensi west china
the # heng-shan in hopei north china or the mountain with the same name in neighboring shansi
and the # huo-shan in anhwei which was then the south sacred mountain
for the rivers the # represented the huai to the then southeast
the # the san kiang three rivers in the then southwest
the # the chi in the northeast
and the # the upper yellow river in the northwest
note that by western standards this plan was upside down as it put north at the bottom and south at the top with the other directions correspondingly altered
but in this respect it was merely following the accepted chinese convention for all maps
the same arrangement was used when the lo shu was equated with the nine provinces
and whenever the lo shu involved directional symbolism it was oriented in this same fashion
few persons who join the church are insincere
they earnestly desire to do the will of god
when they fall by the wayside and fail to achieve christian stature it is an indictment of the church
these fatalities are dramatic evidence of halfway evangelism a failure to follow through
a program of lay visitation evangelism can end in dismal defeat with half the new members drifting away unless practical plans and strenuous efforts are made to keep them in the active fellowship
the work of lay visitation evangelism is completed when all of the persons on the responsibility list have been interviewed
in the average situation about one-third of those visited make commitments to christ and the church
the pastor and the membership preparation and assimilation committee must follow through immediately with a carefully planned program
the first thirty to sixty days after individuals make their decision will determine their interest and participation in the life of the church
neglect means spiritual paralysis or death
preparation for membership
churches that have a carefully planned program of membership preparation and assimilation often keep ## to ## per cent of their new members loyal and active
this is the answer to the problem of membership delinquency
it is important that persons desiring to unite with the church be prepared for this experience so that it may be meaningful and spiritually significant
it is unfair and unchristian to ask a person to take the sacred vows of church membership before he has been carefully instructed concerning their implications
preparation for church membership begins immediately after the commitment is received
the pastor writes a personal letter to each individual expressing his joy over the decision assuring him of a pastoral call at the earliest convenient time and outlining the plan for membership preparation classes and membership sunday
some pastors write a letter the same night the decision is reported by the visitors
it should be postponed later than the next day
a helpful leaflet may be enclosed in the letter
the pastor calls in the home of each individual or family for a spiritual guidance conference
if possible he should make an appointment in order that all persons involved may be present
this is a social call
it is definitely a spiritual guidance conference
he will discuss the significance of christian commitment the necessity of family religion and private devotions and the importance of the membership preparation sessions
there may be problems of conduct or questions of belief which will require his counsel
each conference should be concluded naturally with prayer
a piece of devotional material such as the upper room may be left in each home
a minimum of four sessions of preparation for membership is necessary for adults
some churches require more
none should ask less
those who join the church need to be instructed in the faith and the meaning of christian discipleship before they take the sacred vows
they will have a greater appreciation for the church and a deeper devotion to it if membership requires something of them
many churches find the sunday school hour to be the most practical time for adult preparation classes
others meet on sunday night at the mid-week service or for a series of four nights
some pastors have two sessions in one evening with a refreshment period between
the sessions should cover four major areas a
the christian faith
history of the church
duties of church membership
the local church and its program
following each instruction period a piece of literature dealing with the topic should be handed each one for further reading during the week
this procedure is much more effective than giving out a membership packet
fourth session important
most pastors find that the fourth session should take at least two hours and therefore hold it on a week night prior to reception sunday
in this session the persons seeking membership are provided information concerning the work of the denomination as well as the program and activities of the local church
the lay leadership of the church may be invited to speak on the various phases of church life service opportunities the church school missions men 's work women 's work youth program social activities and finances
the budget of the church may be presented and pledges solicited at this session
an interest finder or talent sheet may be filled out by each person
see sample on pp. ##-##
the fourth session may be concluded with a tour of the church facilities and refreshments
the social time gives an opportunity for church leaders to become acquainted with the new members
additional suggestions for membership preparation
in conducting the membership preparation-inquirers' class the pastor should plan a variety of teaching techniques in order to develop greater interest on the part of the class
the following have been found effective
extend the number of classes
some churches have six or more training sessions of two hours each generally held on sunday night or during the week
this gives greater opportunity for the learning process
use dramatization for example in discussing the lord 's supper or church symbolism
use audio-visual aids
some excellent filmstrips with recordings and motion pictures may be secured from your denominational headquarters to enrich the class session
have a question box
some new members will hesitate to ask questions audibly
urge them to write out their questions for the box
use a textbook with assigned readings each week
select class members for reports on various phases of the study
conduct examinations using a true-false check sheet
ask each member to write a statement on such topics as what christ means to me what the church means to me why join the church the duties of church members etc.
assign a series of catechism questions to be memorized
invite class members to share in an extra period of bible study each week
ask each new member to bring his pledge of loyalty to the reception service
what about transfers ? ?
there is a growing conviction among pastors and church leaders that all those who come into the fellowship of the church need preparatory training including those coming by transfer of membership
george e. sweazey writes there is danger in trying to make admission to the church so easy and painless that people will scarcely know that anything has happened
people appreciate experiences that demand something of them
those who transfer their membership are no exception to the rule
for most of them it will be their first experience in membership training since this is a recent development in many churches
those coming from other denominations will welcome the opportunity to become informed
the preparatory class is an introductory face-to-face group in which new members become acquainted with one another
it provides a natural transition into the life of the local church and its organizations
reception into the church fellowship
the total process of evangelism reaches the crescendo when the group of new members stands before the congregation to declare publicly their faith and to be received into the fellowship of the church
this should be a high moment in their lives a never-to-be-forgotten experience
they should sense the tremendous significance of joining the spiritual succession reaching back to christ our lord and forward to an eternal fellowship with the saints of the ages
every detail of the service merits careful attention the hymns the sermon the ritual the right hand of fellowship the introduction to the congregation the welcome of the congregation
this is a vital part of their spiritual growth and assimilation
it will help to determine the attitude of the new members toward the church
it can mean the difference between participation and inaction spiritual growth and decay
the worship service is the natural and logical time to receive new members into the church
the atmosphere for this momentous experience can be created most effectively through the worship experience
psychologically the reception should be the climax following the sermon
ask the new members to meet thirty minutes before the service to complete talent sheets and pledge cards
some denominations ask new members to sign personally the chronological membership register
provide a name card for each new member
outline plans for the entire service
arrange a reserved section in the sanctuary where all new members may sit together
sponsors may sit with them also
invite sponsors or fellowship friends to stand back of the new members in the reception service
give each new member a certificate of membership
introduce each new member to the congregation asking him to face the congregation
lead the congregation in a response of welcome
have a reception for new members in the parlor or social hall immediately after the service
take a picture of the group of new members to be put in the church paper or placed on the bulletin board
have a fellowship luncheon or dinner with new members as guests
chapter # planning for the assimilation and growth of new members
the church is the family of god
the members of the family are drawn together by a common love for christ and a sincere devotion to his kingdom
every member of the family must have a vital place in its life
this is no spectator-type experience
everyone is to be a participant
yet the most difficult problem in the church 's program of evangelism is right at this point helping new members to become participating growing parts of the fellowship
very easily they may be neglected and eventually join the ranks of the unconcerned and inactive
a study of major denominational membership statistics over a twenty-year period revealed the appalling fact that nearly ## per cent of those who joined the church were lost to the church within seven years
one denomination had a membership of #,###,### at the beginning of the period under study and twenty years later its membership stood at #,###,### a net growth of only ###,###
yet during the same period there were #,###,### additions
another major church body had #,###,### members and twenty years later its membership stood at #,###,###
during this time #,###,### new members were brought into the fellowship
still another denomination had #,###,### members twenty years ago
during this period #,###,### members were received yet the net membership now is only #,###,###
these figures indicate that we are losing almost as many as we are receiving into membership
this problem is illustrated by the fact that many local churches drop from the active membership rolls each year as many as they receive into the fellowship
studies of membership trends even in some areas where population is expanding show that numbers of churches have had little net increase though many new members were received
something is wrong when these things happen
the local family of god has failed its new members through neglect and unconcern for their spiritual welfare
new members can become participating growing members
but this will happen merely through the natural process of social life
it must be planned and carefully developed
the entire membership of the local church must be alerted to their part in this dynamic process
if the church has followed the plan of cultivation of prospects and carried through a program of membership preparation as outlined earlier in this book the process of assimilation and growth will be well under way
those who enter the front door of the church intelligently and with christian dedication will so easily step through the back door because of lost interest
however it is enough to bring persons to christian commitment and train them in the meaning of christian discipleship
when they unite with the church they must find in this fellowship the satisfaction of their basic spiritual needs or they will never mature into effective christians
the church expects certain things of those who become members
the new members justifiably expect some things from their church family
welcome into the fellowship
sincere christian love and understanding
inspiring and challenging worship experiences
social and recreational activities
opportunities for christian service
opportunities for study of the christian faith and the bible
creative prayer experiences
guidance in christian social concerns
men need unity and they need god
care must be taken neither to confuse unity with uniformity nor god with our parochial ideas about him but with these two qualifications the statement stands
the statement also points to a classic paradox the more men turn toward god who is only in himself the paradigm of all unity but also the only ground on which human unity can ultimately be established the more men splinter into groups and set themselves apart from one another
to be reminded of this we need only glance at the world map and note the extent to which religious divisions have compounded political ones with a resultant fragmentation of the human race
massacres attending the partition of india and the establishment of the state of israel are simply recent grim evidences of the hostility such divisions can engender
the words of cardinal newman come forcibly to mind oh how we hate one another for the love of god
the source of this paradox is difficult to identify
it lies in institutions
institutions require structure form and definition and these in turn entail differentiation and exclusion
a completely amorphous institution would be a contradiction in terms
to escape this fate it must rule some things out
for every criterion which defines what something is at the same time proclaims implicitly if openly what that something is
some persons are so sensitive to this truth as to propose that we do away with institutions altogether
in the present context this amounts to the advice that while being religious may have a certain justification we ought to dispense with churches
the suggestion is naive
man is at once a gregarious animal and a form-creating being
having once committed himself to an ideal which he considers worthwhile he inevitably creates forms for its expression and institutions for its continuance
to propose that men be religious without having religious institutions is like proposing that they be learned without having schools
both eventualities are possible logically but practically they are impossible
as much as men intrinsically need the unity that is grounded in god they instrumentally require the institutions that will direct their steps toward him
yet the fact remains that such institutions do set men at odds with their fellows
is there any way out of the predicament
the only way that i can see is through communication
interfaith communication need be regarded as an unfortunate burden visited upon us by the necessity of maintaining diplomatic relations with our adversaries
approached creatively it is a high art
it is the art of relating the finite to the infinite of doing our best to insure that the particularistic requirements of religious institutions will thwart god 's intent of unity among men more than is minimally necessary
in a certain sense interfaith communication parallels diplomatic communication among the nation-states
what are the pertinent facts affecting such communication at the present juncture of history
i shall touch on three areas personal national and theological
by personal factors i mean those rooted in personality structure
some interfaith tensions are occasioned by theological differences at all but by the need of men to have persons they can blame distrust denounce and even hate
such needs may rise to pathological proportions
modern psychology has shown that paralleling the authoritarian personality is the bigoted personality in which insecurity inferiority suspicion and distrust combine to provide a target for antagonism so indispensable that it will be manufactured if it does exist naturally
fortunately the number of pathological bigots appears to be quite small but it would be a mistake to think that more than a matter of degree separates them from the rest of us
to some extent the personal inadequacies that prejudices attempt to compensate for are to be found in all of us
interfaith conflicts which spring from psychological deficiencies are the most unfortunate of all for they have no redeeming features whatsoever
it is difficult to say what can be done about them except that we must learn to recognize when it is they rather than pretexts for them that are causing the trouble and do everything possible to nurture the healthy personalities that will prevent the development of such deficiencies
while the personality factors that aggravate interfaith conflict may be perennial nationalism is more variable
the specific instance i have in mind is the afro-asian version which has gained prominence only in this second half of the twentieth century
emerging from the two centuries of colonial domination the afro-asian world is aflame with a nationalism that has undone empires
no less than twenty-two nations have already achieved independence since world war # and the number is growing by the year
as an obvious consequence obstacles to genuine interfaith communication have grown more formidable in one important area relations between christians and non-christians in these lands
colonialism alone would have been able to make these difficulties serious for christianity is so closely tied to colonialism in the minds of these people that repudiation of the one has tended automatically toward the repudiation of the other
actually however this turns out to be only part of the picture
nationalism has abetted only the repudiation of foreign religions but the revival of native ones some of which had been lying in slumber for centuries
the truth is that any revival of traditional and indigenous religion will serve to promote that sense of identity and volksgeist which these young nations very much need
insofar as these nations claim to incarnate traditions and ways of life which constitute ultimate trans-political justifications for their existence such people are inevitably led to emphasize the ways in which these traditions and ways are theirs rather than someone else 's
all this works severely against the kind of cross-cultural communication for which christian missions stand
africans and asians tend to consider only missions but the local churches they have produced as centers and agents of western culture and ideology if of direct political propaganda
the people hardest hit by this suspicion are of course christians on the mainland of china
but the problem extends elsewhere
for example in burma and ceylon many buddhists argue that buddhism ought to be the official state religion
in #### ceylon nationalized its sectarian preponderantly christian schools to the rejoicing of most of its #,###,### buddhists and the lament of its ###,### roman catholics
again india has imposed formidable barriers against the entrance of additional missionaries and fanatical hindu parties are expected to seek further action against christians once the influence making for tolerance due to nehru and his followers is gone
the progressive closing of afro-asian ears to the christian message is epitomized in a conversation i had three years ago while flying from jerusalem to cairo
i was seated next to the director of the seventh day adventists' world radio program
he said that on his tour the preceding year a considerable number of hours would have been available to him on japanese radio networks but that he had then lacked the funds to contract for them
after returning to the united states and raising the money he discovered on getting back to japan that the hours were no longer available
it was that they had been contracted for during the interval
they simply could no longer be purchased for missionary purposes
it is unfair to add on the other side that the crude and almost vitriolic approach of certain fundamentalist sects toward the cultures and religions among which they work has contributed measurably to this heightening of anti-christian sentiment
ironically these are the groups which have doubled or tripled their missionary efforts since world war # while the more established denominations are barely maintaining pre-war staffs
although i have emphasized the barriers which an aroused nationalism has raised against relations between christians and non-christians in asia the fact is that this development has also widened the gulf between certain afro-asian religions themselves
the partition of india has hardly improved relations between hindus and muslims
neither has the establishment of the state of israel fostered harmony between muslims and jews
i turn finally to several theological developments
the modern world has been marked by progressive disaffection with claims to divine sanction for the state whatever its political form
the american constitution was historic at this point in providing that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof
one of our foremost jurists david dudley field has gone so far as to call this provision the greatest achievement ever made in the course of human history
the trend throughout the world 's religions has been toward a recognition of at least the practical validity of this constitutional enactment
pakistan was created in #### expressly as a muslim state but when the army took over eleven years later it did so on a wave of mass impatience which was directed in part against the inability of political and religious leaders to think their way through to the meaning of islam for the modern political situation
what is the point charles adams reports the pakistanis as asking in demanding an islamic state and society if no one even the doctors of the sacred law themselves can say clearly and succinctly what the nature of such a state and society is
the current regime of president mohammad ayub khan is determinedly secular
and while the nation was formerly named the islamic republic of pakistan it is now simply the republic of pakistan
comparable trends can be noted elsewhere
the new regime in turkey is intentionally less muslim than its predecessor
the religious parties in israel have experienced a great loss of prestige in recent months
during the years when israel was passing from crisis to crisis the sinai campaign the infusion of multitudes of penniless immigrants it was felt that the purpose of national unity could be best served if the secular majority were to yield to the religious parties
now that israel enjoys relative prosperity and a reduction of tensions the secularists are less disposed to compromise
and in this country gustave weigel 's delineation of the line between the sacral and secular orders during the last presidential campaign served to provide a most impressive roman catholic defense of the practical autonomy of both church and state
the failure at that time of the puerto rican bishops to control the votes of their people added a ring of good sense to father weigel 's theological argument
everywhere there seems to be a growing recognition of the fact that governments and religious institutions alike are too fallible and corruptible in a word too human to warrant any claim of maintaining partnership with the divine
my father went as a missionary to china in a generation that responded to student volunteer movement speakers who held watches in their hands and announced to the students in their audiences how many chinese souls were going to hell each second because these students were over there saving them
that mention of this should bring smiles to our lips today is as clear an indication as we could wish of the extent to which attitudes have changed
i do mean to imply that christians have adopted the liberal assumption so prevalent in hinduism that all religions are merely different paths to the same summit
leslie newbiggin reflects the dominant position within the world council of churches when he says we must claim absoluteness and finality for christ and his finished work but that very claim forbids us to claim absoluteness and finality for our understanding of it
newbiggin 's qualification on the christian claim is of considerable significance
the roman catholic church has excommunicated one of its priests father feeney for insisting that there is no salvation outside the visible church
in mentioning this under salvation reconsidered i do mean to imply that roman catholic doctrine has changed in this area but rather that it has become clearer to the world community what that doctrine is
when they say that under no circumstances would it ever be right to permit the termination of the human race by human action because there could possibly be any proportionate grave reason to justify such a thing they know exactly what they mean
of course in prudential calculation in balancing the good directly intended and done against the evil unintended and indirectly done no greater precision can be forthcoming than the subject allows
yet it seems clear that there can be no good sufficiently great or evil repelled sufficiently grave to warrant the destruction of mankind by man 's own action
i mean however that the moral theologian knows what he means by permit
he is talking in the main about probabilities risks and danger in general
he is talking about an action which just as efficaciously does an evil thing and is known certainly and unavoidably to lead to this evil result as it efficaciously does some good
he is talking about double effects of which the specific action causes directly the one and indirectly the other but causes both
of which one is deliberately willed or intended and the other intended or directly intended but still both are done while the evil effect is with equal consciousness on the part of the agent foreknown to be among the consequences
this is what in a technical sense to only permit an evil result means
it means to do it and to know one is doing it but as only a secondary if certain effect of the good one primarily does and intends
of course grave guiltiness may be imputed to the military action of any nation or to the action of any leader or leaders which for any supposed good permits in this sense the termination of the human race by human action
certainly in analyzing an action which truly faced such alternatives it is never possible that no world would be preferable to some worlds and there are in truth no circumstances in which the destruction of human life presents itself as a reasonable alternative
naturally where one or the other of the effects of an action is uncertain this has to be taken into account
especially is this true when because the good effect is remote and speculative while the evil is certain and grave the action is prohibited
presumably if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account
there must only be greater good than evil objectively in view but also greater probability of actually doing more good than harm
if an evil which is certain and extensive and immediate may rarely be compensated for by a problematic speculative future good by the same token every present certain and immediate good or lesser evil that may have to be done will be outweighed by a problematic speculative and future evil
nevertheless according to the traditional theory a man begins in the midst of action and he analyzes its nature and immediate consequences before or while putting it forth and causing these consequences
he does expect to be able to trammel up all the future consequences of his action
above all he does debate mere contingencies and therefore if these are possibly dreadful find himself forced into inaction
he does what he can and may and must without regarding himself as lord of the future or on the other hand as covered with guilt by accident or unforeseen consequences or by results he did permit in the sense explained
by contrast a good deal of nuclear pacifism begins with the contingencies and the probabilities and with the moral nature of the action to be done
and by deriving legitimate decision backward from whatever may conceivably or possibly or probably result whether by anyone 's doing or by accident it finds itself driven to inaction to non-political action in politics and non-military action in military affairs and to the very surprising discovery that there are now no distinctions on which the defense of justice can possibly be based
mr. philip toynbee writes for example that in terms of probability it is surely as likely as that mutual fear will lead to accidental war in the near future if the present situation continues
if it continues indefinitely it is nearly a statistical certainty that a mistake will be made and that the devastation will begin
against such a termination of human life on earth by human action he then proposes as an alternative that we negotiate at once with the russians and get the best terms which are available that we deliberately negotiate from comparative weakness
he bravely attempts to face this alternative realistically i.e. by considering the worst possible outcome namely the total domination of the world by russia within a few years
this would be by far the better choice when it is a question of allowing the human race to survive possibly under the domination of a regime which most of us detest or of allowing it to destroy itself in appalling and prolonged anguish
nevertheless the consequence of the policy proposed is everywhere subtly qualified it is a possible result however improbable
the worst and least probable result
if it didn't prevail mankind would still be given the opportunity of prevailing
for surely anything is better than a policy which allows for the possibility of nuclear war
if we have thought and made a decision entirely in these terms then we need to submit ourselves to the following simple test have we decided how we are to kill the other members of our household in the event of our being less injured than they are
thus moral decision must be entirely deduced backward from the likely eventuality
it is no longer to be formulated in terms of the nature of present action itself its intention and proximate effect or the thing to be done
several of the replies to mr. toynbee without conscious resort to the traditional terminology with regard to the permission of evil succeed in restoring the actual context in which present moral and political decisions must be made by distinguishing between choosing a great evil and choosing in danger of this evil
it is worse for a nation to give in to evil than to run the risk of annihilation
i am consciously prepared to run the continued risk of race suicide by accident rather than accept the alternative certainty of race slavery by design
but i can only make this choice because i believe that the risk need increase but may be deliberately reduced by precautions against accidents or by limiting war
quoting mr. kennan 's phrase that anything would be better than a policy which led inevitably to nuclear war he toynbee says that anything is better than a policy which allows for the possibility of nuclear war
if asked to choose between a terrible probability and a more terrible possibility most men will choose the latter
if philip toynbee is claiming that the choice lies between capitulation and the risk of nuclear war i think he is right
i do accept that the choice is between capitulation and the certainty of nuclear war
even professor arnold toynbee agreeing with his son does so in these terms compared to continuing to incur a constant risk of the destruction of the human race all other evils are lesser evils
let us therefore put first things first and make sure of preserving the human race at whatever the temporary price may be
mr. philip toynbee affirms at one point that if he shared the anticipations of orwell in nineteen eighty-four if he believed communism was only evil but also irredeemably evil then he might think it right to do anything rather than to take the risk of a communist world
even a nuclear holocaust is a little less frightful to contemplate than a race of dehumanised humans occupying the earth until doomsday
no political order or economic system is so clearly contrary to nature
but one does have to affirm the existence of an evil order irredeemable in that sense or a static order in which no changes will take place in time to be able truthfully to affirm the following fact there has never been justitia imprinted in social institutions and social relationships except in the context of some pax-ordo preserved by clothed or naked force
on their way to the heavenly city the children of god make use of the pax-ordo of the earthly city and acknowledge their share in responsibility for its preservation
to repel injury and uphold and improve pax-ordo means simply to accept the misshapen order and injustice that challenges it at the moment but also to start down the steep slope along which justice can find no place whereon to stand
toynbee seems to think that there is some other way to give justice social embodiment
i would far rather die after a russian occupation of this country by some deliberate act of refusal than die uselessly by atomisation
would such an act of refusal be useful
he does mean in fact he addresses himself specifically to reject the proposition that if we took the risk of surrendering a new generation in britain would soon begin to amass its strength in secret in order to reverse the consequences of that surrender
he wants to be brutally frank and say that these rebellions would be hopeless far far more hopeless than was the hungarian revolution of ####
this is a project for regaining the ground for limited war by creating a monopoly in one power of the world 's arsenal of unlimited weapons
it is a proposal that justice now be served by means other than those that have ever preconditioned the search for it or preconditioned more positive means for attaining it in the past
it is no good recommending surrender rather than nuclear warfare with the proviso that surrender could be followed by the effective military resistance by occupied peoples
hope for the future would lie in the natural longing of the human race for freedom and the right to develop
this is to surrender in advance to whatever attack may yet be mounted to the very last
it is to stride along the steep slope downward
the only contrary action in the future as in the past runs the risk of war
and now and in the future unlike in the past any attempt to repel injury and to preserve any particular civilized attainment of mankind or its provisional justice runs some risk of nuclear warfare and the danger that an effect of it will by human action render this planet less habitable by the human race
that is why it is so very important that ethical analysis keep clear the problem of decision as to permitted effects and draw back in fright from any conceivable contingency or suffer paralysis of action before possibilities or probabilities unrelated or directly morally related to what we can and may and must do as long as human history endures
finally just as no different issues are posed for thoughtful analysis by the foreshortening of time that may yet pass before the end of human life on this earth but only stimulation and alarm to the imagination the same thing must be said in connection with the question of what we may perhaps already be doing by human action to accelerate this end
we should allow the image of an immanent end brought about indirectly by our own action in the continuing human struggle for a just endurable order of existence to blind us to the fact that in some measure accelerating the end of our lease may be one consequence among others of many other of mankind 's thrusts toward we know what future
much more than shelter housing symbolizes social status a sense of belonging acceptance within a given group or neighborhood identification with particular cultural values and social institutions feelings of pride and worth aspirations and hopes basic to human well-being
for almost one-sixth of the national population discrimination in the free selection of residence casts a considerable shadow upon these values assumed as self-evident by most americans
few business groups in recent years have come under heavier pressure to face these realities than real estate brokers and home builders
this pressure has urged re-evaluation of the assumptions underlying their professional ethics
it has sought new sympathy for the human aspirations of racial minority groups in this country
it is surprising that as spokesman for real estate interests the national association of real estate boards nareb and its local associations have sought to limit and often ignore much of this pressure
how does the local realtor see himself in the context of housing restrictions based on race religion or ethnic attachment
what does he conceive his role to be in this area of social unrest
what ought to be what is his potential role as a force for constructive social change
what social ethical and theological insights can the church and university help him bring to bear upon his situation
recently a group of the faculty at wesleyan university 's public affairs center sought some answers to these questions
several new england realtors were invited to participate in a small colloquium of property lawyers political scientists economists social psychologists social ethicists and theologians
here in an atmosphere of forthrightness and mutual criticism each sought to bring his particular insights to bear upon the question of discrimination in housing and the part each man present played in it
for a number of years wesleyan has been drawing varied groups of political and business leaders into these informal discussions with members of the faculty and student body attempting to explore and clarify aspects of their responsibility for public policy
this article presents our observations of that session of the realtors as they saw themselves and as the faculty and students saw them
such conversation quickly reveals an ethically significant ambivalence in the self-images held by most realtors
within the membership of this group as has been found true of men in other professional or trade associations the most ready portrayal of oneself to the public is that of a neutral agent simply serving the interests of a seller or buyer and mediating between them
professional responsibility is seen to consist largely in serving the wishes of the client fairly and in an efficient manner
but as conversation goes on particularly among the realtors themselves another image emerges that of considerable power and influence in the community
obviously much more than customer expectation is determining the realtor 's role
judgments are continually rendered regarding the potential buyers' income educational level and above all racial extraction
and whether these would qualify them for congenial happy relations to other people in certain community areas
a narrow professionalism
how explicit such factors have been historically is evident in any chronology of restrictive covenant cases or in a review of nareb 's code of ethics article ## in the code adopted in #### states that a realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood a character of property or occupancy members of any race or nationality or any individuals whose presence will clearly be detrimental to property values in that neighborhood
though the reference to race was stricken by the association in #### being an agent of such detrimental influences still appears as the cardinal sin realtors see themselves committed to avoid
the rationale for this avoidance was most frequently expressed in economic terms
all feared the supposed stigma they believed would inevitably attach to any realtor who openly introduced non-white particularly negro peoples into all-white restricted areas
they would become tagged as men interested in being purely real estate professionals but agitators for some kind of cause or reform and this was no longer to be a pro
obviously what we are confronted with here is the identification of professional with narrow skills and specialization the effective servicing of a client rather than responsiveness to the wider and deeper meaning and associations of one 's work
these men for the most part educated in our best new england colleges well established financially and socially in the community under kindly but insistent probing reveal little or no objective or explicit criteria or data for their generalizations about the interests and attitudes of the people they claim to serve or about the public responses that actually follow their occasional breach of a client-service relationship
this narrow professionalism does even fit the present realities of their situation as the pressure of minorities and the power and respectability of the realtors increase
as our discussion continued the inadequacy of the client relationship as an interpretation of their way of operating became evident
realtors live in their communities as specialists in a given area of work as members of social and professional organizations as citizens and civic leaders as church laymen as university alumni as newspaper readers etc.
from such communal roles the realtor finds the substance that shapes his moral understanding
it seems to us that choices exercised by realtors in moral situations center in at least three areas # the various ways in which they interpret a particular social issue
# their pattern of involvement in the regular legal and political processes
and most pervasively # their interpretation of who is a real pro of what it means to be a professional man in a technical fragmented society
# most of the realtors minimized their own understanding of and role in the racial issue pleading that they only reflect the attitudes and intentions of their society
there is some reality to this
the commission on race and housing concluded that there is no reason to believe that real estate men are either more or less racially prejudiced on the whole than any other segment of the american population
but such a reaction obscures the powerful efforts made in the past by both nareb and its local boards for the maintenance of restrictive clauses and practices
also it does recognize the elements of choice and judgment continually employed
like business and university groups generally these men had very limited knowledge of recent sociological and psychological studies and findings that might illumine the decisions they make
realtors both generally and in this group have invariably equated residential integration with a decline in property values a circumstance viewed with considerable apprehension
recent studies by the commission on race and housing and others however point to a vast complex of factors that often do warrant this conclusion
there are increasing numbers of neighborhoods that are integrated residentially without great loss of property values the white population having taken the initiative in preparing the areas for an appreciation of the negroes' desire for well-kept housing privacy etc.
data on the decline of property values in an area after a new racial group enters it has to be assessed in terms of the trends in property values before the group comes in
often they are able to get in only because the area is declining economically
significantly no realtor and few of the faculty present were familiar with any of the six volumes published by the university of california press that present the commission 's findings
no one anticipates any radical shift in this situation but questions concerning reading habits the availability of such data and the places where it is discussed must surely be raised
the role of both church and university as sources of information and settings within which the implications of such information may be explored needs consideration
relevant facts however extend beyond considerations of property values and maintenance of harmonious neighborhoods
discussion of minority housing necessarily involves such basic issues as the intensity of one 's democratic conviction and religious belief concerning equality of opportunity the function and limitations of government in the securing of such equality and the spotlight that world opinion plays upon local incidents of racial agitation and strife
against the grain of creation
# realtors realize of course that they are involved in an increasingly complex legal and political system that is opening up opportunities for leverage on their relation to clients as well as opportunities for evasion of their responsibility for racial discrimination in housing
on the positive side recent federal action has largely undermined the legal sanction so long enjoyed by the segregationist position
anti-discriminatory statutes in housing have now been adopted by thirteen states and while specific provisions have varied the tendency is clearly toward expanding coverage
realtors in attendance at the colloquium expressed interest for example in connecticut 's new housing law as setting standards of equity that they would like to have to obey but in support of which none had been willing to go on public record
as far as they were aware the connecticut association of real estate boards had officially opposed the bill 's passage or lobbied in its support
this has been the case everywhere
in #### the real estate boards of new york city actively opposed the then pending private housing anti-discrimination law
official reasoning the bill was a wanton invasion of basic property rights
there are sins of omission as well as commission
the attitude adopted by realtors and their associations either negative or positive plays a large part in the public acceptance of such measures and the degree to which they may be effectively enforced
judicial opinion since the supreme court decision on shelley v. kraemer #### has rendered racial restrictive covenants unenforcible
such a decision should have placed a powerful weapon in the hands of the entire housing industry but there is little evidence that realtors or at least their associations have repudiated the principle in such clauses
in the states that have passed laws preventing discrimination in the sale or rental of housing support by real estate associations for compliance and broadened coverage through additional legislation could help remove the label of social reformism that most realtors individually seem determined to avoid
but as yet no real estate board has been willing officially to support such laws or to admit the permissibility of introducing minority buyers into all-white neighborhoods
one of the roles of the social scientist ethicist or theologian in our discussions with the realtors became that of encouraging greater awareness of the opportunities offered by the legal and political processes for the exercise of broad social responsibilities in their work
but responsiveness to these opportunities presumes that all of us judge the good as a human good and simply as a professional white american good
such judgments are meaningful only in so far as persons are members of a world let us say a community that embraces scarsdale or yonkers but is also infinitely richer since it is all-inclusive
that community of all creation is then the ultimate object of our loyalty and the concrete norm of all moral judgment
racial discrimination is wrong then because it goes against the grain of a faculty member trying to converse with a few realtors but because it goes against the grain of creation and against the will of the creator
thus moral issues concerning the nature of the legal and political processes take on theological dimensions
a fragmented society
# over the years individuals engaged in the sale of real estate have developed remarkable unity in the methods and practices employed
most realtors and real estate brokers talk of themselves as professional people with the cultural and moral values held by the traditional professions
but what significance attaches to professional beyond the narrow sense of skillfulness in meeting a client 's stated needs as already noted
our faculty and students pressed this issue more than any other
as a theologian in the group pointed out a professional was before the modern period of technical specialization one who professed to be a bearer and critic of his culture in the use of his particular skills
if we look about the world today we can see clearly that there are two especially significant factors shaping the future of our civilization science and religion
science is placing in our hands the ultimate power of the universe the power of the atom
religion or the lack of it will decide whether we use this power to build a brave new world of peace and abundance for all mankind or whether we misuse this power to leave a world utterly destroyed
how can we have the wisdom to meet such a new and difficult challenge
we may feel pessimistic at the outlook
and yet there is a note of hope because this same science that is giving us the power of the atom is also giving us atomic vision
we are looking inside the atom and seeing there a universe which is material but something beyond the material a universe that in a word is matter but music
and it is in this new vision of the atom that we find an affirmation and an invigoration of our faith
to see this vision in perspective we need first of all a clear idea of the magnitude of this new power from the atom
you know that i could hold right here in my hand the little chunk of uranium metal that was the heart of the bomb that dropped on hiroshima
it was only about the size of a baseball
but packed in that metallic ball there was the explosive force of ##,### tons of aj
that is enough tnt to fill the tower of the empire state building
and with the availability of bombs of that size war became a new problem
now we might have restricted the use of uranium bombs by controlling the sources of uranium because it is found in only a few places in the world
but we had hardly started to adjust our thinking to this new uranium weapon when we were faced with the hydrogen bomb
hydrogen is just as plentiful as uranium is scarce
we know that we have hydrogen in water
water is af and the h stands for hydrogen
there is also hydrogen in wood and hydrogen in our bodies
i have calculated that if i could snap my fingers in one magic gesture to release the power of all the hydrogen in my body i would explode with the force of a hundred bombs of the kind that fell on hiroshima
i won't try the experiment but i think you can see that if we all knew the secret and we could all let ourselves go there would be quite an explosion
and then think how little hydrogen we have in us compared with the hydrogen in delaware bay or in the ocean beyond
salt water is still af the same hydrogen is there
and the size of the ocean shows us the magnitude of the destructive power we hold in our hands today
of course there is also an optimistic side to the picture
for if i knew the secret of letting this power in my body change directly into electricity i could rent myself out to the electric companies and with just the power in my body i could light all the lights and run all the factories in the entire united states for some days
and think if we all knew this secret and we could pool our power what a wonderful public utility company we would make
with just the hydrogen of our bodies we could run the world for years
then think of delaware bay and the ocean and you see that we have a supply of power for millions of years to come
it is power with which we can literally rebuild the world provide adequate housing food education abundant living for everyone everywhere
an octillion atoms
now let us see where this power comes from
to grasp our new view of the atom we have to appreciate first of all how small the atom is
i have been trying to make this clear to my own class in chemistry
one night there were some dried peas lying on our kitchen table and these peas looked to me like a little group of atoms
and i asked myself a question suppose i had the same number of peas as there are atoms in my body how large an area would they cover
i calculated first that there are about an octillion atoms in the average human body
that is a figure one with ## ciphers quite a large number
then i calculated that a million peas would just about fill a household refrigerator
a billion peas would fill a small house from cellar to attic
a trillion peas would fill all the houses in a town of about ten thousand people
and a quadrillion peas would fill all the buildings in the city of philadelphia
i saw that i would soon run out of buildings at this rate so i decided to take another measure the whole state of pennsylvania
imagine that there is a blizzard over pennsylvania but instead of snowing snow it snows peas
so we get the whole state covered with peas about four feet deep
you can imagine what it would look like going out on the turnpike with the peas banked up against the houses and covering the cars
pennsylvania thus blanketed would contain about a quintillion peas
but we still have a long way to go
next we imagine our blizzard raging over all the land areas of the entire globe north america south america europe asia and africa all covered with peas four feet deep
then we have sextillion peas
next we freeze over the oceans and cover the whole earth with peas then we go out among the neighboring stars collect ### planets each the size of the earth and also cover each of these with peas four feet deep
and then we have septillion
finally we go into the farthest reaches of the milky way
we get ###,### planets
we cover each of these with our blanket of peas and then at last we have octillion peas corresponding in number to the atoms in the body
so you see how small an atom is and how complicated you are
a speck -- and space
now although an atom is small we can still in imagination have a look at it
let us focus on an atom of calcium from the tip of the bone of my finger and let us suppose that i swallow a magic alice in wonderland growing pill
i start growing rapidly and this calcium atom grows along with me
i shoot up through the roof into the sky past the clouds through the stratosphere out beyond the moon out among the planets until i am over a hundred and fifty million miles long
then this atom of calcium will swell to something like a great balloon a hundred yards across a balloon big enough to put a football field inside
and if you should step inside of such a magnified atom according to the physics of forty years ago you would see circulating over your head down at the sides and under your feet some twenty luminous balls about the size of footballs
these balls are moving in great circles and ellipses and are of course the electrons the particles of negative electricity which by their action create the forces that tie this atom of calcium to the neighboring atoms of oxygen and make up the solid structure of my finger bone
since these electrons are moving like planets you may wonder whether there is an atomic sun at the center of the atom
so you look down there and you see a tiny whirling point about the size of the head of a pin
this is the atomic sun the atomic nucleus
even if the atom were big enough to hold a football field this nucleus is still only about the size of a pinhead
it is this atomic nucleus that contains the positive charge of electricity holding these negatively charged electrons in their orbits
it also contains nearly all the mass and the atomic energy
you may ask what else there is and the answer is nothing nothing but empty space
and since you are made of atoms you are nothing much but empty space too
if i could put your body in an imaginary atomic press and squeeze you down squeeze these holes out of you in the way we squeeze the holes out of a sponge you would get smaller and smaller until finally when the last hole was gone you would be smaller than the smallest speck of dust that you could see on this piece of paper
someone has remarked that this is certainly the ultimate in reducing
at any rate it shows us how immaterial we are
music of the spheres
now this #### view of the atom was on the whole a discouraging picture
for we believed that the electrons obeyed the law of mechanics and electrodynamics
and therefore the atom was really just a little machine
and in mechanics the whole is no more than the sum of the parts
so if you are made of atoms you are just a big machine
and since the universe is also made of atoms it is just a supermachine
and this would mean that we live in a mechanistic universe governed by the laws of cause and effect bound in chains of determinism that hold the universe on a completely predetermined course in which there is room for soul or spirit or human freedom
and this is why so many scientists a half a century ago were agnostics or atheists
then came the scientific revolution in the late #### 's
a suggestion from louis de broglie a physicist in france showed us that these electrons are point particles but waves
and to see the meaning of this new picture imagine that you can put on more powerful glasses and go back inside the atom and have a look at it in the way we view it today
now as you step inside instead of seeing particles orbiting around like planets you see waves and ripples very much like the ripples that you get on the surface of a pond when you drop a stone into it
these ripples spread out in symmetrical patterns like the rose windows of a great cathedral
and as the waves flow back and forth and merge with the waves from the neighboring atoms you can put on a magic hearing aid and you hear music
it is a music like the music from a great organ or a vast orchestra playing a symphony
harmony melody counterpoint symphonic structure are there
and as this music ebbs and flows there is an antiphonal chorus from all the atoms outside in fact from the atoms of the entire universe
and so today when we examine the structure of our knowledge of the atom and of the universe we are forced to conclude that the best word to describe our universe is music
the island of nantucket part of the state of massachusetts lies about thirty-one miles southeast of its mother state
some of the island is sand and is suitable for living
the island folk have their living almost entirely from summer visitors
the rest is obtained from harbor scallops
during about three and a half months of the year in the summer there are three boats that run from the mainland to the island carrying passengers food and cars
but the rest of the year only one boat is needed which ties up at the mainland nights and makes the trip down to nantucket in the daytime
this is a fine trip too on a good day
with martha 's vineyard on one side and the open sea on the other it makes an excellent trip of about three hours
to what extent and in what ways did christianity affect the united states of america in the nineteenth century
how far and in what fashion did it modify the new nation which was emerging in the midst of the forces shaping the revolutionary age
to what extent did it mould the morals and the social economic and political life and institutions of the country
a complete picture is impossible partly because of the limitations of space partly because for millions of individuals who professed allegiance to the christian faith data are unobtainable
even more of an obstacle is the difficulty of separating the influence of christianity from other factors
although a complete picture cannot be given we can indicate some aspects of life into which the christian faith entered as at least one creative factor
at times we can say that it was the major factor
what in some ways was the most important aspect was the impact individually on the millions who constituted the nation
as we have seen a growing proportion although in #### still a minority were members of churches
presumably those who did have a formal church connexion had also felt the influence of christianity to a greater or lesser extent
many of them had once been members of a church or at least had been given instruction in christianity but for one or another reason had allowed the connexion to lapse
the form of christianity to which they were exposed was for some the protestantism of the older stock for others the protestantism of the nineteenth-century immigration
for still others mostly of the nineteenth-century immigration it was roman catholicism and for a small minority it was eastern orthodoxy
upon all of them played the intellectual social political and economic attitudes institutions and customs of the nation
upon most of these christianity had left an impress and through them had had a share in making the individual what he was
yet to determine precisely to what extent and exactly in what ways any individual showed the effects of christianity would be impossible
at best only an approximation could be arrived at
to generalize for the entire nation would be absurd
for instance we cannot know whether even for church members the degree of conformity to christian standards of morality increased or declined as the proportion of church members in the population rose
the temptation is to say that as the percentage of church members mounted the degree of discipline exercised by the churches lessened and the trend was towards conformity to the general level
yet this cannot be proved
we know that in the early part of the century many protestant congregations took positive action against members who transgressed the ethical codes to which the majority subscribed
thus baptist churches on the frontier took cognizance of charges against their members of drunkenness fighting malicious gossip lying cheating sexual irregularities gambling horse racing and failure to pay just debts
if guilty the offender might be excluded from membership
as church membership burgeoned such measures faded into desuetude
but whether this was accompanied by a general lowering of the moral life of the membership we do know
what we can attempt with some hope of dependable conclusions is to point out the manner in which christianity entered into particular aspects of the life of the nation
we have already hinted at the fashion in which christianity contributed to education and so to intellectual life
we will now speak of the ways in which it helped shape the ideals of the country and of the manner in which it stimulated efforts to attain those ideals through reform movements through programmes for bringing the collective life to the nation to conformity to christian standards and through leaders in the government
throughout the nineteenth century christianity exerted its influence on american society as a whole primarily through the protestantism of the older stock
by the end of the century the roman catholic church was beginning to make itself felt mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour
in the twentieth century its influence grew as did that of the protestantism of the nineteenth-century immigration
the american dream
the ideals of the country were deeply indebted to the protestantism of the older stock
thus america the most widely sung of the patriotic songs was written by a new england baptist clergyman samuel francis smith ####-#### while a student in andover theological seminary
with its zeal for liberty and its dependence on god it breathed the spirit which had been nourished on the evangelical revivals
the great seal of the united states was obviously inspired by the christian faith
here was what was called the american dream namely the effort to build a structure which would be something new in history and to do so in such fashion that god could bless it
later in the century the dream again found expression in the lines of katherine lee bates ####-#### daughter and granddaughter of new england congregational ministers in her widely sung hymn written in #### america the beautiful with the words o beautiful for pilgrim feet whose stern impassioned stress a thoroughfare for freedom beat across the wilderness
america america god mend thy every flaw confirm thy soul in self control the liberty in law
o beautiful for patriot dream that sees beyond the years thine alabaster cities gleam undimmed by human tears
america america god shed his grace on thee and crown thy good with brotherhood from sea to shining sea
the american dream was compounded of many strains
some were clearly of christian origin among them the great awakening and other revivals which helped to make christian liberty christian equality and christian fraternity the passion of the land
some have seen revivalism and the search for christian perfection as the fountain-head of the american hope
here too must be placed unitarianism and less obviously from christian inspiration emerson transcendentalism and the idealism of walt whitman
we must also remember those who reacted against the dream as a kind of myth among them melville hawthorne and henry james the elder all of them out of a christian background
with such a dream arising at least in part from the protestant heritage of the united states and built into the foundations of the nation it is surprising that many efforts were made to give it concrete expression
a number were in the nature of movements to relieve or remove social ills
significantly the initiation and leadership of a major proportion of the reform movements especially those in the first half of the nineteenth century came from men and women of new england birth or parentage and from either trinitarian or unitarian congregationalism
several of the movements were given a marked impetus by revivalism
quakers some from new england had a larger share than their proportionate numerical strength would have warranted
we do well to remind ourselves that from men and women of new england ancestry also issued the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the seventh day adventists christian science the american board of commissioners for foreign missions the american home missionary society the american bible society and new england theology
the atmosphere was one of optimism of confidence in human progress and of a determination to rid the world of its ills
the hopkinsian universal disinterested benevolence although holding to original sin and the doctrine of election inspired its adherents to heroic endeavours for others looked for the early coming of the millennium and was paralleled by the confidence in man 's ability cherished by the unitarians emerson and the transcendentalists
we should recall the number of movements for the service of mankind which arose from the kindred evangelicalism of the british isles and the pietism of the continent of europe among them prison reform anti-slavery measures legislation for the alleviation of conditions of labour the inner mission and the red cross
we cannot take the space to record all the efforts for the removal or alleviation of collective ills
a few of the more prominent must serve as examples of what a complete listing and description would disclose
several were born in the early decades and persisted throughout the century
others were ephemeral
some disappeared with the attainment of their purpose
still others sprang up late in the century to meet conditions which arose from fresh stages of the revolutionary age
the anti-slavery movement
the movement to end negro slavery began before #### and mounted after that year until as a result of the civil war emancipation was achieved
long before #### the christian conscience was leading some to declare slavery wrong and to act accordingly
for example in #### the philadelphia yearly meeting of friends declared that its members should emancipate their slaves and in #### it determined to exclude from membership all who did comply
in the latter year samuel hopkins from whom the hopkinsian strain of new england theology took its name asked the continental congress to abolish slavery
as we have seen methodism early took a stand against slavery
beginning at least as far back as #### various baptist bodies condemned slavery
after #### anti-slavery sentiment mounted chiefly among protestants and those of protestant background of the older stock
the nineteenth-century immigration whether protestant or roman catholic was so much concerned for very few if any among them held slaves they were mostly in the northern states where slavery had disappeared or was on the way out or were too poverty-stricken to own slaves
the anti-slavery movement took many forms
benjamin lundy ####-#### a quaker was a pioneer in preparing the way for anti-slavery societies
it was he who turned the attention of william lloyd garrison ####-#### to the subject
garrison massachusetts born of nova scotian parentage was by temperament and conviction a reformer
chiefly remembered because of his incessant advocacy of immediate and unconditional abolition he also espoused a great variety of other causes among them women 's rights prohibition and justice to the indians
incurably optimistic dogmatic and utterly fearless in his youth a devout baptist in spite of his friendship for the quaker poet john greenleaf whittier ####-#### he eventually attacked the orthodox churches for what he deemed their cowardly compromising on the slavery issue and in his invariably ardent manner was emphatically unorthodox and denied the plenary inspiration of the bible
a marked impulse came to the anti-slavery movement through the finney revivals
finney himself while opposed to slavery placed his chief emphasis on evangelism but from his converts issued much of the leadership of the anti-slavery campaign
theodore dwight weld ####-#### was especially active
weld was the son and grandson of new england congregational ministers
as a youth he became one of finney 's band of evangelists and gave himself to winning young men
a strong temperance advocate through the influence of a favorite teacher charles stewart another finney convert he devoted himself to the anti-slavery cause
a group of young men influenced by him enrolled in lane theological seminary and had to leave because of their open anti-slavery position
the majority then went to the infant oberlin
they and others employed some of finney 's techniques as they sought to win adherents to the cause
weld contributed to the anti-slavery convictions of such men as joshua r. giddings and edwin m. stanton enlisted john quincy adams and helped provide ideas which underlay harriet beecher stowe 's uncle tom 's cabin
he shunned publicity for himself and sought to avoid fame
wendell phillips ####-#### from a prominent massachusetts family in his teens was converted under the preaching of lyman beecher
although he later broke with the churches because he believed that they were insufficiently outspoken against social evils he remained a devout christian
he was remembered chiefly for his fearless advocacy of abolition but he also stood for equal rights for women for opportunity for the freedmen and for prohibition
the anti-slavery movement and other contemporary reforms and philanthropies were given leadership and financial undergirding by arthur tappan ####-#### and his younger brother lewis tappan ####-####
individuals possessing unusual gifts and great personal power were transmuted at death into awesome spirits
they were almost immediately worshipped for these newer even more terrible abilities
their direct descendants inherited only their worldly fortunes but also the mandate of their newfound power as spirits in the other half of the universe
royal lineages could be based on extraordinary worldly achievements translated into eternal otherworldly power
thus the emperor could draw on sources available to those with less puissant ancestors
but this eminence was without its weighty responsibilities
since he possessed more power in an interdependent universe of living beings and dead spirits the emperor had to use it for the benefit of the living
the royal ritual generated power into the other world it also provided the living with a way to control the spirits and bring their powers directly to bear on the everyday affairs of the world
proper ritual observance at any level of society was capable of generating power for use in the spirit world
but naturally the royal ritual which provided unusual control over already supremely powerful divine spirits was held responsible for regulating the universe and insuring the welfare of the kingdom
this is the familiar system of cosmic government
the chinese emperor by proper observance of ritual manifested divine powers
he regulated the dualities of light and darkness yang and yin which are locked in eternal struggle
by swaying the balance between them he effected the alternation of the seasons
his power was so great that he even promoted and demoted gods according to whether they had given ear or been deaf to petitions
in this system no man is exempt from obligations
failure in daily moral and ethical duties to one 's family outrages to community propriety any departure from rigid standards of moral excellence were offenses against the dead
and to offend the dead meant to incur their wrath and thus provoke the unleashing of countrywide disasters
the family home was in fact a temple
and the daily duties of individuals were basically religious in nature
the dead spirits occupied a prominent place in every hope and in every fear
the common belief was that there existed one moral order which included everything
the dead controlled the material prosperity of the living and the living adhered to strict codes of conduct in order to weaken that control
men believed they could control nature by obeying a moral code
if the moral code were flouted the proper balance of the universe would be upset and the disastrous result could be floods plague or famine
modern westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material largely because in the west the historical trend has been to deny the connection
living in urban conditions away from the deadweight of village constraint and the constrictions of a thatched-roof world view the individual may find it possible say to commit adultery only without personal misgivings but also without suffering any adverse effects in his worldly fortunes
basing action on the empirical determination of cause and effect provides a toughness and bravado that no powerful otherworldly ancestor could ever impart plus the added liberation from the constraint of silent burial urns
in china the magical system par excellence was taoism
the taoists were quietist mystics who saw an unchanging unity the tao underlying all phenomena
it was this timeless unity that was all-important and its temporary manifestations in the world of reality
the taoists believed the unity could be influenced by proper magical manipulation
in other words they were actually an organization of magicians
mahayana buddhism was no exception to these prevailing magical concepts
after this form of indian buddhism had been introduced into china it underwent extensive changes
during its flowering in the sixth to the eighth centuries mahayana offered a supernatural package to the chinese which bears no resemblance to the highly digested philosophical zen morsels offered to the modern western reader
mahayana had gods and magic a pantheon heavens and hells and gorgeously appareled priests monks and nuns all of whom wielded power over souls in the other world
the self-realized mahayana saint possessed superhuman powers and magic
the mahayana that developed in the north was a religion of idolatry and coarse magic that made the world into a huge magical garden
in its monastic form mahayana was merely an organization of magic-practicing monks bonzes who catered to the chinese faith in the supernatural
nonmagical confucianism was a secular rational philosophy but even with this different orientation it could escape from the ethos of a cosmic government
confucianism had its own magic in the idea that virtue had power
if a man lived a classical life he need fear the spirits for only lack of virtue gave the spirits power over him
but let us be mistaken about confucian virtue
this was virtue as we understand the word today and it did mean an abandonment of the belief in magic manipulation
to the confucian virtue simply meant mastery and correct observance of three hundred major rules of ritual and three thousand minor ones
propriety was synonymous with ritual observance the mark of a true gentleman
to live correctly in an interdependent moral and material universe of living and dead was decisive for man 's fate
this in brief was the historical background out of which zen emerged
promoters of zen to the west record its ancestry and recognize that zen grew out of a combination of taoism and indian mahayana buddhism
but the marvelous person that is supposed to result from zen exhibits more chinese practicality than indian speculation he possesses magical powers and can use them to order nature and to redeem souls
proponents of zen to the west emphasize disproportionately the amount of mahayana buddhism in zen probably in order to dignify the indisputably magical taoist ideas with more respectable buddhist metaphysic
but in the chinese mind there was little difference between the two the bonzes were no more metaphysical than a magician has to be
actually zen owes more to chinese quietism than it does to mahayana buddhism
the ch'an zen sect may have derived its metaphysic from mahayana but its psychology was pure early taoist
this is well evidenced by the quietist doctrines carried over in zen the idea of the inward turning of thought the enjoinder to put aside desires and perturbations so that a return to purity peace and stillness a union with the infinite with the tao could be effected
in fact the antipathy to outward ceremonies hailed by modern exponents as so uniquely characteristic of the direct thinking zennist was a feature of taoism
so too was the insistence on the relativity of the external world and the ideas that language and things perceived by consciousness were poor substitutes indeed for immediate perception by pure indwelling spirit the opposition of pure consciousness to ratiocinating consciousness
zen maintains that cognitive things are only the surface of experience
one of its features attractive to the west is its irreverence for tradition and dogma and for sacred texts
one patriarch is supposed to have relegated sacred scriptures for use in an outhouse
but this is the spirit of self-reliant freedom of action for which the westerner mistakes it
it is simply that in taoist tradition as in all good mysticisms books words or any other manifestations that belong to the normal state of consciousness are considered only the surface of experience
the truth the eternal truth is transmittable by words
reality is considered only irrelevant to the acquisition of higher knowledge but a positive handicap
the technique of reality confusion the use of paradox and riddles to shake the mind 's grip on reality originated with fourth and third century b.c. chinese quietism the koan is basically a new device
it is important for an understanding of zen to realize that the esoteric preoccupations of the select few cannot be the doctrine of the common man
in the supernatural atmosphere of cosmic government only the ruling elite was ever concerned with a kingdom-wide ordering of nature popular religion aimed at more personal benefits from magical powers
and this is only natural witness the haste with which modern man gobbles the latest wonder drug
early chinese anchoritism was theoretically aimed at a mystic pantheist union with the divine personal salvation being achieved when the mystical recluse united with divine essence
but this esoteric doctrine was lost in the shuffle to acquire special powers
the anchorite strove in fact to magically influence the world of spirits in the same way that the divine emperor manifested his power
thus the mahayana metaphysic of mystical union for salvation was distilled down to a bare self-seeking and for this reason the mystic in asia did long remain in isolated contemplation
as the zen literature reveals as soon as an early zen master attained fame in seclusion he was called out into the world to exercise his powers
the early anchorite masters attracted disciples because of their presumed ability to perform miracles
exponents of zen often insist that very early zen doctrine opposed the rampant supernaturalism of china and proposed instead a more mature less credulous view of the universe
in support of this stories from the early literature are cited to show that zen attacks the idea of supernatural power
but actually these accounts reveal the supernatural powers that the masters were in fact supposed to possess as well as the extreme degree of popular credulity hwang pah o baku one day going up mount tien tai which was believed to have been inhabited by arhats with supernatural powers met with a monk whose eyes emitted strange light
they went along the pass talking with each other for a short while until they came to a river roaring with torrent
there being no bridge the master had to stop at the shore
but his companion crossed the river walking on the water and beckoned to hwang pah to follow him
thereupon hwang pah said if i knew thou art an arhat i would have doubled you up before thou got over there
the monk then understood the spiritual attainment of hwang pah and praised him as a true mahayanist
a second tale shows still more clearly the kind of powers a truly spiritual monk could possess on one occasion yang shan kyo-zan saw a stranger monk flying through the air
when that monk came down and approached him with a respectful salutation he asked where art thou from
early this morning replied the other i set out from india
why said the teacher art thou so late
i stopped responded the man several times to look at beautiful sceneries
thou mayst have supernatural powers exclaimed yang shan yet thou must give back the spirit of buddha to me
then the monk praised yang shan saying i have come over to china in order to worship manjucri and met unexpectedly with minor shakya and after giving the master some palm leaves he brought from india went back through the air
in the popular chinese mind ch'an zen was no exception to the ideas of coarse magic that dominated
a closer look at modern zen reveals many magical carryovers that are still part of popular zen attitudes
to the zen monk the universe is still populated with spiritual beings who have to be appeased
part of the mealtime ritual in the zendo consists in offerings of rice to the spiritual beings
modern zen presentation to the west insists on the anti-authoritarian highly pragmatic nature of the zen belief scriptures are burned to make fire action is based on direct self-confidence and so on
this picture of extreme self-reliant individuation is difficult to reconcile with such zendo formulas as o you demons and other spiritual beings i now offer this to you and may this food fill up the ten quarters of the world and all the demons and other spiritual beings be fed therewith
pope leo ## on the ##th day of december #### granted the following indulgences an indulgence of three hundred days is granted to all the faithful who read the holy gospels at least a quarter of an hour
a plenary indulgence under the usual conditions is granted once a month for the daily reading
pope pius the sixth at rome in april #### wrote the following the faithful should be excited to the reading of the holy scriptures for these are the most abundant sources which ought to be left open to everyone to draw from them purity of morals and of doctrine to eradicate errors which are so widely disseminated in these corrupt times
the american bishops assembled at the third plenary council of baltimore urged the catholic people to read the holy bible
we hope they said that no family can be found amongst us without a correct version of the holy scriptures
they recommended also that at a fixed hour let the entire family be assembled for night prayers followed by a short reading of the holy scriptures
since the catholic church expresses such desire that the sacred scriptures be read the following taken from the holy bible new catholic edition will prove a means of grace and a source of great spiritual blessing
the need of the new birth
do wonder that i said to thee you must be born again
st. john # : #
the new birth is necessary because god is holy .
but as the one who called you is holy be you also holy in all your behavior
for it is written you shall be holy because i am holy
# st. peter ## , ##
holiness without which no man will see god
the new birth is necessary because all have sinned .
as it is written there is one just man
there is none who understands
there is none who seeks after god
all have gone astray together
all have sinned and have need of the glory of god
romans # : ##-## ##
the new birth is necessary because the natural man is spiritually dead and blind .
therefore as through one man sin entered into the world and through sin death and thus death has passed unto all men because all have sinned
you also when you were dead by reason of your offenses and sins
ephesians # : #
and if our gospel also is veiled it is veiled only to those who are perishing
in their case the god of this world satan has blinded their unbelieving minds that they should see the light of the gospel of the glory of christ who is the image of god
# corinthians # : # #
for his workmanship we are created in christ jesus
the new birth is effected through the word of god
for you have been reborn from corruptible seed but from incorruptible through the word of god
# st. peter ##
of his own will he has begotten us by the word of truth
st. james ##
amen amen i say to thee unless a man be born again of water symbol of the word of god see ephesians ## and the spirit he cannot enter into the kingdom of god
that which is born of the flesh is flesh
and that which is born of the spirit is spirit
st. john # : # #
evidences of the new birth
if we are born of god we have faith in christ as the only saviour .
everyone who believes that jesus is the christ is born of god
# st. john # : #
as many as received him were born of god
st. john ## , ##
if we are born of god we do not practice sin as a habit .
whoever is born of god does commit sin that is he does practice sin
cf. # st. john # : #
# st. john # : #
we know that no one who is born of god commits sin
# st. john ##
the new nature received at the time of regeneration is divine and holy and as the believer lives under the power of this new nature he does practice sin
if we are born of god we practice righteousness .
if you know that he god is just righteous know that everyone also who does what is just righteous has been born of him
# st. john ##
if we are born of god we love god .
everyone who loves is born of god and knows god
# st. john # : #
if we are born of god we love the brethren .
we know that we have passed from death to life because we love the brethren
he who does love abides in death
# st. john ##
if we are born of god we overcome the world .
all that is born of god overcomes the world
and this is the victory that overcomes the world our faith
# st. john # : #
if we are born of god we grow in ( not into , but in ) grace .
but grow in grace and knowledge of our lord and savior jesus christ
# st. peter ##
if we are born of god we persevere unto the end .
i am convinced of this that he who has begun a good work in you will bring it to perfection until the day of christ jesus
philippians # : #
now to him who is able to preserve you without sin and to set you before the presence of his glory without blemish in gladness to the only god our savior through jesus christ our lord belong glory and majesty dominion and authority before all time and now and forever
st. jude ##
the new birth is necessary because the spiritual kingdom requires a spiritual nature .
jesus answered and said to him nicodemus amen amen i say to thee unless a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of god
amen amen i say to thee unless a man be born again of water and the spirit he cannot enter into the kingdom of god
that which is born of the flesh is flesh
and that which is born of the spirit is spirit
do wonder that i said to thee you must be born again
st. john # : # #-#
the nature of the new birth
the new birth is a new creation
for in christ jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision but a new creation is of any account
if then any man is in christ he is a new creature literally he is a new creation the former things have passed away
behold they are made new
# corinthians ##
for by grace you have been saved through faith
and that from yourselves for it is the gift of god
as the outcome of works lest anyone may boast
for his workmanship we are created in christ jesus
ephesians # : #-##
the new birth is the implantation of a new life .
i came that they may have life
st. john ##
he who has the son has the life
he who has the son has the life
# st. john ##
he who believes in the son jesus christ the son of god has everlasting life
st. john ##
the new birth is the impartation of the divine nature .
through which he has granted us the very great and precious promises so that through them you may become partaker of the divine nature
# st. peter # : #
the new birth is christ living in you by faith .
christ in you your hope of glory
it is now no longer i that live but christ lives in me
and the life that i now live in the flesh i live in the faith of the son of god who loved me and gave himself up for me
to have christ dwelling through faith in your hearts
the new birth is miraculous and mysterious .
the wind blows where it will and thou hearest its sound but dost know where it comes from or where it goes
so is everyone who is born of the spirit
st. john # : #
the new birth is immediate and instantaneous .
amen amen i say to you he who hears my word and believes him who sent me has life everlasting and does come to judgment but has passed from death to life
st. john ##
the means of the new birth
the new birth is a work of god .
but to as many as received him he gave the power of becoming sons of god
to those who believe in his name who were born of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man but of god
st. john ## , ##
a final word
you may be very religious a good church member an upright honest and sincere person
you may be baptized confirmed reverent and worshipful
you may attend mass do penance say prayers and zealously keep all the sacraments and ceremonies of the church
you may have the final and extreme unction but if you are born again you are lost and headed for hell and eternal punishment
you cannot be saved
you cannot go to heaven unless you are born again
our blessed lord jesus christ the sinless son of god who could lie said amen amen i say to thee unless a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of god st. john # : #
you must be born again st. john # : #
being convinced that salvation is alone by accepting christ as saviour and being convicted by the holy spirit of my lost condition i do repent of all effort to be saved by any form of good works and just now receive jesus as my personal saviour and salvation as a free gift from him
you may do as you please with god now
it is permitted
god placed himself in men 's hands when he sent jesus christ into the world as perfect god and perfect man in one being
he was then in man 's hands
they cursed him
it was permitted
men spit on him
god allowed it
they called him a devil
god withheld his wrath
finally men arrested him gave him a mock trial flogged him nailed him on a cross and hung him between earth and heaven
and god allowed it
you can do likewise though christ is bodily present
you can ignore him
you can ignore his book the bible and his church
you can laugh at his blood-bought salvation curse his followers and laugh at hell
it is permitted
the eternal christ may knock at your soul 's door calling you to give up sin and prepare for heaven
you may refuse him spit on him call him a devil curse him
it is permitted
you may take his name upon your lips in oaths and curses if you so choose
he is in your hands now
on the other hand you may seek his favor humble yourself before him and beg his mercy implore his forgiveness forsake your sins and abandon your whole life to him
he has said behold i stand at the door and knock if any man hear my voice and open the door i will come in to him and will sup with him and he with me revelation #:##
the choice is up to you
the latch is on your side of the door
the choice is yours the revellings and banquetings of this world or quiet communion with god
the ever burning lusts of the flesh or the powerful victory of holy spirit discipline
the choice is yours god is in your hands now
god has already set the day when you will be in his hands
what he does with you then depends on what you do with him now
then it will be a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living god if you have abused him in your hands
i am a magazine
my name is guideposts
this issue that you are reading marks my ##th anniversary
when i came into being ## years ago i had one primary purpose to help men and women everywhere to know god better and through knowing him better to become happier and more effective people
that purpose has never changed
when you read me you are holding in your hands the product of many minds and hearts
some of the people who speak through my pages are famous
some work with their hands
some have walked through pain and sorrow to bring you their message of hope
some are so filled with gratitude for the gift of life and the love of god that their joy spills out on the paper and brightens the lives of thousands whom they have never known and will never see
fifteen years ago there were no guideposts at all
this month a million guideposts will circulate all over the world
experts in the publishing field consider this astounding
they do understand how a small magazine with no advertising and no newsstand sale could have achieved such a following
to me the explanation is very simple
i am doing anything of myself
i am merely a channel for something
what is this something
i cannot define it fully
it is the force in the universe that makes men love goodness even when they turn away from it
it is the power that holds the stars in their orbits but allows the wind to bend a blade of grass
it is the whisper in the heart that urges each one to be better than he is
it is mankind 's wistful yearning for a world of justice and peace
all things are possible to god but he chooses usually to work through people
sometimes such people sense that they are being used
fifteen years ago troubled by the rising tide of materialism in the post-war world a businessman and a minister asked themselves if there might be a place for a small magazine in which men and women regardless of creed or color could set forth boldly their religious convictions and bear witness to the power of faith to solve the endless problems of living
the businessman was raymond thornburg
the minister was norman vincent peale
neither had any publishing experience but they had faith in their idea
they borrowed a typewriter raised about $#,### in contributions hired a secretary persuaded a couple of young men to join them for almost no pay and began mailing out a collection of unstapled leaflets that they called guideposts
compared to the big established magazines my first efforts seemed feeble indeed
but from the start they had two important ingredients sincerity and realism
the people who told the stories were sincere
and the stories they told were true
for example early in my life when one of my editorial workers wanted to find out how churches and philanthropic organizations met the needs of new york 's down-and-outers he didn't just ask questions
len lesourd went and lived in the slums as a sidewalk derelict for ten days
that was nearly ## years ago
len lesourd is my executive editor today
many of you are familiar i'm sure with the story of my early struggles the fire in january #### that destroyed everything even our precious list of subscribers
the help and sympathy that were forthcoming from everywhere
the crisis later on when debts seemed about to overwhelm me
that was when a remarkable woman teresa durlach came to my aid so much with money as with wisdom and courage
you're living up to your own principles she told my discouraged people
you're so preoccupied that you've let your faith grow dim
what do you want a hundred thousand subscribers
visualize them then believe you are getting them and you will have them
and the ###,### subscribers became a reality
and then ###,###
and now a million january guideposts are in circulation
with our growth came expansion into new fields of service
today more than a thousand industries distribute me to their employees
they say all personnel have spiritual needs which guideposts helps to meet
hundreds of civic clubs business firms and individuals make me available to school teachers throughout the land
they say it helps them bring back into schools the spiritual and moral values on which this country was built
thousands of free copies are sent each month to chaplains in the armed forces to prison libraries and to hospitals everywhere
bedridden people say i am easy to hold and read
three years ago it became possible to finance a braille edition for blind readers
throughout these exciting years i have been fortunate for although i have never offered great financial inducements talent has found its way to me william boal who so ably organizes business operations
john beach who guides circulation
irving granville and nelson rector who travel widely calling on business firms
searching for the best in spiritual stories my roving editors cover only the country but the whole world
glenn kittler has been twice to africa once spending a week with dr. albert schweitzer
last summer john and elizabeth sherrill were in alaska
van varner recently returned from russia
twice a month the editorial staff meets in new york for an early supper then a long evening of idea-exchange
around the table sit protestant catholic and jew
each contributes something different and something important ruth peale her wide experience in church work
sidney fields years of experience as a new york columnist
catherine marshall lesourd the insight that has made her books world-famous and norm mullendore the keen perception of an advertising executive
there are people who travel long distances to assure my continued existence
elaine st. johns may fly in from the west coast for the editorial staff meetings
starr jones gets up every morning at five o'clock milks his family cow attends to farm chores and then takes a two-hour train trip to new york
arthur gordon comes once a month all the way from georgia
we have also seen the power of faith at work among us
rose weiss who handles all the prayer-requests that we receive answering each letter personally has the serene selflessness that comes from suffering she has had many major operations and now gets about in a limited way on braces and crutches
recently john sherrill was stricken with one of the deadliest forms of cancer
we prayed for john during surgery we asked others to pray
all over the country a massive shield of prayer was thrown around him
today the cancer is gone
perhaps it is fair to mention some people without mentioning all
but you see those who are mentioned will resent it
that is the kind of people they are
perhaps you think the editorial meetings are solemn affairs a little sanctimonious
serious yes but also much laughter
sharp division of opinion too and strenuous debate
there are brain-wracking searches for the right word the best phrase the most helpful idea
and there is also something intangible that hovers around the table
a good word for it is fellowship
a shorter word is
each meeting starts with a prayer offered spontaneously by one member of the group
it takes many forms this prayer but in essence it is always a request for guidance for open minds and gentle hearts for honesty and sincerity for the wisdom and the insights that will help guideposts' readers
for you readers are an all-important part of the spiritual experiment that is guideposts
i need your support your criticism your encouragement your prayers
i am a magazine
my name is guideposts
my message today is the same as it was ## years ago that there is goodness in people and strength and love in god
may he bless you all
havana was filled with an excitement which you could see in the brightness of men 's eyes and hear in the pitch of their voices
the hated dictator batista had fled
rumors flew from lip to lip that fidel castro was on his way to havana coming from the mountains where he had fought batista for five years
already the city was filled with barbudos the bearded war-dirty revolutionaries carrying carbines waving to the crowds that lined the prado
and then castro himself did come bearded smiling
yet if you looked closely you'd see that his eyes did pick up the smile on his lips
at first i was happy to throw the support of our newspaper behind this man
i am sure that castro was happy too about that support
diario de la marina was the oldest and most influential paper in cuba with a reputation for speaking out against tyranny
my grandfather had been stoned because of his editorials
my own earliest memories are of exiles my three brothers and i were taken often to the united states to visit relatives while my father stayed on to fight the dictator machado
when it was my turn i too printed the truth as i knew it about batista and rejoiced to see his regime topple
none of us was aware that the biggest fight was still ahead
i was full of hope as fidel castro came into havana
within a week however i began to suspect that something was wrong
for castro was bringing cuba freedom but hatred
he spent long hours before the tv spitting out promises of revenge
he showed us how he dealt with his enemies he executed them before tv cameras
on home sets children were watching the death throes of men who were shot before the paredon the firing wall
he seemed bent on coupling them with vengeance
new schools were rising but with this went a harsh proclamation any academic degree earned during batista 's regime was invalid
he had promised cheaper housing arbitrarily he cut all rents in half whether the landlord was a millionaire speculator or a widow whose only income was the rental of a spare room
under another law hundreds of farms were seized
farm workers had their wages cut almost in half
of this only ## cents a day was paid in cash the rest in script usable only in people 's stores
a suspicion was growing that fidel castro was a communist
in my mind i began to review his use of hate to gain support
his people 's courts
his division of society into two classes one the hero the other the villain
but most disturbing of all were the advisers he called to sit with him in the palace
many came from communist countries
what should i do about it i asked myself
i had watched castro handling his enemies before the paredon
there was no doubt in my mind that if i crossed him mobs would appear outside our windows shouting paredon
what should i do
i was proud of the new buildings which housed diario now the rotogravures gleaming behind glass doors
the thump and whir of our new presses
here was a powerful ready-made medium but it could speak only if i told it to
then one day early in january #### i sat down at my desk and suddenly i was aware of the crucifix
it was a simple ivory crucifix which my mother had given me
i had mounted it on velvet and hung it over my desk to remind me always to use the power of the paper in a christian manner
now it seemed almost as if jesus were looking down at me with sadness in his eyes saying
you will lose the paper
you may lose your life
but do you have any choice
i knew in that moment that i did have any choice
from that day on i began to write editorials about the things i did think correct in fidel castro 's regime
too often a beginning bodybuilder has to do his training secretly either because his parents don't want sonny-boy to lift all those old barbell things because you'll stunt your growth or because childish taunts from his schoolmates like hey lookit mr. america
whaddya gonna do with all those muscles of which he has none at the time
after all a guy 's gotta have a little ego
therefore it 's a genuine pleasure to tell you about an entirely happy bodybuilder who has never had to train in secret has never heard one unkind word from his parents and never has been taunted by his schoolmates
this happy always smiling lad with the sunny disposition is our new junior mr. canada henri de courcy
far from discouraging henri his parents urge him on to greater and greater accomplishments
instead of admonishing him to let the weights alone they personally took him to that master montreal bodybuilding authority professor roland claude
and they couldn't have entrusted henri to better hands because le professeur knows his muscles from the sterno-cleido mastoideus of the neck right down to the tibialis anticus of the leg and better still he knows just what exercises work best for them and what weider principles to combine them with for fast fast muscle growth
that 's because the good professor teaches only weider methods at his famous montreal health studio which is located at #### mt. royal east in montreal
undoubtedly you have read the case histories of some of his prize-winning pupils every pupil has a physique title of some kind or other
there 's gaetan d'amours who is our newest mr. canada
jean-paul senesac whose story appeared here two issues ago
jack boissoneault who was with us last month
charles harve who recently won the most muscular man subdivision award in the mr. canada event
and a host of others
yesiree the professor knows his muscles
now when henri was just ## he was only #' ##'' tall and weighed an astounding ## pounds and his greatest desire was to pack on some weight
about that time he began reading mr. america and muscle builder and he learned of the famous weider way to fast weight gaining
seeing so many illustrations and reading so many testimonials to the value of quick-wate and super-protein those two wonder-working weider food supplements he decided to try them and see what they could do for him
well sir they did real great
for in almost less time than it takes to tell it henri 's bodyweight was increasing rapidly
of course he did some exercising
he 's crazy about water skiing and swimming and this vigorous exercise in conjunction with the added food supplements packed pounds of solid muscle on his skinny frame
henri has always had shapely legs from swimming and water skiing and really doesn't have to work them very much
but he was totally dissatisfied with his upper body
it was muscular but it wasn't symmetrical
a real nothing torso says henri
it never seemed to widen
it just got longer and longer
that 's when he went to professor claude
and at once claude saw what the trouble was and he knew just how to correct it
in his gym the professor has some of the most knocked out equipment since vic tanny
mr. claude is a specialist in torso development and he has long favored the now-famous weider push-pull super-set technique in which one exercise of the super-set is a pressing or pushing movement which accents one sector of a muscle group in a specific way followed by a pulling exercise which works the opposing sector of the same muscle group
so right away claude introduced henri to his famous moon bench and proceeded to teach him his first push-pull super-set consisting of the wide-grip straight-arm pullover the pull part of the push-pull super-set which dramatically widens the ribcage and strongly affects the muscles of the upper back and chest and the collar-to-collar bench press which specifically works on the chest to build those wide reeves-type gladiator pecs while stimulating the upper lats and frontal deltoids
as you can see in this push-pull super set the entire chest-back-shoulder area is vigorously exercised in alternate sectors by alternate exercises so the complete torso remains pumped-up all the time
now when henri has completed four complete push-pull super-sets no. # the professor allows him about a five-minute rest period before starting him on four complete push-pull super-sets no. #
super-set no. # is made up of similar exercises but this time done with dumbbells and using both moon and flat benches
the push exercise of this push-pull super-set is the bench press done with elbows well pulled back and with a greater downward stretch of the pectorals possible with the barbell variation
you need the barbell variation to build width and mass in the pecs
the dumbbell variation develops a most classically sculptured outline to the aj
the pull exercise in this super-set is the one-dumbbell bent-arm pullover
note how strongly the upper lats and serratus are worked in this fine exercise because of the pin-point concentration of force which the dumbbell variation affords
in the third push-pull super-set the push exercise is the widegrip pushup between bars while the pull exercise is the moon bench lateral raise with bent arms
the pushup done in this manner is the greatest pectoral-ribcage stretcher ever invented
this is true only if a very wide grip is used and only when the greatest possible stretch is achieved
you'll know when you've made the greatest stretch because your shoulder blades will touch
as you see the professor has designed a piece of apparatus that forces the bodybuilder to use a w-i-d-e grip
he has to
he just can't do anything about it at all
but as you can also see it 's a painful exercise at all because henri de courcy the happy bodybuilder looks as though he were having the time of his life
the last exercise of roland claude 's prescribed program for henri is a single exercise done in individual sets with a bit longer pause between sets
by this time henri 's entire chest-back-lat-shoulder area is pumped-up to almost bursting point and claude takes time to do a bit more pectoral-front deltoid shaping work
he has henri do from four to six sets of the incline bench press note the high incline
this gives a wide flare to the pecs causing them to flow dramatically upward into deltoids and dramatically downward into the serratus and aj
this is the kind of chest that invariably wins contests
that steel-edged carved-out-of-solid rock looks of the great champions
so with four complete push-pull super-sets no. # four of no. # four of no. # and four to six sets of the incline bench press you can see that henri de courcy has had a terrific mass-building muscle-shaping torso-defining workout that cannot be improved upon
physique contests are rarely won on muscle size alone
rarer still is a mr. america or mr. universe of true herculean build
the aspects of physical development that catch the judges' eyes and which rightfully influence their decisions are symmetry and that hallmark of the true champion superior definition of the muscles
now good definition is one thing that all of us can acquire with occasional high-set high-rep light-weight workouts
but contest definition that dramatic muscular separation of every muscle group that seems as though it must have been carved by a sculptor 's chisel is something quite different
this comes alone from high-set high-rep training but from certain definition-specialization exercises which the champion selects for himself with the knowledge of exactly what works best for him
often these exercises work well for some bodybuilders but less spectacularly for others
because they are minority exercises and have but a limited appeal they soon find themselves in the limbo of the forgotten
only when the newest mr. america or mr. universe discovers them and puts them into practice are we reacquainted with them and once again see how effective they really are
the exercise i shall discuss in this the first of a new series of articles on muscle definition-specialization of a particular body part is the one leg lunge
why it was ever forgotten for even a moment i cannot say because it works perfectly for everyone no matter whether he has short or long thigh-bone lengths
it is the one exercise that drastically influences the definition of the thighs at the hipline that mark of the champion that sets him apart from all other bodybuilders
a criterion of muscle drama that is unforgettable to judges and audiences alike
the facet of muscular development that wins prizes
definition of the thighs at the uppermost part is quite commonly seen in most championship olympic lifters which is easily understandable
the one leg lunge is a split and all lifters practice this in their regular workouts
but for purely definition purposes used in conjunction with your regular squatting leg curling leg extensor programs a heavy weight is needed
indeed a lighter weight works much better because a greater more extensive split can be performed
used in several sets of high reps once or twice each week it will be long before your entire upper leg takes on a razor-sharp definition in which the muscles look like wire cables writhing and twisting under the skin
really there is no reason why this fine exercise should find its way into your leg program at all times for the following suggestions show why it is so effective # .
it 's a complete thigh contraction-extension exercise
it places terrific tension on the leg muscles from start to finish of each repetition
it improves over-all balance and control for the bodybuilder and helps to make squats more easily and more correctly performed
it increases flexibility of the legs
it speeds muscle growth and power development even for the advanced bodybuilder because each hip and leg is exercised separately thus enabling a massive concentrated effort to be focused on each
you'll need your weider power stands for this fine exercise and here 's the way it 's done # .
place your power stands in position and adjust their height so that this will correspond to the height of your shoulders when you are in a deep leg split as for a heavy clean
place a suitably-loaded barbell across them
grasp the bar which will rest against the back of your neck
extend your feet forward and backward until you are in a deep leg split
now raise the weight by straightening your front leg without moving your feet
when the front knee is straight and locked allow it to bend again until you feel the bar come lightly into contact with the sides of the power stands
after you have taken a breather reverse the position of your legs so that the front thigh of the previous exercise is now to the rear and the rear thigh now to the front and perform the same movement in the same manner
that 's the one-leg lunge in a nutshell
you should have a couple of training partners to stand by when you make your first experiments just for safety
you should also begin this exercise with a very light barbell until you become accustomed to it balance-wise
oh you'll wobble and weave quite a bit at first
but don't worry
before your first training experiment has ended there will be a big improvement and almost before you know it you'll be raising and lowering yourself just like a veteran
although i suggested that you hold the bar at the back of the neck there 's no reason why you shouldn't make some experiments with the bar held in front of the neck
squat-style lifters and leg-split lifters would both benefit enormously by practicing those variations providing that they remember to make alternate sets with the left and right leg to the front
the most beautiful bed of pansies i've seen was in a south dakota yard on a sizzling day
pansies are supposed to like it cool but those great velvety flowers were healthy and perky in the glaring sun
i sought out the gardener and asked him what he did to produce such beauties in that weather
he seemed puzzled by my question
i just love them he said
the more i talked with him the more convinced i became that that was the secret of their riotous blooming
of course his love was expressed in intelligent care
he planted the pansy seeds himself buying them from a pansy specialist
these specialists i learned have done a great deal of work to improve the size and health of the plants and the resulting flowers
their seeds produce vigorous blooming plants half again the size of the unimproved strains
i asked him if he took seeds from his own plants
occasionally when he had an unusual flower that he wanted more of he did
but pansy seeds he told me soon run down
it 's best to buy them fresh from a dealer who is working to improve them
his soil was nothing special just prairie land but he had harrowed in compost until it was loose spongy and brown-black
i fingered it and had the feeling of adequacy that comes with the right texture tilth and body
it isn't easy to describe it but every gardener knows it when his fingers touch such soil
nothing is easier to grow from seed than pansies
they germinate quickly the tiny plants appearing in a week and grow along lustily
it doesn't really matter which month of the year you sow them but they germinate best when they have a wide variation of temperature very warm followed by cool in the same ## hours
i like to make a seedbed right in the open though many people start them successfully in cold frames
pansies don't have to be coddled
they'd rather have things rugged with only moderate protection on the coldest days
if you do use a cold frame be sure that its ventilation is adequate
for my seedbed i use good garden soil with a little sand added to encourage rooting
i dig it rake it smooth sow the seeds and wet them down with a fog spray
then i cover the sowing with a board
this keeps it cool and moist and protects it from birds
ants carry away the seeds so better be sure that there are no ant hills nearby
when the first sprinkling of green appears i remove the board
a light porous mulch applied now keeps the roots cool and the soil soft during these early days of growth
i like sawdust for this or hay
when they have # to # leaves and are thrifty little plants it 's time to set them out where they are to remain
every time you transplant a pansy you cause its flowers to become smaller
the moral is don't transplant it any oftener than you must
as soon as they are large enough to move i put mine # inches apart where they are to bloom
i put a little scoop of pulverized phosphate rock or steamed bone meal into each hole with the plant
that encourages rooting and the better developed the roots the larger and more plentiful the flowers
pansies are gluttons
i doubt if it is possible to overfeed them
i spade lots of compost into their bed
lacking that decayed manure spread over the bed is fine
one year i simply set the plants in the remains of a compost pile to which a little sand had been added and i had the most beautiful pansies in my or any of my neighbors' experience
in addition to the rich soil they benefit by feedings of manure water every other week diluted to the color of weak tea
as a substitute for this organic fertilizer dissolved in water to half the strength in the directions may be used
they need mulch
we put a light mulch over the seedlings
now we must use a heavy one
three inches of porous material will do a good job of keeping weeds down and the soil moist and cool
when winter comes be ready with additional mulch
i like hay for this and apply it so that only the tops of the plants show right after a good frost
that keeps in the cold retains moisture and prevents the heaving of alternate freezing and thawing
don't miss the pansies that appear from time to time through the winter
whenever there is a thaw or a few sunny days you'll be likely to find a brave little blossom or two
if those aren't enough for you why grow some just for winter blooming
the pansies i cherished most bloomed for me in february during a particularly cold winter
i started the seed in a flat in june and set out the little pansies in a cold frame
an unheated greenhouse would have been better if i had had one
the plants took zero nights in their stride with nothing but a mat of straw over the glass to protect them
in response to the lengthening days of february they budded then bloomed their #-inch velvety flowers
that cold frame was my morale builder
its mass of bright bloom set in a border of snow made my spirits rise every time i looked at it
like strawberries in december pansies are far more exciting in february than in may
try that late winter pickup when you are so tired of cold and snow that you feel you just can't take another day of it
the day will come in midsummer when you find your plants becoming leggy running to tall-growing foliage at the expense of blossoms
try pegging down each separate branch to the earth using a bobby pin to hold it there
pick the flowers keep the soil dampened and each of the pegged-down branches will take root and become a little plant and go on blooming for the rest of the season
as soon as an experimental tug assures you that roots have taken over cut it off from the mother plant
a second and also good practice is to shear off the tops leaving an inch high stub with just a leaf or two on each branch
these cut-down plants will bud and blossom in record time and will behave just as they did in early spring
i like to shear half my plants at a time leaving one half of them to blossom while the second half is getting started on its new round of blooming
probably no one needs to tell you that the way to stop all bloom is to let the blossoms go to seed
nature 's aim different from ours is to provide for the coming generation
that done her work is accomplished and she ignores the plant
here is a word of advice when you go shopping for your pansy seeds
go to a reputable grower preferably a pansy specialist
it is no harder to raise big healthy blooming plants than weak sickly little things
in fact it is easier
but you will never get better flowers than the seed you grow
many people think that pansies last only a few weeks then their period of growth and bloom is over
that is true
if the plants are cared for and protected over the winter the second year is more prolific than the first
would you like to grow exhibition pansies
remove about half the branches from each plant leaving only the strongest with the largest buds
the flowers will be huge
pansies have character
they stick to their principles insist upon their due but grow and bloom with dependable regularity if given it
treat them right and they'll make a showing every month in the year except the frigid ones
give them food some shade mulch water and more food and they'll repay your solicitude with beauty
a salad with greens and tomato is a popular and wonderfully healthful addition to a meal but add an avocado and you have something really special
this delightful tropical fruit has become well-known in the past thirty years because modern transportation methods have made it possible to ship avocados anywhere in the united states
it has a great many assets to recommend it and if you haven't made avocado a part of your diet yet you really should
you will find that avocado is unlike any other fruit you have ever tasted
it is roughly shaped like a large pear and when properly ripened its dark green skin covers a meaty melon-like pulp that has about the consistency of a ripe bartlett pear but oily
the avocado should have a give to it as you hold it when it is ripe
the flavor is neither sweet like a pear nor tart like an orange
it is subtle and rather bland nut-like
it is a flavor that might take a little getting used to because it is unpleasant but because the flavor is hard to define in the light of our experience with other fruits
sometimes it takes several eatings of avocado to catch that delightful quality in taste that has made it such a favorite throughout the world
once you become an avocado fan you will look forward to the season each year with eager anticipation
naturally dormant and no spray danger
today refrigerated carriers have made the shipping of avocados possible to any place in the world
the fruit is allowed to mature on the tree but it is still firm at this point
it is brought to packing houses cleaned and graded as to size and quality and packed in protective excelsior
the fruit is then cooled to ##-degrees-f. a temperature at which it lapses into a sort of dormant state
this cooling does change the avocado in any way it just delays the natural softening of the fruit until a grovelike temperature room temperature is restored
this happens on the grocer 's shelf or in your kitchen
one of the most attractive things about avocados is that they do require processing of any kind
there is no dyeing or waxing or gassing needed
if the temperature is controlled properly the avocado will delay its ripening until needed
and unlike other fruits one cannot eat the skin of the avocado
it is thick much like an egg plant 's skin so that poison sprays if they are used present no hazard to the consumer
nutritious and a cholesterol reducer
good taste and versatility plus safety from spray poisons would be enough to recommend the frequent use of such a fruit even if its nutritional values were limited
avocados however are very rich in nutrients
their main asset is an abundance of unsaturated fatty acids so necessary for maintaining the good health of the circulatory system
aside from this the average portion contains some protein an appreciable amount of vitamins a and c about one-tenth of the minimum daily requirement and about a third of the official vitamin e requirement
the b vitamins are well represented especially thiamin and riboflavin
calcium phosphorus and iron are present in worthwhile amounts and eleven other minerals also have been found in varying trace amounts
none of these values is destroyed significantly altered by refrigeration storage
dr. wilson c. grant of the veterans' administration hospital coral gables florida and the university of miami school of medicine set out to discover if avocados because of their high content of unsaturated fatty acids would reduce the cholesterol of the blood in selected patients
the study comprised ## male patients ranging in age from ## to ##
they were put on control diets to determine as accurately as possible the normal cholesterol level of their blood
then they were given # to #-# avocados per day as a substitute for part of their dietary fat consumption
five four three two one fire
the tremendous energy released by giant rocket engines perhaps can be felt much better than it can be heard
the pulsating vibration of energy clutches at the pit of your stomach
never before has the introduction of a weapon caused so much apprehension and fear
nuclear weapons are fearsome but the long-range ballistic missile gives them a stealth and merciless swiftness which is much more terrifying
a great many writers are bewitched by the apparently overwhelming advantage an attacker would have if he were to strike with complete surprise using nuclear rockets
it is relatively easy to go a step further and reason that an attacker in possession of such absolute power would simultaneously destroy his opponent 's cities and people
with a nation defenseless before it why would the attacker spare the victim 's people
wouldn't the wanton destruction of cities and people be the logical act of complete subjugation
the nation would be utterly devastated
the will of its people so crucial in time of peril would be broken
nuclear weapons have given the world the means for self-destruction in hours or days
and now rockets have given it the means to destroy itself in minutes
at this point it should be painfully obvious that cities being soft and the people within them are ideally suited to destruction by nuclear weapons
however because this vulnerability is mutual it is to the advantage of neither side to destroy the opponent 's cities at least so long as the opponent has nuclear weapons with which to effect reprisal
it should be appallingly apparent that city-trading is a profitable military tactic
icbms have given us a capability which could be used in two different ways
they could be used to attack a nation 's people which would inevitably mean the loss of the attacker 's own people or they could be used with discrimination to destroy the enemy 's military force
if our national interest lies in being able to fight and win a war rather than committing national suicide then we must take a much more penetrating look at ballistic missiles
we must determine whether missiles can win a war all by themselves
we must make certain that the aircraft is finished before we give the entire job to the missile
missiles are very valuable weapons but they also have their too little known limitations
because of a missile 's ballistic trajectory the location of a fixed target must be known quite accurately
placing missiles in submarines on barges railroads highways surface vessels and in the air provides them with passive protection by taking advantage of the gravest weakness of long-range ballistic missiles today the extreme difficulty of destroying a mobile or moving target with such weapons
one must first detect a fleeting mobile or moving target decide that it is worthy of destruction select the missile to be fired against the target compute ballistics for the flight and prepare the missile for firing
even if all these operations could be performed instantaneously the icbm still has a time of flight to the target of about ## minutes
therefore if the target can significantly change its location in something less than ## minutes the probability of having destroyed it is drastically lowered
because of this it would appear inevitable that an increasing percentage of strategic missiles will seek self-protection in mobility at least until missile defenses are perfected which have an exceedingly high kill probability
in order to destroy the enemy 's mobile moving or imprecisely located strategic forces we must have a hunter-killer capability in addition to our missiles
until this hunter-killer operation can be performed by spacecraft manned aircraft appear to be the only means available to us
it seems reasonable that if general nuclear war is to be one cataclysmic act of burning each other 's citizens to cinders we must have a manned strategic force of long-endurance aircraft capable of going into china or russia to find and destroy their strategic forces which continued to threaten us
let us suppose the russians decide to build a rail-mobile icbm force
it is entirely feasible to employ aircraft such as the b-## or b-## in hunter-killer operations against soviet railway-based missiles
if we stop thinking in terms of tremendous multimegaton nuclear weapons and consider employing much smaller nuclear weapons which may be more appropriate for most important military targets it would seem that the b-## or b-## could carry a great many small nuclear weapons
an aircraft with a load of small nuclear weapons could very conceivably be given a mission to suppress all trains operating within a specified geographic area of russia provided that we had used some of our icbms to degrade russia 's air defenses before our bombers got there
the aircraft could be used to destroy other mobile fleeting and imprecisely located targets as well as the known fixed and hardened targets which can also be destroyed by missile
why then aren't we planning a larger more important role for manned military aircraft
is there any other way to do the job
survivability of our strategic forces polaris mobile and hardened minuteman hardened atlas and titan and airborne skybolt means that it will take some time perhaps weeks to destroy a strategic force
war under these circumstances cannot be one massive exchange of nuclear devastation
forces will survive a surprise attack and these forces will give depth or considerable duration to the conflict
the forces which survive the initial attack must be found and destroyed
even mobile forces must be found and destroyed
but how does one go about the job of finding and destroying mobile forces
they are susceptible to wholesale destruction by ballistic missile
some day many years in the future true spacecraft will be able to find and destroy mobile targets
but until we have an effective spacecraft the answer to the hunter-killer problem is manned aircraft
however the aircraft which we have today are tied to large soft airfields
nuclear rockets can destroy airfields with ease
here then is our problem aircraft are vital to winning a war today because they can perform those missions which a missile is totally incapable of performing
but the airfield on which the aircraft is completely dependent is doomed by the missile
this makes today 's aircraft a one-shot or one mission weapon
aircraft are mighty expensive if you can use them only once
this is the point on which so many people have written off the aircraft in favor of the missile
but remember this it isn't the aircraft which is vulnerable to nuclear rockets it is the airfield
eliminate the vulnerability of aircraft on the ground and you have essentially eliminated its vulnerability to long-range ballistic missiles
there are four rather obvious ways to reduce or eliminate the vulnerability of aircraft on the ground
put aircraft in bomb-proof hangars when they are on the ground
build long-range aircraft which can take off from small #,###-foot airfields with runways
if we could use all the small airfields we have in this country we could disperse our strategic aircraft by a factor of ## or more
use nuclear propulsions to keep our long-range military aircraft in the air for the majority of their useful life
using very high thrust-to-weight ratio engines develop a vertical-takeoff-and-landing vtol long-range military aircraft
we have the technology today with which to build aircraft shelters which could withstand at least ### aj
we could put a portion of our strategic bombers in such shelters
large long-range bombers can be developed which would have the capability to take off from #,###-foot runways but they would require more powerful engines than we have today
there is little enthusiasm for spending money to develop more powerful engines because of the erroneous belief that the aircraft has been made obsolete by the missile
this same preoccupation with missiles at the expense of aircraft has resulted in our half-hearted effort to develop nuclear propulsion for aircraft
one seldom hears the analogy nuclear propulsion will do for the aircraft what it has already done for the submarine
if for some reason such as economy we are going to develop aircraft nuclear propulsion with a sense of national urgency then we should turn our effort to developing jet engines with a thrust-to-weight ratio of ## or ## to one
with powerplants such as these vertical takeoff and landing combat aircraft could be built
for example a ##-to-one engine would power a supersonic vtol fighter
with a ##-to-one engine a supersonic aircraft weighing ###,### pounds could rise vertically
the reason that we are going ahead full speed to develop high thrust-to-weight engines is that it would cost perhaps a billion dollars and you don't spend that sort of money if aircraft are obsolete
when aircraft are no longer helpless on airfields they are no longer vulnerable to aj
if our sac bombers were today capable of surviving a surprise missile attack and because of infinite dispersion or long endurance had the capability to strike at russia again and again and again those bombers would unquestionably assure our military dominance
we would have the means to seek out and destroy the enemy 's force whether it were fixed or mobile
with such a force of manned bombers we could bring enormous pressure to bear on an enemy and this pressure would be selective and extremely discriminating
no need to kill an entire city and all its people because we lacked the precision and reconnaissance to selectively disarm the enemy 's military force
our first necessity at the very outset of war is post-attack reconnaissance
in a few years we will have samos semiautomatic missile observation system
but in the case of moving targets and targets which have limited mobility what will their location be when it is time to destroy them
what targets have we successfully knocked out
a ballistic missile cannot today tell you if it was successful or unsuccessful
what targets still remain to be hit
these crucial questions must be answered by post-attack reconnaissance
samos will be hard put to see through clouds and to see in the dark
even if this is some day possible there remains the ##-minute time of flight of a missile to its overseas target
if the target can change its position significantly during the ## minutes the missile is in the air on its way the probability of the missile destroying the target is drastically reduced
pre-attack reconnaissance is vital but only post-attack reconnaissance will allow us to terminate the war favorably
it would be priceless to have an aircraft to gather that post-attack reconnaissance
it could operate under the clouds and perform infrared photography through clouds and at night
it would be even more valuable because that same aircraft could immediately destroy any targets it discovered no need to wait for a missile to come all the way from the united states with the chance that the target if it were mobile would be gone
a large aircraft such as the b-## or b-## could carry perhaps ## or ### small nuclear weapons
few people realize that one kiloton of nuclear explosive power will create #,### psi overpressure at ### feet
or put another way the hardest missile site planned today could be destroyed by placing a one-kiloton warhead # the size of those used in hiroshima and nagasaki within ### to ### feet of the target
it is our lack of extreme accuracy which forces the use of very large yield nuclear weapons
today we have side-looking radar which has such high resolution that the radar picture clearly shows individual buildings runways taxi-ways separate spans of bridges etc.
with these keen eyes and small nuclear weapons delivered with accuracy military forces can be directly attacked with minimum damage to urban areas
if we fail to develop the means to hunt down and destroy the enemy 's military force with extreme care and precision and if war comes in spite of our most ardent desires for peace our choice of alternatives will be truly frightening
the lyric beauties of schubert 's trout quintet its elemental rhythms and infectious melodies make it a source of pure pleasure for almost all music listeners
but for students of musical forms and would-be classifiers the work presents its problems
since it requires only five players it would seem to fall into the category of chamber music yet it calls for a double bass an instrument generally regarded as symphonic
moreover the piece is written in five movements rather than the conventional four of most quintets and this gives the opus a serenade or divertimento flavor
the many and frequent performances of the trout serve to emphasize the dual nature of its writing
some renditions are of symphonic dimensions with the contrabass given free rein
other interpretations present the music as an essentially intimate creation
in these readings the double bass is either kept discreetly in the background or it is dressed in clown 's attire the musical equivalent of a bull in a china shop
recently i was struck anew by the divergent approaches when in the course of one afternoon and evening i listened to no fewer than ten different performances
the occasion for this marathon angel 's long-awaited reissue in its great recordings of the century series of the schnabel-pro arte version
let me say at the outset that the music sounded as sparkling on the last playing as it did on the first
whether considered alone or in relation to other editions colh ## is a document of prime importance
artur schnabel was one of the greatest schubert-beethoven-mozart players of all time and any commentary of his on this repertory is valuable
but schnabel was a great teacher in addition to being a great performer and the fact that four of the ten versions i listened to are by schnabel pupils clifford curzon frank glazer adrian aeschbacher and victor babin also sheds light on the master 's pedagogical skills
certain pianistic traits are common to all five schnabelian renditions most notably the schnabel trill which differs from the conventional trill in that the two notes are struck simultaneously
but the most impressive testimony to schnabel 's distinction as a teacher is reflected by the individuality which marks each student 's approach as distinctly his own
schnabel 's emphasis on structural clarity his innate rhythmic vibrancy and impetuous intensity all tend to stamp his reading as a symphonic one
yet no detail was too small to receive attention from this master and as a result the playing here has humor delicacy and radiant humanity
this is a serious-minded interpretation but it is never strait-laced
and although schnabel 's pianism bristles with excitement it is meticulously faithful to schubert 's dynamic markings and phrase indications
the piano performance on this trout is one that really demands a search for superlatives
about the pro arte 's contribution i am less happy
i for one rather regret that schnabel didn't collaborate with the budapest quartet whose rugged athletic playing was a good deal closer to this pianist 's interpretative outlook than the style of the belgian group
from a technical standpoint the string playing is good but the pro arte people fail to enter into the spirit of things here
the violinist in particular is very indulgent with swoops and slides and his tone is pinched and edgy
the twenty-five-year-old recording offers rather faded string tone but the balance between the instruments is good and the transfer is very quiet
there is a break in continuity just before the fourth variation in the forellen movement and i suspect that this is due to imperfect splicing between sides of the original aj
turning to the more modern versions curzon 's london offers the most sophisticated keyboard work
every detail in his interpretation has been beautifully thought out and of these i would especially cite the delicious laendler touch the pianist brings to the fifth variation an obvious indication that he is playing with viennese musicians and the gossamer shading throughout
some of curzon 's playing strikes me as finicky however
why for example does he favor two tempos rather than one for the third movement
the assisting musicians from the vienna octet are somewhat lacking in expertise but their contribution is rustic and appealing
special compliments to the double bass playing of johann krumpp his scrawny tottering sound adds a delightful hilarity to the performance
the glazer-fine arts edition concert-disc is a model of lucidity and organization
it is moreover a perfectly integrated ensemble effort
but having lived with the disc for some time now i find the performance less exciting than either schnabel 's or fleisher 's whose superb performance with the budapest quartet has still to be recorded and a good deal less filled with humor than curzon 's
aeschbacher 's work is very much akin to schnabel 's but the sound on his decca disc is dated and you will have a hard time locating a copy of it
the hephzibah menuhin-amadeus quartet angel and victor babin-festival quartet rca victor editions give us superlative string playing both in symphonic style crippled by unimaginative piano playing
babin has acquired some of schnabel 's keyboard manner but his playing is of limited insight
badura-skoda-vienna konzerthaus westminster and demus-schubert quartet deutsche grammophon are both warm-toned pleasantly lyrical but rather slack and tensionless
helmut roloff playing with a group of musicians from the bayreuth ensemble gives a sturdy reading in much the same vein as that of the last-mentioned pianists
telefunken has accorded him beautiful sound and this bargain-priced disc it sells for $#.## is worthy of consideration
returning once again to the schnabel reissue i am beguiled anew by the magnificence of this pianist 's musical penetration
here is truly a great recording of the century and its greatness is by no means diminished by the fact that it is quite perfect
this recording surely belongs in everyone 's collection
must records always sound like records
from the beginning of commercial recording new discs purported to be indistinguishable from the real thing have regularly been put in circulation
seen in perspective many of these releases have a genuine claim to be milestones
although lacking absolute verisimilitude they supply the ear and the imagination with all necessary materials for re-creation of the original
on the basis of what they give us we can know how the young caruso sang appreciate the distinctive qualities of parsifal under karl muck 's baton or sense the type of ensemble toscanini created in his years with the new york philharmonic
since the concept of high fidelity became important some dozen years ago the claims of technical improvements have multiplied tenfold
in many cases the revolutionary production has offered no more than sensational effects the first hearing was fascinating and the second disillusioning as the gap between sound and substance became clearer
other innovations with better claims to musical interest survived rehearing to acquire in time the status of classics
if we return to them today we have no difficulty spotting their weaknesses but we find them still pleasing
records sound like records because they provide a different sort of experience than live music
this difference is made up of many factors
some of them are obvious such as the fact that we associate recorded and live music with our responses and behavior in different types of environments and social settings
music often sounds best to me when i can dress informally and sit in something more comfortable than a theatre seat
from the technical standpoint records differ from live music to the degree that they fail to convey the true color texture complexity range intensity pulse and pitch of the original
any alteration of one of these factors is distortion although we generally use that word only for effects so pronounced that they can be stated quantitatively on the basis of standard tests
yet it is the accumulation of distortion the fitting together of fractional bits until the total reaches the threshold of our awareness that makes records sound like records
the sound may be good
but if you know the real thing you know that what you are hearing is only a clever imitation
command 's new brahms second is a major effort to make a record that sounds like a real orchestra rather than a copy of one
like the recent scheherazade from london high fidelity sept. #### it is successful because emphasis has been placed on good musical and engineering practices rather than on creating sensational effects
because of this only those with truly fine equipment will be able to appreciate the exact degree of the engineers' triumph
the easiest way to describe this release is to say that it reproduces an interesting and effective steinberg performance with minimal alteration of its musical values
the engineering as such never obtrudes upon your consciousness
the effect of the recording is very open and natural with the frequency emphasis exactly what you would expect from a live performance
this absence of peaky highs and beefed-up bass only produces greater fidelity but it eliminates listener fatigue
a contributing factor is the perspective the uniform aesthetic distance which is maintained
the orchestra is far enough away from you that you miss the bow scrapes valve clicks and other noises incidental to playing
yet you feel the orchestra is near at hand and the individual instruments have the same firm presence associated with listening from a good seat in an acoustically perfect hall
command has achieved the ideal amount of reverberation
the music is always allowed the living space needed to attain its full sonority
yet the hall never intrudes as a quasi-performer
the timbre remains that of the instruments unclouded by resonance
all of this would be wasted of course if the performance lacked authority and musical distinction
for me it has more of both elements than the majority of its competitors
steinberg seems to have gone directly back to the score discounting tradition and has built his performance on the intention to reproduce as faithfully as possible exactly what brahms set down on paper
those accustomed to broader more romantic statements of the symphony can be expected to react strongly when they hear this one
without losing the distinctive undertow of brahmsian rhythm the pacing is firm and the over-all performance has a tightly knit quality that makes for maximum cumulative effect
the presto ma non assai of the first trio of the scherzo is taken literally and may shock you as the real allegro con spirito of the finale is likely to bring you to your feet
in the end however the thing about this performance that is most striking is the way it sings
steinberg obviously has concluded that it is the lyric element which must dominate in this score and he manages at times to create the effect of the whole orchestra bursting into song
the engineering provides exactly the support needed for such a result
too many records seem to reduce a work of symphonic complexity to a melody and its accompaniment
the command technique invites you to listen to the depth of the orchestration
your ear takes you into the ensemble and you may well become aware of instrumental details which previously were apparent only in the score
it is this sort of experience that makes the concept of high fidelity of real musical significance for the home music listener
the first substantially complete stereo giselle and the only one of its scope since feyer 's four-sided lp edition of #### for angel this set is i'm afraid likely to provide more horrid fascination than enjoyment
the already faded pastel charms of the naive music itself vanish entirely in fistoulari 's melodramatic contrasts between ultravehement brute power and chilly if suave sentimentality
and in its engineers' frantic attempts to achieve maximum dynamic impact and earsplitting brilliance the recording sounds as though it had been doctored for super-high fidelity
the home listener is overpowered all right but the experience is a far from pleasant one
as with the penultimate giselle release wolff 's abridgment for rca victor i find the cleaner less razor-edged monophonic version for all its lack of big-stage spaciousness the more aurally tolerable but this may be the result of processing defects in my sd copies
at the westminster kc dog show in madison square garden new york on the second day the finals of the junior class brought out the most competitive competition in the history of this class
the class had entries from as far west as wisconsin and as far south as kentucky
this year several entries from canada were entered which made the junior class international
forty-six of the ## juniors who mailed in entries were present
it was interesting to note that many of these juniors were showing dogs in various other classes at the show prior to the finals of the junior class
as has been the custom for the past several years john cross jr. bench show chmn. of westminster arranged for the juniors' meeting before the class and invited two speakers from the dog world to address them
over ## juniors parents and guests attended
mrs. william h. long , jr. speaks
after the juniors were welcomed and congratulated for qualifying for the finals of the junior class mrs. william h. long jr. was introduced as the first speaker
in her opening remarks mrs. long also welcomed the juniors and stated there isn't any other show quite like westminster
i know because this is my ##th year with hardly a break
mrs. long still feels the same unique spirit of westminster which she stated the present juniors will experience today but probably will appreciate in full for a number of years
twenty years ago her daughter betsey long then ## years of age won the grand challenge trophy children 's handling class as they were called then at westminster
no sooner had betsey come out of the ring than mrs. long walked into the working competition with ch. cadet or noranda another home-bred product and won
speaking from long years of experience mrs. long advised the juniors when showing dogs ceases to be fun and excitement stop
dogs have a way of sensing our feelings
when you and your dog step into the junior ring it should be just what the dog wants to do as much as what you want him to do
if you walk into the ring because it is fun to show your dog he will feel it and give you a good performance
he knows your signals what is expected of him and the way the class is conducted right up through the flash-bulbs of the photographers
right attitude essential ! !
take away your attitude said mrs. long and what have you left
either a nervous dog because you are livid with rage a sure sign that you are taking things too seriously and had better stop
or a bored dog because you are more interested in something else maybe the way you look or the date you have after the class or you are just doing this to please the parents
the reason you are in the ring today is to show your ability to present to any judge the most attractive picture of your dog that the skillful use of your aids can produce
aids sounds more like a pony club or horsemanship classes riding a horse and showing a dog are very similar
your aids are your attitude which comes through your voice your hands and legs voice to encourage discourage or whatever the need may be
hands to guide or restrain
legs to produce motion and rate of speed
without right attitude the other aids just do work right
mrs. long wished all the juniors luck in the class and stated have fun
and may you all continue to show at westminster in the years to come ! !
harvey barcus , second speaker
the second speaker was harvey barcus president of the dog writers ass'n of america
mr. barcus spoke on the subject of scholarships for juniors with which he is very familiar
last year a boy he knows and helped in journalism won the thoroughbred racing ass'n scholarship which is worth $##,###
he gave a resume of the steps taken in order for the boy he sponsored to win the scholarship
junior showmanship is an extremely worthy project and should be earnestly encouraged
is one of mr. barcus' strong beliefs
he feels very forcibly that the american kennel club should take a more active part in encouraging the junior division
in closing mr. barcus also wished all the juniors luck in their class
westminster show notes
instead of # a.m. in the past the juniors class at westminster was held at #:## p.m.
this gave the juniors the use of the entire ring at the show a great advantage to them
before the juniors entered the ring the steward announced that after all juniors had moved their dogs around the ring and set them up they could relax with their dogs
from there on each junior was going to be judged individually
this thoughtful gesture was well received by the juniors as the class had an entry of ## juniors and it took approximately one hour ## minutes to judge the class
anne hone rogers judges ##th finals
this year anne hone rogers outstanding handler judged the class
this is the third time in ## years of junior showmanship at westminster that a lady handler has judged the class
as the juniors entered the ring mr. spring the announcer stated over the public-address system that this was the ##th year that westminster has held the finals of the junior competition
juniors competed last year at american kennel club and canadian kennel club recognized shows to be eligible to compete in this class the finals for the year
a junior who won two or more wins in the open class was eligible
the purpose of the junior showmanship competition is to teach and encourage juniors to become good sportsmen
many adults showing at westminster today are products of this class
it seemed an almost impossible job for miss rogers to select # winners from the ## juniors entered
a large number of these juniors have # and # wins to their credit and are seasoned campaigners
after the judge moved all the dogs individually she selected several from the group and placed them in the center of the ring
she then went over them thoroughly giving each a strenuous test in showmanship
international champion of the year
betty lou ham age ## holyoke mass. showing an irish setter was chosen as international champion of the year
she was awarded the professional handlers' ass'ns' leonard brumby sr. memorial trophy named for the founder-originator of the junior classes
betty is ## years of age and had several wins to her credit last year
in addition to showing an irish setter throughout the year she also scored with an afghan
sydney le blanc age ## staten island n.y. showing a doberman pinscher was #nd
susan hackmann age ## from baltimore md. showing a dachshund was #rd
last year susan also placed #rd in the finals at westminster
from the records we keep susan is the only junior who has placed in the junior classes in both united states and canada
karen marcmann age ## trapp penna. showing a keeshond was #th
most juniors who were entered in the finals are seasoned campaigners and only show and win in junior classes but score in the breed classes as well
entries increasing -- requirements raised
in #### there were #### entries in the junior classes
each year these shows have increased in entries
next year #### at westminster the bench show committee has raised the requirements so that a junior must win # or more junior classes in the open division only to qualify for westminster
percy roberts a leading judge will be at the international show this year for the junior judging contest as he has been invited to judge in australia in march
judging class for intermediates proposed
it has been suggested many times that a class be set up for the juniors who are overage and cannot enter the junior classes
for some time this writer has been suggesting a junior judging class for intermediates over ## and under ## years of age who are ineligible to compete in the junior class
such a class was tried out successfully at the westchester kc show recently
only were the contestants pleased with the class but it aroused the interest of all in attendance that day
the intermediates in the class with the judge were asked to pick # winners and give their reasons but their decisions did affect the choice of the judge
we suggested this class in the horse world and it was accepted immediately and included in the programs of horse shows
at the recent horse show convention in new york it was stated that this intermediate judging class is meeting with great success and will be a great help to future judges in the horse world
this class can be just as successful in the dog world if it is given a chance
last year robert harris a leading junior handler entered the dog judging contest junior at the international kc of chicago show and had the highest score in judging of any junior since the class' inception
juniors who attend this chicago show should make a point to enter this class as it would be of great help to them
more volunteer handlers needed to judge
superintendents at dog shows state it is becoming more difficult to obtain a licensed handler to judge junior showmanship competition
the founder of the junior showmanship competition the late leonard brumby sr. for whom the trophy is named after at westminster was an outstanding handler and believed a junior should have an opportunity to exhibit in a dog show starting with the junior showmanship division
some years ago this class was judged by celebrities who knew nothing of what was required of a junior 's ability to show a dog
to overcome this unfair judging the a.k.c. requires that a licensed handler be present to judge the class
if the superintendents do receive more cooperation from handlers it has been suggested that licensed judges also be qualified to judge this class
by recognizing and helping juniors get interested in the dog world all will be helping to create future dog owners
other awards for juniors
the airedale terrier club of america and the kerry blue terrier club of america have under consideration donating trophies to the boys or girls who win with their breeds in junior showmanship competition at any show
the kansas city and the topeka kcs are arranging that juniors who win at their shows will be qualified to win points for westminster
the rio grande kc is also considering having their junior classes set up so that juniors can qualify with points for westminster
the american pointer club is still continuing to donate trophies to juniors who win at junior showmanship classes with pointers
traveling through the south over ##,### miles with two great danes an afghan and a persian kitten we've worked up a regular routine for acceptance at motels
my husband enters the motel office signs up for a room and then solemnly asks the proprieter if he accepts pets
comes the suspicious question
no he replies full grown adult show dogs housebroken and obedience-trained
we've never been refused
once settled we're careful to walk the dogs in an out of the way spot keep them under control in the room and feed and bench them where they can't do any harm to the furnishings or the furniture
in the morning we leave the room looking as neat as a pin
many a motel owner when we've stopped there again has remembered us and has said he preferred our dogs to most children
so many times i have wondered why veterinarians do wipe the table clean before each new canine patient is placed on it for examination
is it that they don't care
are they indifferent to the fact that the dog can easily pick up germs from the preceding patient
at one time to most americans unless they were fortunate enough to live near a body of navigable water boats were considered the sole concern of fishermen rich people and the united states navy
today the recreational boating scene is awash with heartening statistics which prove the enormous growth of that sport
there are more than #,###,### recreational boats in use in the united states with almost ##,###,### the prediction for within the next decade
about ##,###,### people participated in boating in ####
boating has become a giant whose strides cover the entire nation from sea to shining sea
boats are operated in every state in the union with the heaviest concentrations along both coasts and in the middle west
the spectacular upsurge in pleasure boating is markedly evident expectedly in the areas where boats have always been found the natural lakes rivers and along the nation 's coastline
but during the last several years boats were launched in areas where a short time ago the only water to be found was in wells and watering troughs for livestock
developed as a result of the multi-purpose resources control program of the government vast man-made bodies of water represent a kind of glorious fringe benefit providing boating and fishing havens all over the country
no matter how determined or wealthy boating lovers of the southwest had been for example they could never have created anything approaching the fifty square-mile lake texoma located between texas and oklahoma which resulted when the corp of army engineers dammed the red river
in #### according to the engineers lake texoma was only one of thirty-two artificial lakes and reservoirs which were used for recreation by over #,###,### persons
where an opportunity to enjoy boating has been created by bringing bodies of water to the people means have been found to take the people and their boats to the water
providing these means are about ninety companies which manufactured the estimated #,###,### boat trailers now in use
it is a simple task to haul a boat fifty or one hundred miles to a lake or reservoir on the new light strong easy-to-operate trailers which are built to accommodate almost any kind of small boat and retail from $### to $#,###
the sight of sleek inboards outboards and sailboats being wheeled smartly along highways many miles from any water is commonplace
boatmen lucky enough to have facilities for year-'round anchorage for their craft will recall the tedious procedure of loading their gear into the car driving to the water and making trip after trip to transfer the gear to the boat
today the boat on its trailer is brought to the gear and loaded at the door
arriving at the waterside the boat is launched the family taken aboard and that easily another day afloat is begun
and trailers for boats are what they started out to be ten years ago
this year americans will discover previously unheard of refinements in trailers that will be exhibited in about one hundred of our nation 's national regional and local boat shows
the boats of america 's trailer sailors in #### will be coddled on clouds as they are hauled to new horizons
the variety of craft on the country 's waters today is overwhelming
they range from an eight-foot pram which you can build yourself for less than $## to auxiliary sailboats which can cost over $###,###
boat prices vary according to the buyer 's desires or needs
in this respect boats can be compared with houses
there is no limit to what you can spend yet it is easily possible to keep within a set budget
there is no question as to just what is available
you name it our industry is producing it and it probably is made in different models
there are canoes ideal for fishing in protected waters or for camping trips
there are houseboats which are literally homes afloat accommodating whole families in comfort and convenience
you can cross an ocean in a fully equipped craft sail power or both or laze away a fine day in a small dinghy on a local pond
you may have your boat of wood canvas plywood plastic or metal
you may order utility models inboard or outboard with or without toilets galleys and bunks
you may dress it up with any number of accessories or keep it as simple as you choose
designers and manufacturers have produced models for purchasers who run the gamut from a nautical version of the elderly pasadena lady who never drove more than five miles an hour on her once-a-month ride around the block to the sportiest boatman who insists on all the dash color flair and speed possible to encompass in a single boat
you pay your money and you take your choice
american technology in engine and hull design is largely responsible for the plentiful interest in american boating
i wonder if anyone ever bothered to make the point that when it comes to boats and their motors americans excel over any country in the world in the long run
russia whose technology is quite primitive is still in the dark ages when it comes to improving the outboard motor for instance
now here is truly a marvel
the outboard engine of today has a phenomenal range of one to ## horsepower unheard of a few years ago for a two cycle engine in quantity production
these engines can be removed from a boat with relative ease wherein lies their greatest advantage
their cost is beyond the hopes of the american pocketbook the range being about $### to $#,### depending on size
great thought has been given to making life easier for the growing boating population of the country
and to making the owning of a boat simpler
there was a time when if a man wanted to purchase a boat it was necessary for him to be able to produce a sizeable amount of cash before he could touch the tiller or wheel
having a boat financed through a local bank is done much the same way as an automobile loan is extended
marine dealers and even some manufacturers who sell direct in non-dealer areas cooperate in enabling you to launch now and pay later
terms range from one to five years and the interest rates and down payments run about the same as for automobiles
of course individual financing arrangements depend a good deal on the purchaser 's earning power credit rating and local bank policy
outboard motors insurance and boat repairs may also be financed in the same way as boats
terms and rates of interest for motors generally follow those for home appliances
when the automobile was in its embryonic stage such roads as existed were pretty much open roads with the tacit understanding that horses should be unduly terrified being about the only rule governing where when and how fast a car could go
when air travel was in its infancy the sky was considered big enough and high enough for all
man had enough to worry about managing to get up there and stay without being burdened with rules once aloft
it was much the same with pleasure boating at first
come one come all the water 's fine
as the ungoverned days of the automobile and the airplane are long since relegated to the past so is the carefree attitude toward what a boatman may and may do
must and should do
however there is a minimum of legislative restriction on boating
laws on boating vary according to the state in which the craft is to be used and according to its horsepower
what may be acceptable in one state may be strictly prohibited across the boundary line
the main requirement is to be sure the boat is numbered according to the regulations of the state in which the boat will be principally used
if your state has no provisions for the numbering of pleasure boats you must apply for a number from the u.s. coast guard for any kind of boat with mechanical propulsion rated at more than ## horsepower before it can be used on federal waterways
state numbering laws differ from each other in many ways
fees are the same and some states do require certain craft such as sailboats with no power to be registered at all
many states have laws regulating the use of boat trailers and some have restrictions regarding the age of motor boat operators
generally states reserve for communities the right to have local ordinances regulating speed and other activities
it is always wise to consult your marine dealer local yacht or boat club secretary or local law enforcement officers if you are positive what the regulations are
ignorance of the law is no better excuse on the water than it is on land
lack of ability and common sense can lead to just as much tragedy
hand in hand with the legislative program is the industry 's self originated and directed safety program
foreseeing the possible threats to safety with the rapid growth of the sport the industry has been supporting an intense coordinated educational program with great success since ####
a primary factor in the success of the safety program has been the enthusiastic cooperation of the individual manufacturers
the industry has been its own watch dog
with u.s. coast guard cooperation the american boat and yacht council was formed to develop recommended practices and standards for boats and their equipment with reference to safety
industry interest in safety goes even farther
in #### the yacht safety bureau was reorganized by the national association of engine and boat manufacturers and a group of insurance underwriters to provide a testing laboratory and labeling service for boats and their equipment
a new waterfront site for the bureau is now being built at atlantic city new jersey to provide the most modern marine testing facilities as a further tool to keep the sport safe
in addition to these activities the naebm with headquarters at ### lexington avenue new york city as well as other associations and individual manufacturers provide and distribute films booklets and public services in regard to proper boat handling and safety afloat
it is important to note the work of the united states power squadrons and the u.s. coast guard auxiliary
each of these fine groups gives free boating classes in seamanship piloting and small boat handling
these are governmentally subsidized organizations
this year over ###,### persons will receive this free instruction
as america on wheels was responsible for an industry of motor courts motels and drive-in establishments where you can dine see a movie shop or make a bank deposit the ever-increasing number of boating enthusiasts have sparked industries designed especially to accommodate them
instead of motels for the boatman there are marinas
the word marina was coined by naebm originally to describe a waterfront facility where recreational boats could find protection and basic needs to lay over in relative comfort
currently marina is used to indicate a municipal or commercially operated facility where a pleasure boat may dock and find some or all of the following available gasoline fresh water electricity telephone service ice repair facilities restaurants sleeping accommodations a general store and a grocery store
yachtel a relatively new word indicates a waterfront type of hotel where a yachtsman may dock and find overnight accommodations on the premises as well as other services
boatel has a similar meaning to yachtel
it indicates the same thing but it is meant to pertain more specifically to establishments designed to cater to smaller type boats such as outboards
regardless of nomenclature yachtels and boatels are marinas
boatyards which also provide some of the above facilities may rightfully be called marinas
a recent survey disclosed there are about #,### commercially and municipally operated marinas and boatyards in the united states the majority of which are equipped to handle outboard boats
the design of a mechanical interlocking frame is much like a mechanical puzzle but once understood the principles can be applied to any track and signal arrangement
in the frame are two sets of bars which interact with each other to prevent the operator from making dangerous moves
the main set of bars are the tappets and one tappet is connected to each lever
if the lever is pulled to clear a signal or move a switch the tappet moves a short distance lengthwise at the same time
close behind the plane of the tappets are the locking bars
these can also move a short distance but at right angles to the tappets
the number of locking bars required depends on how many false moves must be prevented
in the sides of the tappets are notches with sloping sides and connection between the tappets and locking bars consist of cams called dogs
two or more dogs are mounted on each locking bar
these slide into and out of the notches in the tappets as the tappets are moved locking and unlocking them
here 's how the scheme works suppose the operator pulls the lever to clear a particular signal
this also pulls the tappet connected to the particular lever and forces any dogs seated in the notches to the side thus moving one or more locking bars
the dogs on the other ends of these locking bars are thus forced into notches in other tappets
by this scheme pulling one signal to clear locks all the other switch and signal levers in safe positions until the first signal is again restored to normal
interlocking signals are normally at stop or red position and a lever must be pulled to clear the signal
this is necessarily to green however for in some situations only a yellow indication is given to a train to let it into the plant
there are other basic rules
a turnout may have two levers one to actually move the switch points the other to lock the points
a signal cannot be cleared until all the related turnouts are properly thrown and locked
such locks are nearly always used where the switch points face oncoming traffic
the lock insures that the points are thrown all the way with no chance that a wheel flange will snag on a partly thrown point
if the points aren't thrown all the way the turnout cannot be locked and in turn the signal cannot be cleared
generally these locks on turnouts are called facing point locks
figs. #-# show typical arrangements of track and signals
each diagram is accompanied by a dog chart a list of the levers that show which other levers any particular lever will lock if pulled
the lines connecting the wedge-shaped dogs represent the locking bars at right angles to the tappet bars
by studying the track-signal diagrams you'll note several other details
derails mechanical track devices that actually guide the wheels off the rails if a train passes a stop signal are used in many instances
home signals have two blades
the blacked-in blades indicate a fixed aspect the blade does move
as an engineer approaches the plant the position of the home signal is seen in advance when he passes the distant signal located beyond the limits of the interlocking plant
in some low-speed situations the distant signal is fixed at caution
in other instances where there is no automatic block signaling the distant has only green and yellow aspects
so much for the prototype
the interlocking frame we built at the model railroader workshop and then installed on paul larson 's railroad follows the fig. # scheme and is shown beginning in fig. # page ## and in the photos
here 's how it can be built
the sizes of pieces needed for the interlocking frame are shown in the notes within fig. # most of the bars being # brass in # and # widths
you may change the dimensions to suit a frame for more or fewer levers and locks as you wish
our instructions assume you are building this particular frame which is for a junction
when cutting the pieces dress the ends smooth and square with a smooth file or sanding disk
start with the right-hand piece b af soldering it to the lower piece a of the same material but ##'' long
let exactly #'' of a extend beyond b and use a square to check your angle to exactly ## degrees
now lay ## pieces of af cut #-# long side by side but separated by ## pieces of the same material # sq.
this gives you the spacing for locating the left-hand piece b
compress the assembly when you make the mark to show the location for b
solder this second b to a at right angles
there should be ##'' between the two parallel members and each should be #'' from an end of the long piece
cap this assembly with spacing bars in place with a af bar
tack-solder all the # sq. pieces to the ##'' and ##'' members
these will be drilled and tapped later on
now cut five af locking bar spacers which run horizontally
position these using six intermediate temporary af spacers and locate the upper ##'' bar a
solder it and the five locking bar spacers to the frame
now place ## pieces # sq. on this edge as we did before and space them with the #-# long tappets as they are called
cap with a af bar and tack-solder in place
cap the locking bar spacers with two af directly under the first two b pieces
remove all the loose spacing bars
mark and center-punch all the holes required for screws to hold this assembly together
see fig. #
placement of these holes is critical but they should be located so that the centers are about # from any edge
drill all no. ## and counter-drill all except the a pieces size ##
tap the a pieces #-##
now unsolder and disassemble the frame except for the two ##'' and the first two #-# bars a and b pieces which are soldered together
either lay the components aside in proper order or code them with numbers and letters so they may be replaced in their proper positions
dress all surfaces with a file cleaning off all solder and drilling burrs
drill ## no. ## holes in the upper piece a as shown in fig. #
tap these #-## for mounting the electrical contact later on
note # and # lock levers don't require holes for contacts
now reassemble the frame using af roundhead steel screws and nuts
put the ## tappets and some af locking bar spacers in the frame to help align all the components before you tighten the screws
be sure the tappets are pinched by a twisted # sq. spacer
as an anchor for the spring lock insert a af bar in the lower left corner of the frame as shown in fig. #
drill a no. ## hole through the pieces and secure with a #-## nut and screw
drill two no. ## holes one in the insert and one in the locking bar spacer directly above it and tap #-##
number all the tappet bars before removing them so they can be replaced in the same slots
remove all other loose pieces and file the edges of the basic frame smooth
cut five pieces of af brass bar stock #-# long
these are supporting members for the short locking bars
locate their positions in fig. # and drill no. ## to match the corresponding holes in the frame
cut off excess screw lengths and file flush with either frame or nut
drill four no. ## and four no. ## holes in the ##'' long a pieces
locate the position from fig. #
tappets and locking bars
draw-file no. # tappet to a smooth fit in its respective slot and square the ends
break the end corners with a slight ## degree chamfer
drill a no. ## hole #-# from one end and tap #-##
see fig. #
put a #-## roundhead screw into the hole cut off the excess threads and file flush with the underside of the bar
to find the other stop screw position insert the tappet into the frame and hold the screw head tight against the frame edge
scribe a line across the bar on the other end of the tappet # plus half the diameter of the #-## screw head about # away from the frame edge
total distance is about ##
tend to make this dimension slightly undersize so you can file the screw head to get exactly # tappet movement
drill a no. ## hole tap #-## and insert a roundhead #-## screw as you did on the first end
drill a no. ## hole crosswise through the tappet at the position shown in figs. # and #
repeat these drill and tap operations for each of the tappet bars
to each tappet except # and # solder a af piece of brass and file to the tapered shape shown in figs. # and #
these will serve as lifting pads for the electrical contacts
fitting the locking bars and making the locking pieces is a rather tedious job since stop screws tappets and locking bars must be removed and replaced many times
as the work progresses the frame and moving parts become a sort of chinese puzzle where several pieces must be removed before the part you are working on is accessible
a little extra work here will pay off with a smooth snug-fitting machine when you are finished
each completed locking bar should remain in place as the work progresses to insure snug fitting
the order of fitting is too important
however we started with the first row of bars and worked our way back
since the same method of shaping and fitting the dogs and notches is used throughout we will only describe the construction of one locking bar
figs. # and # give all pertinent dimensions
all the bars are cut from af brass
the lengths of each piece are listed at the bottom of fig. #
bar c is #-# long
draw-file the edges square up the ends and put a slight chamfer on the edges so they will snag in the frame
fig. # gives the dimensions for locating the dog-pin holes
center-punch and drill the no. ## hole # from one end of the bar
chuck a length of # dia. drill rod into a drill press or some similar turning device and while it is rotating file the end square and then file a slight taper # long
cut the piece about # or # long and drive it into the no. ## hole drilled in the locking bar
file the bottom edge flush with the bar and the top # above the bar
this dog will engage a notch to be cut in tappet #
place the locking bar in proper position and insert tappet #
scribe a line through the center of the pin and across the face of tappet # parallel to piece a
see the drawings for the shape of the notch
scribe v-shaped lines on the bar and rough out with either a hack saw or a cutting disk in a hand power tool
we used the latter equipped with a carborundum disk about
thick and #'' dia. fitted on a # dia. mandrel
such disks are very handy for cutting and shaping small parts
file to a smooth finish
a barrette swiss pattern file is handy since its triangular shape with only one cutting face will allow you to work a surface without marring an adjoining one
endeavor to get the notches as much alike as possible
the notch should have a smooth finish so that the steel dog will slide easily over it
assemble the parts in the frame and test the sliding action of the mating pieces
all matching surfaces should be checked frequently and mated on a cut and fit basis
chuck a #'' or #'' piece of # dia. drill rod in a drill press or electric hand tool
fashion a sharp scribing point about # long on one end using swiss pattern files
this tool can also be made with a lathe
scientists say that the world and everything in it are based on mathematics
without math the men who are continually seeking the causes of and the reasons for the many things that make the world go 'round would have any means of analyzing standardizing and communicating the things they discover and learn
math and the formulas that allow it to be applied to different problems are therefore essential to any scientific endeavor
hot rodding is a science
it 's a science as involved as determining what makes the earth rotate on its axis or building a rocket or putting a satellite into orbit but it is nevertheless a science
but because science is based on mathematics doesn't mean that a hot rodder must necessarily be a mathematician
a guy can be an active and successful hot rodder for years without becoming even remotely involved with mathematical problems
however he will have a clearer understanding of what he is doing and the chances are he will be more successful if he understands the few formulas that apply to rodding
a mathematical formula is nothing more than a pattern for solving a specific problem
it places the various factors involved in the problem in their correct order in relation to each other so that the influence of factors on each other can be computed
the first step in using a formula is to insert the numerical values of the factors involved in their correct positions in the formula
this changes the formula to an equation
the equation is used for the mathematical process of solving the problem
equations for rodding formulas are complicated
they involve only simple mathematics that are taught in grammar school arithmetic classes
however it is essential that the various mathematical symbols used in the equations be understood so that the mathematical processes can be done properly and in their correct order
they indicate simple division multiplication subtraction and addition
the symbol for division is a straight line that separates two numbers placed one above the other
the lower number is always divided into the upper number af
the symbol for multiplication is **b
it is used to separate two or more numbers in a row
for example af
numbers to be multiplied together may be multiplied in any order
the result will be the same regardless of the order used
the symbol for subtraction is the standard minus sign
this is nothing more than a dash
it separates two or more numbers
the number on the right of the symbol is always subtracted from the number on the left of the symbol
for example af
when more than two figures are separated by subtraction symbols the subtraction must be carried out from the left to right if the result is to be correct
for example for the problem af ## from ## equals ## then # from ## equals #
addition is indicated by the + symbol
the symbol is used to separate two or more numbers
for example af
numbers separated by addition symbols may be placed in any order
when solving an equation that involves division as well as other steps do all the division steps first to reduce those parts of the equation to their numerical value
multiplication subtraction and addition can then be accomplished as they appear in the equation by starting at the left end of the equation and working toward the right
completing the division first also includes those division parts that require multiplication subtraction or addition steps af
this would be reduced by multiplying # times # and then dividing the product by ##
this part of the equation would then become #
for use in formulas fractions should be converted to their decimal equivalents
the easiest way to do this is with a conversion chart
charts for this purpose are available from many sources
they are included in all types of mathematical handbooks and they are stamped on some types of precision measuring instruments
the various mathematical processes can be simplified by carrying the results to only two or three decimal places
shortening the results in this manner will have any detrimental effect on the accuracy of the final result
some formulas contain constants
a constant is a number that remains the same regardless of the other numbers used in the formula and the resultant equation
it is a number without which the equation cannot be solved correctly
rodding formulas apply to many phases of the sport
the answers they give can often pave the way to performance increases and quite often are necessary for completing entry blanks for different events
when it is needed one formula is as important as another
however some formulas are used more than others
we'll take them in the general order of their popularity
a rodder should be able to compute the displacement of his engine
displacement is sometimes referred to as swept volume
most entry blanks for competitive events require engine displacement information because of class restrictions
it is good to be able to compute displacement so that changes in it resulting from boring and stroking can be computed
factors involved in the displacement formula are the bore diameter of the engine 's cylinders the length of the piston stroke the number of cylinders in the engine and a constant
the constant is which is one-quarter of #.#### another constant known as pi
pi is used in formulas concerned with the dimensions of circles
actually the engine displacement formula is the standard formula for computing the volume of a cylinder of any type with an added factor that represents the number of cylinders in the engine
the cross-sectional area of the cylinders is determined and then the volume of the individual cylinders is computed by multiplying the area by the stroke length which is the equivalent of the length of the cylinders
multiplying the result by the number of cylinders in the engine gives the engine 's total displacement
the formula is af
dimensions in inches and fractions of inches will give the displacement in cubic inches
dimensions in centimeters and fractions of centimeters will give the displacement in cubic centimeters cc.
one inch equals #.## centimeters one cubic inch equals ##.## cubic centimeters
for example let 's consider a standard ### cubic inch chevy aj
these engines have a cylinder diameter of #-# inches and a stroke length of # inches
the formula with the fractions converted to decimals becomes af
to arrive at the answer multiply the numbers together by starting at the left of the group and working to the right
the different steps will look like this af
a cylinder 's compression ratio is computed by comparing the cylinder 's volume or its displacement with the total volume of the cylinder and its combustion chamber
cylinder volume can be determined mathematically but combustion chamber volume must be measured with a liquid
cylinder volume is determined in exactly the same manner as for the displacement formula af
to measure the volume of one of the combustion chambers in the cylinder head install the valves and spark plug in the chamber and support the head so that its gasket surface is level
then pour water or light oil from a graduated beaker into the chamber to fill the chamber to its gasket surface
do overfill the chamber
this is possible with water and other liquids that have a high surface tension
such liquids will rise to a considerable height above the surface around the chamber before they will flow out of the chamber
the amount of liquid poured into the chamber is determined by subtracting the quantity still in the beaker when the chamber is full from the original quantity
most beakers are graduated in cubic centimeters cc. making it necessary to convert the result to cubic inches
however the displacement of the cylinder can be converted to cubic centimeters
the compression ratio arrived at with the formula will be the same regardless of whether cubic inches or cubic centimeters are used
the only precaution is that all volumes used in the formula be quoted in the same terms
the volume of the cylinder opening in the head gasket must be computed by multiplying its area in square inches by the gasket 's thickness in thousandths of an inch
sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation
the volume of the opening is added to the combustion chamber volume
another thing that must be taken into consideration is the volume of the area between the top of the piston and the top of the cylinder block when the piston is in top dead center position
compute this volume by measuring the distance from the top of the block to the piston head as accurately as possible with a depth micrometer or some other precision measuring device and then multiply the area of the cylinder by the depth
the formula for this step is af
this volume is added to the total volume of the combustion chamber and head gasket opening
the total of these three volumes is the final combustion chamber volume
after the factors just described have been computed they are applied to the following formula af
for an example let 's dream up an engine that has a final combustion chamber volume of # cubic inches and a cylinder volume of ## cubic inches
applying these figures to the formula we get the equation af
the compression ratio is ## to #
this method of computing compression ratio cannot be used accurately for engines that have pistons with either domed or irregularly shaped heads
any irregularity on the piston heads will make it impossible with normal means to determine the final combustion chamber volume because the volume displaced by the piston heads cannot be readily computed
the only way to determine the final combustion chamber volume when such pistons are used is by measuring it with liquid while the cylinder head is bolted to the cylinder block and the piston is in top dead center position
gear ratio -- speed relationships
there are four versions of the formula that involves the relationships of car speed engine speed rear axle gear ratio and rear tire size
by using the appropriate version any one of these factors can be determined for any combination of the other three
to simplify the formulas a representative symbol is substituted for each of the factors
mph for car speed
for engine crankshaft speed
for rear axle gear ratio
for tire size
tire size can be determined in several ways but the one that is the easiest and as accurate as any is by measuring the effective radius of a wheel and tire assembly
this is done by measuring the distance from the surface on which the tire is resting to the center of the rear axle shaft
a tire must be inflated to its normal hot operating pressure and the car must be loaded to its operating weight when this measurement is made
the measurement must be in inches
any fraction of an inch involved in the measurement must be converted to a decimal equivalent to simplify the mathematics
when tire size is measured in this manner a constant of ### is used in the formula
to determine car speed for a given combination of engine speed gear ratio and tire size the formula is af
for an engine speed of #### rpm a gear ratio of #.## to # and a tire radius of ## inches the equation would look like this af
to determine engine speed for a given combination of the other three factors the formula is af
using the same figures as for the previous example the equation becomes af
to determine the rear axle gear ratio for a combination of the other three factors the formula is af
using the figures from the previous examples the equation becomes af
orlando , fla. , feb. #
the best #-year-old pacing mile up to date at ben white raceway has been that of mary liner mainliner-highland ellen a member of the dick williams stable who was clocked #:##
she is owned by ralph h. kroening milwaukee wis. who according to the railbirds can feel justly proud of her
other good miles have been by debonnie dale frost-debby hanover and prompt time adios-on time in #:##-:##
kimberly gal galophone-kimberly hanover #:##.#
laguerre hanover tar heel-lotus hanover and monel tar heel-miracle byrd in #:##
laguerre hanover is outstanding in type and conformation good body plenty of heart girth stands straight on his legs on excellent feet and has the smoothest gait
this colt is behind most of the other #-year-olds in the simpson stable but can show about as much pace as any of them
monel shows improvement with each work-out and looks the makings of a good brood mare after winning her share of races
stardel star 's pride-starlette hanover #:## looks quite promising
fury hanover hoot mon-fay caper hoot mon-columbia hanover and isaac hoot mon-goddess hanover has been working together but have equalled their best work done some weeks ago
fury and caper worked in #:## and did it with ease
they are two good colts of different type
fury is upstanding and on the rangy side and caper is more the compact type
i have never seen caper off his feet he seems to know nothing but trot and keeps trying a little harder if asked to do so
fury has made a few mistakes but looks like a wonderful prospect with his impressive gait and stride which certainly make him cover the ground
trackdown torrid-mighty lady has worked a mile in #:##.#
it took this colt several weeks to strike a pace
then after emasculation he was eased up for a couple of weeks
he has thrived on all he has gone through and looks the makings of a good little race horse
thor hanover adios-trustful hanover is a wonderful looking prospect and another good individual with solid rugged conformation good flat bone and excellent feet
this colt arrived at the raceway early last november and immediately was put into harness and line-driven for a few days and then put to cart and broken in very nicely knowing nothing but trot
he appeared in the hopples about november ## was treated for worms on the ##th the latter date being the first time he struck a real pace
on december # he paced a mile in ## on the twice-around out in third position all the way
this colt has done everything asked of him and done it with ease
his best mile to date is #:##.#
gamecock tar heel-terka hanover is another promising colt and his best time is #:##.#
this is one of the best-tempered tar heels ever at the center
the first time he was harnessed he stood like a gentle old mare
the crupper under his tail seemed to be old stuff
the fourth time in harness he walked off like a gentleman
being blistered for curbs has delayed his work somewhat
but up to date he has shown as much as any in the big simpson stable
hustler knight dream-torkin is a playful bay rascal of a colt the best gaited but he surely can pace and is right there with them and sometimes leading them in the best miles
torrid freight torrid-breeze on hal is a very rugged strong-made colt with a wonderful stride who has done with ease everything asked of him
his best time is around #:##
strongheart adios-direct gal a fair-looking sorrel colt knows nothing but pace and has been right there in the best miles
torrid adios torrid-adios molly is so masculine as most of the colts but i like his type and he certainly is one of the best-gaited pacers on the grounds
blistered for curbs and laid off three weeks he is coming along fine and looks like a pacer to me
first flyer frisco flyer-castle light looks like a splendid candidate for the illinois stakes
his best time is #:##.#
the colts in simpson 's stable have little if anything on the fillies especially the pacers
justine hanover sampson hanover-justitia hanover is improving with each work-out and paced #:##.# weeks ago
mrs. freight knight dream-miss reed shows promise and does it in good form and her best time is about #:##
hoopla tar heel-holiday hanover a filly that wanted to trot knocked herself october ## and november # fighting the hopples
she was then trained on the trot until december ## hitched to a breaking cart once around the half-mile track and hoppled again
this time she submitted and in a few days was going good
on january ## she paced a mile in #:##.#--:##
on jan. ## #:##.#--:##.#
on jan. ## #:##
this filly is a much better individual than either of her full-sisters valentine day and cerise more scale and much better underpinning
she is more like her full brother taraday hanover but larger
up to date she is a grand-looking filly
pete dailey has four promising #-year-old pacers
marquis pick gene abbe-direct grattan seems to be the pick of the stable at the present time
he is a fine-looking colt with a good body good set of legs and nice way of going
his best mile to date is #:##-:##
majestic pick comes next with a mile in #:##-:##.#
this colt is another fine-looking equine
staley hanover knight dream-sweetmite hanover is a little on the small side but a very compact colt and looks like one to stand training and many future battles with colts in his class
best time to date is #:##-:##
step aside direct rhythm-wily widow has worked in #:## on the half-mile track and shows promise
most of billy haughton 's #-year-olds have worked from #:## to #:##
bonnie wick gene abbe-scotch mary has gone in #:##
hickory ash titan hanover-misty hanover in #:##
the first time i saw the latter filly she trotted by me and i noticed such a family resemblance that i said to myself that must be hickory ash
she is a beautiful filly and likes to trot
hickory hill star 's pride-venus hanover has gone in #:##
hickory spark harlan-hickory tiny #:##
buxton hanover tar heel-beryl hanover #:##
faber 's kathy faber hanover-ceyway #:##
honor rodney rodney-honor bright around #:##
the last-named is a fine-looking large colt who has been unfortunate to be laid off for some time due to injuries
he is going sound again now and looks good
brief candle harlan-marcia has gone in #:##
lena faber faber hanover-chalidale lena #:##
martha rodney rodney-miss martha d. #:##
checkit faber hanover-supermarket #:##
charm rodney rodney-the charmer #:##
fair sail farvel-topsy herring #:##
custom maid knight dream-way dream #:##.#
jacky dares meadow gene-princess lorraine #:##
good flying good time-olivette hanover #:##
bordner hanover tar heel-betty mahone #:##
faber 's choice faber hanover-sally joe whippet #:##
invercalt florican-inverness #:##
duffy dares meadow gene-princess mite #:##
harold j. worthy boy-lady scotland #:##
knightfall knight dream-miss worthy grapes #:##
next knight knight dream-next time #:##
trader jet florican-my precious #:##
trader rich worthy boy-marquita hanover #:##
good little girl good time-mynah hanover #:##
iosola hanover kimberly kid-isoletta hanover #:##
the last-named is one of the favorites in the stable and the boys like her very much
i will be able to tell you more about this string of equines in the near future
i have just seen debonnie and prompt time work a mile in #:## last quarter in :##.#
in going away debonnie got behind several lengths stalling at the start she is a little fussy
they left the three-quarters together and finished almost together
prompt time shows class
this filly is another adios that wants to trot and trot she did until forced to do otherwise
after well broken and equipped with ##-oz. shoes on behind bare-footed in front she would trot a real storm with the master delvin driving
being placed in the hopples she was completely baffled
she hesitated she hopped she rolled and rocked skipped and jumped but in some two weeks she started to pace from that time to this she has shown steady improvement and now looks like one of the classiest things on the grounds
rain on friday prevented many workouts but there were a few miles of note on thursday
those responsible included stardel hanover star 's pride-starlette hanover #:##-:##.#
lorena gallon bill gallon-loren hanover #:##-:##.#
prudent hanover dean hanover-precious hanover #:##.#-:##.#
premium freight titan hanover-pebble hanover #:##.#-##.#
laguerre hanover tar heel-lotus hanover #:##.#-:##.#
monel tar heel-miracle byrd #:##.#-:##.#
fury hanover hoot mon-fay #:##.#-:##
isaac hoot mon-goddess hanover #:##.#-:##
caper hoot mon-columbia hanover #:##.#-:##
lucky freight knight dream-lusty helen #:##.#-:##.#
sam caton 's butterwyn scotch victor-butler wyn a light bay filly knows nothing but trot and has worked on the half-mile in #:##-:##
riverboat dalzell-cousin rachel has gone in #:##
sam is having his troubles with layton hanover dean hanover-lucy hanover but hopes to have him straightened out and going before long
jimmy jordon is high on adios scarlet adios-rena grattan and she sure looks good as she goes by
her best time to date is about #:##
he also likes hampton hanover titan hanover-bertie hanover #:##
cathy j. hanover tar heel-kaola hanover formerly called karet hanover has been rather a problem child but is getting better all the while and can pace a twice around in about #:##
armbro comet nibble hanover-mauri hanover has been in #:##
flick nipe 's and neil engle 's miss phone galophone-prissy miss is a fine-looking filly with good disposition and good gait and she has worked up to date in #:##
del mar , calif. , feb. #
after ## rainless days moisture finally came to del mar resulting in but one workout during the week for most of the horses and leaving us with less than half our total average rainfall during the season
while #-year-olds are still gaining most of the attention at the track green horses are starting to go a bit and jimmy cruise has several that can really make it
work-outs for the week are as follows plain scotch # by scotch victor demon law # by demon hanover coffee royal p by royal blackstone and beauty way p # by demon hanover in ##
eddie duke p # by duke of lullwater marilyn c. p by sampson hanover and chalidale barry # by king 's ransom in #:##
tiger hanover p # by adios in #:##
sherwood lass # by victory song in #:##
and dauntless # by greentree adios in #:##
for the aged horses mr. budlong p #:##.# lottie thomas p #:##.# mighty signal #:## clever braden p #:##.# and glow star p #:##.# have been in #:##
miss demon abbe p #:##.# has trotted in #:## and is expected to race at this gait
carter creed p # #:##.# great lullwater #:##.# and hi jay p #:##.# have been in #:##
tanker t. # #:##.# is now wearing hopples and has trained in #:##
stormy dream p #:##.# demon abbe p #:## dundeen b. # #:##.# claudia 's song # #:##.# and jet fire # #:##.# have been in #:##
maria key # #:## looked great in #:##
mocking byrd p #:##.# has been in #:## with a racing date approaching at bay meadows
dewey urban has a clever green trotter in dr. orin i. # by yankee hanover his latest mile in #:##
victory sun p #:## has trained in #:##
early sun p #:##.# chester maid #:## dark sun p #:##.# and sun tan maid #:##.# have been in #:##
the average reader of this magazine owns more than one gun we ran a survey to find out but he 's always on the lookout for new and better arms
he 's more than a reader of outdoor articles
he 's a real hunter and shooter eager to improve his sport
well if you're that kind of sportsman we're here to help you
you've probably given a lot of christmas-season thought to the guns in your rack but it 's easy to decide on a new one
you still have time to drop a few hints about the gifts you'd appreciate most
the time to decide on them is now
as a christmas service i've taken a close look at this year 's crop of new models
here they are with my comments and judgments
read on take your pick and start dropping those hints
first on my own list would be two arms a rifle and a handgun that qualify as new in the strictest sense
for me a changed barrel length or an improved stock doesn't constitute a truly new design
such modifications are all for the best but it takes something as different as a deerstalker or a jet to change arms-making concepts
bill ruger 's long-awaited deerstalker under $### is a new rifle action in a caliber that upsets all the modern theory of high-velocity fans
it 's a short light quick-handling fast-firing little timber gun designed to push a heavy slug at modest velocity but with lots of killing power and ample range for our most popular big game whitetail
ruger reports that on his recent african safari the little magnum cartridge was a real work horse
small antelope were generally grassed with one shot and the magnum carbine also bagged reedbuck kob and wart hog with deadly efficiency
these are fairly large tough animals
the deadliness of the magnum in a rifle comes as no surprise to me
at least five years ago tom robinson of marlin made up an over double rifle for me in this caliber using the now defunct model ## action in ##-gauge size
after figuring out how to regulate the barrels so that they shot to the same point of impact we fired this little ##-inch-barrel job on my home range and in marlin 's underground test gallery
we quickly ran into the same trouble that plagued bill ruger in his first experiments three or four bullets would be placed well in a six-inch bull at ### yards and then unaccountably one could stray far out of the group
ruger learned that this was because the higher velocity achieved in a long barrel was upsetting the shape of the unjacketed revolver bullet
the new jacketed slug in magnum corrected this
but even without jacketed bullets i had enough faith in my double to take it on an opening-day deer hunt that first year
within half an hour i jumped a six-point buck that hop-skipped through a rhododendron thicket and i caught him just behind the left foreleg at ## yards
he moved only about ## feet after the ###-grain slug hit him and this was after the bullet had passed through a sapling
three more deer have fallen to this same gun and all were one-shot kills
my double was made with standard-weight revolver barrels before cutting to revolver length and although it compares well in other respects it 's considerably heavier than the deerstalker which only scales about #-# pounds
if ever a rifle met the needs of the whitetail hunter this is it
the deerstalker points with the ease speed and precision of a fine imported double shotgun and its trigger pull is light and sharp
the ###-grain bullet leaves the muzzle at #,### fps which gives it all the smash needed at woods ranges
with five shots at the immediate command of the hunter 's trigger finger the gun and load are a deadly combination
the second really new development this year was a revolver handling a different sort of varmint load the
remington jet magnum center fire
at present it 's available in one model the fine and familiar smith & wesson magnum revolver about $### long a top-quality handgun among target arms
the velocity of this
##-grain bullet is rated at a very hot #,### fps and it 's the flattest shooting of any revolver cartridge with a mid-range rise of about an inch over a ###-yard range
this is a varmint load pure and simple
it 's much too explosive for small edible game
it can cut a red squirrel neatly in two or burst a crow into a flurry of feathers
the most intriguing aspect of the s & w magnum chambered for the new jet is that it can also fire standard
rim-fires by means of adapter sleeves in the chambers
you may therefore convert the gun into a small-game and plinking arm although the difference in the point of impact jet vs. rim-fire can be somewhat disconcerting
the accuracy of the jet cartridge is fine
i tested it in my scoped s & w and it was good enough to allow me to hit a chuck with every shot at ### yards if i did my part by holding the handgun steadily
hunting rifles , '##
the fact that the deerstalker and the jet were the only completely new designs this year doesn't mean that #### didn't see changes in models actions and calibers
aside from the ruger carbine a number of hunting rifles have been introduced for the first time
here are the brands in alphabetical order and the new models
newcomers to the american hunter are the browning group of bolt-action high-power rifles
they have fine fn actions and a better-than-average finish on both the metal and the stock wood
barrel weights vary sensibly with the various calibers available and these include the standard bores about $### plus the magnums around $###
the latter include the
s & h and
shotgun-type rubber recoil pads are standard on all of the magnums except the
stock designs are excellent for use with scopes
colt 's center-fire #### rifles are all made with sako actions regardless of caliber
have the short action
and the medium action and the
af and the magnums the long action about $### for the standard coltsman and $### for the custom version
previously fn actions were used for the larger cartridges
high standard has introduced a
auto the sport-king in two grades field and special less than $## and just over $## respectively
it 's a streamlined rifle fast and well-made
magnum rim-fire rifles #### 's lone newcomer was the kodiak model ### autoloader around $##
previously known as jefferson arms kodiak has given this ##-shot hammerless job an exceptionally fine stock design and the ### is the first autoloader to handle
marlin has made two contributions to the harvest of new offerings
the model ## under $## is a light-weight streamlined
rim-fire auto with a tubular magazine that holds ## long rifles
it 's extremely accurate for an auto and the test rifle i tried was completely trouble-free in functioning
the ### about $## is an even newer
auto this one with a seven- or ##-shot clip
once again the mossberg targo outfit has appeared but this time as a bolt-action rifle-shotgun combination
the bore is unrifled but is provided with an insert tube which is rifled and which surprisingly gives pretty fair accuracy even though it 's only #-# inches long
you can unscrew this tube and replace it with a smoothbore insert for use with
shotshells to break the little targo clay targets
a trap for throwing these miniature clays fastens to the barrel so that the shooter can throw his own targets
a spring trap for solid mounting and a regular hand trap are also available
you can have your choice of a seven-shot repeater the ###tr about $## or a single-shot the ###tr $## less
the targo is a good outfit for fun shooting or for economic wing-shooting practice but it 's tougher than it looks to run up a score on the clay birds
they'll travel ## feet or more when thrown from the spring trap but it 's almost impossible to break one after it passes the ##-foot mark
the combination of thin pattern and very tiny pellets makes it necessary to get on the birds right now
big magnum calibers appeared in the remington line for #### with the addition of the and to the list of model ### 's
these are made on special order only in kodiak grade about $### with integral muzzle brakes and heavy rubber recoil pads
they weigh around nine pounds
a shortened version of the highly regarded remington ### autoloader also appeared in ####
this carbine under $### about $## more for a deluxe grade has an ##-# barrel and was obviously inspired by the popularity of last year 's model ### pump with a short-barrel
this design is hard to beat for timber hunting or for packing in a saddle scabbard
presently the ###c is available in af
the latest versions of the famous savage model ## are the ## featherweight about $### and the ## deluxe under $### which have a top-tang safety and improved trigger design
the replacement of the slide-lock side safety catch will make this lever-action favorite more appealing than ever since the new safety is easier and faster to operate
beginners' guns , '##
a fresh crop of beginners' guns showed up in #### and they're good bets for your christmas gift list if you're wondering what to get for a youngster
the most unusual of them is the ithaca ## about $## $# for a saddle scabbard a lever-action single-shot patterned after the famous winchester lever-action and featuring the western look
because of its traditional lines it probably has more kid appeal than any other model
the action is a drop-block handling all the standard
marlin 's latest is also designed for the beginning shooter although it 's a full-sized rifle with plenty of barrel weight and ample stock
this is the model ### about $##
it 's a single-shot bolt-action with an automatic safety i.e. the safety goes on every time the bolt is lifted and the gun cocked for the next shot
stock design is excellent and this model is a good first gun
another boy 's model is the
single-shot remington ###c around $## which comes with a ##-inch barrel and a short ##-# stock
it 's just right for a boy of ##-#
a beginner 's shotgun has also been introduced this year
the single-barrel stevens ###y under $## is made with a side lever rather than a top-tang lever because many youngsters aren't strong enough to operate a top tang to open a gun and the side lever does indeed open very easily
this gun has a ##-# stock and is available in either ## or gauge
there 's another addition to the stevens line the pump-action model ## in under $## which you may or may consider a kid 's gun
many experienced hunters like this gauge and type of scattergun too
shotguns , '##
although there were no startling developments in shotgun design this year a number of new models and variations of existing models did hit the market
for example a browning trap version of the superposed over the broadway from $### up depending on grade differs from standard models in that it is equipped with a full beavertail fore end a cushion recoil pad and a barrel-wide ventilated rib for fast sighting
the colt line now includes a new scattergun the standard or custom pump model about $## and $### respectively in ## ## and ##
firearms international has introduced another import this one from finland
it 's the valmet about $### a ##-gauge over very much like the old remington ## which was so fine a gun that today a used one still brings high prices
high standard has also added two models to its line
the supermatic trophy prices begin at less than $### and depend on grade and optional features is a ##-gauge auto
the flite-king trophy beginning at just over $## is a pump gun in ## or ##
either model is a very good dollar value
mossberg 's latest contribution to the field is the model ### from $##.##
this is an improved version of the old model ### a pump-action ##-gauge shotgun
see page ## for a complete report on it
handguns , '##
aside from the
jet which i coupled with the deerstalker carbine as one of the year 's two biggest developments few significant innovations appeared among #### 's handguns
livery stable j. vernon prop.
coaching had declined considerably by #### but the sign was still there near the old wells fargo building in san francisco creaking in the fog as it had for thirty years
john vernon had had all the patronage he cared for he had prospered but he could retire from horsedom
coaching was in his blood
he had two interests in life the pleasures of the table and driving
twice a week he drove his tallyho over the santa cruz road upland and through the redwood forest with orchards below him at one hand and glimpses of the pacific at the other
the journey back he made along the coast road traveling hell-for-leather every lantern of the tallyho ablaze
the southward route was the classic run in california and the most fashionable
his patronage on this stretch was made up largely of san franciscans regulars most of them and trenchermen like himself
they did complain at the inhuman hour of starting seven in the morning nor of the tariff which was reasonable since it covered everything but the tobacco
breakfast was at the palace hotel luncheon was somewhere in the mountain forest and dinner was either at boulder creek or at santa cruz
gazing too long at the scenery could be tiring so halts were contrived between meals
then the chinese hostler who rode with vernon on the box would break open a hamper and produce filets of smoked bass or sturgeon sandwiches pickled eggs and a rum sangaree to be heated over a spirit lamp
in spring and in autumn the run was made for a group of botanists which included an old friend of mine
they gathered roots bulbs odd ferns leaves and bits of resin from the rare santa lucia fir which exists only on a forty-five mile strip on the westerly side of these mountains
in the spanish days franciscan monks roamed here to collect the resin for incense
it yields a fragrance as orphic as that of the pastilles of malabar
vernon was serviceable on the botanical field trips but he could arrange no schedule with the cooks and he was glad when the trips dropped off and the botanists began to motor out by themselves
my friend often breakfasted with vernon on the morning of the regular tallyho run
this was an honor like dining with a captain at his private table
vernon 's office adjoined the stable and the walls were adorned with brightly colored lithographs the folk art of the period
they advertised harness polish liniments ball 's rubber boots green river whiskey hood 's sarsaparilla patent medicines shoe blacking and chewing tobacco
the hostler would have the table ready and a pot of coffee hissing on the stove
then a porter from manning 's fish house would trot in with a tray on his head
it was draped with snowy napkins that kept hot a platter of oyster salt roast and a mound of corn fritters
vernon was consummately fond of oysters and manning 's had been famous for them since the civil war
oyster salt roast oysters on the half shell cooked on a bed of coarse salt that kept them hot when served was a standby at manning 's
its early morning patrons were coachmen who fortified themselves for the day with that delicacy
in the #### 's the palace hotel began serving an oyster dish named after its manager john c. kirkpatrick
this dish much resembles the oysters rockefeller made famous by antoine 's in new orleans though the palace chef announced it as a variant of manning 's roast oysters
gastronomes have long argued about which came first the palace 's or antoine 's
antoine 's held as mandatory a splash of absinthe or pernod on the parsley or spinach which was used for the underbedding
the kirkpatrick version holds liqueur as optional
vernon however held out for plain oyster roast and plenty of it unadorned by herbs or any seasoning but salt though he did fancy a bit of lemon
after the meal he and his guests went out to inspect the rig
this was merely a ritual to please all hands concerned
the tallyho had cost vernon $#,###
a replica of two coaches made in england for the belmont club in the east and matchless west of the rockies it was the despair of whips on the santa cruz run
one could shave in the reflection of its french-polished panels and its axles were greased like those of roulette wheels
the horses were groomed to a high gloss
departing they stepped solemnly with knees lifted to the jaw for they had been trained to drag at important funerals
but for the start of the santa cruz run the whip fell
the clients boarded the tallyho at the palace promptly at seven
they had been fed a hunting breakfast so called because a kedgeree the dish identified with fox hunting was on the bill
there are many ways of making a kedgeree every one of which is right
here is an original kedgeree recipe from the family club 's kitchen
flake for three a cupful of cold boiled haddock mix with a cupful of cooked rice two minced hard-boiled eggs some buttery white sauce done with cream cayenne pepper salt a pinch of curry a tablespoonful of minced onion fried and a bit of anchovy
heat and serve hot on toast
the omelet named for ernest arbogast the palace 's chef was even more in demand
for decades it was the most popular dish served in the ladies' grill at breakfast and it is one of the few old palace dishes that still survive
native california oysters salty and piquant as coppery as delawares and much larger than a five-cent piece went into it
the original formula goes thus
fry in butter a small minced onion rub with a tablespoonful of flour add half a cup of cream six beaten eggs pepper celery salt a teaspoonful of minced chives a dash of cayenne and a pinch of nutmeg
a jigger of dry sherry follows and as the mixture stiffens in go a hundred of the little oysters
louis sherry once stayed a fortnight at the palace and he was so pleased with omelet arbogast that he introduced it at his restaurant in new york j. pierpont morgan had come in his private train to san francisco to attend an episcopal convention and brought the restaurateur with him
as things happened morgan was installed in the nob hill residence of a magnate friend whose kitchen swarmed with cooks of approved talent
sherry remained in his hotel suite where he amused himself as best he could
twice he left everything to his entourage and fled to make the santa cruz tour under vernon 's guidance
in the grand court of the palace notable for its tiers of moorish galleries that looked down on the maelstrom of vehicles below vernon 's station was at the entrance
it was a post of honor held inviolate for him
he had the primacy among the coachmen
of majestic build rubicund and slash-mouthed he resembled the late general winfield scott who was said to be the most imposing general of his century if of all centuries
vernon wore a gray tall hat a gardenia and maroon wellington boots that glistened like currant jelly
promptly at seven he would clatter out of the court with twelve in the tallyho
he had style he held his reins in a loose bunch at the third button of his checked epsom surtout and when the horses leaned at a curve as if bent by the force of a gale he leaned with them
they cantered down the peninsula slackening until the coach reached woodside where the santa cruz uplands begin
the road maps of the region have changed since ####
inns have burned down moved elsewhere or taken other names
once on the road and especially if the passengers were all regulars and masculine the schedule meant nothing
an agreeable ease suffused vernon and the passengers of the tallyho from which there issued clouds of smoke
vernon would tilt his hat over one ear as he lounged with his feet on the dashboard indulging in a huge cigar
the horses moved at a clump
they were no more on parade than was their driver
one fork of the road was as good as another
the santa cruz mountains sprawl over three counties and the roads twist through sky-tapping redwoods down whose furrowed columns ripple streams of rain even when heat bakes the santa clara valley below at the left
the water splashes into shoulder-high tracts of fernery
you arrive there in seersucker and feel you were half-witted to bring a mackintosh
vernon kept an account book with a list of all the establishments that he thought worthy of patronage
a number of them must have fallen into disfavor
they were struck out with remarks in red ink denouncing both the cooks and the management
he was copious in his praise of those that served food that was good to eat
the horses seemed to know these by instinct he used to say such places invariably had stables with superior feed bins
there was wright 's for one lost amongst trees its wide verandas strewn with rockers
many of its sojourners were devoted to seclusion and quiet and lived there to the end of their days
it was the haunt of writer ambrose bierce who admired its redwoods
acorns from the great oaks fed the small black pigs akin to berkshires whose carcass sweepstakes were renowned
their ham butts cured in oak-log smoke were also esteemed when roasted or boiled and served with this original sauce
wright 's devil sauce
put into a saucepan a cupful of the baked ham gravy or of the boiled ham liquor with a half stick of butter three teaspoonfuls of made mustard and two mashed garlic cloves
contribute also an onion a peeled tomato and two pickled gherkins and a mashed lime
after this has simmered an hour add two tablespoons each of worcestershire catsup and chutney two pickled walnuts and a pint of sherry
then simmer fifteen minutes longer
every winter a kegful of this sauce was made and placed at the end of a row of four other kegs in the cellar so that when its turn came it was properly mellowed
vineyards and orchards also grew around wright 's and deer were rather a nuisance
they leaped six-foot fences with the agility of panthers
but no one complained when they wound up regardless of season in venison pies
no one complained of the white wine either at this altitude of two thousand feet grapes acquire a dryness and the tang of gunflint
the almaden vineyards have now climbed to this height
apple trees grew there also
though creeks in the santa cruz mountains flow brimful the year round and it is forever spring the apples that grow there have a wintry crackle
dwellers thereabouts preferred to get their apple pies at the local bakery which had a brick oven fired with redwood billets
the merit of the pie vernon believed was due more to its making than to the waning heat of the oven
the recipe which he got from the baker and wrote down in his ledger is basically this
wright 's apple pie
peel core and slice across enough apples to make a dome in the pie tin and set aside
in a saucepan put sufficient water to cover them an equal amount of sugar a sliced lemon a tablespoonful of apricot preserve or jam a pinch each of clove and nutmeg and a large bay leaf
let this boil gently for twenty minutes then strain
poach the apples in this syrup for twelve minutes drain them and cool
set the apples in the pastry-lined tin spread over them three tablespoonfuls of softened butter with as much brown sugar a sprinkling of nutmeg and a fresh bay leaf then lay on a cover of pastry and gild it with beaten yolk of egg
those who have never traveled the width and length of this land cannot conceive on the basis of textbook description alone the overwhelming space and variety of this country held together under one government
the miracle of democratic america comes home to one most strongly only when one has seen the endless great plains of the midwest
the sky-reaching peaks of the northwest mountains
the smoke-filled art-filled drama-filled life of the great cities of the east
the lush and historic charm of the south
now to add to the already unbelievable extremes found in one nation we have the two new states of hawaii and alaska
to hope to cover just one region of this land and to enjoy all of its sights and events and of course to bring back pictures of your experiences requires advance planning
for this reason u.s. camera has prepared this special u.s.a. vacation feature
we divided the country into five regions plus hawaii and alaska and in each is included a general description of the area plus specific recommendations of places and events to cover
any special photographic requirements are also given
use this section to plan now to make the most of your vacation in photogenic america
birthplace of the nation the northeast offers historic battlefields
lovely old villages and a rugged seashore among its many worthwhile sights
the rolling farms of maryland the peerless metropolis of new york city the verdant mountains of vermont can all be included in your northeast vacation
by automobile from new york for example you can take a one or two-day tour to annapolis maryland to see the colonial homes and the u.s. naval academy where you can shoot the dress parade on wednesdays
to washington d.c. for an eye-filling tour of the city
or to lancaster pa. the center of the pennsylvania dutch country
philadelphia with its historic buildings and nearby valley forge
to west point n.y. the famous military academy in a beautiful setting on the hudson river
new england deserves as much of your vacation time as you can afford with such areas as cape cod providing wonderful beaches artists' colonies and quaint townships
from here you can easily include a side trip to the old whaling port of nantucket massachusetts which looks just as it must have two centuries ago
at sturbridge village massachusetts you'll find a completely-restored new england town
north to acadia national park maine with views of a rockbound coast and dark magnificent forests
one of the most exciting ways to end a northeast vacation would be with a week in new york city
return through new england stopping for a visit to lake champlain where you can take a boat ride and go to ethan allen park
there you'll witness a view which includes the adirondack mts. and the winooski river
now you're ready for a whirlwind sightseeing tour of america 's most exciting city
the skyline the bridges broadway and the staten island ferry are only a few of the spots to put on your must list for new york city
photographing in the northeast
some tips for shooting in northeastern locales in new york city don't miss coverage of the united nations
these striking modernistic buildings on the east river are open to the public and every weekday guided tours are available
pictures can be taken in the public areas and when on tours
however the use of tripods is allowed
photos of conference rooms and the general assembly hall can be made when these rooms are being used for meetings
flash is allowed subject to above restrictions
around new england you'll no doubt want a color shot of one of the picturesque lighthouses
be careful here to overexpose this subject since they are extremely bright and light-reflecting
in color # of a second between af and af will do for bright frontal sunlight
the southern united states extending from florida in the east to texas in the west still maintains its unique flavor of gracious living and historical elegance
it encompasses in its expanse areas where the natural beauty encourages a vacation of quiet contemplation on the one hand to places where entertainment and spectacles of all sorts have been provided for the tourist with camera
of special interest this anniversary year of the war between the states are the many civil war battlefields where likely as you'll catch some memorial re-enactments
among the locales to visit are shiloh tennessee
lookout mountain tennessee
petersburg virginia and fredericksburg virginia
florida provides tropical scenes unequalled in the united states
at cypress gardens special bleachers are set up for photographers at water-ski shows and lovely models pose for pictures in garden settings
silver springs features glass-bottom boat rides and in everglades national park there are opportunities to photograph rare wildlife
miami beach and surroundings feature fabulous hotel row palm-studded beaches plus the miami seaquarium and parrot jungle
one of the most delightful spots in a southern tour is the city of new orleans
the famous old french and spanish buildings with their elaborate wrought iron balconies and the narrow streets of the latin quarter present an old world scene
for restoration of early american life the places to visit are williamsburg jamestown and yorktown virginia
another virginia sight and a photographic adventure are the luray caverns lit by photofloodlights
the great state of texas offers metropolitan attractions such as the dallas fair park with its art and natural history museums
in contrast are the vast open stretches of ranch country and oil wells
in san antonio visit the famous alamo and photograph ##th century spanish buildings and churches
the great smoky mountains is another area of the south well worth a visit
along the ###-mile route through great smoky mountains national park you can photograph the breath-taking peaks gorges and valleys which come into view at every turn
gatlinburg tennessee is the center of this area
another scenic spot in tennessee is chattanooga where the rock city gardens are to be missed
beautiful homes and gardens are trademarks of the south and cities particularly noted for them are charleston s.c. natchez miss. and savannah ga.
at charlottesville va. shoot monticello and the beautiful buildings of the university
picturing the south
foliage is the outstanding photo subject in many of the southern locales mentioned above and some specific tips on how and where to shoot it are in order
for example the chamber of commerce of gatlinburg tennessee sponsors special camera tours into the great smoky mountains to get pictures of the profusion of wild flowers flourishing in these wooded regions
exposure problems may occur in these forest areas where uneven lighting results from shafts of sunlight filtering through the overhead branches
best solution is to find an area that is predominantly sunlight or shade
in any instance you should determine the exposure according to the type of light which falls on most of the subject area
try some closeups on southern blossoms to provide a welcome contrast with the many long-view scenics you'll be making
for shooting the interiors of the famous ante-bellum southern mansions make sure your equipment includes a tripod
enough daylight is usually available from the windows but if you have synchronized flash use it
for some unusual photographic subjects if your vacation takes you nearby try these events the ###-mile auto race in charlotte n.c. on may ##
the florida folk festival white springs may #-#
singing on the mountain in linville north carolina on june ##
peak action photography is your goal at miami 's seaquarium and the cypress gardens waterskiing events
a pleasant start to your midwestern vacation is a few days spent in cosmopolitan chicago
lake michigan offers swimming and pictures which combine cityscapes with beaches
a visit to chicago 's museums and a stroll around broad michigan avenue will unfold many photogenic subjects to the alert photographer
wisconsin dells where fantastically scenic rocks carved by the wisconsin river are overgrown with fern and other foliage rates a stopover when traveling from chicago
the farmlands forming the heart of america stretch out across the midwest from chicago
in north dakota the strangely beautiful badlands will challenge you to translate its wonder on to film
while here visit theodore roosevelt national park for its spectacular scenery
another spot with an image-provoking name is the black hills where you can visit the old frontier mining town of deadwood
the black hills passion play is produced every summer and is a pageant worth seeing and shooting
of course while in this vicinity you won't want to miss a visit to mount rushmore national memorial where on the side of a mountain are the famous sculptures of presidents washington lincoln jefferson and theodore roosevelt
in missouri which we are including in our general midwest region you can glance into mark twain 's birthplace at hannibal see the landmarks of his life and writings and visualize where huck finn hatched his boyish mischief
similarly in illinois there is lincoln country to be seen his tomb and other landmarks
minnesota fabled land of waters is in itself ideal vacationland having within its borders ##,### lakes
itasca state park where the mississippi river begins is one of the outstanding tourist spots in minnesota
mementoes of the old west recall the days of wyatt earp in dodge city nebraska where present-day cowboys add a colorful human interest note to your vacation shooting
of current interest is abilene kansas the birthplace of ex-president eisenhower
there 's a museum here and also old abilene town a reconstruction of the cattle boomtown of the ## 's and ## 's
for a resort area mackinack island michigan is the place to visit
it truly relives another age for the inhabitants use carriages rather than autos and old british and french forts are left intact for tourists to visit and record
pictures of the midwest
night scenes will add an exciting touch to your vacation travelogue and what better place to take them then along chicago 's lake shore drive
just after sunset is a good time to record the city lights in color since you get a fill-in light from the sky
another memo for sightseers bring your camera along to museums
photos of historic dioramas of the area you visit will add depth and background to your vacation photo story
again be sure your tripod is handy for those sometimes-necessary time exposures
special events and their dates which will make interesting shooting in the midwest area include the following
a re-enactment of the battle of lexington may ##th at lexington missouri
the world-renowned ###-mile auto race at indianapolis indiana plus a festival from may ##-##
song of hiawatha in elgin illinois from june ## to ##th
michigan offers the lovely tulip festival in holland michigan may ##-##
the usga open in birmingham from june ##-##
and the international freedom festival in detroit june ## thru july #
for early vacationers there 's the fun-filled fishing derby in hot springs arkansas april ##-## and the arkansas band festival in hot springs april ##-##
a western vacation is practically synonymous with a visit to at least one of the magnificent national parks in this area
a tour of several of them is possible in a two-week vacation while a stay at just one of these natural beauty spots can be of equal reward
in california is located one of the most popular of the national parks yosemite
among its most spectacular features are its falls the highest being upper yosemite which drops #,### feet
the sequoia grove presents another unique aspect of yosemite for these ancient giant trees are a sight never to be forgotten
in the utah area are zion national park and bryce canyon national park
fantastic colors are to be seen in the fanciful formations of eroded rock which loom out of the semiarid country in both parks
colorado 's grand canyon probably the most famous landmark of the united states can be the highpoint of your western vacation
built upon seven hills istanbul like rome is one of the most ancient cities in the world filled with splendor and contrast
it is an exotic place so different from the ordinary that the casual tourist is likely to see at first only the contrast and the ugliness of narrow streets lined with haphazard houses
at the moment many of these are being pulled down
whole blocks are disappearing and more are scheduled to vanish to make room for wide boulevards that will show off its treasures to better advantage the great domes and graceful spires of its mosques the panorama of the bosphorus and the golden horn
even when they are finished however the contrast will remain for istanbul is the only city in the world that is built upon two continents
for almost #,### years europe and asia have rubbed shoulders in its streets
founded in the ninth century b.c. it was called byzantium ### years later when byzas ruler of the megarians expanded the settlement and named it after himself
about a thousand years after that when the roman empire was divided it became capital of the eastern section
on may ##,### a.d. its name was changed again this time to constantinople after its emperor constantine
in #### when the last vestige of ancient roman power fell to the turks the city officially shifted religions although the patriarch or pope of the orthodox church continued to live there and still does and became the capital of the ottoman empire
when that was broken up after the first world war its name was changed once more
rich in christian and moslem art istanbul is today a fascinating museum of east and west that recently became a seaside resort as well with the development of new beaches on the bosphorus and the sea of marmara only a short distance from the center of town
easy to get to and becoming more popular every year it is only fourteen hours from new york by pan american world airways jet four hours from rome
start of tour
most of the sights lie in the old section across the golden horn from the modern hotels
i started my tour of them at the turkish government tourist office next to pan american 's office on the left as you enter the driveway that leads to the hilton hotel
from there i turned left along cumhuriyet cadesi past more hotels and a park on the left republic gardens and came in a few moments to taksim square one of the hubs of the city with the monument of the republic erected in #### in its center
directly across from the gardens i found a bus stop sign for t # and rode it down to the bosphorus with the sports center on my left just before i reached the water and the entrance to dolmabahce palace immediately after that
there the bus turned right along the bosphorus past ocean liners at anchor to galata bridge over the entrance to the golden horn a brown sweep of water that empties into the bosphorus
across the bridge on the left i saw st. sophia with its sturdy brown minarets and to the right of them the slenderer spires of the blue mosque
on the other side of the golden horn i rode through eminonu square with yeni cami or the new mosque which dates from the seventeenth century just across from the entrance to the bridge
passing it the bus climbed a hill with the covered spice bazaar on the right and pandelli 's a famous and excellent restaurant above it
at the top of the hill the buildings on the left gave way to a park
i got off there crossed the street walked ahead with st. sophia on my left the blue mosque on my right and in a moment came to the entrance of st. sophia
erected on the site of pagan temples and three previous st. sophias the first of which was begun by constantine this fourth church was started by justinian in ### and completed twenty years later
on his first trip to the finished structure he boasted that he had built a temple grander than solomon 's in jerusalem
a few years later the dome fell in
nevertheless it remained one of the most splendid churches of the eastern empire where the byzantine emperors were crowned
after the turks conquered the city in #### they converted it to a mosque adding the stubby minarets
in the second half of the sixteenth century sinan the great architect who is the michelangelo of the east designed the massive buttresses that now help support the dome
with the birth of the turkish republic after the first world war st. sophia became a museum and the ancient mosaics which were plastered over by the moslems whose religion forbids pictures in holy places have been restored
inside over the first door i saw one of these which shows constantine offering the city to the virgin mary and justinian offering the temple
on the columns around the immense dome are round plaques with arabic writing
the eight green columns i learned came from the temple of artemis at ephesus the others red from the temple of the sun at heliopolis
beneath the dome i saw the spot where the byzantine emperors were crowned a bit of floor protected now by a wooden fence
behind this is a minber or moslem pulpit and near it a raised platform with golden grillwork where the emperors and after them the sultans sat
directly opposite is the emperor 's door through which they entered the building
outside st. sophia i walked through the flower garden in front of it with the blue mosque ahead on my left
across the street on my right i saw the hippodrome now a park
it was laid out in ### for chariot races and other public games
statues and other monuments that stood there were stolen mostly by the waves of crusaders
at the beginning of the hippodrome i saw the kaiser 's fountain an ugly octagonal building with a glass dome built in #### by the german emperor and on my left directly across from it the tomb of sultan ahmet who constructed the blue mosque more properly known by his name
just before coming to the mosque entrance i crossed the street entered the hippodrome and walked ahead to the obelisk of theodosius originally erected in heliopolis in egypt about #,### b.c. by thutmose who also built those now in new york london and rome at the lateran
this one was set up here in ### a.d. on a pedestal the faces of which are carved with statues of the emperor and his family watching games in the hippodrome done so realistically that the obelisk itself is included in them
beyond it i noted a small green column about twelve feet below the present ground level the serpentine column three entwined serpents which once stood at the temple of apollo at delphi greece
near the end of the hippodrome i came upon the built column a truncated obelisk of blocks all that remains of a monument that once rivalled the colossus of rhodes
retracing my steps to the mosque of sultan ahmet only one with six minarets i entered the courtyard with a gallery supported by pointed arches running around it and a fountain in the middle
one of the most beautiful buildings in istanbul it was constructed in the early years of the seventeenth century with a huge central dome two half domes that seem to cascade down from it and smaller full domes around the gallery
the round minarets tall and graceful rise from rectangular bases and have three platforms from which the muezzin can chant his call to prayer
inside the walls are covered with blue and white tile the floor with red and cream carpets
back at the kaiser 's fountain i walked left to the streetcar stop and rode up the hill any car will do past the column of constantine also known as the burnt column at the top on my right
it stands in the middle of what was once the forum of constantine who brought it from rome
i stayed on the car for a few minutes until turning right it entered a huge square bayezit with the bayezit mosque on the right and the gate to the university just beyond it
there i got off crossed the square and on the side directly opposite the gate found a good restaurant hard to come by in this part of the city
called the marmara gazinosu it is on the third floor with signs pointing the way there and has a terrace overlooking the sea of marmara
after lunch in the arcade on my left just before reaching the street i found a pastry shop that sells some of the best baklava a sweet flaky cake in istanbul
it 's a great favorite of the university students and i joined them there for dessert
taking the streetcar back to kaiser 's fountain i walked ahead then left down the street opposite st. sophia and just beyond the corner came to a small one-story building with a red-tile roof which is the entrance to the sunken palace
actually an underground cistern its roof supported by rows and rows of pillars it was built by justinian in the sixth century to supply the palace with water
there is still water in it
i found it fairly depressing and emerged almost immediately
outside i walked past the entrance to st. sophia turned left at the end of it and continued toward a gate in the wall ahead
just before reaching it i came to a grey and brown stone building that looks somewhat like an oriental pagoda with arabic lettering in gold and colored tile decorations the fountain of sultan ahmet
going through the imperial gate in the wall i entered the grounds of topkapi palace home of the sultans and nerve center of the vast ottoman empire and walked along a road toward another gate in the distance past the church of st. irene completed by constantine in ### a.d. on my left and then just outside the second gate i saw a spring with a tap in the wall on my right the executioner 's spring where he washed his hands and his sword after beheading his victims
passing through the gate with towers on either side once used as prisons i entered a huge square surrounded by buildings and on the wall to my right found a general plan of the grounds with explanations in english for each building
there are a good many of them
at one time about ##,### people lived there
following arrowed signs i veered right toward the former kitchens complete with chimneys which now house one of the world 's greatest collections of chinese porcelain and a fabulous array of silver dinner services
next to it is a copper section with cooking utensils and a figure of the chief cook in an elaborate floor-length robe
in the court once more i went right toward the reception house a long one-story building with a deep portico
going through a door into another small court i had the throne room directly in front
i walked to the right around it to buildings containing illuminated manuscripts and came to the treasury which houses such things as coffee cups covered with diamonds jewelled swords rifles glittering with diamonds and huge divan-like thrones as large as small beds on which the sultans sat cross-legged
they are made of gold and covered with emeralds pearls and other jewels
taking the path behind the throne room to the building directly beyond it the portrait gallery i went right at the end of it through a garden to a small building at the back a sitting room furnished with low blue divans its floor covered with carpets its ceiling painted with gold squares and floral designs
do start fires one or two hours ahead of time to obtain a lasting bed of glowing coals
keep ashes from one barbecue to the next to sprinkle over coals if they are too hot and to stop flames that arise from melting grease
do line barbecue fire bowl with heavy foil to reflect heat
don't forget to buy a plastic pastry brush for basting with sauces
clean it meticulously in boiling water and detergent rinse thoroughly
do build a wall of glowing coals six to eight inches in front of meat that is barbecued on an electric spit
make use of the back of the barbecue or of the hood for heating vegetables sauces and such
don't fail to shorten cooking time by the use of aluminum foil cut slightly larger than the surface of steaks and chops
sear on both sides then cover meat loosely with heat reflecting foil for juiciest results
do avoid puncturing or cutting into meats to test them
if doubtful about a steak boldly cut it in half
if necessary to replace both halves on grill sear cuts and allot extra time
for roasts insert meat thermometer diagonally so it does rest on bone
also make sure thermometer does touch the revolving spit or hit the coals
don't practice a new recipe on guests
have a test-run on the family first to be sure timing and seasoning are right
do buy meat the day or the day before you intend to cook it
keep it no longer than ## hours before cooking and keep it in the coldest but non-freezing compartment of the refrigerator
don't plan meals that are too complicated
limit yourself to good meat and drink with bread salad corn or potatoes as accessories
keep the desserts simple
fruit does nicely
do whatever kitchen work such as fixing a salad preparing garlic bread or making a marinade sauce ahead of time
when you start the outdoor performance you can stay outdoors without a dozen running trips into the kitchen
this goes for getting a drink tray ready and for having a big cooler full of ice on hand long before the party begins
don't think you have to start with the most expensive equipment in the world
the simplest grill pan type or inexpensive hibachi can make you a chef
you need tongs to handle meat
long forks for turning potatoes and corn
heavy foil on hand at all times
and lots of hot pads
do keep the grill high enough above the fire so that when fat from meat drips down and flares up flames cannot reach the meat
don't forget to have a supply of melamine plates bowls cups saucers and platters for outdoor use
made of the world 's toughest unbreakable plastic melamine dinnerware comes in almost ### different patterns and dozens of colors
there is even one set that has barbecue written on it
do without fancy tablecloths
it 's cheaper to buy wall-tex and cover your outdoor table
or buy half a dozen lengths of oilcloth and change patterns for different kinds of barbecues
oilcloth only costs about ##-cents a yard for the very best
tougher than plastic it wears well
don't forget when you take to the hills or the beach that your cooler which you might have used for wine- or beer-cooling on your terrace or back yard is indispensable for carrying liquid refreshments
there are many varieties of coolers and they serve many purposes
with them you can carry steaks and hamburgers at refrigerator temperatures and also get your frozen food for stews and chowders to the marina or picnic in a-# condition
do use paper napkins
lots of them
except when you prepare do it yourself shish kebob or a lobster roast
then you'll want terry cloth towels for mopping up
don't think barbecue cooking is just sometimes or seasonal
it 's year-round and everywhere
in the winter hibachi in the kitchen or grill over the logs of the fireplace
even use your portable electric or gas grill in the winter inside
summertime supper outside is a natural
you'll find once your technique is perfected that you can cook on a boat with a simple bernz-o-matic
do buy all-purpose mugs or cups
get copper or earthenware mugs that keep beer chilled or soup hot
be sure to get a few more than you need
you will discover you keep the sauce for basting meat in one use six for drinks serve soup or coffee in another half-dozen and need one more to mix the salad dressing
don't forget the joys of a meal on the road
if you travel over the vast u.s.a. you will no doubt discover that feeding is an expensive business
decide in the beginning to put your barbecue equipment to work
you can take it with you
a picnic bag a grill a cooler for soft drinks and beer and for frozen convenience foods
eat in a restaurant or motel mornings and evenings
or just evenings
turn off at any one of the marked picnic areas gasoline companies have touring service bureaus that issue booklets on national parks to tell you where you have barbecue facilities and with soft drinks cooled from morning loading up hamburger buns an array of relishes and fresh fruit your lunch is ##% cheaper than at a restaurant and ###% more fun
you need a little stove a coffee pot and a stew pot
maybe a skillet a basket of essentials like salt pepper plates forks knives and a can opener
as you pull out of your motel or national park home-for-the-night visit a market and buy just what you need for the next meal
for ##-cents load up the cooler with ice and keep cool pop in the car
simple meat dishes
spice is a fact of life in the u.s.a.
you only have to think of franks and sausages to know what i mean
go a step further and list all the wonderful barbecue basics cervelat salami vienna sausages mettwurst bratwurst bockwurst knackwurst bologna pepperoni blutwurst and you have a long list of easy specialties
threaded on a skewer with new boiled potatoes a bit of green pepper a fresh white mushroom any one of these spiced meats makes a man a cook and a meal a feast
sure for the most of us a frankfurter is the favorite
a story goes that a certain herr feuchtwanger of st. louis around #### served his sausages grilled and mustard to his fancy customers
so that his customers should soil their hands feuchtwanger issued white gloves
discovery that the gloves frequently left with the customers made the wise peddler of spiced sausage-meat come upon a compromise
he had a bakery make buns sized to fit his franks
years later franks-in-buns were accepted as the first to go at the new york polo grounds
the nation 's number one picnic treat is the skinless frankfurter toasted over a bonfire on the beach or more sedately charcoal broiled on a portable grill
either way it 's hard to beat in flavor as well as ease of preparation
to make the picnic frank come close to perfection remember these tips
score each frankfurter in four or five places about a third of the way through
this permits the juices to permeate the meat during cooking
relishes are as vital to the success of the frank as are buns
bring along the conventional ones catsup pickle relish mustard mayonnaise plus a few extras such as tangy barbecue sauce chive cream cheese or horse-radish for the brave ones in the crowd
using a portable grill permits you to toast the buns too
watch closely while browning them as it doesn't take long
an unusual flavor can be achieved by marinating the franks in french dressing or a mixture of honey lemon juice and brown sugar prior to the picnic
broil or toast as usual
contrary to popular opinion a la mode doesn't mean with ice cream it just means in the latest style
here are a couple of the latest highly styled ways to fix skinless franks in your own back yard
you'll have the neighbor 's eyes popping as well as their mouths watering
# cup chili sauce # cup water # tablespoon barbecue sauce # teaspoons prepared mustard # pound chipped spiced ham # sandwich buns heated
combine first # ingredients in saucepan
serve on buns
makes # barbecues
hot hibachi franks
you'll never hear sayonara the japanese word for goodbye from your guests when you give a hibachi party
the fun of toasting their own sausages over the small oriental charcoal burners and dipping them in tasty sauces will keep your group busy try it and see
canned cocktail frankfurters
# large onion chopped fine # tablespoons salad oil # #-oz. can crushed pineapple and # cup of the juice # cup brown sugar # tablespoons vinegar # tablespoon prepared mustard # tablespoon worcestershire sauce pineapple chunks
# tablespoons dry mustard water # cup heavy cream whipped salt paprika
spear canned cocktail franks with picks
also spear pineapple chunks and place in separate bowl
make sauces ahead
sweet-sour sauce can be kept warm over a second hibachi or chafing dish while charcoal in broiler is reaching glowing coal stage
mustard cream used as alternate dip for franks and pineapple tidbits tastes best when served at room temperature
for sweet-sour sauce cook onion in oil until soft
add remaining ingredients and bring to a boil
simmer about ## minutes and keep warm for serving
to prepare mustard cream blend mustard with enough water to make a thin paste
fold into whipped cream and add a dash of salt and sprinkling of paprika
a back-yard picnic with grilled frankfurters and a selection of frankfurter trimmings is a fine way to entertain guests this summer
be sure to have plenty of frankfurters and buns on hand
some tasty frank toppings are chili con carne coney island sauce and savory sauerkraut
serve the chili and kraut hot with the franks
here are suggestions for the frankfurter trimmings #
chili con carne use canned chili con carne
coney island sauce finely chop several onions and add enough catsup to moisten well
add prepared mustard to suit taste
savory sauerkraut add several tablespoons of brown sugar to a can of sauerkraut
add a few caraway seeds too if you'd like
# cup minced celery # cup minced onion # cup tomato ketchup # cup water # cup vinegar # tablespoons brown sugar # tablespoon worcestershire sauce # tablespoon prepared mustard # teaspoon salt # frankfurters
combine first # ingredients in skillet
simmer ## minutes
prick frankfurters with fork
place in sauce
simmer ## minutes stirring occasionally until sauce is of desired consistency
serve in frankfurter buns or as a meat dish
makes # sandwiches or # servings
make criss-cross gashes on one side of skinless frankfurters
stick # or # cloves in each frank ham fashion
make a paste of brown sugar and mustard and spread lightly over scored surface
if desired sprinkle with # teaspoon drained crushed pineapple
place on rectangle of foil and pinch edges together tightly
roast on grill over coals ##-## minutes
blend # cups biscuit mix with # cup milk to make a soft dough
knead on lightly floured board and roll out to form a af-inch rectangle
spread dough with a mixture of # tablespoons chili sauce # teaspoon horse-radish and # teaspoons mustard
cut dough carefully into ## strips about # inch by a foot long
twist one strip diagonally around each skinless frankfurter pinching dough at ends to seal it
brush frankfurter twists with about # cup melted butter and toast slowly over glowing coals until dough is golden brown
hamburger patties with nuts
# pound ground beef # teaspoons grated onion dash of pepper # teaspoon salt # cup chopped walnuts # cup ice cold bourbon
form into patties and barbecue # minutes on each side
directions are written for those who have had previous experience in making pottery
instructions for preparing clay drying glazing and firing are given
basic pottery studio equipment
wooden butter molds and cookie presses
ceramic modeling clay red white or buff
stoneware clay for tiles
glazes one-stroke ceramic colors stains cones as indicated in the individual instructions
general directions :
use well-wedged clay free of air bubbles and pliable enough to bend without cracking
clean wooden molds and presses thoroughly
they must be free of oil wax and dust
pressing designs :
the size of wooden mold will determine the amount of clay needed
roll clay to thickness indicated in individual instructions
whenever possible use the wooden mold as a pattern for cutting clay
when mold has more than one design cavity make individual paper patterns
place mold or paper pattern on rolled clay and cut clay by holding knife in vertical position cut more pieces than required for project to make allowance for defects
experiment with defects for decoration techniques of glazes and colors
place the cut clay piece loosely over the carved cavity design side of wooden mold
to obtain clear impression of mold press clay gently but firmly into mold cavity starting at center and working to outer edges
trim excess clay away from outer edges
check thickness of clay and build up thin areas by moistening surface with a little water and adding small pieces of clay
be sure to press the additional clay firmly into place without locking in air bubbles
allow project to stand for about five minutes if wooden press mold is a good antique do leave clay in too long as the dampness may cause mold to crack
to release clay from mold place hands in a cupped position around project
gently lift the edge on far side then continue to release edge completely around mold
slight tapping on the underside of mold will help release the clay but too much agitation will cause the clay to become soft and will interfere with removal of clay from mold
place a piece of plaster wall board or plaster bat on clay and reverse bat clay and mold in one action
this will prevent the clay from twisting or bending causing warping when fired
place project on table and carefully lift the mold off
study surface of clay for defects or desired corrections
if clay is slightly out of shape square straight sides with guide sticks or rulers pressed against opposite sides or smooth round pieces with damp fingers
if the background of design is too smooth or you wish to create a wood-grained effect it may be added at this time with a dull tool such as the handle of a fine paintbrush
make slight smooth grooves rather than cuts for the texture cuts could cause air pockets under the glaze creating pinholes or craters in the glaze during firing
leave the clay on plaster board to dry slowly covered lightly with a loose piece of plastic or cloth to prevent warping
opposite page right top stoneware clay was used
clay was rolled to # thickness
back of clay scored or roughened for proper gripping surface
no bisque firing
glazed with two coats of creek-turn white stoneware glaze no glaze on sides or bottom
decorated on unfired glaze with one coat of one-stroke ceramic colors
raised details of designs were colored in shades of yellow-green blue-green brown and pink
tiles were fired once to cone ##
opposite page bottom white clay was used rolled to # thickness
bisque fired to cone ##
stained with jacquelyn 's ceramic unfired stain polished following manufacturer 's directions
opaque cantaloupe and transparent wood brown were used
no further firing
opposite page top left red clay was used rolled # thick
mold was used as pattern and clay cut by holding knife at about ##-degree angle to form an undercut making base smaller than the pattern top
while clay is still pressed in mold press three equally spaced holes # deep using pencil eraser in bottom of clay to allow for proper drying and firing
paperweight may be personalized on back while clay is leather hard
bisque fired to cone ##
jars with lids
opposite page top left remove wooden design head from bowl of butter mold
fill small hole in bowl with clay
make paper patterns for sections of jar and lid see fig. # opposite page
measurements for rectangular pattern piece a are obtained by measuring inside circumference and depth of butter mold bowl
pattern for circular base piece b is diameter of aj
use wooden design head of mold for pattern c
pattern d for lid fits over top diameter of aj
pattern for inner lid piece e fits inside aj
jars are assembled in bowl of butter mold
use white or buff clay rolled to # thickness
place patterns on rolled clay and cut around them with knife in vertical position
place clay pieces on wall board
to assemble jar put paper pattern b for base in bottom of mold and clay disk b on top
line sides of mold with paper pattern aj
bevel and score ends of clay piece a so that they overlap about # and make even thickness
place clay piece a inside
use slip to join overlapped ends together
join b to bottom of a scoring and reinforcing with clay coil
trim excess clay from around lip of mold and set aside while assembling lid
to assemble lid press clay piece c in cavity of wooden design head
press clay into mold as instructed in general directions
score plain side of c and leave in mold
score one side of disk d join to c
score other side of d and one side of disk e and join as before
while assembled lid is still on design head gently but firmly press it on plaster board
if design head has a deep cavity clay lid will be quite thick at this point
press eraser of pencil gently # deep into deep clay to allow vent for proper drying and firing
check fit of lid on jar
if inner lid is too big trim to fit allowing room for thickness of glaze
remove lid from head of mold
remove jar from mold
place jar on plaster board with lid in place to dry slowly
bisque fire to cone ## with lid on jar
for an antique effect on jars brush creek-turn brown toner on bisque ware and sponge it off
glaze with two coats of clear or transparent matt glaze
the large jar was brushed with creek-turn green toner and sponged off
glaze with two coats of matt glazes in turquoise with touches of blossom pink on lid
when dry they were fired to cone ##-##
little folks set :
made from modern wooden molds af
roll white clay to # thickness
salt and pepper :
use mold to cut four side pieces
for top and bottom pieces use short end of mold as measurement guide
press the side pieces of clay into cavity of mold
trim excess clay from rim of mold
cut beveled edge on the long sides of clay at a ##-degree angle to miter corners
score beveled edges and remove pieces from mold
place design-side up on plaster board
make all four sides
cut clay top and base pieces
place on plaster board
allow all pieces to become leather hard before constructing shaker
to assemble :
construct sides bottom and top as for box using slip on scored edges and coils of clay to reinforce seams
join the four sides together first then add the base
add top last
use water on finger to smooth seams and edges
turn shaker upside down
recess base slightly to allow room for stopper
cut hole in base for cork stopper
add holes in top forming s for salt and p for pepper
set aside to dry thoroughly
sugar and creamer :
cut a strip of clay for sides long enough and wide enough for three impressions of mold design
press clay into cavity of one mold three times
bevel overlapping ends for splice joint score beveled edges
form clay strip into a cylinder
use slip to join scored ends
place cylinder on a disk of clay slightly larger than cylinder
score bottom edge of cylinder and join to disk with slip
trim away excess clay
reinforce seam with a coil of clay
this will form the sugar bowl
make creamer the same
handle for creamer is a strip of clay # wide and #-# long
to add handle place a wooden dowel against the inside wall of creamer
score outside of container where handle ends will be joined
press scored handle ends firmly in place using dowel to reinforce container while pressing
use slip to join
to form spout between two designs dampen area slightly and gently push clay outward
make lid for sugar bowl the same as jar lids omitting design disk
cut a notch in lid for spoon handle if desired
set aside to dry with lid on sugar bowl
make same as salt and pepper shakers leaving off top pieces
vases may be made into candles by filling with melted wax and a wick
napkin holder :
cut a piece of clay for base and two for sides each about af long enough for three impressions of mold
press the two sides into cavity of one mold three times
put cut pieces on plaster board to dry to firm leather-hard state
score side edges of base
join sides and base with slip and reinforce with coil
a cardboard pattern cut to fit inside holder will help to prevent warping
place pattern inside holder
use three strips of clay to hold in place see fig. # page ##
do use wood as it will shrink with the clay and would cause breakage
let all projects dry slowly for several days
bisque fire to cone ##
inside of pieces was glazed with three coats of creek-turn bottle green antique glaze
outside was finished with creek-turn brown toner brushed on and sponged off to give antique finish
fired to cone ##-##
to change from one color yarn to another :
when changing from one color to another whether working on right or wrong side pick up the new strand from underneath dropped strand
photograph shows the wrong side of work with light strand being picked up under dark strand in position to be purled
to measure work :
spread article on flat surface to required width before measuring length at center
to measure armhole :
mark row on which first stitches have been bound off for armhole by drawing a contrasting colored thread through it
place work on a flat surface and smooth out
measure straight up from marked row
to insert markers :
when directions read sl a marker on needle put a small safety pin paper clip or commercial ring marker on needle
in working always slip marker from one needle to another
to mark a row or stitch tie contrasting thread around end of row or stitch to be marked
to sew seams with backstitch :
most seams are sewn with backstitch especially on curved slanted or loose edges
pin right sides of pieces together keeping edges even and matching rows or patterns
thread matching yarn in tapestry needle
run end of yarn through several stitches along edge to secure
backstitch pieces together close to edge
do draw yarn too tight
to sew in sleeves
place sleeve seam at center underarm and center of sleeve cap at shoulder seam
ease in any extra fullness evenly around
to weave seams together :
straight vertical edges such as those at the back seam of a sock can be woven together invisibly
thread matching yarn in tapestry needle
hold edges together right side up
hotei is ## feet long with an #-# beam and every inch a family boat
menfolk can ride in the forward cockpit where the helmsman has a clear view
youngsters can sleep or amuse themselves safely in the large cabin which has #-foot ##-inch headroom bunks for three galley and marine toilet
the gals can sun themselves in the roomy aft cockpit
all are well distributed crowded together near the stern
and with passenger weight shifted forward hotei levels off for speed under power of a merc ###
the ##-hp motor drives her at ## mph with six aboard
with only two aboard hotei does better than ## mph and she gives a comfortable ride at this speed even in a three-foot chop
she also banks into a turn like a fine runabout digging in on the outside to throw passengers all over the boat like many a small cabin cruiser
nor is she a wet boat
we've been out in five-foot waves and stayed dry
a lot of thought went into storage space construction
there 's a large compartment in the forward cockpit for charts and other items
the cabin has several shelves for small items and storage under the bunks for water skiis life jackets etc.
the aft cockpit has a af storage bin over six feet long that doubles as a seat
on each side of the motor well there 's storage for battery bumpers line and spare props with six-gallon gas tanks below
the well itself is designed to take two merc ### 's or ### 's if you wish and there 's room for a ##-gallon long-cruise gas tank below it
needless to say you can't build hotei in a couple of weeks
our building time was slightly over ### hours but the total cost for the hull with fiberglas bottom sink head and hardware was under $###
a comparable manufactured boat would cost close to $#,###
consider what you have to earn to be able to spend the $#,### and your building time is well worth it
a gator trailer model ### is used to transport the boat to the waterways
this piece of equipment costs a little over $### but it will save you that in mooring and hauling fees in a few years
all framing in hotei is one-inch mahogany which in the dressed state you buy it is about the ## thickness specified in the drawings
therefore the lumber is bought in planks and ripped to size for battens etc. on a table saw
besides flathead bronze screws silicon bronze stronghold nails made by independent nail & packing co. bridgewater mass. are used extensively in assembly and weldwood resorcinol glue is used in all the joints
construction follows a thorough study of the drawings
start by laying out the six frames and the transom on a level floor
draw each outline in a different-color chalk one on top of the other
in this way you will be able to detect any obvious mistakes
the transom frame is made first with the joints lapped glued and fastened with one-inch no. ## stronghold nails
after notching it for the keelson chines and battens the half-inch plywood transom is secured to it with glue and the same type nails
all frames are butted at the joints and # plywood gussets are glued and nailed on each side of each joint again using the one-inch no. ## nails
the frames are notched only for the keelson and the chines
if notched for the battens they would require more work be weakened and limber holes would have to be bored so that bilge water could flow through
nowhere in the boat do the frames come in contact with the plywood planking
the jig is erected after the frames and transom are complete
this is an important step because any misalignment would cause progressively worse misalignment in the hull as you advance in construction
be sure all members are parallel vertical and level as required
after the frames and transom are set up on the jig and temporarily braced a piece of three-inch-wide mahogany only widths will be given since the ## thickness is used throughout is butted between frames one and two below the line of the keelson
the frames are glued and screwed to this piece
the joints are also reinforced on each side with small blocks set in resin-saturated fiberglas cloth and nailed
it is over this piece that the laminated stem and keelson are spliced
the keelson made of two three-inch widths is next installed
the first piece is glued and screwed to the frames and transom and the piece butted between frames one and two
the second piece is in turn glued and screwed to the first
note however that it is six inches shorter at the forward end
one-inch no. ## screws are used in both cases
a stem jig is next cut to the proper shape and temporarily fastened to frame one
the stem is laminated from four pieces
take two three-inch-wide pieces and rip them down the center of the thickness to make the four
then spread a generous amount of glue on the four pieces and bend them into place on the jig
the first two pieces butt against the inner member of the keelson and are glued and screwed to the brace between the first two frames
the second two pieces lap over the inner member of the keelson and butt against the outer member
they're glued and screwed to the inner member of the keelson
a number of c clamps hold the pieces together on the jig until the glue sets
all bottom battens are two inches wide
the side ones are a half-inch narrower
the battens are carefully fastened in place after some necessary fairing on all frames
glue and #-# no. ## screws are used
placement is important because the rear seat bunks and front jump seats rest on or are fastened to many of the side battens
with the exception of two battens all run to the stem where they are glued and screwed after careful beveling
the chines go in the same way except that they are made of two pieces of two-inch wood for strength and easier bending
fairing is always a tedious job but the work can be cut down considerably with a skill planer and a simple jig
i clamped a ##-inch piece of aluminum to the base of the planer with a pair of sure grips
the aluminum flush against the battens acted as a fairing stick and enabled me to plane the chines and keelson to the proper bevels easily
if you don't own a planer and don't want to buy one it 's well worth renting
the planking is five-ply # weldwood royal marine plywood
this can be obtained in ##-inch widths ## feet long
the ##-inch width leaves very little waste
four pieces are used
plank the sides first using glue and one-inch no. ## stronghold nails at all battens the stem and the transom
another person inside with a weight against each batten will help in the fastening
the best procedure is to have a few friends hold the planking in place while you mark it off
then trim the excess
i used a homemaster routo-jig made by porter cable for this job
it 's good for cutting all the planking because it cuts with a bit-like blade at high rpm and does chatter the plywood like a saber saw
when cut the planking is clamped in place for a final and careful trimming
then it is marked on the inside where it comes in contact with the transom frames keelson and all the battens
it may then be pre-drilled for the fastenings
the next step is to remove it and spread glue where it has been marked at the contact points
then it is replaced and fastened
the bottom planking is applied in the same manner
after planking the bottom gets a layer of fiberglas
the spray rails are first glued on the outside and fastened from the inside with screws
then the chines are rounded off and the bottom is rough-sanded in preparation
since the sides are also covered up to the spray rails they are also rough-sanded in that area
the cloth is laid on one half of the bottom at a time
a ##-inch width is used on each side and it laps the keel line by about three inches
lay the cloth in place and trim it to size
then remove it and give the whole bottom a coat of resin
when the resin has hardened mix up another batch with a pigment added if you wish
i used bright red mixing the pigment in thoroughly before adding the hardener
using a cheap brush coat one side of the bottom with the resin and then apply the cloth
when the cloth is smooth apply another coat of resin spreading it with a paint roller
be sure it is well saturated and then allow it to harden
when the whole bottom has hardened use a disk sander to feather the edges of the cloth at the keel line and near the spray rail
then lay a three-inch-wide strip of cloth along the keel line from the transom to the point of the stem
before the resin has hardened screw a one-inch mahogany keel strip along the centerline
this protects the bottom in beaching
fiberglas materials are available from glass plastic supply co. #### w. elizabeth ave. linden n. j.
they will also supply literature on application
the hull is now turned over with the help of about seven friends and placed in a level well-braced position
i set it on the gator trailer
i laid three layers of glass cloth on the inside of the stem also installing a bow eye at this time
for added strength i also fastened a small block on each side of every frame and batten joint
again these blocks were set in resin-saturated glass cloth and nailed
after trimming off the excess on the frames and transom which was used to fasten them to the jig at a working height the top of the side planking is installed
this is made up of scraps left over from the sides and bottom
these flaring parts really help to keep the boat dry
when they're on the top edges are planed even with the sheer batten
the sides of the motor well run from the bottom battens to the top and from frame six to the transom forming a real strong transom brace
note another piece of wood six inches wide is fastened to the transom between these pieces
the decking is quarter-inch mahogany marine plywood
all the flooring and the storage bin is half-inch exterior fir plywood
most floor battens are glued and screwed to the flooring
the exception is where the flooring butts
these battens are glued and screwed to the frames
with all deck battens in place the bilge is cleaned and painted up to the floor line
use one coat of firzite and one coat of marine paint
bottoms of the floorboards are also painted and the flooring is then screwed in place
after the decking is on the cabin sides are installed
they're followed by the front and rear bulkheads as illustrated
the windshield glass is shatterproof and plexiglas is used in the cabin
inside bunks are framed up and installed as indicated
a head is a handy thing to have and i installed one under a removable section of the port bunk
the sink in the hinged panel above the bunk drains into the head and a five-gallon water tank is mounted on the bulkhead above the sink
for padding the seats and bunks i used ensolite type aj
lightweight non-absorbent fire resistant and dimensionally stable it is easily bonded to the wood with contact cement
available in af sheets it costs about a dollar a square foot
you can build this vacation cottage yourself
it is a full scale small but efficient house that can become a year 'round retreat complete in every detail
because of the unique design by the architect egils hermanovski you can build most of it in your own home workshop in your spare time
most of it is panelized and utilizes standard materials and requires the use of only simple tools
on the following pages and in the following issues we take you every step of the way to your vacation cottage from choosing the proper site to applying the final trim
in recognition of the growing trend for second homes or vacation cottages we have designed this one specifically with the family handyman in mind
it is a big project to be taken lightly
but each step has been broken down into easy stages utilizing standard materials and simple tools well within the capabilities of the handyman
the idea behind our design is modular units or panelization
everything possible has been scaled to standard sizes and measurements of materials
wall panels and structural timbers are standard as are windows and doors making for a minimum of cutting
we have developed an ingenious method of interlocking these so that you can make the major part of your house in your own workshop panel by panel according to plan
thus when you have prepared your foundation and laid the floor these can be trucked to the site and erected with a small crew of friends in a weekend
the roof timbers are precut and the panels standard so that the house can be completely enclosed in a matter of three or four days
then you can do the finishing touches at your leisure
due to the fact that building codes and regulations vary so much throughout the country the first thing to do is to find out what if any they are
close to a large city they might even specify the size of the nails used
in a remote section there might be no restrictions at all
this can usually be found out at the nearest town hall
at the same time check the electrical plumbing and sanitary requirements as well as possible zoning regulations
whether electricity and public water and sewers are available or check the local customs in the use of bottled or l-p gas we give you alternatives later on
be sure that this information is reasonably official and just an unfounded opinion
if there are any major restrictions they usually can be obtained in printed form
where a building permit is required find out what you must present when applying for one
in many cases you must file a complete set of plans with the local building inspector
these will be available at cost from our plans department
some general things to look for in a site if you haven't already bought one are accessibility water drainage and orientation
how are the roads and how will they stand up
is there evidence of wash-outs on the property
swampy areas or intermittent springs
a visit in the early spring after a thaw will be very informative
note where the sun rises and sets and ask which direction the prevailing winds and storms come from
will the view be something you can live with
don't worry too much about rocky or sloping terrain
we will take up alternative foundations later on
with this first issue we give you a list of the materials needed to build the basic aja version and the expandable ajb version
this will be for the shell of the house only roof walls and floor and does include the carport or balcony
this will permit you to get a rough estimate of how much the materials for the shell will cost
bear in mind that this does include interior panels for partitions fancy flooring appliances and fixtures electrical wiring and plumbing all of which will be taken up in detail in later issues
the wall panels are constructed of a framework of standard af and af of a good grade free from structural faults
they should be as straight as possible as this will effect their ability to mesh properly when the walls are erected
the outside surface of the solid units shall be of an exterior grade of panel board such as plywood plastic coated panel board high density particle board asbestos-cement board or any other product locally obtainable upon recommendation of your building supply dealer
the inner panels do have to be weatherproof and the choice will depend on the quality of finish desired
all panel board comes in standard af foot size
it is recommended that panels be both glued as well as nailed to the frame
the fixed window panels with louvers should have a good grade of # double-strength glass set in a mastic glazing compound
the louvers are constructed as shown in the detail with a drop door for ventilation
there are standard sliding glass windows in wood or aluminum frames for those panels requiring them
the door panels are designed to accommodate standard doors which should be of exterior grade
the filler panels for the gable ends are cut from full af sheets as shown leaving no wastage
the battens covering the joints are of af stock and are applied after the walls are erected
all nails should be rustproof and aluminum is highly recommended
note if # panel board is used inside and out or # one side and # the other and # glass is used stock lumber in af af and af can be used in making the glass panels
other thicknesses may necessitate ripping a special size lumber for the glass trim
in any case there is no special milling or rabbeting required for the panels
with modern techniques of woodworking and the multitude of cutting tools fixtures and attachments available the drill press has become a basic home workshop tool
the drill press consists of a vertical shaft spindle which is tapered or threaded on one end to hold a drill chuck a tubular housing quill in which the spindle is mounted a head in which the quill is mounted a feed lever which moves the quill up or down a power source and a movable table upon which the work is placed
there is often a means of locking the quill and on larger presses the table can be tilted
the size of the press is usually expressed in terms of chuck capacity the maximum diameter tool shank it will hold or distance between the spindle center and the column
a press with an ## inch capacity lets you drill to the center of a ## inch board or circle
a new radial drill press with a ## inch capacity has a tilting head that allows drilling to be done at any angle
the head is mounted on a horizontal arm that swivels on the supporting column to position the drill bit instead of the work
set-up and maintenance
the drill press should be leveled and depending on whether it is a bench or floor model bolted securely to a sturdy bench or stand or screwed to the floor with lag or expansion screws
this will reduce vibration and increase accuracy
a coat of paste wax or a rubdown with a piece of wax paper will protect the polished surface of the table
wiping with a slightly oiled cloth will discourage rusting of the column and quill
presses fitted with sealed spindle bearings will need a drop of oil now and then in the lubrication holes in the quill
the rest of the press should be kept clean by dusting with a clean rag or brush
be careful to keep the drive belt free of oil and grease
belt tension is adjusted by manipulation of two locking bolts and a movable motor mount
keep the belt just tight enough so the pulleys won't slip when pulled by hand
excess tension will only cause undue wear on the motor and spindle bearings
most drill presses have a quill return spring that raises the spindle automatically when the feed lever is released and holds the quill in the raised position
the return spring tension may be adjusted to suit individual requirements by gripping the spring housing with a pair of pliers to prevent the spring from unwinding when it is released loosening the lock nut or screw and rotating the housing until the desired tension is achieved
turning the housing clockwise will reduce tension counter-clockwise will increase it
don't lose the chuck key
some manufacturers have had the foresight to provide a socket for the chuck key
otherwise you'll have to spend a few minutes to either attach a suitable spring clip somewhere on the press head or fit the key to a length of light chain and fasten to the bottom of the motor mount so that the key is out of the way when in use
feeds and speeds
drill speeds are important if you want a good job
each cutting tool will operate best at a given speed depending on the material worked
on most drill presses it is impossible to get the exact speed but you can come close by adjusting the drive belt on the step-cone pulleys
you will find a chart giving the various speed ratios available with your particular drill press somewhere in the instruction booklet that came with the tool
see the table on page ## for exact recommended speeds
generally the larger the tool and the harder the material the slower the speed
feed pressure is also of major importance
too much pressure will force the tool beyond its cutting capacity and result in rough cuts and jammed or broken tools
too light a feed particularly with metal or other hard material causes overheating of the tool and burning of the cutting edge
the best results will be obtained by matching the correct speed with a steady feed pressure that lets the tool cut easily at an even rate
common drilling tools
there are numerous types and styles of tools to drill holes
the most common are the twist drill the solid center shaft with interchangeable cutting blades the double spur bit and the power wood bit
all will do a good job if sharp but the twist drills don't cut quite as smoothly as the others since they do have the outlining spurs that sever the fibers before actual boring starts
the adjustable fly cutter is very useful for cutting large diameter holes and can be used to cut exact-size discs by reversing the cutter blade
since fly cutters are one sided and balanced they should be used at the slowest speed available and fed very slowly to avoid binding
fly cutters can fool you into putting your hand too close to the tool so if you want to avoid nicked fingers keep your hands well out of the way
simple hole drilling operations
when drilling all the way through a workpiece always place a piece of scrap wood underneath
this will only protect the work table but also assure a clean breakthrough
another method of assuring a clean hole is to first drill a small pilot hole all the way through then drill half way with the dimensional bit turn the piece over and finish from the other side
in soft woods with pronounced grain there is sometimes a tendency for the hole to wander due to the varying hardness of the wood
in this case drilling a small pilot hole or clamping the work will do much to improve accuracy
when a hole is to be bored to a predetermined depth mark the depth on the side of the stock then run the bit down so that it is even with the mark
the depth gauge rod can now be set and any number of holes bored to exact and identical depth
the old-time bridges over the merrimac river in massachusetts are of unusual interest in many respects
for their length their types of construction their picturesque settings and their literary associations they should be known and remembered
in this sequence i shall write about them in the order of their erection
the first bridge known to have been covered wholly or in part and perhaps the most interesting one connected newbury now newburyport with salisbury point
its building was first proposed in #### when a group of citizens mostly newburyport men petitioned the general court for an act of incorporation
this document began no. # newbury port , may ##th , ####
whereas a bridge over merrimack river from the land of hon'ble jonathan greenleaf esquire in newbery to deer island and from said island to salisbury would be of very extensive utility by affording a safe conveyance to carriages teams and travellers at all seasons of the year and at all times of tide
we the subscribers do agree that as soon as a convenient number of persons have subscribed to this or a similar writing we will present a petition to the hon'ble general court of the commonwealth of massachusetts praying for an act incorporating into a body politic the subscribers to such writing with liberty to build such a bridge and a right to demand a toll equal to that received at malden bridge and on like terms and if such an act shall be obtained then we severally agree each with the others that we will hold in the said bridge the several shares set against our respective names the whole into two hundred shares being divided and that we will pay such sums of money at such times and in such manners as by the said proposed corporation shall be directed and required
this paper was signed by forty-five persons subscribing a total of two hundred shares
a month later the general court served notice to the town of newbury that the bridge was to be built
the matter was considered and reconsidered and finally opposed but in spite of many objections the court granted a charter on january # ####
on november ## of that year the bridge was completed and opened
timothy palmer who invented and later patented the arch type of construction for wooden bridges was the genius who planned and supervised the building of the essex or deer island bridge although the actual work was carried out under the direction of william coombs who received $### as recompense
this two-part bridge is best described by rev. timothy dwight president of yale college in his travels in new-england and new-york published in new haven in ####
he says of it
it consists of two divisions separated by an island at a small distance from the southern shore
the division between the island and this shore consists principally of an arch
whose chord is one hundred and sixty feet and whose vortex is forty feet it was actually ## feet above the high-water mark
in appearance and construction it resembles the pascataqua bridge
the whole length of essex bridge is one thousand and thirty feet and its breadth thirty-four
i have already mentioned that mr. timothy palmer of newburyport was the inventor of the arched bridges in this country
as mr. palmer was educated to house-building only and had never seen a structure of this nature
he certainly deserves a little credit for the invention
it is hardly necessary to remind students of covered bridges that timothy palmer was born in #### in nearby rowley
that he moved with his parents to west boxford when he was sixteen years old
and was there apprenticed to a builder and architect moody spofford
it was indeed a remarkable feat that a man who had had no experience of bridge building should have applied the principle of the arch which appears in his famous bridges at portsmouth haverhill and philadelphia
the essex merrimack bridge when first built was covered
as far as we know no american bridge had been thus protected in ####
richard s. allen is the authority for the statement that the northern section was probably roofed by ####
its original appearance is shown in an engraving published in the massachusetts magazine in may #### which is reproduced herewith fig. #
a brief description accompanying the picture says that the bridge contained more than #### tons of timber
between the abutments on the newbury shore and the south bank of deer island there was one span or arch measuring ### feet
between the north shore of deer island and the salisbury side there was an arch of ### feet and a series of piers with a draw forty feet long
a dinner and celebration in honor of this piece of engineering took place july # #### in a tavern erected by the corporation on the island
it is said that the eccentric timothy dexter who was one of the first share-holders stood on the table and made a speech worthy of the occasion
the essex journal says that he delivered an oration on the bridge which for elegance of style propriety of speech or force of argument was truly ciceronian
the reporter must have written this with tongue in cheek because dexter 's oration could hardly be understood
and although he later explained that he was talking french it seems rather more likely that he had succumbed to the joys of the evening
the north portion of the essex bridge was well worth the cost of construction although it proved to be twice what was estimated in the beginning
it stood in its original form until ####
the southern half however on account of its underbracing was considered by boat owners a menace to navigation
in #### it was torn down and replaced by a chain suspension bridge
this was built by john templeman from plans submitted by james finley of fayette county pennsylvania
timothy palmer had general supervision of the work
an advertisement in the newburyport herald december ## #### shows palmer in a new light as an expert on chain bridges
it reads chain bridges
information is hereby given that mr. timothy palmer of newburyport mass. has agreed to take charge of the concerns of the patentees of the chain bridge in the states of massachusetts new hampshire vermont rhode island and connecticut so far as relates to the sale of patent rights and the construction of chain bridges
mr. palmer will attend to any applications relating to bridges and if desired will view the proposed site and lay out and superintend the work or recommend a suitable person to execute it
approved timothy palmer
this chain bridge proved less durable than the wooden arch on the salisbury end
it fell february # #### carrying with it a horse and wagon two men and four oxen
the horse and men were saved but the oxen drowned
in spite of this catastrophe the bridge was rebuilt on the same plan and opened again on july ## ####
this second chain bridge was ### feet long had two thirty-foot towers and a draw and a double roadway
the essex bridge was a toll crossing until #### when the county commissioners laid out all the merrimack bridges as highways
sturdy and strong after more than a century of continuous use the old covered wooden bridge that spans the tygartis valley river at philippi will have a distinctive part in the week-long observance of the first land battle of the civil war at its home site may ##th to june #rd
colonel frederick w. lander impersonated will again make his break-neck ride down the steep declivity of talbott 's now college hill and thunder across the bridge to join colonel benjamin f. kelley 's west virginia infantry then swarming through the streets in pursuit of the retreating confederates
he was closely followed by the ohio and indiana troops thus the old bridge has another distinction
that of being the first such structure secured by force of arms in the war of the '##s
the bridge has survived the natural hazards of the elements war fire and floods as well as injuries incident to heavy traffic for more than a hundred years
twice during the civil war it was saved from destruction by the opposing armies by the pleas and prayers of a local minister
it still stands as a monument to the engineering skills of the last century and still serves in the gasoline age to carry heavy traffic on u.s. route ### the old beverly and fairmont turnpike
it is one of the very few if the only surviving bridge of its type to serve a main artery of the u.s. highway system thus it is far more than a relic of the horse and buggy days
this covered wooden bridge is so closely identified with the first action in the early morning of june # #### and with subsequent troop movements of both armies in the philippi area that it has become a part and parcel of the war story
so frequently have pictures of the bridge appeared in books and in national publications that it vies with the old john brown fort at harpers ferry as the two nationally best known structures in west virginia
completed and opened for traffic in #### the bridge was designed and built by lemuel chenoweth and his brother eli of beverly
the chenoweth brothers were experienced bridge builders and against the competition of other and better known bridge designers and builders they had constructed nine of the covered wooden bridges on the parkersburg and staunton turnpike a dozen years before as well as many other bridges for several counties
the philippi bridge however was the chenoweth master piece with its ###-foot dual lane span and it stands today as a monument to its builders
never rebuilt the bridge was strengtened in #### by two extra piers a concrete floor and a walk-way along the upper side in order to care for modern traffic
during the war it was in constant use by the wagon trains transporting supplies from the railhead at grafton to the troops operating in the interior
union soldiers at times used it for sleeping quarters to escape from the rain or other inclement weather and some of them left momentoes of their stay by carving their names and small tokens on its walls and beams
but what the elements could do was seriously threatened when brigadier general william e. grumble jones reached philippi while on the famous jones-imboden raid in may ####
general jones was fresh from a long series of bridge burnings including the long bridge at fairmont and after seeing a great drove of horses and cattle he had collected safely across the bridge he sent his men to work piling combustibles in and around it
reverend joshual corder a baptist minister gathered a few citizens of southern sympathies to call on jones and plead with him to spare the structure
he reasoned and argued pointing out that jones or other confederate commanders would need it should troops pass that way in retreat
jones relented he did order his men to apply the torch the drove of livestock was driven up the valley via beverly and across the mountains to feed and serve the confederate army while jones and his raiders turned toward buckhannon to join forces with imboden
again reverend corder saved the bridge when union soldiers planned to destroy it after filling its two lanes with hay and straw but for what reason is recorded nor remembered certainly because of pressure from an opposing confederate force
on the second occasion it took prayers as well as reason to dissuade the soldiers from their purpose
centering around this historic old structure a group of public-spirited barbour county citizens have organized and planned a week-long series of events beginning on may ##th and continuing through june #rd to observe most appropriately the centennial of the first land engagement of the civil war at philippi
it is a good eight years now since each of us acquired a swimming pool eight enlightening vigorous rigorous wholly unrewarding years
we have learned a lot a dash of hydrochemistry here a bit about plumbing and pump-priming there
we have had sound grounding in the principles of the mailed-fist-in-velvet-glove school of diplomacy
we have become amateur insurance experts and fine-feathered yard birds
true our problems have lessened a bit as more and more of our neighbors have built their own pools thereby diluting our spectacular attractions
but problems cling to pools as any pool owner knows
so our innate generosity of spirit prompts us to share our trials errors and solutions with any who are taking the pool plunge for the first time in the pious hope that some may profit from our experience
where to put it
position may be everything but in the case of a pool it can certainly contribute difficulties social and physical
we speak from varying viewpoints
one of us has a pool set in a wooded area very near the house
the other has his pool far away from the house in a field high on a hill
if you are dreaming of a blue shimmering pool right outside your living room windows close your eyes firmly and fill in the picture with lots and lots of children damp towels squashed tubes of suntan oil and semi-inflated plastic toys
you are likely to be nearer the truth
you can also see that the greater the proximity of the pool to your main living quarters the greater the chance for violation of family privacy annoying noise and the let's-make-your-house-our-club attitude
on the other hand out-of-sight does lead to out-of-mind when children cannot be easily observed and you have to make a long trek to reach the pool
another dilemma as picturesque as a sylvan pond in the forest may be trees offer a leaf and root hazard to the well-being of a pool
yet a grassy approach can turn a pool into a floating lawn every time the grass is mowed
as in choosing a wife it is only sensible to consider also how appealing a pool is likely to be in bad weather as well as in good
in the colder climes for instance you will have to live through the many unglamorous winter months when your pool will hardly look its best
it may be a big hole in the ground filled with salt hay or an ice floe studded with logs
even a neat plastic-covered plunge is exactly a joy to behold
we do however recommend those patented covers to prevent both people and junk flora and fauna generally from accidentally wintering in the pool
probably no location for a pool is perfect on all counts
naturally it will be dictated to a large extent by the shape and size of your land
but if space and money are no problem and small children are on hand every day it is certainly more restful to have your pool and entertainment area removed from the immediate environs of the house
and a good several feet around the pool should be neither greensward nor woods but good hard pavement
the placement of your pool however will of itself solve the two major problems of pool owning those that involve your social life and those pertaining to safety
coping with them demands stern discipline of yourself as well as of your family neighbors friends and anyone you ever talked to on a transoceanic jet
eight years ago while we were going through the mud-sweat-and-tears construction period we were each solaced by the vision of early morning dips and evening home-comings to a cool family collected around the pool with a buffet table laid out nearby for the lord and master 's delectation
but even our first pool-side gatherings came anywhere near those rosy fantasies
we seemed to be witnessing the population explosion right in our own backyards
our respective families looked as if they had quadrupled
had we taken a lien on a state park
we had merely been discovered by the pool sharks
we were in business
from proud pool-owners to perpetual hosts and handymen was a short step no more than the change from city clothes to trunks
naive of us maybe but the results of our impulsive invitations to come over next summer and swim in our new pool were both unexpected and unsettling
our book of etiquette
after the first few weeks it was obvious that rules had to be made laid down and obeyed even if our popularity ratings became subnormal as a result
so rules we made in unabashed collusion
since our viewpoints in this respect coincided precisely we present the fruits of our efforts herewith as a single social code for pool owners
first and foremost no one no anyone in the family is allowed to issue blanket invitations to his or her own circle
just short of forty lashes we finally managed to coerce our children to this view
their friends and ours are welcome to share the pool but on our terms and at our times
no friends are to arrive without an invitation or without at least telephoning beforehand
no ringers either even if they are trailing legitimate invitees
we want to know when the potlatches telephone exactly how many they are planning to bring so that we won't end up with a splashing mob that looks like coney island in august
no young children may come without adults except for a specific organized chaperoned party
and accompanying adults are urged to keep an alert and sensible eye on their responsibilities
a gaggle of gabbling mothers backs to the pool is no safeguard
no bottle pool is tolerated bottle pool being our lingo for those who come to swim and sink into our bar while protesting that they can only dunk and run
sanity solvency and relations with our wine merchant took a beating that first summer as we inadvertently became the neighborhood free-drink stop
we designated one day a week as the time when neighborhood teen-agers might swim at definite hours
this has saved us from constant requests seven days a week and made us feel less brutal to the young less fortunate than ours
we also worked out logistics for sunday afternoon swimmers who arrive two hours early with their weekend guests while we are still enjoying an alfresco lunch en famille
we gently usher them to an island of tables and chairs strategically placed on the far side of the pool where they can amuse each other until we get ready to merge sides
all dressing undressing to be more exact must be done in our small bath house or at the swimmers' homes
to avoid any possible excuse for a dripping parade through your house it is a good idea to have a telephone extension near the pool as well as a direct outdoor route between the pool and the parking area
we do however provide a limited number of extra suits mainly for children and we stock extra towels and a few inexpensive bathing conveniences
life-preservers the buckle-on kapok-filled kind are held in readiness too for the very young
preserving life and limb
safety rules of course are more important than all the others put together
in many localities now the law requires all pools to be fenced usually to a minimum height of # feet
but fenced or unfenced no pool-side is the place for running or horseplay
we allow no underwater endurance contests either or inexpert versions of water polo
diving boards must have non-skid surfaces coco matting takes an awful beating from chlorine and rots quickly but grit-impregnated paints are excellent
and divers must be enjoined to look before they leap either on top of someone else or onto a pool edge
our pools also have wide shallow steps for the benefit of the littlest swimmers who can thus be introduced to the water with far greater safety than a ladder affords
all bottles must be kept a safe distance away from the pool and drinking glasses are banned in favor of plastic or metal cups
when you first acquire a pool we earnestly recommend for your own mental health a good long chat with your insurance agent
you should be prepared to cope with any pitfall such as plunges into empty pools or shallow ends and all manner of winter as well as summer lawsuits
soignee pools alas do just happen
they are the result of a constant and careful contest with the elements
unless you want to make your wife a pool widow and to spend a great many of your leisure hours nursing your pool 's pristine purity its care and feeding from ph content to filtering and vacuuming is best left to a weekly or bi-monthly professional service
of course if your pool is close to the house your wife can always add it to her housekeeping chores you hope
or you can make pool care the price of swimming for teen-agers
even so every pool owner in case of emergency should have some idea of what makes things work
a brief course in hydraulics from the pool builders may well be appreciated in a future crisis
preserving the pool
a sudden high rise in temperature will turn your pool poison green overnight
you need more chlorine
the walls feel slippery
you need algaecide
with or without professional help you will have to be able to do some of these jobs yourself unless you have a full-time pool nurse
you should see to it that the trap the dirt-catcher in front of the filter is always clean
a pool is no place for a shut trap
you should firmly insist that no bobby pins or hair pins be worn in the water
when shed they leave rust marks
you can hope against hope that come spring cleaning your fair-weather friends will lend a hand at scrubbing and furbishing
it has happened
many hours of spring cleaning will be saved however if you remove the main drain grate when you close the pool season in the fall
as the pool is emptied stand by to brush down the walls and bottom while they are still wet
much of the dirt and leaf stain is easily removed when damp but requires dynamite if allowed to dry
if you have a #- to #-inch drain pipe you may easily wash out all the debris when the grate is out
of course when your #-inch torrent of water is released it may cause a lot of comment as it passes through or by neighboring properties
do forget this possibility
if your pool is located on or near sloping ground it may have natural drainage which is certainly more desirable than to be faced with the annual expense and labor of first pumping out the water and then scooping out all the debris
it may be true that pool lighting dramatizes an evening scene but lights also attract all the insect life for miles around
once on the water these little visitors seldom leave and this adds to your filtering and vacuuming problems as well as providing a slapping good time for all those present
often one floodlight high in a tree will provide all the light you need at much less expense
our experience has taught us that it pays to buy the best equipment possible from pipes to brushes
follow pool-care instructions to the letter and be sure that one person in the family or is regularly responsible for each aspect of the job with no chance for claiming it wasn't my turn
never let anyone in the know take a turn at the valves even if the little boys do want to play space ship
you may find yourself hitting bottom literally as you discover that water is running out even while you are putting it in
draw a line across the country at the latitude of lower pennsylvania
any house built now below that line without air conditioning will be obsolete in ## years
fortunately it is the fha which has arrived at this conclusion for it means that cooling equipment of all kinds may now be included in a mortgage and thus acquired with a minimum of financial stress
even if you live above that line the fha will back you for they have decided that the inclusion of air conditioning in all new homes is a good thing and should be encouraged
new simplified packaged units recently devised prefabricated glass-fiber ducts and improved add-on techniques make it possible to acquire a system for an ####-square-foot house for as little as $### to $###
two men can often do the installation in a day
you can install it yourself this is a central system that will cool every part of your house
no less an authority than the fha concurs that the savings air conditioning makes possible more than offset its operating costs
is it worth-while ? ?
home air conditioning has come a long way from the early days of overcooled theaters and the thermal shock they inflicted
we know now that a ##-degree differential in temperature is the maximum usually desirable and accurate controls assure the comfort we want
we know too that health is never harmed by summer cooling
on the contrary there are fewer colds and smaller doctor bills
the filtered air benefits allergies asthma sinus hay fever
control of temperature and humidity is a godsend to the aged and the invalid
heart conditions and high blood pressure escape the stresses brought on by oppressive heat
housekeeping is easier
the cleaner air means less time spent pushing a vacuum fewer trips to the dry cleaners lighter loads for the washing machine
the need for reupholstering redecorating repainting becomes more infrequent
clothes hold their shape better and mildew and rust become almost forgotten words
it will improve your disposition
when you're less fatigued things just naturally look brighter
the children can have their daytime naps and hot meals and be put to bed on schedule in shade-darkened rooms
you'll sleep longer and better too awake refreshed and free of hot weather nerves
you can forget about screens and leave the storm windows up all year around
best of all central air conditioning is something you can afford
like its long-lived cousin the refrigerator a conditioner can be expected to last ## to ## years or more
that brings its per-year cost down mighty low
for any house .
no matter what style your home is ranch two-story colonial or contemporary central air conditioning is easily installed
the equipment won't take up valuable space either
it can go in out-of-the-way waste space
but there 's no denying that the easiest and most economical way to get year-'round whole-house air conditioning is when you build
if that 's done the house can be designed and oriented for best operation and this can mean savings both in the size of equipment and in the cost of the house itself
if you can't see your way clear to have summer cooling included when building by all means make provision for its easy adding later
manufacturers have designed equipment for just such circumstances and your savings over starting from scratch will be substantial
if your house is to have a forced warm air system cooling can be a part of it
this costs less than having a completely separate cooling system for your regular heating ductwork filters and furnace blower do double duty for cooling
you can get year-'round air conditioners in the same variety of styles in which you buy a furnace alone high or low boy horizontal or counterflow
the units can be installed in basement attic crawlspace or in a closet located in the living area
the cooling coil is located in the furnace 's outlet
from the coil small copper pipes connect to a weatherproof refrigeration section set in the yard garage carport or basement
if you plan to add cooling later to your heating system there are things to watch for
be sure ducts that require insulation get it when they are installed
they may be inaccessible later
be sure your ducts and blower are big enough to handle cooling
this is especially important if you live in a mild-winter zone
be sure you get a perimeter heating system and diffusers that will work as well for cooling as they do for heating
you can get a hot water system that will also work for cooling your house
for cooling chilled water is circulated instead of hot water
instead of radiators you'll have cooling-heating units each with its own thermostat
these systems are more expensive than year-'round forced air systems
the minimum cost for an average one-story #-room house with basement is likely to run $#### above the cost of the heating alone
separate systems .
if the problems of combining cooling with your heating are knotty it may be cheaper to plan on a completely separate cooling system
the simplest kind of separate system uses a single self-contained unit
it is in effect an oversize room conditioner equipped with prefab glass-fiber ducts to distribute the cooled cleaned dehumidified air where it is wanted
in a long rambling ranch two such units can be installed one serving the living area the other the sleeping zone
in a two-story house one unit may be installed in the basement to serve the first floor another in the attic to cool the second
in each case having separate systems for living and sleeping areas has the advantage of permitting individual zone control
the heat pump .
one of the more remarkable of the new cooling systems is one that can be switched to heating
as you know a conditioner makes indoor air cool by pumping the heat out of it and then releasing this heat outdoors
a relatively simple switching arrangement reverses the cycle so that the machine literally runs backward and the heat is extracted from outdoor air and turned indoors
up until recently this heat pump method of warming air was efficient only in areas of mild winters and when outside temperatures were above ## degrees
now the machine has been improved to a point where it is generally more economical than oil heat at temperatures down to ## degrees
you can get this added heating feature for as little as $### more than the price of cooling alone
consider it as a standby setup at negligible cost for those emergencies when the furnace quits a blizzard holds up fuel delivery or for cool summer mornings or evenings when you don't want to start up your whole heating plant
what size conditioner ? ?
how large a cooling unit you need and the method of its installation depends on a variety of factors
among other things besides the nature of your house and how much heat finds its way into its various rooms from the outside it will depend upon your personal habits and the makeup of your family
families with children usually don't want the house quite so cool
if you are a party thrower you may need added capacity
the body is a heat machine and ## to ## guests can easily double your cooling load
cooling requirements are best expressed in terms of aj
a btu is a unit of heat and the btu rating of a conditioner refers to how much heat your machine can pump out of your house in an hour
a very rough rule of thumb is that under favorable conditions you'll need ## btu 's of cooling for every square foot of your house
this is if outdoor temperatures have a high average of ## degrees
you'll need more if the high average is above that less if it 's below
coolers are also rated by tons
a ton of cooling compares to the cooling you get by melting a ton of ice
by accepted definition a #-ton conditioner will provide ##,### btu of cooling in one hour
you may find a conditioner rated by horsepower
it is generally an inaccurate method of rating for the horsepower is that of the compressor motor and many other components beside it determine how much cooling you'll get
a #-hp conditioner for example may vary in effectiveness from under #,### btu to well over ##,### aj
the safest procedure is to let your builder estimate the size of the unit you need rather than trying to do this yourself
don't urge your builder to give you a little extra cooling capacity just to be sure you have enough
better to have your equipment slightly undersized than too big
reducing humidity is often as important as cooling
an oversize unit will cool off your house quickly then shut down for a long period
before it cycles on again humidity can build up and make you uncomfortable even though the temperature is still low
with a unit of the right size a compressor will run continuously during hot weather reducing humidity as evenly as it does temperature
money-saving tips .
attention to details can cut in half the size unit you need and pare operating expense proportionately
a well-designed ####-square-foot house can be comfortably cooled and heated for as little as $### a year or $## a month
if you have a house which heat doesn't penetrate easily your unit will have less heat to remove
keep the direct sun from reaching the house and you've won the first battle
in a new house generous roof overhangs are a logical and effective solution
if the house you plan to buy or build won't have big overhangs you can still do a fair job of keeping the sun off walls and windows with properly designed trellises fences and awnings
shade trees too are a big help so keep them if you can
drawn blinds and draperies do some good but nearly as much as shading devices on the outside of the house
the more directly the sun strikes walls and roof the greater its heat impact
the way a house is set on its lot can therefore influence how much cooling you're going to need
a shift in the walls or a change in the roof slope so the sun hits them more obliquely can save you money
you can use heat-absorbing glass to stop the sun double glass and insulated glass to combat condensation
restrict large glass areas to the north and south sides of the house
they're easier to shade there
an attic space above insulation makes a house easier to cool
you'll even gain by putting your water heater outside the conditioned space and using an electric range instead of a gas one
gas adds to the moisture load
insulate weatherstrip double-glaze to the maximum
in insulation the numbers to remember are #-#-#
they stand for # inches of mineral wool insulation in the ceiling # inches in the side walls # inches in the floors
such extra-thick insulation only permits a much smaller cooling installation but will continue to reduce operating expenses both in heating and cooling
a light-colored roof will reduce sun heat by ## per cent
it costs two to three times as much to remove a btu in summer as it does to add one in winter so every solitary btu is worth attention
you'll foil them in droves along with their pal humidity by having and using a kitchen range exhaust fan a bathroom ventilator for when you shower and an outside vent for the clothes drier
keeping conditioners quiet .
it 's no use pretending that all conditioners are quiet but the noise they produce can be kept to a minimum
good workmanship is important in the installation so if you're doing your own contracting don't award the job on the basis of price alone
avoid attic placement directly above a bedroom
most recreation work calls for a good deal of pre-planning
this is particularly true in site selection
you must know before you start what the needs and objectives of your organization are
you must have a list of requirements on where how many and what type sites are needed
with such a program you can make constructive selections of the best sites available
begin the examination of a site with a good map and aerial photos if possible
these are becoming more and more available through the work of counties and other government agencies
the new editions of topographic maps being made by the federal government are excellent for orienting yourself to the natural features of the site
these are inexpensive and available from the u. s. geological society washington ## d. c.
in recent years many counties and the u. s. forest service have taken aerial photos which show features in detail and are very good for planning use
most counties also have maps available from the county engineer showing roads and other features and from the assessor 's office showing ownerships of land
inspect the site in the field during the time of the year when the area will be most heavily used for recreation
this gives you a better opportunity to get the feel of the climate conditions the exposure to the sun and wind the water interests etcetera which vary greatly with the seasons
it is usually helpful to make a sketch map in the field showing the size and location of the features of interest and to take photographs at the site
these are a great aid for planning use back at the office
for site planning work it is best to have a qualified and experienced park planner to carry through the study
however there is also much to be gained by making use of the abilities of the local people who are available and interested in recreation
county judges commissioners engineers assessors and others who have lived in the area for a long time may have valuable knowledge regarding the site or opinions to offer from their varied professional experiences
a visit to the site by a group of several persons can usually bring out new ideas or verify opinions most helpful to the planning study of any recreation area
how much study is required
this of course depends on the character of the site itself the previous experience of the investigator and the number of factors needed to arrive at a good decision
it is too easy for the inexperienced person to make a quick judgment of a few values of the area and base a decision on these alone
usually there are more factors to good site planning than first impressions
a site may be a rundown slum or a desolate piece of desert in appearance today but have excellent potentials for the future with a little development or water
the same is true of areas which at first look good because of a few existing recreation features but may actually be poor areas to develop for general public use
in looking for the best sites available that meet the requirements you need information to compare the site with others
you need answers to four important questions
what are the existing recreation features
how well can the site be developed
how useful will it be to the public
is this site available
check the quantity and quality of all of the recreation interests already existing at the site
naturally a park site with scenic views a good lake trees and sand dunes will attract more people than a nearby area with only trees and dunes
quality is vitally important
frontage on a body of clear clean water will be vastly different from the same amount of frontage on polluted water
some recreation features such as scenic values and water interest also have greater overall value than other interests
one of the most desirable features for a park are beautiful views or scenery
it may be distant views of a valley or the mountains or natural features such as a small lake colorful rock formations or unusual trees
a site which overlooks a harbor or river may offer interest in the activities of boating traffic
an area on the coast may have relaxing views of the surf rolling in on a beach
a site may also be attractive just through the beauty of its trees and shrubs
note extent of these interests and how available they will be for the public to enjoy
water interest is one of the most valuable factors you can find for a recreation site
most park planners look to water frontage for basic park areas
this follows naturally since frontage on an ocean stream or lake provides scenic values and opportunities for the very popular recreation activities of bathing fishing boating and other water sports
a body of water is usually the center of interest at parks which attract the greatest picnic and camping use
it also cools the air in summer and nourishes the trees and wild life
the amount of water frontage the quantity and quality of the water and the recreation afforded by it are important
a restricted frontage may be too crowded an area for public use
the quantity of water flow may be critical
a stream or pond which is attractive in the springtime may become stagnant or dry in late summer
if the site is on a reservoir the level of the water at various seasons as it affects recreation should be studied
check the quality of the water
a stream which has all of its watershed within a national forest or other lands under good conservation practices is less likely to be affected by pollution than one passing through unrestricted logging or past an industrial area
other factors such as water temperature depth of water the fish life it supports wave action flooding etcetera will affect its recreation value
other natural features which can be of high interest are the forests canyons mountains deserts seacoast beaches sand dunes waterfalls springs etcetera with which the area is blessed
just as the national and state parks place emphasis on features which are of national or state significance counties should seek out these features which are distinctive of their area
although the site may contain the features themselves there are often opportunities to include them as additional interest to the site
the route to the park may lead people past them or display views of them
a group of native trees or plants which are outstanding in a particular county can be featured at the site
the fish animals and birds which may be found at the site are another interest
fishing interest calls for a check of the species found quantity and size the season they are available and the stocking program of the fish commission
animals may be present at the site or provide hunting in nearby areas
the site may be on one of the major flyways of migratory birds or have its own resident bird life
clams crabs and other marine life may add interest at coastal areas
each area has its own historical interests with which much can be done
park visitors are always eager to learn more about the area they are in
the historical sign tells its story but nothing gets interest across as well as some of the original historical items or places themselves which still have the character of the period covered
notice should be taken of unusual rock formations deposits or shapes of the earth 's crust in your region
those which tell a story of the earth 's formation in each area can add geological interest to the recreation sites
an old shipwreck a high dam an old covered bridge a place to find agates or other semi-precious stones or a place to pan gold etcetera may be of interest
some areas may provide archeological values such as ancient indian village sites or hunting areas caves artifacts etcetera
how well can the site be developed
look at the physical features of the land to determine how desirable it is for use what can be done to correct the faults and what it will cost to make the area meet your needs in comparison to other sites
many things need to be checked
size and shape
the size of the area alone can be a determining factor
an area may be too small for the needs of the project
areas should be large enough to include the attractions have ample space for the use of facilities needed and have room around the edges to protect the values of the area from encroachment by private developments
acreage in excess of the minimum is good practice as recreation areas are never too large for the future and it is often more economical to operate one large area than several small ones
shape of the area is also related to the use attractions and needs of the development
a large picnic area or camping development is most efficient in shape as a square or rectangle several hundred feet in width in preference to a long narrow area less than one hundred feet wide
this is true because of savings in utility lines and the fact that your buildings have a useful radius equal in all directions
however a narrow strip may be very practical for small developments or to provide additional stream frontage for a fisherman 's trail or include scenic strips within the park unit
the values of the site may be affected by the appearance of the adjoining lands ownership and use of the land and the utilities available there
for instance a site adjoining other publicly owned lands such as a national forest or a public road may be desirable whereas a site next to an industrial plant might
the utilities available nearby may provide a savings in the cost of extending electricity or water to the site
topography is very important
check the elevation of the ground degree and direction of slopes drainage rock outcrops topsoil types and quality as well as subsoil
nearly level areas are required for parking areas beaches camp areas ballfields etcetera
determine how much topography limits useful area or what the costs of earth moving or grading might be
in addition to its recreation interests water is needed for drinking sanitation and irrigation
the quantity and quality of water sources is often a big factor in site selection
the area may provide good springs or opportunities for a well or be near to municipal water lines
figure the cost of providing water to the use areas
the existing plant growth calls for thorough checking
look at the trees as to size and interest the amount of shade they provide how healthy they are the problems of maintenance fire hazards wind throw etcetera
an area may have been partially logged and requires removal of stumps or clean-up
some shrubs may be of good landscaping value other areas of brush may need to be cleared
the extent and location of open areas is noted
how much will wind rain sun and temperature affect the use
an area sheltered from strong winds may be highly desirable for recreation use
the direction velocity and season of these winds should be noted as to just how they will affect the recreation use and your maintenance and operation of the area
lack of rainfall and extreme temperatures may call for the development of shade and irrigation of a site to make it useable
sometimes you have a choice of exposure for sites where the topography or trees of the area will provide afternoon shade morning sun or whatever may be most desirable for the use intended
some areas may already have been improved and contain buildings roads utilities cleared land etcetera which may raise the cost of the site
your invitation to write about serge prokofieff to honor his ##th anniversary for the april issue of sovietskaya muzyka is accepted with pleasure because i admire the music of prokofieff
and with sober purpose because the development of prokofieff personifies in many ways the course of music in the union of soviet socialist republics
the serge prokofieff whom we knew in the united states of america was gay witty mercurial full of pranks and bonheur and very capable as a professional musician
these qualities endeared him to both the musicians and the social-economic haute monde which supported the concert world of the post-world war # era
prokofieff 's outlook as a composer-pianist-conductor in america was indeed brilliant
prokofieff 's classical symphony was hailed as an ingenious work from a naturally gifted and well-trained musician still in his twenties
to the traditionalists it was a brilliant satire on modernism
to the neo-classicists it was a challenge to the pre-war world
what was it to prokofieff
a tongue-in-cheek stylization of ##th-century ideas
a trial balloon to test the aesthetic climate of the times
a brilliant piece de resistance
certainly its composer was an ascending star on a new world horizon
i heard the classical symphony for the first time when koussevitzky conducted it in paris in ####
all musical paris was there
some musicians were enthusiastic some skeptical
i myself was one of the skeptics ## years ago
i remember ernest bloch in the foyer shouting in his high-pitched voice it may be a tour de force mais mon dieu can anyone take this music seriously
the answer is yes
certainly america took prokofieff and his classical symphony seriously and with a good deal of pleasure
his life-long friend serge koussevitzky gave unreservedly of his praise and brilliant performances in boston new york and washington d.c. to which he added broadcastings and recordings for the whole nation
chicago was also a welcome host there in #### prokofieff conducted the world premiere of the love for three oranges and played the first performance of his third piano concerto
uncle sam was indeed a rich uncle to prokofieff in those opulent post-war victory years of peace and prosperity bold speculations and extravaganzas enjoyment and pleasure the golden twenties
we attended the premieres of his concertos symphonies and suites
we studied taught and performed his piano sonatas chamber music gavottes and marches
we bought his records and played them in our schools and universities
we unanimously agreed that prokofieff had won his rights as a world citizen to the first ranks of twentieth-century composers
nevertheless prokofieff was much influenced by paris during the twenties the paris which was the artistic center of the western world the social paris to which russian aristocracy migrated the chic paris which attracted the tourist dollars of rich america the avant-garde paris of diaghileff stravinsky koussevitzky cocteau picasso the laissez-faire paris of dadaism and ultramodern art the paris sympathique which took young composers to her bosom with such quick and easy enthusiasms
so young prokofieff was the darling of success in his motherland
in the spacious hunting grounds of uncle sam
in the exciting salons of his lovely brilliant paris mistress of gaiety excess and abandon world theatre of new-found freedoms in tone color dance design and thought
meanwhile three great terrible forces were coagulating and crystallizing
in this world-wide conscription of men minds and machines prokofieff was recalled to his native land
the world exploded when fascism challenged all concepts of peace and liberty and the outraged freedom-loving peoples of the capitalist and socialist worlds combined forces to stamp fascist tyranny into cringing submission
after this holocaust a changing world occupied the minds of men
a world beset with new boundaries new treaties and governments new goals and methods and the age-old fears of aggression and subjugation hunger and exposure
in this changed world prokofieff settled to find himself and to create for large national purpose
here this happy roving son of good fortune proved that he could accept the disciplines of a new social-economic order fighting for its very existence and ideals in a truculent world
here prokofieff became a workman in the vineyards of socialism producing music for the masses
it is at this point in his life that the mature prokofieff emerges
one might have expected that such a violent epoch of transition would have destroyed the creative flair of a composer especially one whose works were so fluent and spontaneous
but no prokofieff grew
he accepted the environment of his destiny took root and grew to fulfill the stature of his early promise
by #### he had clarified his intentions to serve his people i have striven for clarity and melodious idiom but at the same time i have by no means attempted to restrict myself to the accepted methods of harmony and melody
this is precisely what makes lucid straightforward music so difficult to compose the clarity must be new old
how right he was
how clearly he saw the cultural defection of experimentation as an escape for those who dare or prefer to face the discipline of modern traditionalism
and with what resource did prokofieff back up his credo of words with torrents of powerful music
compare the vast difference in scope and beauty between his neat and witty little classical symphony and his big muscular passionate and eloquent fifth symphony
or the love for three oranges gay as it is with the wonderful imaginative colorful and subtle tenderness of the magnificent ballet the stone flower
this masterpiece has gaiety too but it is the gaiety of dancing people earthy salty and humorous
of course these works are comparable even though the same brain conceived them
the early works were conceived for a sophisticated international audience
the later works were conceived to affirm a way of life for fellow citizens
however in all of prokofieff 's music young or mature we find his profile his signature his craftsman 's attitude
prokofieff never forsakes his medium for the cause of experimentation per se
in orchestration he stretches the limits of instrumentation with good judgment and a fine imagination for color
his sense for rhythmic variety and timing is impeccable
his creative development of melodic designs of slavic dance tunes and love songs is captivating witty clever adroit and subtle
his counterpoint is pertinent skillful and rarely thick
also it should be noted that the polytonal freedom of his melodies and harmonic modulations the brilliant orchestrations the adroitness for evading the heaviness of figured bass the skill in florid counterpoint were lost in his mature output even in the spectacular historical dramas of the stage and cinema where a large dramatic canvas of sound was required
that prokofieff 's harmonies and forms sometimes seem professionally routine to our ears may or may indicate that he was less of an original than we prefer to believe
need for novelty may be a symptom of cultural fatigue and instability
prokofieff might well emerge as a cultural hero who by the force of his creative life helped preserve the main stream of tradition to which the surviving idioms of current experimentalism may be eventually added and integrated
at this date it seems probable that the name of serge prokofieff will appear in the archives of history as an effective traditionalist who was fully aware of the lure and danger of experimentation and used it as it served his purpose
yet was never caught up in it never a slave to its academic dialectics
certainly it is the traditional clarity of his music which has endeared him to the western world his experimentations
so prokofieff was able to cultivate his musical talents and harvest a rich reward from them
nor can anyone be certain that prokofieff would have done better or even as well under different circumstances
his fellow-countryman igor stravinsky certainly did
why did prokofieff expand in stature and fecundity while stravinsky who leaped into fame like a young giant dwindled in stature and fruitfulness
i think the answer is to be found in prokofieff 's own words the clarity must be new old
when prokofieff forged his new clarity of lucid straightforward music so difficult to compose he shaped his talents to his purpose
when stravinsky shaped his purpose to the shifting scenes of many cultures many salons many dialectics many personalities he tried to refashion himself into a stylist of many styles determined by many disparate cultures
prokofieff was guided in a consistent direction by the life of his own people by the compass of their national ideas
but stravinsky was swayed by the attitudes of whatever culture he was reflecting
in all his miscalculations stravinsky made the fatal historical blunder of presuming that he could transform other composers' inspirations representing many peoples time periods and styles into his own music by warping the harmony melody or form to verify his own experiments
because of the authentic homogeneity of his early nationalistic materials and his flair for orchestrations his brilliant petruchka his savage sacre du printemps his incisive les noces the world kept hoping that he could recapture the historical direction for which his native talents were predisposed
but time is running out and many of stravinsky 's admirers begin to fear that he will never find terra firma
his various aesthetic postulates remain as landmarks of a house divided against itself supra-expressionism neo-paganism neo-classicism neo-romanticism neo-jazz neo-ecclesiasticism neo-popularism and most recently post-serialism all competing with each other within one composer
what a patchwork of proclamations and renunciations
meager and shabby by-products linger to haunt our memories of a once mighty protagonist
a maladroit reharmonization of our national anthem the star-spangled banner
a poor attempt to write an idiomatic jazz concerto
a circus polka for elephants
his hopes that the tunes from his old music might be used for popular american commercial songs
stravinsky nearing the age of eighty is like a lost and frantic bird flitting from one abandoned nest to another searching for a home
how differently prokofieff 's life unfolded
prokofieff was able to adjust his creative personality to a swiftly changing world without losing his particular force and direction
in the process his native endowments were stretched strengthened and disciplined to serve their human purpose
with a large and circumspect ##th-century technique he wove the materials of national heroes and events national folklore and children 's fairy tales slavic dances and love songs into a solid musical literature which served his people well and is providing much enjoyment to the world at large
of course it must be forgotten that in achieving this historical feat prokofieff had the vast resources of his people behind him
time and economic security
symphony orchestras opera and ballet companies
choruses chamber music ensembles
large and eager audiences
it must be conceded that his native land provided prokofieff with many of the necessary conditions for great creative incentive economic security and cultural opportunities incisive idioms social fermentations for a new national ideology a sympathetic public and a large body of performers especially trained to fulfill his purpose
thus in prokofieff the union of soviet socialist republics produced one of the great composers of the twentieth century
that his moods even in his early years are those of his people does him honor as his music honors those who inspired it
that he mastered every aspect of his medium according to his own great talents and contemporary judgments is a good and solid symbol of his people under the tremendous pressures of proclaiming and practising the rigors of a new culture
and perhaps of even greater significance his music is strong ##th-century evidence of the effectiveness of evolution based on a broad traditionalism for the creative art of music
april ## marked a memorable date in new york 's musical history indeed in the musical history of the entire eastern united states
on that date the musicians emergency fund organized to furnish employment for musicians unable to obtain engagements during the depression and to provide relief for older musicians who lost their fortunes in the stock market crash observed its ##th anniversary
roy mason is essentially a landscape painter whose style and direction has a kinship with the english watercolorists of the early nineteenth century especially the beautifully patterned art of john sell cotman
and like this english master mason realizes his subjects in large simplified masses which though they seem effortless are in reality the result of skilled design born of hard work and a thorough distillation of the natural form that inspired them
as a boy roy mason began the long process of extracting the goodness of the out-of-doors its tang of weather its change of seasons its variable moods
his father a professional engraver and an amateur landscape painter took his sons on numerous hunting expeditions and imparted to them his knowledge and love of nature
out of this background of hunting and fishing it was only natural that roy first painted subjects he knew best hunters in the field fishermen in the stream ducks and geese on the wing almost always against a vast backdrop of weather landscape
it is this subject matter that has brought mason a large and enthusiastic following among sportsmen but it is his exceptional performance with this motif that commends him to artists and discerning collectors
mason had to earn the privilege of devoting himself exclusively to painting
like many others he had to work hard long hours in a struggling family business which though it was allied to art of a kind the design and production of engraved seals bore no relation to the painting of pictures
but it did teach roy the basic techniques of commercial art and later for twelve years he and his sister nina conducted an advertising art studio in philadelphia
on the death of their father they returned to their home in batavia new york
after more years of concentrated effort roy and his brother max finally established a thriving family business at the old stand
during all this time roy continued to paint first only on weekends and then as the family business permitted for longer periods
gradually he withdrew from the shop altogether and for the past thirty years he has worked independently as a painter except for his continued hunting and fishing expeditions
but even on these the palette often takes over while the shotgun cools off
except for a rich friendship with the painter chauncey ryder who gave him the only professional instruction he ever had and this was limited to a few lessons though the two artists often went on painting trips together roy developed his art by himself
in the best tradition he first taught himself to see then to draw with accuracy and assurance and then to paint
he worked in oil for years before beginning his work in watercolor and his first public recognition and early honors including his election to the academy were for his essays in the heavier medium
gradually watercolor claimed his greater affection until today it has become his major if exclusive technique
it has been my privilege to paint with roy mason on numerous occasions mostly in the vicinity of batavia
more often than i have found easy excuse to leave my own work and stand at a respectable distance where i could watch this man transform raw nature into a composed imitative painting
what i have observed time and time again is a process of integration integration that begins as abstract design and gradually takes on recognizable form
color patterns that are made to weave throughout the whole composition
and that over-all amazing control of large washes which is the mason stylemark
finally come those little flicks of a rigger brush and the job is done
but for the technical fact we have the artist 's own testimony
of late years i find that i like best to work out-of-doors
first i make preliminary watercolor sketches in quarter scale approximately af inches in which i pay particular attention to the design principles of three simple values the lightest light the middle tone and the darkest dark by reducing the forms of my subject to these large patterns
if a human figure or wild life are to be part of the projected final picture i try to place them in the initial sketch
for me these will belong more completely to their surroundings if they are conceived in this early stage though i freely admit that i do hesitate to add or eliminate figures on the full sheet when it serves my final purpose
i am thoroughly convinced that most watercolors suffer because the artist expects nature will do his composing for him
as a result such pictures are only a literal translation of what the artist finds in the scene before him
just because a tree or other object appears in a certain spot is absolutely no reason to place it in the same position in the painting unless the position serves the design of the whole composition
if the artist would study his work more thoroughly and move certain units in his design often only slightly finer pictures would result
out of long experience i have found that incidental figures and other objects like trees logs and bushes can be traced from the original sketch and moved about in the major areas on the final sheet until they occupy the right position which i call clicking
speed in painting a picture is valid only when it imparts spontaneity and crispness but unless the artist has lots of experience so that he can control rapid execution he would do well to take these first sketches and soberly reorder their design to achieve a unified composition
if i have seemed to emphasize the structure of the composition i mean to project equal concern for color
often in working out-of-doors under all conditions of light and atmosphere a particular passage that looked favorable in relation to the subject will be too bright too dull or too light or too dark when viewed indoors in a mat
when this occurs i make the change on the sketch or on the final watercolor if i have been working on a full sheet in the field
when working from one of my sketches i square it up and project its linear form freehand to the watercolor sheet with charcoal
when this linear draft is completed i dust it down to a faint image
from this point i paint in as direct a manner as possible by flowing on the washes with as pure a color mixture as i can manage
however first i thoughtfully study my sketch for improvement of color and design along the lines i have described
then i plan my attack the parts i will finish first the range of values the accenting of minor details all in all mechanics of producing the finished job with a maximum of crispness
the longer i work the more i am sure that for me at least a workmanlike method is important
trial and error are better placed in the preliminary sketch than in hoping for miracles in the final painting
as for materials i use the best available
i work on a watercolor easel in the field and frequently resort to a large garden umbrella to protect my eyes from undue strain
in my studio i work at a tilt-top table but leave the paper unfixed so that i can move it freely to control the washes
i have used a variety of heavy-weight hand-made papers but prefer an english make rough surface in ###-pound weight
after selecting a sheet and inspecting it for flaws even the best sometimes has foreign nubbins on its surface i sponge it thoroughly on both sides with clean cold water
then i dry the sheet under mild pressure so that it will lie flat as a board
in addition to the usual tools i make constant use of cleansing tissue only to wipe my brushes but to mop up certain areas to soften edges and to open up lights in dark washes
the great absorbency of this tissue and the fact that it is easier to control than a sponge makes it an ideal tool for the watercolorist
i also use a small electric hand-blower to dry large washes in the studio
my brushes are different from those used by most watercolorists for i combine the sable and the bristle
the red sables are #
two riggers # and ##
and a very large flat wash brush
the bristles are a fitch # and a one-half inch brush shaved to a sharp chisel edge
my usual palette consists of top-quality colors alizarin crimson orange raw sienna raw umber burnt sienna sepia cerulean blue cobalt blue french ultramarine blue winsor green hooker 's green # cadmium yellow pale yellow ochre payne 's gray charcoal gray davy 's gray and ivory black
in analyzing the watercolors of roy mason the first thing that comes to mind is their essential decorativeness yet this word has such a varied connotation that it needs some elaboration here
true a mason watercolor is unmistakably a synthesis of nature rather than a detailed inventory
unlike many decorative patterns that present a static flat convention this artist 's pictures are full of atmosphere and climate
long observation has taught mason that most landscape can be reduced to three essential planes a foreground in sharp focus either a light area with dark accents or a dark one with lights
a middle distance often containing the major motif
and a background usually a silhouetted form foiled against the sky
in following this general principle mason provides the observer with a natural eye progression from foreground to background and the illusion of depth is instantly created
when painting mason 's physical eyes are half-closed while his mind 's eye is wide open and this circumstance accounts in part for the impression he wishes to convey
he does insist on telling all he knows about any given subject
rather his pictures invite the observer to draw on his memory his imagination his nostalgia
it is for this reason that roy avoids selecting subjects that require specific recognition of place for their enjoyment
his pictures generalize though they are inspired by a particular locale
they universalize in terms of weather skies earth and people
by dealing with common landscape in an uncommon way roy mason has found a particular niche in american landscape art
living with his watercolors is a vicarious experience of seeing nature distilled through the eyes of a sensitive interpretor a breath and breadth of the outdoor world to help man honor the creator of it all
the artist was born in gilbert mills new york in #### and until two years ago when he and his wife moved to california he lived in western new york in batavia
when i looked up the actual date of his birth and found it to be march ##th i realized that roy was born under the right zodiacal sign for a watercolorist the water sign of pisces february ## thru march ##
and how very often a water plane is featured in his landscapes and how appropriate that he should appear in american artist again in his natal month of march
over the years beginning in #### mason has been awarded seventeen major prizes including two gold medals
two ranger fund purchase awards
the joseph pennell memorial medal
two american watercolor society prizes
the blair purchase prize for watercolor art institute of chicago
and others in buffalo new york chautauqua new haven rochester rockport and most recently the $### prize for a watercolor at the laguna beach art association
he was elected to the national academy of design as an associate in the oil class in #### after receiving his first ranger fund purchase prize at the academy in #### and elevated to academicianship in ####
other memberships include the american watercolor society philadelphia water color club allied artists of america audubon artists baltimore watercolor society
the russian gymnasts beat the tar out of the american gymnasts in the #### olympics for one reason they were better
they were better trained better looking better built better disciplined and something else they were better dancers
our athletes are only just beginning to learn that they must study dance
the russians are all trained as dancers before they start to study gymnastics
but why gymnastics at all
and is the sport really important
after all we did pretty well in some other areas of the olympics competition
but if it is important what can we do to improve ourselves
it is more than just lack of dance training that is our problem for just as gymnastics can learn from dance dance has some very important things to learn from gymnastics
taking first things first let 's understand the sport called gymnastics
it is made up of tumbling which might be said to start with a somersault run through such stunts as headstands handstands cartwheels backbends and culminate in nearly impossible combinations of aerial flips and twists and apparatus work
the apparatus used by gymnasts was once a common sight in american gyms but about #### it was dropped in favor of games
the parallel bars horse buck springboard horizontal bar rings and mats formerly in the school gyms were replaced by baseball volleyball basketball and football
but the russians use gymnastics as the first step in training for all other sports because it provides training in every basic quality except one endurance
the gymnast must develop strength flexibility coordination timing rhythm courage discipline persistence and the desire for perfection
in short gymnastics uses every part of the body and requires a great deal of character as well
the addition of endurance training later when the body is mature enough to benefit from it without danger of injury provides that final quality that makes the top athlete soldier or citizen
another reason gymnastic study is valuable is that it can be started very early in life
an enterprising teacher or parent could start training a healthy child at the age of seven days
most europeans have been exercising newborn infants for centuries
in most sports as in most walks of life the angels are on the side of those who begin young and the russian competitor of ## has at least thirteen years of training behind him
the american is very lucky if he has three
if a nation wished to get a head start in physical fitness over all other nations it would start its kindergarten students on a program of gymnastics the day they entered and thus eliminate a large number of the problems that plague american schools
first of the problems attacked would be fatigue and emotional tension since action relieves both
oddly enough it is proven that there would be less reading difficulty
certainly there would be less anxiety fewer accidents it is the clumsy child who sustains the worst injuries and higher scholastic averages since alert children work better
russia knows this and that is why there were over ###,### competing for places as candidates for the olympic gymnastic team
eighty thousand won top honors and a chance to try for the team itself
we could scarcely find eighty in our great land of over ### million people
and what has dancing to do with all this
a great deal
russia 's young gymnasts have studied dance before having the rigorous training on apparatus
well-stretched trained in posture and coordinated movement and wedded to rhythm they presented the audiences in rome with one of the most beautiful sights ever seen at any olympic contest
american audiences in particular learned two valuable lessons
they saw completely masculine and obviously virile men performing with incredible grace
they were further stripped of old wive 's tales by seeing the slender lovely russian girls performing feats requiring tremendous strength and with one bulging muscle
president kennedy has asked that we become a physically fit nation
if we wait until children are in junior high or high school we will never manage it
to be fit one has to start early with young children and today the only person who really reaches such children is the teacher of dance
if the dance teachers of america make it their business to prepare their young charges for the gymnastics that must come some day if our schools are really responsible we will be that much ahead
school teachers all too unprepared for the job they must do will need demonstrators
there should be youngsters who know how to do a headstand and also how to help other children learn it
they should know simple exercises that could prepare less fortunate children for the sports we will demand be taught
dance teachers can respond to president kennedy 's request only through their regular dance work but also through the kind of basic gymnastic work that makes for strength and flexibility
very little in today 's living provides the strength we need and nothing provides the flexibility
dancers do have flexibility
they often fail however to develop real abdominal back chest shoulder and arm strength
ask any group of ballerinas to do ten push-ups or three chin-ups and the results considering the amount of physical training they have had will be very disappointing
even the boys will be outstanding in these areas
this isn't surprising when we consider that over ## percent of the ##-year-old boys in america cannot chin themselves once and that english school girls outdo them in almost every test even dashes and endurance
the only area in which american boys hold their own is the baseball throw
the chinning bar
for arm and shoulder strength a chinning bar is recommended
it should be installed over a door that is in full view of everyone and a chair should be placed under it a little to one side
those children who can chin themselves should be told to do one chin-up each time they pass under it
those who are too weak should climb on the chair and starting at the top of the chin let themselves slowly down
when they can take ten seconds to accomplish the descent they will have the strength to chin-up
parents should be informed about this system and encouraged to do the same with the whole family at home
the horse kick
arm shoulder chest upper and lower back strength will be aided with the horse kick
start on hands and feet
keeping the hands in the starting position run in place to a quick rhythm
after this has become easy use slower and slower rhythms kicking higher and higher
follow this by crossing from one corner of the room to the other on all fours kicking as high as possible
push-ups are essential but few have the strength for them at first
start on the knees in a large circle
fall slowly forward onto the hands and let the body down to rest on the floor
push back up and repeat
do this exercise six times each class period
as strength improves start in a standing position with legs wide apart and upper body bent forward
start by falling forward to a point close to the feet and as strength improves fall farther and farther out
try to push back to the stand position from the stretched position without any intermediate pushes from the hands
the push-up itself can be taught by starting at the top of the push-up with legs spread wide
let the body down slowly taking at least five seconds for the letting down
five of these done daily for about a week will develop the strength for one push-up
handstands come after arms chest and shoulders have developed at least a minimum of strength
of course those who have developed more will find them easier
start with the class standing in a circle with weight on the right foot and the left extended a little way into the circle
at first each child should do a kick-up by himself so that the teacher can determine those ready to work alone and those who need help
drop both hands to the floor and at the same time kick the right foot up in back
the left will follow at once
the right will land first followed by the left
return to the standing position
care should be taken to see that the hands are placed on the floor before the kick starts and also that the landing foot is brought as close to the hands as possible
this will prevent flat falls and toe injuries
bare feet are better for such work than any form of slipper
eventually the class will be able to kick up high enough so that the teacher can catch the leading leg
the child should then bring both legs together overhead point the toes and tighten the seat muscles
be sure that the landing foot is brought close to the hands and that only one foot lands at a time
the backbend is of extreme importance to any form of free gymnastics and as with all acrobatics the sooner begun the better the results
have the class lie supine with knees apart and bent
place flat palms on either side of the head a few inches away from the ears fingers pointing toward the shoulders
arch the back upwards to make a bridge
be sure the head drops backward so that the child looks at the floor rather than toward the ceiling
as flexibility improves the feet will move closer to the hands and the bridge rise higher
later this can be combined with the handstand to provide a walkover
to further increase back flexibility work on the back circle
have the class lie prone
place the hands in front of the chest
keep the legs straight and the toes pointed
straighten the arms slowly this arches the back
at the peak of the arch tip the head back and bend the knees in an effort to touch toes to head
improvement can be measured by the lessening distance between toes and head
the last essential to the beginner 's gymnastic program is the somersault or forward roll
this used to be part of every child 's bag of tricks but few children can do it today
some are actually incapable of rolling forward and are completely confused when sitting or standing upright
for most small children learning a forward roll is simply a matter of copying another child who can
after it has been seen have the child start on a mat on hands and knees a thin inexpensive mat is quite sufficient for anything that does require falling
he places the hands on either side of the head keeping the chin down on the chest
he then pushes his seat into the air and the teacher guides it over
one or two practice runs should be sufficient for solo
if however the child is weak overweight or afraid more help will be needed
when the child raises his seat into the air the teacher takes hold under both sides of the pelvis
then no matter what happens the child 's performance will be controlled
by lifting the seat upwards a little the weight is taken off the neck and the back is kept rounded
these are beginnings but correctly learned they prepare for satisfying and exciting stunts that can be performed by a strong flexible body we are talking of eccentric extremes
even if gymnastics are the ultimate goal the good tumbler will be a better dancer a better athlete and a human being with a greater margin of safety in any activity
it is very important for parents to understand that early training is imperative
and dancing school so helpful in artistic and psychological development also contributes to this essential early training and can contribute even more
every taxpayer is well aware of the vast size of our annual defense budget and most of our readers also realize that a large portion of these expenditures go for military electronics
we have noted how some electronic techniques developed for the defense effort have evenutally been used in commerce and industry
the host of novel applications of electronics to medical problems is far more thrilling because of their implication in matters concerning our health and vitality
when we consider the electronic industry potential for human betterment the prospect is staggering
the author has recently studied the field of medical electronics and has been convinced that in this area alone the application of electronic equipment has enormous possibilities
the benefits electronics can bring to bio-medicine may be greater by far than any previous medical discovery
we use the term bio-medicine because of the close interrelation between biology and medical research
electronics has been applied to medicine for many years in the form of such familiar equipment as the x-ray machine the electrocardiograph and the diathermy machine
recently many doctors have installed ultrasonic vibration machines for deep massage of bruises contusions and simple bursitis
commonly used electronic devices which are found in practically every hospital are closed-circuit tv and audio systems for internal paging and instruction along with radiation counters timers and similar devices
in this article we will concentrate on the advances in the application of electronics in bio-medical research laboratories because this is where tomorrow 's commonplace equipment originates
from the wealth of material and the wide variety of different electronic techniques perfected in the past few years we have selected a few examples which appear to be headed for use in the immediate future and which offer completely new tools in medical research
many cells bacteria and other microorganisms are transparent to visible light and must be stained for microscopic investigation
this stain often disrupts the normal cell activity or else colors only the outside
a completely new insight into living cells and their structure will be possible by use of a new technique which replaces visible light with ultraviolet radiation and combines a microscope with a color-tv system to view the results
fig. # is a simplified block diagram of the ultraviolet microscopy system developed at the medical electronics center of rockefeller institute
by combining the talents of a medical man dr. aterman a biophysicist mr. berkely and an electronics expert dr. zworykin this novel technique has been developed which promises to open broad avenues to understanding life processes
three different wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation are selected by the variable filters placed in front of the three mercury xenon lights which serve as the ultraviolet sources
these wavelengths are reflected in sequence through the specimen by the rotating mirror
the specimen is magnified by the microscope
instead of the observer 's eye the image orthicon in the tv camera does the looking
the microscope and orthicon are both selected to operate well into the ultraviolet spectrum which means that all lenses must be quartz
the video signal is amplified and then switched in synchronism with the three ultraviolet light sources which are sequenced by the rotating mirror so that during one-twentieth of a second only one wavelength corresponding to red green or blue is seen
note because of light leakage from one ultraviolet source to another the lights are switched by a commutator-like assembly rotated by a synchronous motor
this assembly also supplies a ##-cps switching gate for the electronics circuitry
this is the same system as was used in the field-sequential color-tv system which preceded the present simultaneous system
three separate amplifiers then drive a ##-inch tricolor tube
the result is a color picture of the specimen where the primary colors correspond to the three different ultraviolet wavelengths
many of the cells and microorganisms which are transparent to visible light absorb or reflect the much shorter wavelengths of the ultraviolet spectrum
different parts of these cells sometimes absorb or reflect different wavelengths so that it is often possible to see internal portions of cells in a different color
where the microscope under visible light may show only vague shadows or nothing at all ultraviolet illumination and subsequent translation into a color tv picture reveal a wealth of detail
at the present time the research team which pioneered this new technique is primarily interested in advancing and perfecting it
breathing -- electronically analyzed
the medical title of lobar ventilation in man by drs. c. j. martin and a. c. young covers a brief paper which is one part of a much larger effort to apply electronics to the study of the respiratory process
at the university of washington medical school the electronics group has developed the respiratory gas analyzer shown in fig. #
this unit affectionately dubbed the monster can be wheeled to any convenient location and provides a wealth of information about the patient 's breathing
in the lower center rack an #-channel recorder indicates the percentage of carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the upper and lower lobes of one lung the total volume of inhalation per breath the flow of air from both lobes and the pressure of the two lobes with respect to each other
usually the patient breathes into a mouthpiece while walking a treadmill standing still or in some other medically significant position
from the resulting data the doctor can determine lung defects with hitherto unknown accuracy and detail
the original electrocardiograph primarily indicates irregularities in the heartbeat but today 's techniques allow exact measurements of the flow of blood through the aorta dimensioning of the heart and its chambers and a much more detailed study of each heartbeat
for many of these measurements the chest must be opened but the blood vessels and the heart itself remain undisturbed
a group of researchers at the university of washington have given a paper which briefly outlines some of these techniques
one simple method of measuring the expansion of the heart is to tie a thin rubber tube filled with mercury around the heart and record the change in resistance as the tube is stretched
a balanced resistance bridge and a pen recorder are all the electronic instrumentation needed
sonar can be used to measure the thickness of the heart by placing small crystal transducers at opposite sides of the heart or blood vessel and exciting one with some pulsed ultrasonic energy
the travel time of sound in tissue is about #### meters per second
thus it takes about ## msec. to traverse ## mm. of tissue
a sonar or radar-type of pulse generator and time-delay measuring system is required for body-tissue evaluation
in addition to the heart and aorta successful measurements of liver and spleen have also been made by this technique
the doppler effect using ultrasonic signals can be employed to measure the flow of blood without cutting into the blood vessel
a still more sophisticated system has been devised for determining the effective power of the heart itself
it uses both an ultrasonic dimensioning arrangement of the heart and a catheter carrying a thermistor inserted into the bloodstream
the latter measures the heat carried away by the bloodstream as an indication of the velocity of the blood flow
it is also possible to utilize a pressure transducer mounted at the end of a catheter which is inserted into the heart 's left ventricle to indicate the blood pressure in the heart itself
this pressure measurement may be made at the same time that the ultrasonic dimensioning measurement is made
a simplified version of the instrumentation for this procedure is shown in fig. #
outputs of the two systems are measured by a pulse-timing circuit and a resistance bridge followed by a simple analogue computer which feeds a multichannel recorder
from this doctors can read heart rate change in diameter pressure and effective heart power
several years ago headlines were made by a small radio transmitter capsule which could be swallowed by the patient and which would then radio internal pressure data to external receivers
this original capsule contained a battery and a transistor oscillator and was about # cm. in diameter
battery life limited the use of this pill to about # to ## hours maximum
a refinement of this technique has been described by drs. zworykin and farrar and mr. berkely of the medical electronics center of the rockefeller institute
in this novel arrangement the pill is much smaller and contains only a resonant circuit in which the capacitor is formed by a pressure-sensing transducer
as shown in fig. # an external antenna is placed over or around the patient and excited #### times a second with short ###-kc. bursts
the energy received by the pill causes the resonant circuit to ring on after the burst and this ringing takes place at the resonant frequency of the pill
these frequencies are amplified and detected by the fm receiver after each burst of transmitted energy and after the pill has been calibrated precise internal pressure indications can be obtained
one of the advantages of this method is that the pill can remain in the patient for several days permitting observation under natural conditions
applications to organs other than the gastrointestinal tract are planned for future experiments
sonar in medical research
one of the most gratifying applications of an important technique of submarine detection is in the exploration of the human body
our readers are familiar with the principles of sonar where sound waves are sent out in water and the echoes then indicate submerged objects
various methods of pulsing scanning and displaying these sound waves are used to detect submarines map ocean floors and even communicate under water
in medicine the frequencies are much higher transducers and the sonar beams themselves are much smaller and different scanning techniques may be used but the principles involved are the same as in sonar
because the body contains so much liquid transmission of ultrasonic signals proceeds fairly well in muscles and blood vessels
bones and cartilage transmit poorly and tend to reflect the ultrasonic signals
based on this phenomenon a number of investigators have used this method to look through human organs
a good example of the results obtainable with ultrasonic radiation is contained in papers presented by dr. g. baum who has explored the human eye
he can diagnose detachment of the retina where conventional methods indicate blindness due to glaucoma
the method used to scan the eye ultrasonically is illustrated in fig. #
the transducer is coupled to the body through a water bath shown
for display dr. baum uses a portion of an af an airborne radar indicator and then photographs the screen to obtain a permanent record
a typical sonogram of a human eye together with a description of the anatomical parts is shown in fig. #
the frequency used for these experiments is ## mc. and the transducer is a specially cut crystal with an epoxy lens capable of providing beam diameters smaller than one millimeter
the transducer itself moves the beam in a sector scan just like a radar antenna while the entire transducer structure is moved over a ##-degree arc in front of the eye to look into all corners
the total picture is only seen by the camera which integrates the many sector scans over the entire ##-degree rotation period
drs. howry and holmes at the university of colorado medical school have applied the same sonar technique to other areas of soft tissue and have obtained extremely good results
by submerging the patient in a tub and rotating the transducer while the scanning goes on they have been able to get cross-section views of the neck as shown in fig. # as well as many other hitherto impossible insights
as mentioned before bone reflects the sound energy and in fig. # the portion of the spine shows as the black area in the center
arteries and veins are apparent by their black blood-filled centers and the surrounding white walls
a cross-section of a normal lower human leg is shown in fig. # with the various parts labeled
oersted 's boyhood represented a minimal chance of either attaining greatness or serving his people so well and over so long a span of life
he was born in the small danish town of rudkoebing on the island of langeland in the south-central part of denmark on august ## ####
his father soeren was the village apothecary whose slender income made it difficult to feed his family let alone educate them in a town without even a school
the two older boys hans and anders his junior by a year therefore went daily to the home of a warm and friendly wigmaker nearby for instruction in german
his wife taught the two boys to read and write danish
other brothers later joined them for instruction with oldenburg the wigmaker and also arithmetic was added to bible reading german and danish in the informal curriculum
oldenburg 's contributions were soon exhausted and the boys had to turn to a wider circle of the town 's learned such as the pastor to supplement the simple teaching
from the town surveyor hans learned drawing and mathematics and from a university student some academic subjects
the mayor of the town taught them english and french
whatever hans or anders learned separately they passed on to each other
they read every book that they could borrow in the village
at ## hans was sufficiently mature to help his father in the apothecary shop which helped stimulate his interest in medicine and science
his earlier love for literature and history remained with him for his entire life
in #### the brothers decided to enter the university of copenhagen founded in #### and the following spring found them at the university preparing to matriculate for the autumn session
while hans devoted himself to the sciences of medicine physics and astronomy his brother studied law
the brothers continued to help each other during their studies sharing a joint purse lodging together in the dormitory and dining together at the home of their aunt
they supplemented their income by small government assistance by tutoring and economizing wherever they could
so impressive were those serious years of study at the university that hans later wrote to be perfectly free the young man must revel in the great kingdom of thought and imagination
there is a struggle there in which if he falls it is easy for him to rise again there is freedom of utterance there which draws after it no irreparable consequences on society
i lived in this onward-driving contest where each day overcame a new difficulty gained a new truth or banished a previous error
he openly proclaimed his pleasure in lecturing and writing about science
in this third year at the university hans in #### was awarded the first important token of recognition a gold medal for his essay on limits of poetry and prose
he completed his training in pharmacy also taking his degree with high honors in #### and in #### was awarded the degree of doctor of philosophy along with a prize for an essay in medicine
he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis which later was accepted in chemical practices
ferment of scientific activity
hans' student days were at a time when europe was in a new intellectual ferment following the revolutions in america and in france germany and italy were rising from divisive nationalisms and a strong wave of intellectual awareness was sweeping the continent
the new century opened with oersted beginning his professional career in charge of an apothecary shop in copenhagen and as lecturer at the university
he was stirred by the announcement of volta 's discovery of chemical electricity and he immediately applied the voltaic pile to experiments with acids and alkalis
the following year he devoted to the customary wanderjahr traveling in germany france and the netherlands meeting the philosophers schelling fichte and tieck
he also met count rumford born benjamin thompson in woburn mass. who was then serving the elector of bavaria and the physicist ritter
these were oersted 's main contacts in science
from gottingen #### where he stayed for ## days he wrote the first question asked everywhere is about galvanism
as everybody is curious to see the battery of glass tubes i have invented i have had quite a small one made here of four glass tubes in copenhagen i used ## and intend to carry it with me
oersted joined ritter at jena and stayed with him for # weeks continuing their correspondence after he left
with ritter he was exposed to the fantastic profusion of ideas that stormed through his host 's fertile but disorganized mind
oersted remodeled ritter 's notes into an essay in french which was submitted to the institut de france for its annual prize of #,### francs
the sound discoveries of this quixotic genius were so diluted by those of fantasy that the prize was never awarded to him
in may #### ritter in another flight of fancy wrote to oersted a letter that contained a remarkable prophecy
he related events on earth to periodic celestial phenomena and indicated that the years of maximum inclination of the ecliptic coincided with the years of important electrical discoveries
thus #### corresponded to the invention of the leiden jar by kleist #### that of the electrophorus by wilcke #### produced the condenser of volta and #### the voltaic pile
ritter proceeded you now emerge into a new epoch in which late in the year #### or #### you will have to reckon
this we might well witness
ritter died in #### and oersted only lived to see the event occur but was the author of it
in #### oersted returned to copenhagen and applied for the university 's chair in physics but was rejected because he was probably considered more a philosopher than a physicist
however he continued experimenting and lecturing publishing the results of his experiments in german and danish periodicals
in #### his ambition was realized and he became professor of physics at the copenhagen university though realizing full professorship ordinarius until ####
during oersted 's attendance at the university it was poorly equipped with physical apparatus for experimenting in the sciences
he was however fortunate in his contact with prof. j. g. l. manthey ####-#### teacher of chemistry who in addition to his academic chair was also proprietor of the lion pharmacy in copenhagen where oersted assisted him
manthey maintained a valuable collection of physical and chemical apparatus which was at oersted 's disposal during and after his graduation
in #### manthey went abroad and oersted was appointed manager of the lion pharmacy
in february #### oersted did manage to experiment with physical apparatus and reported experiments made with a voltaic battery of ### plates of zinc and silver and of later experiments with a battery of ## plates of zinc and lead
in the following year #### oersted simultaneously with davy discovered that acids increased the strength of a voltaic battery more than did salts
eager as he was to pursue this promising line he was so loaded down with the management of the pharmacy and lectures in the medical and pharmaceutical faculties at the university that he could devote only sunday afternoons to galvanizing
he assumed his academic career with the same intensity and thoroughness that had marked every step in his rise from boyhood
the university was the only one in denmark and the status of professor represented the upper social level
his broad interest in literary political and philosophical movements opened many doors to him
his friends were numerous and their ties to him were strong
the years #### and #### saw him in germany and france again but on this visit to berlin he did seek out the philosophers as he had on his first journey
in berlin he published his views of the chemical laws of nature in german and this was issued in french translation paris #### under the title recherches sur l'identite des forces chimiques et electriques a work held in very high esteem by the new generation of research chemists
his interest in finding a relationship between voltaic electricity and magnetism is here first indicated
chapter # is entitled on magnetism and in it are included such remarks as one has always been tempted to compare the magnetic forces with the electrical forces
the great resemblance between electrical and magnetic attractions and repulsions and the similarity of their laws necessarily would bring about this comparison
it is true that nothing has been found comparable with electricity by communication
but the phenomena observed had such a degree of analogy to those depending on electrical distribution that one could find the slightest difference
the form of galvanic activity is halfway between the magnetic form and the electrical form
there forces are more latent than in electricity and less than in magnetism
but in such an important question we would be satisfied if the judgment were that the principal objection to the identity of forces which produce electricity and magnetism were only a difficulty and a thing which is contrary to it
one could also add to these analogies that steel loses its magnetism by heat which proves that steel becomes a better conductor through a rise in temperature just as electrical bodies do
it is also found that magnetism exists in all bodies of nature as proven by bruckmann and coulomb
by that one feels that magnetic forces are as general as electrical forces
an attempt should be made to see if electricity in its most latent stage has any action on the magnet as such
his plan and intent were clearly charted
oersted returned in #### and resumed an active part in university and political discussions
in one debate he supported the freedom of judgment as opposed to dogma in another he held that the practice of science was in fact an act of religious worship
he continued as a popular lecturer
he devised a detonating fuse in which a short wire was caused to glow by an electric current
in #### under royal command he undertook a very successful geological expedition to bornholm one of the danish islands being one of three scientists in the expedition
it was with the assistance of one of the members of this expedition lauritz esmarch that oersted succeeded in producing light by creating an electric discharge in mercury vapor through which an electric current was made to flow
together they also developed a new form of voltaic cell in which the wooden trough was replaced by one of copper thereby producing stronger currents
esmarch was among those who witnessed oersted 's first demonstration of his discovery
discovery of electromagnetism
the association between electric both electrostatic and voltaic forces and magnetic forces had been recognized by investigators for many decades
electrical literature contained numerous references to lightning that had magnetized iron and had altered the polarity of compass needles
in the late #### 's beccaria and van marum among others had magnetized iron by sending an electrostatic charge through it
beccaria had almost stumbled on a lead to the relationship between electricity and magnetism when a discharge from a leyden jar was sent transversally through a piece of watch-spring steel making its ends magnetic
the resulting magnetic effect proved stronger than when the discharge was made lengthwise
the experiments of romagnosi and others have already been noted but no one had determined the cause-and-effect relationship between these two primary forces
oersted 's own earlier experiments were unimpressive possibly because he had like other experimenters laid the conducting wire across the compass needle instead of parallel with it
the sequence of events leading to his important discovery still remains ambiguous but it seems that one of the advanced students at the university related that the first direct event that led to the publication of oersted 's discovery occurred during a private lecture made before a group of other advanced students in the spring of ####
at this lecture oersted happened to place the conducting wire over and parallel to a magnetic needle
knowing specifically what the many feed additives can do and how and when to feed them can make a highly competitive business more profitable for beef dairy and sheep men
the target chart quickly and briefly tells you which additives do what
all the additives listed here are sanctioned for use by the food and drug administration of the federal government
all comments concerning effectiveness and use of drugs have been carefully reviewed by a veterinary medical officer with aj
this article assumes that the rations you are feeding your beef dairy cattle and sheep are adequately balanced with protein vitamins and minerals
the drug 's chemical name is listed since most states require feed processors to use this name instead of the trade name on the feed tag
in some instances the trade name is shown in parentheses following the chemical name
this indicates that this drug is being marketed under one trade name only or state regulatory organizations have approved its use on the feed tag
here 's your feed additive guide for ruminants :
drug 's chemical name :
oxytetracycline hydrochloride terramycin what it does :
increases rate of gain and improves feed efficiency aids in the prevention or treatment depending on level fed of the early stages of shipping fever prevents or treats bacterial diarrhea and aids in reducing incidence of bloat and liver abscesses
milk production may be increased by the anti-infective properties of this drug
how to feed : beef cattle ( finishing ration )
to increase rate of gain and improve feed efficiency feed ## milligrams per head in daily supplement
to increase rate of gain and improve feed efficiency feed ## to ## grams per ton of complete feed
as an aid in the prevention of bacterial diarrhea scours feed ## grams per ton of complete feed
for the treatment of bacterial scours feed ###-### grams
for prevention or treatment of bacterial scours feed #.# to # milligrams per pound of body weight daily
beef and dairy
as an aid in reducing incidence and severity of bloat provide ## milligrams of oxytetracycline hydrochloride per animal daily
to reduce incidence of liver abscesses supply ## milligrams of oxytetracycline activity per head daily
to prevent or treat bacterial diarrhea furnish #.# to # milligrams per pound of body weight daily
for the prevention or treatment of the early stages of shipping fever complex increase feeding level to #.# to # grams per head per day
for the best results feed this level to cattle # to # days preceding shipment and # to # days following their arrival in your feed lot
for treatment of shipping fever this level should be fed at the onset of the disease symptoms until symptoms disappear
to increase rate of gain and improve feed efficiency feed ## to ## grams per ton
as an aid in the prevention of bacterial diarrhea scours feed ## grams per ton
drug 's chemical name :
chlortetracycline aureomycin what it does :
increases gains improves feed efficiency and reduces losses from bacterial infections listed under how to feed section
milk production may be increased by the anti-infective properties of this drug
how to feed : beef
less than ## milligrams of aureomycin per head daily to aid in the prevention of liver abscesses in feed-lot beef cattle
prevention of bacterial pneumonia shipping fever as an aid in reduction of losses due to respiratory infections infectious rhinotracheitis shipping fever complex
feed at level of ## milligrams per head per day
treatment of the above diseases ### milligrams per head per day for ## days only
for prevention of these diseases during periods of stress such as shipping excessive handling vaccination extreme weather conditions ### milligrams per head per day for ## days only
as an aid in reducing bacterial diarrhea and preventing foot rot feed less than #.# milligram per pound of body weight daily
to aid in the prevention of anaplasmosis feed less than #.# milligram per pound of body weight daily
for calves feed less than ## grams of aureomycin per ton complete feed as an aid in preventing bacterial diarrhea and foot rot
for cows feed providing an intake of #.# milligram of aureomycin per pound of body weight daily aids in the reduction of bacterial diarrhea in the prevention of foot rot and in the reduction of losses due to respiratory infection infectious rhinotracheitis shipping fever complex
as an aid in reducing losses due to enterotoxemia overeating disease feed a complete ration containing less than ## and more than ## grams of aureomycin per ton
to reduce vibrionic abortion in breeding sheep feed ## milligrams per head daily
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
an aid in getting cattle and sheep on full feed in improving feed conversion and growth in reducing bloat and founder and in controlling scours
how to feed : beef and dairy calves
#.# gram dynafac per head daily # gram of premix per head daily for promoting growth feed conversion bloom and full feed earlier
dynafac in a complete ration or #.# to #.# gram per head per day ### grams of premix per ton complete ration or equivalent
animals consuming ## pounds feed daily receive # grams dynafac
aids in minimizing the occurrence of feed-lot bloat due to high consumption of concentrates
sheep and lambs
#.# gram premix per head per day for promoting growth feed conversion and getting lambs on full feed earlier
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
increases rate of gain and improves feed efficiency
how to feed : beef cattle
## milligrams of diethylstilbestrol per head daily
this may be incorporated in complete feeds at the level of #.# milligram of diethylstilbestrol per pound of ration assuming animal consumes about ## pounds daily
the drug is also incorporated in supplements
these are to be fed at a rate to provide ## milligrams des per head daily
the recommended ##-milligram daily intake level should be maintained
it may be incorporated into cattle creep feeds in levels from #.# to #.# milligrams of diethylstilbestrol per pound of feed
sheep fattening rations
the recommended level for sheep is # milligrams daily and this level should be maintained
include supplement containing #.# to # milligrams per pound to provide # milligrams per head per day
discontinue medication ## hours before slaughter
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
improves growth rate and feed efficiency of fattening beef animals
how to feed :
at the rate of #-# milligrams per head per day
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
drug elevates the metabolic rate of the cow
fed to dairy cattle to increase milk production and butterfat percentage
how to feed :
# to #-# grams per ### pounds of body weight
cows receiving drug may be officially tested under breed registry testing programs
drug 's chemical name :
bacterial and fungal enzymes
these enzyme preparations appear on today 's feed tags as fermentation extracts of bacillus subtilis apergillus orzae niger and flavus
what it does :
improves utilization of low-moisture corn less than ##%
how to feed :
greatest benefits have been associated with feeding low-moisture corn in beef-feeding programs
several firms are merchandising enzyme preparation through feed manufacturers
drug 's chemical name :
what it does
effectively controls cattle grubs which damage hides and can reduce gains
how to feed :
drug is added to either a protein or mineral supplement for a period of # or ## days
follow manufacturer 's recommendation carefully
do feed to dairy cows and do feed within ## days of slaughter
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
aids in preventing foamy bloat
how to feed :
for prevention of foamy bloat feed at a rate of #.# to # milligrams per head per day in mineral or salt or feed
for treatment of bloat drug is fed at a higher level
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
reduces losses from stomach hookworm and nodular worms by interfering with reproduction of the female worm by reducing the number of eggs laid and essentially rendering all laid eggs sterile
also aids in the control of horn flies by preventing them from hatching in the droppings
how to feed :
treat cattle with ## grams per ### pounds body weight with a maximum of ## grams per animal
then for the above parasites feed continuously at these levels feeder cattle #-# grams of phenothiazine daily
beef calves to #.# grams daily depending on weight of animal
treat lambs with ## grams per head for lambs weighing up to ## pounds
treat lambs over ## pounds and adults with ## grams per animal
for continuous control feed # part phenothiazine to # parts minerals or salts
to include in feed add phenothiazine to supply #.# to # gram per sheep daily
continuous administration is recommended for lactating cows
following single-dose treatment milk should be discarded for # days following treatment
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
aids in reducing the incidence and severity of bloat in beef or dairy cattle on legume pasture
how to feed :
feed ##,### units or ## milligrams per head daily
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
for the prevention or treatment of acetonemia ketosis in dairy cows
how to feed :
for the prevention of acetonemia ketosis feed # pound per day beginning at calving and continuing for # weeks
for the treatment of ketosis feed # to # pound per day for ## days
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
helps control shipping dysentery and coccidiosis in lambs
how to feed : lambs
feed at level for # or # days
drug 's chemical name :
dried rumen bacteria
what it does :
stimulates rumen activity
how to feed :
incorporated in commercially prepared feed at proper levels
drug 's chemical name :
calcium and sodium lactate
what it does :
prevents and treats acetonemia ketosis in dairy cows
how to feed :
for prevention of ketosis feed # pound per head daily for # weeks commencing at calving time
for treatment of ketosis feed # pound daily until symptoms disappear
then feed preventive dose until # weeks after calving
drug 's chemical name :
what it does :
a tranquilizer fed to cattle other than lactating dairy cows prior to their being subjected to stress conditions such as vaccinating shipping weaning calves and excessive handling
how to feed :
less than milligram but more than #.## milligrams of additive per pound of body weight
additive should be fed ## hours before animals are slaughtered
there are three principal feed bunk types for dairy and beef cattle # fence-line bunks cattle eat from one side while feed is put in from the opposite side of the fence by self-unloading wagons
# mechanized bunks they sit within the feed lot are filled by a mechanical conveyor above feeding surface
# special bunks as discussed here they permit cattle to eat from all sides
feed is put in with an elevator
several materials or combinations of materials can be used to construct a satisfactory feed bunk
the selection of materials depends on skills of available labor for installation cost of materials available locally and your own preference
no one material is best for all situations
selecting bunks by economic comparison is usually an individual problem
fence-line feeding .
animals eat only from one side so the fence-line bunk must be twice as long as the mechanical bunk
these bunks also serve as a fence so part of the additional cost must be attributed to the fence
because of their location on the edge of the feed lot fence-line bunks are in the way of mechanical manure removal
filling these bunks by the same self-unloading wagons used to fill silos spreads cost of the wagons over more time and operations
all-weather roads must be provided next to the feeding floor so access will be possible all year
this will be a problem in areas of heavy snowfall
marketing in the new decade will be no picnic for the sixties will present possibly the most intense competitive activity that you have experienced in the last ##-## yrs.
companies of all types have made great advances in production capabilities and efficiencies in modern equipment and new processes enlarged r & d facilities faster new product development
many companies have upgraded their sales manpower and tested new selling distribution and promotion techniques to gain a bigger competitive edge
given this kind of business climate what competitive marketing problems will your company face in the next ## yrs.
based on our experience with clients we see ## major problems which fall into three broad groups the market place itself marketing methods and marketing management
problems in the market
there has been an intensification of price-consciousness in recent years
there is every indication it will continue
frequently wittingly or unwittingly price-consciousness has been fostered by manufacturers distributors and dealers
despite generally good levels of income we see greater price pressures than ever before traveling back along the chain from consumer to distributor to manufacturer
here are some key areas to examine to make sure your pricing strategy will be on target
has the probable price situation in your field been forecast as a basis for future planning
have cost studies been made of every phase of your operation to determine what might be done if things get worse
have you actually checked out just mentally tested different selling approaches designed to counter the price competition problem
increased customer sophistication .
average consumer is becoming more sophisticated regarding product and advertising claims partly because of widespread criticism of such assertions
this problem can force a change in marketing approach in many kinds of businesses
have you examined this problem of increasing consumer sophistication from the standpoint of your own company
greater demand for services .
need for service is here to stay and the problem is going to be tougher to solve in the sixties
there are two reasons for this
first most products tend to become more complex
second in a competitive market the customer feels his weight and throws it around
providing good customer service requires as thorough a marketing and general management planning job as the original selling of the product
too often it is thought of at the last moment of new product introduction
good service starts with product design and planning many products seem to be designed for a production economy for a service one
proper follow-through requires training your own sales organization and your distributor organizations only in the techniques but also in good customer relations
have you assessed the importance of service and given it proper attention
wider discretionary choices for customers .
in spending his money today the consumer is pulled in many directions
to the manufacturer of the more convenient-type product the purchase of which can be switched delayed or put off entirely the implications are important
your competition is now proportionately greater you are competing only against manufacturers in the same field but also against a vast array of manufacturers of other appealing consumer products
many industry trade associations are developing campaigns to protect or enhance the share of the consumer 's dollar being spent on their particular products
has your company thought through its strategy in this whole discretionary buying area
geographic shift of customers .
the trends have been in evidence for many years population shifts to the southwest and far west and from city to suburbs
these shifts will continue in the next ## yrs.
have you considered the implications of continuing geographic shifts in terms of sales force allocation strength of distributor organizations and even plant location
market concentration and distribution in fewer accounts .
we have already witnessed great changes through mergers and acquisitions in the food industry at both the manufacturing and retail ends
instead of relatively small sales to many accounts there are now larger sales to or through fewer accounts
the change may require different products pricing packaging warehousing salesmanship advertising and executive attention practically every link in the marketing network may have to be adjusted
have you examined these trends forecast the effects and planned your marketing strategy to compete effectively under changing circumstances
problems in marketing methods
more private label competition .
in the area of private label competition it is logical to expect a continuation of trends which have been under way during the first decade
as mass dealer and distributor organizations grow in size there is every reason to expect them to try to share in the manufacturer 's as well as the distributor 's profits which is in effect what the sale of private brands tends to do
average manufacturer frequently has helped build private brand business delivering largely the same qualities and styles in private brand merchandise as in branded
moreover the larger and more aggressive mass distribution outlets and chain stores have insisted on high quality and the customer seems to have caught on
if you are up against private brand competition have you formulated a long-term program for researching and strengthening your market position
if private brand competition hasn't been felt in your product field as yet have you thought how you will cope with it if and when it does appear
less personal salesmanship .
display merchandising backed by pre-selling through advertising and promotion will continue to make strides in the sixties
it has multiple implications and possible headaches for your marketing program
how can you cash in on this fast-growing type of outlet and still maintain relationships with older existing outlets which are still important
if you have a higher-quality product how can you make it stand out justify its premium price without the spoken word
salesmanship is still necessary but it 's a different brand of salesmanship
have you carefully examined the selling techniques which best suit your products
have you studied the caliber and sales approaches of your sales force in relation to requirements for effective marketing
are you experimenting with different selling slants in developing new customers
higher costs of distribution generally .
some distribution costs are kept up by competitive pressure some by the fact that the customers have come to expect certain niceties and flourishes
no manufacturer has taken the initiative in pointing out the costs involved
the use of bulk handling is continuously growing
computers are being used to keep branch inventories at more workable levels
selective selling concentrating sales on the larger accounts has been used effectively by some manufacturers
there may be possible economies at any one of a number of links in your marketing and distribution chain
do you have a program for scrutinizing all these links regularly and carefully and with some imagination
in your sales force will a smaller number of higher-priced high-quality salesmen serve you best or can you make out better with a larger number of lower-paid salesmen
will your trade customers settle for less attention and fewer frills in return for some benefit they can share
in one company covering the country with a high-quality sales force of ## men the president personally phones each major account every # mos.
as a result distribution costs were cut customer relations improved
distribution costs are almost bound to increase in the sixties and you will never know what you can do to control them unless you study each element and experiment with alternative ways of doing the job
higher costs of advertising and promotion .
from the manufacturer 's point of view the increasing cost of advertising and promotion is a very real problem to be faced in the sixties
it is accentuated by the need for pre-selling goods and private label competition
how much fundamental thinking and research has your company done on its advertising program
are you following competition willy-nilly trying to match dollar for dollar or are you experimenting with new means for reaching and influencing consumers
have you evaluated the proper place of advertising and all phases of promotion in your total marketing program from the standpoint of effort money and effectiveness
increasing tempo of new product development .
practically all forecasts mention new and exciting products on the horizon
will you be out in the market place with some of these sales-building new products
if competition beats you to it this exciting new product era can have real headaches in store
on the other hand the process of obsoleting an old product and introducing the new one is usually mighty expensive
as markets become larger and marketing more complex the costs of an error become progressively larger
is your r & d or product development program tuned in to the commercial realities of the market
are there regular communications from the field or meetings of sales and marketing personnel with r & d people
technical knowledge is a wonderful thing but it 's useless unless it eventually feeds the cash register
are there individuals in your organization who can shepherd a new product through to commercialization
who can develop reliable estimates of sales volume production and distribution costs
and translate the whole into profit and loss and balance sheet figures which management can act on with some assurance
we have seen good new products shelved because no one had the assignment to develop such facts and plans and management couldn't make up its mind
problems in marketing management
shortage of skilled salesmen .
there is a shortage of salesmen today
in the future quantitative demand will be greater because of the expansion of the economy and the qualitative need will be greater still
while many companies have done fine work in developing sales personnel much of it has been product rather than sales training
nor has the training been enough in relation to the need
most marketing people agree it is going to take redoubled efforts to satisfy future requirements
have you estimated your sales manpower needs for the future both quantitatively and qualitatively
has your company developed selection and training processes that are geared to providing the caliber of salesmen you will need in the next ## yrs.
shortage of sales management talent .
with the growing complexity of markets and intensity of competition sales management whether at the district region or headquarters level is a tough job today and it will be tougher in the future
men qualified for the broader task of marketing manager are even more scarce due to the demanding combination of qualifications called for by this type of management work
the growth of business has outdistanced the available supply and the demand will continue to exceed the supply in the sixties
does your company have a program for selecting and developing sales and marketing management personnel for the longer term
does your management climate and your management compensation plan attract and keep top-notch marketing people
complexity of complete marketing planning .
every single problem touched on thus far is related to good marketing planning
hip-pocket tactics are going to be harder to apply
many food and beverage companies are already on a highly planned basis
they have to be
with greater investments in plant facilities with automation growing you can't switch around either in volume or in product design as much as was formerly possible or at least as economically
are planning and strategy development emphasized sufficiently in your company
we find too many sales and marketing executives so burdened with detail that they are short-changing planning
are annual marketing plans reviewed throughout your management group to get the perspective of all individuals and get everyone on the marketing team
do you have a long-term #- or ##-yr. marketing program
the key to effective marketing is wrapped up in defining your company 's marketing problems realistically
solutions frequently suggest themselves when you accurately pinpoint your problems whether they be in the market in marketing methods or in marketing management
if companies will take the time to give objective consideration to their major problems and to the questions they provoke then a long constructive step will have been taken toward more effective marketing in next decade
the controversy of the last few years over whether architects or interior designers should plan the interiors of modern buildings has brought clearly into focus one important difference of opinion
the architects do believe that the education of the interior designer is sufficiently good or sufficiently extended to compare with that of the architect and that therefore the interior designer is incapable of understanding the architectural principles involved in planning the interior of a building
ordinary politeness may have militated against this opinion being stated so badly but anyone with a wide acquaintance in both groups and who has sat through the many round tables workshops or panel discussions whatever they are called on this subject will recognize that the final boiled down crux of the matter is education
it is true that most architectural schools have five year courses some even have six or more
the element of public danger which enters so largely into architectural certification however would demand a prolonged study of structure
this would naturally lengthen their courses far beyond the largely esthetic demands of interior designer 's training
we may then dismiss the time difference between these courses and the usual four year course of the interior design student as having serious bearing on the subject
the real question that follows is how are those four years used and what is their value as training
the american institute of interior designers has published a recommended course for designers and a percentage layout of such a course
an examination of some forty catalogs of schools offering courses in interior design for the most part schools accredited by membership in the national association of schools of art and a further on the spot inspection of a number of schools show their courses adhere pretty closely to the recommendations
one or two of the schools have a five year curriculum but the usual pattern of american education has limited most of them to the four-year plan which seems to be the minimum in acceptable institutions
the suggested course of the a.i.d. was based on the usual course offered and on the opinion of many educators as to curricular necessities
obviously the four year provision limits this to fundamentals and much desirable material must be eliminated
without comparing the relative merits of the two courses architecture versus interior design let us examine the educational needs of the interior designer
to begin with what is an interior designer
the dictionary of occupational titles published by the u. s. department of labor describes him as follows designs plans and furnishes interiors of houses commercial and institutional structures hotels clubs ships theaters as well as set decorations for motion picture arts and television
makes drawings and plans of rooms showing placement of furniture floor coverings wall decorations and determines color schemes
furnishes complete cost estimates for clients approval
makes necessary purchases places contracts supervises construction installation finishing and placement of furniture fixtures and other correlated furnishings and follows through to completion of project
in addition to this the u. s. civil service bureau when examining applicants for government positions as interior designers expects that when various needed objects are obtainable on the market he will design them
he must be capable of designing for and supervising the manufacture of any craft materials needed in the furnishings
this seems like a large order
the interior designer then must first be an artist but also understand carpentry and painting and lighting and plumbing and finance
yet nobody will question the necessity of all this and any reputable interior designer does know all this and does practice it
and further he must understand his obligation to the client to only meet his physical necessities but also to enhance and improve his life and to enlarge the cultural horizon of our society
few will quarrel with the aim of the schools or with the wording of their curriculum
it is in the quality of the teaching of all this that a question may arise
the old established independent art schools try their best to fulfill their obligations
yet even here many a problem is presented
as in a recent design competition with a floor plan and the simple command design a luxury apartment
no description of the client or his cultural level no assertion of geographical area or local social necessities simply a luxury apartment
working in a vacuum of minimal information can result only in show pieces that look good in exhibitions and catalogs and may please the public relations department but have little to do with the essence of interior design
it is possible of course to work on extant or projected buildings where either architect or owner will explain their necessities so that the student may get the feel of real interior design demands
unfortunately the purely synthetic problem is the rule
it is like medical schools in india where in that fairy-land of religious inhibition the dissection of dead bodies is frowned upon
instead they learn their dissection on the bulbs of plants
thus technical efficiency is achieved at the expense of actual experience
in the earlier years of training certain phases of the work must be covered and the synthetic problem has its use
but to continue to divorce advanced students from reality is inexcusable
consultation with architects clients real estate men fabric houses and furniture companies is essential to the proper development of class problems just as in actual work
fortunately although only a few years ago they held the student at arms length today the business houses welcome the opportunity to aid the student only from an increased sense of community responsibility but also from the realization that the student of today is the interior designer of tomorrow that the student already is in the trade
even the history of furniture can hardly be taught exclusively from photographs and lantern slides
here too the reality of actual furniture must be experienced
the professional organizations such as american institute of interior designers national society of interior designers home fashions league and various trade associations can and do aid greatly in this work
certainly every educator involved in interior design should be a member and active in the work of one of these organizations
only should every educator above the rank of instructor be expected to be a member of one of the professional organizations but his first qualification for membership as an educator should be so sharply scrutinized that membership would be equivalent to certification to teach the subject
participation for the educator in this case however would have to be raised to full and complete membership
the largest of these organizations at present denies to the full time educator any vote on the conduct and standards of the group and indeed refuses him even the right to attach the customary initials after his name in the college catalog
this anomalous status of the educator cannot fail to lower his standing in the eyes of the students
the professor in turn dares tolerate the influence in his classes of an organization in the policies and standards of which he has no voice
this seems somewhat shortsighted since if the absolute educational qualifications for membership which the organizations profess are ever enforced the educator will have the molding of the entire profession in his hands
in one way the institutes and societies do a disservice to the schools
that is in the continuance of the grandfather clauses in their membership requirements
when these groups were first formed many prominent and accomplished decorators could have had the advantage of school training since interior design courses were rare and undeveloped during their youth
long hard years of on the job training had brought them to their competence
the necessity of that day has long disappeared
there is plenty of opportunity for proper education today
it is discouraging for students to realize that the societies do truly uphold the standards for which they are supposed to stand
the reason and the day of grandfather clauses has long since passed
no one can deny that these back door admissions to membership provisions have been seriously abused nor that they have resulted in the admission of downright incompetents to membership in supposedly learned societies
beyond any question of curriculum and approach to subject must be the quality of the teachers themselves
it will occur to anyone that the teacher must have adequate education a depth and breadth of knowledge far beyond the immediate necessities of his course plus complete dedication to his subject and to his students
the local decorator who rushes in for a few hours of teaching may but more likely may have these qualifications
nor will the hack the jack-of-all-trades still found in some of the smaller art schools suffice
only a few years ago a middle western college circulated a request for a teacher of interior design
at the end of its letter was the information that applicants for this position must also be prepared to teach costume design and advertising art
this kind of irresponsibility toward their students can scarcely build a strong professional attitude in the future designer
we must build a corps of highly professional teachers of interior design who have had education experience in the profession and are willing to take on the usual accompaniments of teaching minimal income and minimal status among their confreres
considerable specialization in teaching subjects such as architecture furniture design textiles and color is also desirable
in all degree courses in interior design a number of academic or general studies courses are included
it is only fair to demand that teachers of courses in english history psychology and so on be as well informed in matters of art especially interior design as are the art teachers educated in the academic subjects
the proper correlation of the art with the academic can be achieved only if this standard is observed
the matter of sympathy of the academic professors for art objectives also must be taken into account
one technical question of school organization comes to mind here
for proper accreditation of schools teachers in any course must have a degree at least one level above that for which the student is a candidate
since there are almost no schools in the country offering graduate work in interior design this rule cannot at present be observed
indeed it has only been a matter of the last few years that reputable schools of art have granted degrees at all
the question however cannot be ignored for long
the basic problem involved is that a college setting up a graduate school must have an entirely separate faculty for the advanced degree
most professors in the course must naturally again have a higher degree than the course offers
one solution is the aquisition of degrees in education but it is a poor substitute
it is a sort of academic ring-around-a-rosy and you solve it
this brings us to the question of accreditation of art schools in general
only the independent art schools that is those connected with any university or college receive severe and separate investigation before accreditation by the various regional organizations
it has been the custom for most universities to stretch the blanket of accreditation for their liberal arts school to cover the shivering body of their fine arts department
this plus the habit of many schools of simply adding interior design to the many subjects of their home economics department yet nevertheless claiming that they teach interior design has contributed to the low repute of many university courses in interior design
in spite of this many universities offer adequate and even distinguished courses in the subject
there will be no mitigation of these offences until all art schools whether independent or attached to universities have separate accreditation as do medical schools by an art accreditation group such as the national association of schools of art
independent art schools granting degrees must naturally follow this with academic accreditation by the appropriate regional group
how long has it been since you reviewed the objectives of your benefit and service program
have you permitted it to become a giveaway program rather than one that has the goal of improved employee morale and consequently increased productivity
what effort do you make to assess results of your program
do you measure its relation to reduced absenteeism turnover accidents and grievances and to improved quality and output
have you set specific objectives for your employee publication
is it reaching these goals
is it larger or fancier than you really need
are you using the most economical printing methods paper etc.
are there other cheaper communications techniques that could be substituted
has your attitude toward employee benefits encouraged an excess of free government work in your plant
is your purchasing agent offering too much free-buying service for employees
when improvements are recommended in working conditions such as lighting rest rooms eating facilities air-conditioning do you try to set a measure of their effectiveness on productivity
when negotiating with your union do you make sure employees have a choice between new benefits and their cents-per-hour cost in wages
can you consider restricting any additional employee benefits to those paid for by profit-sharing money such as was done in the union contract recently signed by american motors corporation
do your employees understand all the benefits to which your insurance entitles them
are they encouraged to take full legal advantage of these benefits
have you publicized the cents-per-hour value of the company 's share of insurance premiums
when did you last compare your present premium costs with the costs of insurance from other sources
can your insurance company aid you in reducing administrative costs
do you try to maintain the principle of employee-contributed as opposed to fully company-paid programs
holidays , time off , overtime
do you protect your holiday privileges with an attendance requirement both before and after the holiday
do you plan to limit additional holidays to area and industrial patterns
have you investigated the possibility of moving midweek holidays forward to monday or back to friday in order to have an uninterrupted work week
are you carefully policing wash-up time and rest periods to be certain that all other time is productive
are you watching work schedules for boiler operators guards and other ##-hour-day #-day-week operations in order to minimize overtime
are you careful to restrict the number of people on leave at one time so that your total employment obligation is minimized
plant feeding facilities
have you considered using vending equipment to replace or reduce the number of cafeteria employees
what are the possibilities for operating your cafeteria for a single shift only and relying upon vending machines or prepackaged sandwiches for the second- and third-shift operations
have you checked the cost of subcontracting your cafeteria operation in order to save administrative costs
are there possibilities of having cafeteria help work part-time on custodial or other jobs
can staggered lunch periods relieve the capacity strain on your feeding facilities
would it be feasible to limit the menu in order to reduce feeding costs
have you considered gradual withdrawal of subsidies to your in-plant feeding operation
are you utilizing cafeteria space for company meetings or discussions
are your expenses in this area commensurate with the number of employees who benefit from your program
have you audited your program recently to weed out those phases that draw least participation
do employees contribute their share of money to recreational facilities
have you considered delegating operational responsibility to your employee association and carefully restricting your plant 's financial contribution
could an employee 's garden club take over partial care of plant grounds
would a camera club be useful in taking pictures pertinent to plant safety
are you spending too much money on team uniforms that benefit only a few employees
are you underwriting expensive team trips
are you utilizing vending machine proceeds to help pay for your program
transportation and parking
do you know the trend in your cost of maintaining access roads and parking lots
if you use parking attendants can they be replaced by automatic parking gates
will your local bus company erect and maintain the bus stops at your plant
if you provide inter-plant transportation can this be replaced by available public transportation
if you use company transportation to meet trains or to haul visitors would taxis be cheaper
how efficient and necessary are your intra-company vehicles
can they be re-scheduled
can part-time drivers be assigned to other productive work
which is more economical for your plant a vacation shutdown or spaced vacations that require extra employees for vacation fill-ins
can vacations be spaced throughout the ## months to minimize the number of employee fill-ins
do you insist that unneeded salary employees take their vacations during plant shutdowns
what can your sales and purchasing departments do to curtail orders shipments and receipts during vacation shutdown periods
is an arbitrary retirement age of ## actually costing your plant money
what sort of effort do you make to assure that older or disabled workers are fully productive
would early retirement of non-productive disabled employees reduce the number of make-work jobs
will your union accept seniority concessions in assigning work for older or disabled employees
medical and health
can you share medical facilities and staff with neighboring plants
if you have a full-time doctor now can he be replaced with a part-time doctor or one who serves on a fee-per-case basis only
can your plant nurse be replaced by a trained first-aid man who works full-time on some other assignment
do you rigidly distinguish between job- and non-job-connected health problems and avoid treating the latter
are you indiscriminantly offering unnecessary medical services flu shots sun lamp treatments etc.
if you have an annual or regular physical examination program is it worth what it is costing you
a program to fit your needs
consider what you can afford to spend and what your goals are before setting up or revamping your employee benefit program
too many plant officials are all too eager to buy a package program from an insurance company simply because it works for another plant
but even if that other plant employs the same number of workers and makes the same product there are other facts to consider
how old is your working force
what 's your profit margin
in what section of the country are you located
are you in a rural or urban area
these factors can make the difference between waste and efficiency in any benefit program
above all don't set up extravagant fringe benefits just to buy employee good will
unions stress fringe benefits but the individual hourly worker prefers cash every time
aim to balance your employee benefit package
some plants go overboard on one type of fringe say a liberal retirement plan and find themselves vulnerable elsewhere
they're asking for union trouble
if you want credit for your employee services program let your workers know what they're entitled to
encourage them to exercise their benefits
this can be done by stories in your house organs posters special publications letters to workers' homes as well as by word of mouth through your chain of command
some companies find a little imagination helpful
hallmark cards inc. kansas city mo. has a do-it-yourself quiz game called benefit bafflers which it distributes to employees
m & r dietetic laboratories inc. columbus gives all its workers a facsimile checkbook each check showing the amount the company spends on a particular fringe
u. s. rubber company new york passes out a form itemizing the value of benefits
the blue-collar worker thus knows his insurance package for example costs $###.##
have the insurance company or your own accounting department break down the cost of your insurance package periodically
you may find certain coverage costing much more than is economically feasible thereby alerting you to desirable revisions
check to see if some of your benefits such as on-the-job disability pay can be put on a direct payment rather than an insured basis at a savings to you
use deductable insurance wherever feasible
it can put an end to marginal claims which play havoc with your insurance rates
also beware of open-end policies especially in the medical field
this will mean that every time there 's an increase in hospital rates your cost will go up in like manner
put a dollar-and-cents limit on benefits
don't go overboard on insurance that pays benefits only upon death
generally your employee will greatly appreciate benefits that protect him during his working life or during retirement
special time off
in granting bereavement leaves specify the maximum time off and list what the worker 's relation to the deceased must be to qualify
thus you avoid headaches when an employee wants off for his fourth cousin 's funeral
also reserve the right to demand proof of death despite the fact that you'll probably never use it
coffee breaks can be a real headache if regulated
vending machines can alleviate the long hike to the cafeteria during the break with resulting waste of production time
if coffee is sold at the cafeteria let a few workers in each department get it for the whole group
consider installing supplemental serving lines in production areas
make sure milk for the coffee is placed in dispensers rather than in containers if you are supplying the coffee
otherwise you may be saddled with a good-size milk bill by milk drinkers
keep the retirement age flexible so skilled craftsmen such as tool and die makers can be kept on the job for the convenience of the company
and so deadheads on the payroll can be eased out at the earliest possible age
make sure you have minimum age and time-on-the-job requirements tied into your pension plan
younger men usually don't think of pensions as an important job benefit factor anyhow and they're liable to change jobs several times before settling down
choose carefully between contributory or non-contributory pension plans
there are two sides of a coin for this decision
workers usually think more of a plan they contribute to
and they can at least collect the money they put in plus interest when they leave the company
a non-contributory plan usually won't pay off for the worker until he retires
thus there is an added incentive to stay on the job
make sure you don't pay for holidays that occur when an employee would otherwise be working
these include leaves of absences illnesses and layoffs
consider adopting a system of holidays in which time off is granted with an eye to minimum inconvenience to the operation of the plant
it 's usually too hard to sell workers on this as it gives them longer holiday periods
for example the friday after thanksgiving can be substituted for washington 's birthday
this reduces the number of expensive plant shutdowns and startups
require each employee to work his last shift both before and after the holiday to be eligible for pay
this cuts the absentee rate
consider using vending machines rather than subsidized cafeterias
latest models serve hot meals at reasonable prices and at a profit to you
if a concessionaire runs the cafeteria keep an eye out for quality and price
if the soup tastes like dishwater your employees won't blame the concessionaire
you'll take the rap
check your cafeteria location to make sure it 's convenient for most employees
you may save valuable production minutes with a change
spread your vacation period over the widest possible span of time or shut the plant down for two weeks
this will cut the expense of vacation replacements
and with the shutdown method there will be no argument as to who gets the choice vacation dates
also make sure you have reasonable requirements as to hours worked before a production employee is entitled to a vacation
you might try providing standard vacation time off but make the vacation pay depend on the number of hours worked in the previous year
the long and ever-increasing column of sportsmen is now moving into a new era
modern times have changed the world beyond recognition
the early years of the twentieth century seem very far away
but with all the changes in philosophy dress and terrain a few things remain constant including the devotion of americans to the great field sports hunting and fishing
as the generations move on clothes become more suitable for the enjoyment of outdoor sports
sporting firearms change markedly for the better
just as modern transportation has outmoded the early studebaker covered wagon the demand of today 's sportsmen and women has necessitated changes in their equipment
the american firearms and ammunition manufacturers through diligent research and technical development have replaced the muzzle loader and slow-firing single-shot arms with modern fast firing auto-loaders extremely accurate bolt lever and slide action firearms
and millions of rounds of entirely new and modern small-arms ammunition designed for today 's hunting and target shooting
and due to modern resource-use and game management practices there is still game to shoot even with the ever-expanding encroachment on land and water
present conservation practices regard wildlife as an expendable natural resource but as an annual harvest to be sown and also reaped
unlimited game bags are possible and legal in more than ## states on shooting preserves one of the newer phases of modern game-management for five and six months each year
close to two million game birds were harvested on #,### commercial and private shooting preserves and on state game commission-controlled upland game areas during the ####-## season
the shooting development program of the sporting arms and ammunition manufacturers' institute has successfully published these facts in all major outdoor magazines many national weeklies and the trade papers
the most effective way to develop more places for more sportsmen to shoot is to encourage properly managed shooting preserves
this has been the aim of the director of the shooting development program the new york staff of the sportsmen 's service bureau and the saami shooting preserve field consultants since the start of the program in ####
following the kick-off of saami 's shooting development program in #### a most interesting meeting took place in washington d.c.
the group known as the american association for health physical education and recreation a division of the national education association initiated a conference which brought together representatives of the national rifle association saami and the american fishing tackle manufacturers
this meeting was called to determine how these groups might cooperate to launch what is known as the outdoor education project
the outdoor education project took cognizance of the fact so often overlooked that athletic activities stressed in most school programs have little or no relationship to the physical and mental needs and interests of later life
the various team sports assuredly have their place in every school and they are important to proper physical development
but with the exception of professional athletes few contact sports and physical education activities in our schools have any carryover in the adult life of the average american man or woman
following a vigorous campaign of interpretation and leadership development by oep director dr. julian smith today thousands of secondary schools colleges and universities have shooting and hunting education in their physical education and recreation programs
saami 's financial support since #### has contributed to the success of this project in education
personnel assigned through the shooting development program have proudly participated in over ## state and regional workshops at which hundreds of school administrators teachers professors and recreational leaders have been introduced to outdoor education
considering that the current school-age potential is ## million youths the project and its message on hunting and shooting education have many more to reach
in #### saami 's shooting development program announced a new activity designed to expose thousands of teen-age boys and girls to the healthy fun enjoyed through the participation in the shooting sports
this program is now nationally known as teen hunter clubs
teen hunter clubs were initially sponsored by affiliated members of the allied merchandising corporation
the first program was sponsored by abraham & strauss hempstead new york under the direction of special events director jennings dennis
other pilot programs were conducted by a & s babylon new york
j. l. hudson detroit
joseph horne pittsburgh
other thc activities followed conducted by shopping centers department stores recreation equipment dealers radio-tv stations newspapers and other organizations interested in the need existing to acquaint youngsters with the proper use of sporting firearms and the development of correct attitudes and appreciations related to hunting and wise use of our natural resources
saami 's field men have served as consultants and have participated in ## teen hunter club activities which have reached over ##,### enthusiastic young americans
through the efforts of saami 's shooting development program these shooting activities and many others including assists in the development of public and privately financed shooting parks trap and skeet leagues rifle and pistol marksmanship programs have been promoted to mention only a few
the continuation and expansion of the shooting development program will assure to some degree that national and community leaders will be made aware of the ever-growing need for shooting facilities and activities for hunting and shooting in answer to public demand
while individual sportsmen are aware of this situation too many of our political social educational and even religious leaders too often forget it
help is needed from dealers at the grass-roots level
the american gun and ammunition producers sponsor a successful promotional program through their industry trade association
since saami 's conception in #### and more specifically since the adoption of the shooting development program in #### millions of dollars and promotional man-hours have gone into the development of more places to shoot for more youths and adults
we trust that you as a gun and ammunition dealer have benefited through additional sales of equipment
are you getting top dollar from the shooting sports
are you looking ahead to the exploding market of millions of american boys and girls who will grow up to enjoy a traditional american way of life ranging the fields with a fine american gun and uniformly excellent ammunition
is your sporting firearms and ammunition department primed for the expanding horizons
would you like to organize teen hunters clubs shooting programs and have information on seasons including six months of hunting with unlimited game bags on shooting preserves
ask sammy shooter
we were camping a few weeks ago on cape hatteras campground in that land of pirates seagulls and bluefish on north carolina 's famed outer banks
this beach campground with no trees or hills presents a constant camping show with all manner of equipment in actual use
with the whole camp exposed to view we could see the variety of canvas shelters in which americans are camping now
there were umbrella tents wall tents cottage tents station wagon tents pup tents pop tents baker tents tents with exterior frames camper trailers travel trailers and even a few surplus parachutes serving as sunshades over entire family camps
moving around camp we saw all kinds of camp stoves lanterns coolers bedding games fishing tackle windbreaks and sunshades
we saw similar displays in the other three campgrounds in this ##-mile-long national seashore recreation area
dealers would do well to visit such a campground often look at the equipment and talk with the campers
here you begin to appreciate the scope of the challenges and possibilities facing the industry
camping is big and getting bigger
no one knows where it will stop
almost every official who reflects on it thinks this movement of americans to canvas dwellings opens one of the most promising of all outdoor markets
you read various guesses on how many americans are camping
the number depends on who is talking at the moment
the figures range as high as ## million families
i've heard ## million mentioned often but i'm more inclined to think there may be a total of some five to seven million families camping
seven million families would total ## million americans or more
consider the equipment needed to protect this many from the weather to make their cooking easy and their sleeping comfortable
more campers than campsites
harassed state park officials often have more campers than they know what to do with
they are struggling to meet the demand for camping space but families are being turned away especially on holiday weekends
the national parks always popular camping places are facing the same pressure
the national park service hopes by #### to have ##,### campsites available for ###,### campers a day almost twice what there are at present
the u.s. forest service cares for hundreds of thousands of campers in its ### national forests and is increasing its facilities steadily
but the campers still come
they bring their families and tents and camp kitchens and bedding
they bring their fishing rods and binoculars and bathing suits
they come prepared for family fun because americans in ever-growing numbers are learning that here is the way to a fine economical vacation that becomes a family experience of lasting importance
why they keep coming
there are a half dozen reasons helping to account for the migration to the campgrounds
among them according to the u.s. department of commerce are # shorter work weeks # higher pay # longer paid vacations # better transportation # earlier retirement and # more education
the more people learn about their country the more they want to learn
camping is family fun and it is helping more americans see more of the country than they ever saw before
but make no mistake about it the first reason people turn to camping is one of economy
here is the promise of a vacation trip they can afford
the american automobile association computing the cost for two people to vacation by automobile comes up with an average daily expenditure figure of $##
the aaa then splits it down this way $##.## for meals $#.## for lodging $# for gas and oil and $# for tips and miscellaneous
what does the camping couple do to this set of figures
the $#.## for lodging they save
because they prepare their own meals they also keep in their pockets a good portion of that $##.## food bill along with most of the tip money
the automobile expenses are about the only vacationing cost they can't either eliminate or pare down drastically by camping along the way
where americans used to think of a single vacation each summer they now think about how many vacations they can have
long weekends enable many to get away from home for three or four days several times a year
and even if they stay in resorts part of the time they might if the right salesman gets them in tow develop a yearning to spice the usual vacation fare with a camping trip into the wide open spaces
it would be a mistake to sell those thousands of beginning campers on the idea they're buying the comforts of home
home is the place to find the comforts of home
they're buying fun and adventure and family experiences
but it would also be a mistake for them to realize how comfortable camping has become
this is no longer a way of life for the bearded logger and the wandering cowboy
today 's campers want comforts and they have them
and this helps explain why so many people are now going camping
it 's fun and it 's easy so easy that there is time left after cooking and tent keeping for the women to get out and enjoy outdoor fun with their families
camp meals are no great problem
neither are beds thanks to air mattresses and sleeping bags
neither are shelters because there is one to meet the needs of every camper or prospective camper
but there is still the sometimes complex problem of helping campers choose the best equipment for their individual needs
throughout history the man who showed superior performance has become the commander of others for good or bad
since the industrial revolution when factories emerged this classical pattern has been followed
there have always been tales of disillusionment the competent technician who became an administrator willingly or and found he didn't like it
the scientist who rebelled against the personnel and paper work
and much more commonly in recent years the engineer who found that other duties interfered with or eliminated his engineering contributions
there have been many extremely competent men who have been converted into very incompetent managers or submerged in paper work to their own and the public 's dissatisfaction and loss
this has been more evident since our products have incorporated astronomically increased technology
the remedies have been many and varied attempts to teach management techniques either in plant at special schools or in university crash courses provision of management-trained assistants or associates
but the realization has been growing that these are the complete answer
some men have no talent for or interest in management
forcing them into management can only create trouble
the old shop adage still holds a good mechanic is usually a bad boss
yet our economy clings inexorably to recognition of managerial status as the gage of success
labor fights to change its collar from blue to white
all grades of management seek more resounding titles and incomes because of social pressures
as several recent books have over-emphasized we have become the most status-conscious nation in the world
what can be done for the individual contributor who is extremely important and likely to be more so in the operation of the technically oriented company
he is usually conscious of the social pressures at home and outside
usually concerned about america 's belief that attainment and success are measured in dollars and titles
yet titles are traditionally given only to management men and income tends to rise with title
even the college professor in america has been affected
it is as one engineer says indeed a difficult thing for the engineer to accept that he can go as far on his technical merit as he could employing managerial skills
this difficulty arises even though we can give examples of men who have actually followed this course
this leads one to conclude as you have that there is inevitably more prestige in a management position in the minds of our people
nobody should be more able to answer the questions on this score than engineering vice-presidents and chief engineers
so we asked such men in major companies in the design field to offer their opinions on the dual-road-up problem and more importantly their solutions
in the paragraphs that follow we quote from ## men who are identified on the final page
first : what title , what setup ? ?
among the more familiar plans for dual-channel advancement is that of general electric
this is a mutually exclusive plan
there is no one point in a man 's career at which he must select either the technical or the managerial path upward
further the management path does open the door to higher opportunities than are offered by the more technical path
it is common to shift back and forth working up through a number of supervisory and individual-contributor positions
actually there are a number of individual-contributor positions in both operating departments and in the company-wide services operation that are filled by men with successful managerial experience who are currently broadening their capabilities
also moving into a managerial position does necessarily end a man 's recognition as a technical expert
as examples at ge glen b. warren formerly manager of the turbine division widely recognized as a turbine designer
the late w. r. g. baker a pioneer in television design and long-time vp & gm of the electronics division and later by his own choice an individual consultant
harold e. strang expert in switchgear design for a long period vp & gm of the measurements & industrial products division and who currently approaching retirement is vice-president and consulting engineer in the switchgear & control division
in the ge plan a number of individual contributors have positions and compensation higher than those of many managers
these positions carry such titles as
consultant advanced development
consulting engineer heat transfer
consulting electrical engineer
senior electrical engineer
westinghouse has a similar system with two classifications representing various levels of competence on the strictly technical side consulting engineer or scientist as the case may be and advisory engineer or scientist
many companies have systems particularly in r & d which work more or less well depending upon size and actual belief in the policy on the part of administration as will be abundantly apparent in subsequent quotations
another factor that may hold hope is for parallel recognition is as one man says it that the fad for educating top people along managerial lines is yielding to the technically trained approach
senior staff engineer ? ?
one company instituted early in #### a vertical classification system consisting of four levels
there is no formal equivalence to the supervisory ranks
the top non-supervisory level senior staff engineer enjoys status and pay ranging up to that for the second level of engineering supervision
the second level senior engineer rates slightly below first-level supervision
the expectation is that first-level supervisors will be selected in approximately equal numbers from the second and third engineering level with very few coming from the first level
the company expects to extend upward both compensation and status for non-supervisory engineers but probably into executive levels
in this organization about half of the engineers with ## or more years of employment are in supervision engineering or elsewhere
this reflects the very heavy engineering content of the products which are military
several other examples central and satellite
we have over ## divisions each of which has an engineering department headed by a chief engineer
we have set up a central r & d department as well as engineering-management departments about ## people working on problems related to those of our plants
a separate research department is of course confined to new or future designs
part of this headquarters staff however are engineering managers who work between divisional chief engineers and headquarters management
these headquarters engineers headed by the vice-president engineering counsel and advise divisional managers and chief engineers on product problems as well as aid with design
and many are engineers who have been advanced from the divisions
these men are considered managers of engineers
they must learn to wear several hats so to speak working with management sales and engineering problems related to the product
we do have people in our organization termed consultants or fellows who are specialists in one particular technical subject
i suppose it is because we are just big enough
we have a few consultants retired engineers retained and called in on certain problems
the only fellows in our company are those who have been honored by asme aiee or aiche
i am sure that the engineer who enters management is nearly always opening the door to greater possibilities than he would have as a technical specialist because of his wider accountability
we have tried to make both paths attractive so that good men could find opportunity and satisfaction in either
one way to formalize this is in the job structure
we have these positions which compare directly af
above these jobs we have chief engineer for the company and vice-president of engrg r & aj
the latter jobs include major management responsibilities and have been filled by those who have come up primarily through the engineering-management side
we have yet succeeded in establishing recognition of technical specialization comparable to our higher levels of management but i believe we will trend in this direction but to exceed vice-president
top job : research scientist
approximately four years ago we initiated a dual ladder of advancement for technical persons
the highest position is known as a research scientist
this approach has been entirely satisfactory
the primary deterrent appears to lie with the technical people themselves and their concept of what constitutes status in present-day society
scientists who agitate hardest for technical recognition are often the most reluctant to accept it
we have discovered that the outward trappings such as private offices and private secretaries are extremely important
and although we have attempted to provide these status symbols support of the dual-ladder plan has been half-hearted despite the creation of a salary potential for a research scientist commensurate with that of men in top managerial positions
a serious problem accompanying the technical-ladder approach is the difficulty of clearly defining responsibilities and standards of performance for each level
with no set standards there is the tendency to promote to the next highest level when the top of a salary band is reached regardless of performance
promotion is too often based on longevity and time in salary grade instead of merit
if no specific organization plan exists limiting the number of scientists at each salary level the result is a department top-heavy with high-level high-salaried personnel
staff engineer dept. manager
we have two approaches for the technical man the position of staff engineer which is rated as high in salary as department manager
and an administrative organization to take the routine load away from department managers and project engineers as much as possible thus allowing them more time for strictly technical work
these are only halfway measures and the answer will come when some way is found to allow the technical man in industry to progress without limit in salary and prestige
a complete plan
we have made limited application of the parallel ladder plan
the highest rated non-supervisory engineering title is research engineer
the salary schedule permits remuneration greater than the average paid to the first level of engineering supervision engineering section head
we also have an engineering section head research engineer classification which has salary possibilities equivalent to that of a research engineer
above this point there is no generally used parallel ladder
we also do a number of things to build up the prestige of the engineer as a professional and also to give public recognition to individual technical competence
these include encouragement of and assistance to the engineer in preparation and publication of technical papers
we have two media for publicizing individual technical activity a magazine widely distributed both within and without the company and an information bulletin for engineering personnel distributed to the homes of all engineers
publicity is given to the award of patents to our engineers and financial support is provided for individual membership in technical societies
a recent and more pertinent action has been the establishment of a technical staff reporting to the vice-president for engineering
this function is staffed by engineers chosen for their technical competence and who have the title member of the technical staff
salaries compare favorably with those paid to the first two or three levels of management
additional symbols of status are granted such as reserved parking distinctive badge passes authorizing special privileges and a difference in the treatment of financial progress through merit
we presently are involved in inaugurating a new development center
operations of this nature offer the best opportunity to recognize scientific status
all scientific staff members will have the title research-staff member
the salary level of an individual within the group will reflect the scientific community 's acceptance of him as an authority in his scientific field
contrary to usual organization-position evaluations the position to which research-staff members report administratively will necessarily encompass the duties of the research-staff member therefore are necessarily evaluated as highly
these recent steps do offer the possibility of extension to the great number of senior engineers who have displayed technical competence
it is doubtful that the complete solution to the over-all problem can result entirely from company efforts
fundamental to the difficulty of creating the desired prestige is the fact that in the business community prestige and status are conferred in proportion to the authority that one man has over others and the extent of which he participates in the management functions
sixty miles north of new york city where the wooded hills of dutchess county meet the broad sweep of the hudson river there is a new home development called oakwood heights
as a matter of fact you could probably find a new home development in every populated county in the country with three-bedroom ranch style cottages in the $##,### range
but oakwood heights is unique in one particular
its oil for heating is metered monthly to each home from a line that starts at a central storage point
this is a pilot operation sponsored by a new entity chartered in delaware as the tri-state pipeline corporation with principal offices in new york state
its president is otis m. waters partner in the law firm of timen & waters ###-k chrysler bldg. new york city
vice-president is louis berkman and the secretary-treasurer is mark ritter
ritter is the builder of oakwood heights and president of kahler-craft distributors inc. newburgh n.y.
the idea of a central tank with lines to each house is in itself a novelty
a year goes by but what several local companies in the u.s. and canada even overseas write to fueloil & oil heat to inquire if it 's feasible and where it is being done
its editors only knew of one example to point to a public housing development of ### homes in new haven described by john schulz in the march #### issue
this has survived the years but there has been considerable concern among the tenants over the fact that the oil was metered
rather the monthly total consumption was divided and charged on the basis of number of rooms and persons in the family
common complaints included mrs. murphy leaving her windows open all the time a fresh air fan or the family was visiting aunt minnie with the house shut up but they still paid the same rate for oil
as a result of that attitude others have been discouraged from trying central distribution
a new low capacity meter is the key that unlocks the situation at oakwood heights
called a slo-flo meter it was designed for this job by power plus industries of los angeles a key individual being don nelson
tri-state has acquired its exclusive distribution for the northern principal heating states
there 's an advantage in having a firm like tri-state headed by a lawyer
the earlier new haven development was public housing so it easily leaped over the problems met in a private venture
these have to do with property rights municipal official attitudes and a host of others
in working out the practical legal conclusions president waters was thinking only of this pilot project for it is planned to duplicate this program or system in other builder developments nationally
it is always difficult or at least time-consuming to get approval of any kind of line under a public street as one example
to overcome this the builder lays and completes the street himself then deeds it to the community while retaining a perpetual easement for the oil lines
when a family buys a home the title is subject to a perpetual easement to tri-state
for the central storage tri-state buys one acre buries its tanks and simply holds permanent title to that piece
in other words the whole storage and pipeline system does belong to the homeowners nor to the town but rather to tri-state
how does tri-state get its revenue from this plan
it leases the whole facility to a large oil company at least large enough to have a strong credit position
this first test is being leased for ten years but future projects will require at least ## years
the amount paid by the oil company to tri-state for the use of its oil distribution system and the privilege of supplying all the homes is subject to negotiation but naturally must be profitable to both parties
on this first venture the central storage is ##,### gallons in two tanks or an average of ### gallons for each of the ## homes
the supplier delivers at his convenience in transport loads so as to maintain two-to-three weeks reserve supply against weather contingencies
however that is all he has to do
he must undertake complete servicing of the oilheating equipment to assure fine heating
in the present project the heating is by circulating hot water from paragon boiler-burner units with summer-winter domestic hot water hookups
again the oil man must read the meters at such intervals as he finds best
for this first development the supplier signing the lease is a major oil company but in turn the deal is being transferred for operation to its local fueloil distributor
the major gets the assured gallonage for the life of the lease and the distributor apparently can do well because delivery cost is low
the officers of the new corporation have naturally explored many angles as well as personalities that might be affected
for example the officials of poughkeepsie town township where the project is located think highly of it because it simplifies their snow clearing problem
the central storage is near a main artery quite easy to reach with large transports on a short crescent swing with fewer trucks in the residential streets
the public service commission has ruled that this is a public utility subject to their many regulations
several financial institutions both banks and insurance companies have been sounded out
they like it and would supply most of the capital because of the long term leases by strong oil companies
the government housing agencies consider it feasible with one special stipulation
there must be a restriction in the deed to provide that the customer may be charged more than the current market price for the oil an obvious precaution since the account is permanently wedded just like with gas or electricity
for a few details of the system the lines are #-# x-tru-coat a product of republic steel corp. and all lines are welded
they are laid a minimum of ##'' deep and in some areas four feet down particularly under roads to stay clear of all other piping such as water and sewers and to minimize shocks from heavy trucking
the meter is mounted high on the basement wall
its figures are a half inch high and very easy to read even into tenth gallons
it will accommodate firing rates as low as a half gallon an hour
ritter the builder is convinced that the total cost of all the heating systems plus the oil distribution system is no greater than would be gas heating systems in the houses plus their lines and meters
he believes that this is a sound approach to gas competition in builder developments where gas is available
it would be pretty difficult to install a tri-state system in old neighborhoods and that 's an understatement
the job of getting property easements and street easements and the acre for the tanks would become pretty discouraging
but in a new development where everything starts from scratch the solutions are simple
what does tri-state actually want to do now that it has the meters under franchise and certain phases of its piping system in the patent applied for stage
it wants to interest builders and oil companies in the idea of including its facility in their new home projects by financing and installing the storage piping and meters and leasing these for ## years with renewal options to a strong oil company
it may also work in one other way by licensing its system patents and supplying the meters letting the oil company or even the builder install the facilities
this whole development is certain to be of interest to the readers for the idea has so often been mentioned somewhat wistfully
but it 's too early yet to go visit oakwood heights
only eight of the ## houses were completed at the time of the editor 's visit on june #th
others were building
the big tanks were at the site but still sunning themselves
a big mechanical ditcher was running the trenches and the town building inspector was paying a friendly if curious visit
the oilheating industry is looking up led by a revival of research and development
a primary ingredient in these fields is imagination and tri-state pipeline corporation deserves a very good mark
every year about this time national gargle your cooling system week rolls around
it pays in the long hot run to take good care of the water works
do it this way for the summer gargle
first drain that old coolant down the storm sewer
don't save the anti-freeze even if it the expensive permanent type
the word means it won't boil away easily nothing else
the rust inhibitors in the fluid are used up after one year and you don't want to risk the rust that two years' use could mean
pitch it out
if a lot of rust shows in the drain use a good flushing cleaner
then fill the system and add a rust inhibitor
of course you'll want to use the softest water you can in your radiators
now check for leaks in your hoses and hose connections around the freeze-out plugs gaskets water pump seals and heater fittings
next run the engine and let it heat up so the thermostat opens and then look for leaks again
be sure the bugs and dirt are blown out of the radiator fins
use the air hose for this job
check the temperature gage and be sure it is working
if you use one of the new year-round cooling system fluids such as dowguard be sure to check it
dow says that the fluid can be used now for two years
check its inhibitor effectiveness before leaving it in during the summer
take precautions now to be sure you avoid those unpleasant and costly heat breakdowns when the temperature zooms this summer
don't let your mechanics pull the thermostats out of those fueloil delivery trucks or installation rigs of yours
spring and summer may be here officially but those thermos stay in
the fact is that removing and leaving out a thermostat from any water cooled vehicle will greatly increase the fuel consumption reduce power and contribute to spark plug fouling due to an accumulation of excessive carbon deposits on the insulators
if you run into excess plug fouling on one truck check to be sure that the rig has a thermostat
the thermostat is important to get your engine up to operating temperature quickly and to keep it running at its most efficient temperature through the proper circulation of the coolant
are you paying too much for your truck insurance
there 's a good chance you are doubling on some coverage taking discounts coming to you and cutting some corners that can be cut
have a talk with your insurance agent
be careful that you keep adequate coverage but look for places to save money
first go over the type of coverage you now have
look for these features which may mean you can save
avoid doubling up on the same item
for example don't pay in a truck policy for medical coverage that you may be paying for in a health and accident policy
does your policy have a lay-up clause
this means that if your insured vehicle is laid up for more than ## days insurance can be suspended and a proportionate return of your premium made to you
this applies to repair work of winter storage
the figure five is important in insurance
with many company policies you get a fleet discount if you insure five or more rigs
this means either cars or trucks
discounts run up to #% of cost
usually premium reductions can be obtained by applying deductibles to your liability plan
for example if your bodily injury claims start payment after the first $### a ##% premium saving is often made
in the period since the end of world war # a period coinciding with merchandising demands for the colorful the unusual and the original in signs and displays plastics have come on so strong that today they are the acknowledged leaders in the field
the importance of the sign industry to the plastics industry however is in terms of volume alone
designers of signs and displays have shown a refreshing approach to the adaptation of plastics that has influenced the workings of other industries
many of today 's developments in thermoforming stem from original work done with signs and displays
the art of preprinting in distortion was similarly perfected by the sign makers
and the reverse-surface decorating techniques now used for escutcheons medallions etc. owes much to the field as does the technology of designing with the light-transmitting properties of the transparent plastics
there is much that many industries can continue to learn from some of the more recent developments described below
the concept of trans-illumination as shown by the photo on p. ## as just one example offers an entirely new approach to lighting problems no matter what industry is involved
a volume market
according to a recent wall street journal survey plastics units now account for more than ##% of all sign sales
five years ago they had only ##% of the market with the remainder firmly entrenched in the stronghold of neon tubing
and it 's far from the end for plastics
industry sources are now estimating that ##% of the signs made during the #### 's will be of plastic construction
evidence of this trend can best be seen in the recent activities of such leading companies in the field as advance neon sign co. los angeles calif.
four years ago the company 's entire line was devoted to neon signs
today ##% is in plastics
from the volume standpoint the total market represented by the sign industry is impressive
aggregate sales during #### reached approximately $### million
currently there are some #### companies in the field ranging from small firms with a handful of employees to major concerns having complete facilities for production of metal electrical and plastic components
why the trend to plastics ? ?
what accounts for the rapid growth of plastics in the sign and display field
out of many factors which might be cited five are most important #
plastics combine such properties as built-in color light weight optional transparency or translucency resistance to corrosion as well as the ease of fabrication
plastic signs are economical
according to one major producer materials for a typical plastic sign are approximately ##% less costly than for a comparable neon unit
shipping cost is also reduced
a #-by-#-ft. plastic sign weighs about ### lb. compared to ###-### lb. for neon
the weight advantage plus greater durability of the plastic unit yields a saving of about one-fifth in shipping
the lighter weight also means less costly supports and mountings are needed
finally maintenance costs on plastic signs are much lower than on fragile neon signs
they offer exceptional design freedom making it possible to incorporate contours and details which give free range to the talents of the designer
vacuum- and pressure-formed sheet plastics fill the gap between cardboard and molded plastics
pre-decoration low-cost molds and the freedom to form large and small thick and thin materials make plastics tailor-made for the industry
plastic signs work around the clock
internal illumination protected from the elements gives them powerful visual appeal at night
during daylight hours their brilliant colors command attention and interest
advances in equipment and fabrication techniques give the sign or display manufacturer an extremely wide choice of production techniques ranging from injection molding for intricate smaller-size mass-production signs generally #### units is the minimum to vacuum and pressure forming for larger signs of limited runs
among the newest fabrication methods to enter the display field are expandable styrene molding and blow molding
what plastics to use ? ?
for outdoor signs and displays acrylic with its outstanding optical characteristics weather resistance and formability strongly dominates the picture
at present both the familiar cast acrylic and the newer extruded sheets are being used by sign manufacturers with extruded now representing an estimated ##% of the total
see panel p. ### for a comparison
of interest is a recent announcement by du pont 's polychemicals dept. of a new methyl methacrylate monomer designated as monocite h ### which was developed specifically for production of cast acrylic sheets for the sign and lighting industry
sheeting cast from this material reportedly weighs only one-third as much as glass is impervious to all kinds of weather and will yellow
its high impact strength even at low temperatures resists chipping cracking and crazing according to du pont
cellulose acetate butyrate is used extensively for vacuum-formed signs background panels and molded or formed letters because of its exceptional toughness ease of forming and excellent weathering properties
its clarity and good optical properties are other important factors
new to the field is a duplex type butyrate laminate in which the two sheets of the laminate are of different color
thermoforming the laminate and then sanding away the top layer is a quick and economical way to produce a two-color sign
see mpl mar. #### p. ##
for specialized types of displays such as large three-dimensional units reproducing a product package human or animal figures etc. reinforced plastics and rotationally molded vinyl plastisols are other materials frequently used
a relative newcomer in outdoor signs is mylar polyester film now used as a printed overlay for trans-illuminated signs see below
for outdoor signs and displays where the problem of weathering resistance is no longer a factor the choice of plastics is almost unlimited
here may be found regular and impact styrene cellulose acetate cellulose butyrate and cellulose propionate acrylic vinyl expandable styrene foam and polyethylene
the final choice of material depends upon such factors as costs method of fabrication degree of complexity number of units required time available for tooling and projected life expectancy of the unit
often the finished sign or display incorporates several types of plastics and two or more fabricating techniques
one of the most significant advancements in design of plastics signs is the so-called trans-illuminated billboard now being produced by several large sign manufacturers such as advance neon sign co. los angeles and industrial electric inc. new orleans la.
the essential difference between the new trans-illuminated boards and existing billboards is that the former constructed of translucent plastic panels are lighted from within
with the source of light behind the copy there is no loss of lumen output as with conventional boards illuminated by means of reflected light
also the light sources are shielded from dirt and weather exposure and cannot obstruct the view of the sign
the copy itself including any text or illustrations is reproduced in full color directly on a thin mylar polyester film by a photo screen process
the film has an adhesive on the back which permits it to be stripped onto the acrylic panels forming the sign and also to be stripped off for replacement by new copy as required
spare sets of face panels simplify the change from one copy or message to another
new panels are exchanged for the old right in the field on a single trip
panels with outdated copy are returned to the sign shop so a new message can be applied
signs of this type have already made their appearance in several larger cities and others are on the way
it is believed that these boards will within the next few years replace many of the conventional flood-lighted boards now in use
trans-illuminated signs also show versatility in other directions
as used by industrial electric inc. the film panels are printed one at a time as are ##-sheet posters
thus the film can be applied to back-lighted translucent plastics faces
they can also be applied to opaque panels for use on cutouts or they can be applied directly to painted bulletin faces
in this way the sign maker has an economical means for displaying uniform copy on different sign media
recently industrial electric unveiled another new development made possible by modern plastic materials a revolving spectacular sign
comprised of ## triangular trans-illuminated plastic sections it makes it possible to combine three different signs in a single unit
the triangles automatically revolve in a cycle which permits # sec. of viewing time for each poster subject
sixteen panels each slightly more than #-# ft. wide make up the ##-ft. length of the sign
changeable letters fill many needs
perhaps the best way to indicate the versatility of design that characterizes the use of plastics in signs and displays would be to look at what is happening in only one of the areas in this complex field changeable signs
signs are meant to convey a message and in most cases this requires words and letters
frequently the message must be changed at intervals to feature new products price changes etc.
the huge market for changeable signs has spurred a universal demand for individual plastic letters in all shapes and sizes and a number of companies are set up to supply them
here are some of the newer items currently available
poster products inc. chicago ill. a changeable copy and display sign which consists of an extruded impact styrene background in choice of colors onto which are mounted snap-in letters figures or words screened on acetate or other types of sheet stock
the background which is available in various widths and continuous lengths is extruded with parallel undercut grooves which grip the flexible letters securely
the adaptaplex co. beaverton ore. letters molded of butyrate available in several sizes in either red or black
ideal for merchandising use they are weather-resistant and have mounting pegs on the back which fit into openings in a vacuum-formed waffle-pattern background panel
for large letters e.g. thermoformed of acrylic or butyrate there are other techniques
for example in a typical store installation fifty ##-in. and six ##-in. red acrylic letters were mounted against a white painted wood background
the fact that even the larger letters weighed only # lb. each made it possible to secure the letters to the building through clear acrylic angle brackets cemented to the letters
stainless steel screws were used to minimize corrosion stains
for mounting to corrugated plastic backgrounds very small holes may be drilled in the sides of the letters and stainless steel wire threaded through the openings its ends twisted behind the panels
large injection-molded letters are also available for sign installations
wagner sign service inc. chicago for example supplies them in several colors in heights of # # # ## and ## inches
they are molded of a special weather-resistant formulation of tenite butyrate
also available from this company are snug-grip plasti-bars extruded of transparent acrylic material which may be cemented to any corrugated acrylic background material
made in lengths from # to ## ft. the bars are shaped in cross section to provide a secure fit for the tapered slots molded in back of the letters
still another approach to the changeable letter type of sign is a modular unit introduced by merritt products azusa calif.
this vacuum formed sign is comprised of ##-in. or smaller panels formed of #.###-in. clear butyrate sheet stock masked and sprayed on the rear side
finished signs are produced by sliding the separate letter panels into channels of #.###-in. aluminum which may be mounted to various surfaces
the sheets are extruded of tenite butyrate by jet specialties co. los angeles calif.
on large-area units where additional structural requirements are imposed one recent approach utilizes modular extruded or formed channels e.g. right-angled corrugations of the acrylic or butyrate
joined side by side such channels make possible construction of continuous two-dimensional luminous areas up to ## ft. high and of unlimited width
letters may be wired to the face of the combined channels painted on the first surface or handled in other ways
new rule no. # : :
don't build from the outside in -- try to build from the inside out
don't insert your components into fixed openings they may or may fit
position your components before you close them in
don't wall in your kitchen before you hang the wall cabinets and set the appliances
it 's a lot quicker and easier to dimension the kitchen to fit the cabinets and erect the end wall after they are all in place
set your bathtub before you close in the end of the bathroom
don't try to wrestle a ###-lb. tub af through a narrow doorway
finish your plumbing before you frame it in most economical framing is a thin non-bearing partition on either side of the pipes
finish installing and connecting up your furnace and your water heater before you wall them in
there is no better way to waste time than trying to install a furnace in a finished af closet
don't position your studs before you insert your windows in conventional construction
that way you may pay more to shim the window into place than you paid for the window
you can save all that shimming time if you set your windows in one two three order first the stud on one side then the window then the stud on the other side
install your disappearing stair or stairs to the attic and finish your overhead ducts before you drywall the ceiling
don't close in your house until everything has been carried in
last wall bob schmitt erects is the wall between the house and garage
that way he can truck his parts right indoors and unload them under the roof
no auto maker would dream of putting the head on the engine before he fitted the pistons in the block
and trailer makers those most industrialized and therefore most efficient of homebuilders say they save hundreds of dollars by always building from the inside out
new rule no. # rethink everything to get all the big savings the revolution in materials handling offers you
this revolution is the biggest build-better-for-less news of all because #
it makes it easy to handle much heavier units so you can plan to build with much bigger and heavier prefabricated components like those shown in the pictures alongside
it makes materials handling the only construction cost that like earthmoving and roadbuilding should be lower today than in ####
it changes the answers to who should do what and where
it lessens the need for costly on-site fabrication and increases the chance for shop fabrication where almost everything can be made better and cheaper
it changes the answers on when to do what at the site
for example instead of putting in your driveways last as many builders do you can now save money by putting them in first
instead of closing the house in first as most builders do you can now cut your costs by closing it in until you have to see p ###
it changes the answers on builder-dealer relations
so long ago many builders were finding they could cut their costs by buying direct and short-cutting the dealer
but now many of these same builders are finding they can cut their costs more by teaming up with a dealer who has volume enough to afford the most efficient specialized equipment to deliver everything just where it is needed drywall inside the house siding along the sides trusses on the walls roofing on the roof etc.
says clarence thompson we dealers must earn our mark-up by performing a service for the builder cheaper than he could do it himself
the revolution now under way in materials handling makes this much easier
the revolution is well under way , but much more remains to be done
five years ago a house & home round table cosponsored by the lumber dealers' research council reported unhappily
only one lumber dealer in ten is equipped to handle unit loads
only one box car in eight has the wide doors needed for unit loads
only one producer in a hundred is equipped to package and ship unit loads
only one builder in a thousand is equipped to receive unit loads
so from raw materials to finished erection the costs of materials handling most of it inefficient add up to one-fourth of the total construction cost of housing
that house & home round table was the real starting point for today 's revolution in materials handling says clarence thompson long chairman of the lumber dealers' research council
it made our whole industry recognize the need for a new kind of teamwork between manufacturer carrier equipment maker dealer and builder all working together to cut the cost of materials handling
before that we lumber dealers were working almost single-handed on the problem
here is where things stand today :
almost all of the #,### lumber dealers who cater primarily to the new-house market and supply ##% of this year 's new houses are mechanized
there are few areas left where a builder cannot find a dealer equipped to save him money by delivering everything at lower cost just where his workmen will need it
practically all bulky housing products can now be ordered in standard units palletized or unitized for mechanical handling including lumber asphalt shingles glass block face brick plaster lime hardboard gypsum wallboard and sheathing cement insulation sheathing floor tile acoustical tile plaster base and asbestos shingles
truck and materials-handling equipment makers now offer specialized units to meet almost every homebuilding need
for some significant new items see the pictures
more than ##% of all lumber is unitized
an nlrda survey found that at least ### lumber mills will strap their shipments for mechanized handling
of these ### said they make no extra charge for strapping in standard units because they save enough on mechanized carloading to offset their strapping cost
most of the others will swallow their $.## to $# charge rather than lose a good customer
with a ##,###-lb. fork-lift dealers can unload unitized lumber from wide-door box cars for $.## compared with $#.## or more to unload loose lumber one piece at a time says james wright of aj
lumber dealers and lumber manufacturers have agreed on a standard unit for unitized shipments ##'' wide by a nominal ##'' high or six mccracken packets ##'' wide by nominal #'' high
these units make it easy to load as much as ##,### bd say ###,### lb in a ##' box car much more than the average for loose-loaded cars
the railroads have responded by adding ##,### more box cars with doors ##' or wider for forklift unloading a ##% increase while the total number of box cars was falling #% and by cutting their freight rates twice on lumber shipped in heavily loaded cars
first was a #### cut of more than ##% on that portion of the load in excess of ##,### lb
later came a #### cut on the west coast still pending elsewhere of $.## on ##,### lb-plus carloads which works out to more than $# on that portion of the load in excess of ##,### lb
more unitized lumber is being shipped on flat cars and nlrda studies show that flat cars loaded with the new type #-b floating-load method can be unloaded for as little as $.###
for long hauls these shipments should be protected with water-proof paper
this costs from $.## to $#.## but the cover can pay off if the lumber is to be stored in the open
these carriers cut handling costs for the dealer -- and the builder
says nrlda 's james wright since #### carriers that move material from the yard to the job site have undergone more radical changes than any of the dealer 's other equipment
the reason today 's components and lumber packages are far too bulky to be handled by a truckdriver and a helper
so manufacturers have pioneered a new type of vehicle the self-unloading carrier
it cuts the lumber dealer 's cost because it takes only one man the driver to unload it and because it unloads in a fraction of the time and at a fraction of the cost of hand unloading
and it helps the builder because it can handle a more efficiently packaged load can deliver it to the best spot in some cases right on the roof or inside the house and never takes any of the builder 's high-priced labor to help unload it
says wright our survey shows that one third of the retail dealers plan to increase the mechanization of their materials handling in the coming two years
and most of the gain will be in self-unloading vehicles
new rule no. # : :
restudy what your men do , to help them waste less of the time you pay for
half the manhours you pay for on most jobs are wasted because the job was planned right so the right tools were handy at the right place at the right time or the right materials were delivered to the handiest spots or materials were stacked in the right order for erection or you bought cheap materials that took too long to fit or your workmen had to come back twice to finish a job they could have done on one trip
even america 's most efficient builder bob schmitt of berea hopes to cut his labor costs another $#,### per house as a result of the time-&-motion studies now being completed on his operation by industrial efficiency engineers from the stanley works
already this study has suggested ways to cut his foundation manhours from ### to ### by eliminating idle time and wasted motion
builder eddie carr of washington past president of nahb cut his bricklaying costs $### a house by adopting the scr masonry process worked out after careful time-&-motion studies by the structural clay products research foundation to help bricklayers do better work for less
a midwestern builder cut his labor costs per thousand bricks from $## to $##.## by adopting this same process cut them another $#.## to $## by buying his bricks in convenient easy-to-spot ###-brick packages
the scr process with its precision corner-posts its precision guide lines its working level scaffold and its hand-level brick supply takes eight manhours to get set but once ready it makes it easy for bricklayers to lay a thousand bricks a day
see page ###
one good way to cut your labor waste is to make sure you are using just the right number of men in each crew
reports jim lendrum by studying men on the job we found that two men a carpenter and a helper can lay a floor faster than three
we found that three men two carpenters and a helper can put up wall panels or trusses more economically than four men because four men don't make two teams
they make one inefficient three-men-and-a-helper team
we found that wherever you can use two teams on a job five men four is the magic number
no house was ever built that could have been built better for less if the work had been better planned and the work better scheduled
new rule no. # : :
don't waste any $.##-a-minute time on green lumber to save $.## a stud
this is the most penny-wise pound-foolish chisel a builder can commit
green lumber was all very well back in the days of wet plaster when the framing lumber was bound to swell and then shrink as tons of water dried out the gypsum
but now that all production builders build with drywall and all smart builders build with panels green lumber is an anachronism you cannot afford
green studs cost about $.##
dry studs cost less than $.## more
so if a green stud makes a carpenter or a drywall finisher or anybody else waste even ## seconds the green stud becomes more expensive than a dry stud
there comes a time in the lives of most of us when we want to be alone
necessarily to be off all by ourselves but away from the crowds and common happenstance
if you've travelled in europe a time or two it is quite certain that you've had that wanting-to-be-alone feeling or that you will get it on your next visit across the atlantic
following a guide and gratefully so is an excellent way to see all the important places when everything is strange and new
however after you've seen all the historical piazzas and plazas the places and forums the churches and museums the palaces and castles and begin to feel at home in the capitals of europe you'll want to change your course and follow the by-roads at will far from the market places
the champagne at troyes the traditional capital of the champagne country has more ambrosial taste somehow than it has at a sidewalk cafe on the rue de la paix or at tour d'argent
you can relive history and follow in fancy the crusaders in their quest for the holy grail as they sail out from brindisi an ancient town in the heel of italy 's boot
and you don't meet the folks from home in northwest spain which has remained almost untouched by time and tourists since the middle ages
time stands still as you climb the narrow stone stairways in tiny villages clinging to steep mountain slopes or wander through story-book towns perched atop lofty crags their faces turned to the sea
they've been there since the days of the moors and the saracens
and what better way to end a day than by dining with artists and gourmets in a squat but charming fisherman 's village on the mediterranean
an almost too-simple-to-be-true way to set forth on such adventures is just to put yourself behind the wheel of a car and head for the open road
for those who need or want and can afford another car buying one and driving it on the grand tour then shipping it home is one popular plan for a do-it-yourself pilgrimage
then of course there are those of us who either do want or need or cannot afford another car
the answer to this diathesis is to pick up a telephone and arrange to rent one
it is that elemental
almost any travel agent will reserve a car for you
you can call one of the car rental services directly hertz avis auto-europe nationalcar rental and others and ask them to reserve a car of your choice and some transportation lines offer this service as well
with few exceptions your car will be waiting for you at dockside airport railroad station or hotel when you arrive oftentimes at no additional cost
you can wait of course until you arrive in europe before renting your car
the disadvantages to this method are that you may have as great a choice of models readily available or you may have to wait a few days or during the busy tourist season when cars are in great demand you might find it fairly difficult to get a car at all
since charges are relatively the same reserving a car before you leave for europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it
for those who plan to travel to europe by one route and return by another some agencies offer a service whereby you can pick up a car in one city on arrival and leave it in another city or even another country when you are ready to return home
at some cities this pick-up and delivery service is without additional charge and if you are budget-wise when you are planning your itinerary you will take advantage of these free delivery and collection stations in major cities within the larger european countries
international touring documents are usually provided with the car as are road maps and touring data
a valid american driving license is accepted in all countries except portugal spain yugoslavia and eastern europe
if you plan to visit any of these countries you can obtain your international driving permit before you leave at a nominal fee around $#.##
your insurance too with most agencies is provided with the car covering comprehensive fire theft liability and collision with a deductible clause which varies in different countries
if you would feel happier with full collision insurance there is a small additional charge again varying from country to country and depending on the term of such insurance
the average charge for this additional insurance coverage is roughly $#.## a day
the charge is variable however and goes as low as $.## a day in ireland and as high as $#.## a day in greece
rental fees are variable too throughout the countries of europe
there are as many rates as there are countries and models of cars available
as in the united states there is a flat fee-per-day rental charge plus a few cents per kilometer driven and the per-day rate drops if the car is retained for a week
it drops again after fifteen and twenty-one days
it is well to bear in mind that gasoline will cost from $.## to $.## for the equivalent of a united states gallon and while you might prefer a familiar ford chevrolet or even a cadillac which are available in some countries it is probably wiser to choose the smaller european makes which average thirty thirty-five and even forty miles to the gallon
your choice of model will undoubtedly be governed by the number of people travelling in your group
with the exception of the sports cars even the quite tiny sedans will seat four passengers if you are willing to sacrifice comfort and luggage space for really economical transportation
there is a large variety of models to choose from in most countries however including #-passenger sedans and station wagons and the rental fee isn't all that much greater than for the wee sedans
the basic costs are generally pretty much the same regardless of the agency through which you reserve your car but some of them offer supplementary advantages
there is the free intra-city rent it here leave it there service as an example the free delivery and collection at the airport dockside or your hotel luggage racks touring documents and information and other similar services
a little investigation by telephone or reading the travel ads in the newspapers and magazines will give you these pertinent details on the additional money-saving benefits
the investigation will be well worth your time
all model cars are available in all countries
quite naturally there is a greater availability of those models which are manufactured within a specific country
if you would like to start your tour in italy where the rental fees are actually the lowest in europe fiats in all sizes are available as are alfa romeo giulietta models
if you wish to budget closely on transportation saving your extra dollars to indulge in luxuries one agency lists the small fiat ### at only $#.## a day plus $.## a kilometer and the fiat #### station wagon seating six at just $#.## a day and $.### a kilometer
if you will be using your car more than fifteen days which isn't all unlikely the daily rates drop quite sharply to $.## a day for the fiat ### and to an infinitesimal $.## a day for the fiat #### station wagon
with six in the group the cost comes to just a nickel a day per person on the daily fee
in the majority of countries however the rates range from $#.## to $#.## a day for the smaller sedans and graduate up to $#.## and $#.## a day for the larger luxury european models with the rate per kilometer driven starting at $.## and going up as high as $.##
the same model car might be available in six or eight countries yet two countries will have the same rate either for the daily rate or rate per kilometer driven
the variations are too great
rates for american cars are somewhat higher ranging from about $#.## a day up to $##.## a day for a chevrolet convertible but the rate per kilometer driven is roughly the same as for the larger european models
rates in greece and finland are fairly high actually the highest in europe and surprisingly enough they are also quite high in ireland
if you are planning to tour europe for longer than a month it might be wise for you to lease a car
the actual over-all cost for the first month will perhaps be too much lower than the rental charges for the same period of time but you will receive a new car
you will be entitled to all the advantages of a new car owner which includes the factory guarantee and the services valid at authorized dealers throughout europe
further there is no mileage charge or mileage limitations when you lease a car and you pay only the flat monthly rate plus a nominal charge for documents and insurance since the car is registered and insured individually for your trip
there is a fairly wide selection of models of english german and french manufacture from which you can choose from the very small austin # citroen # cv volkswagens renaults to the #-passenger simca beaulieu
leasing a car is as common or as popular as renting a car in europe but for long periods it will be unquestionably more economical and satisfactory
after the first month rates are considerably less averaging only about $## a month for most #- and #-passenger models
there are reasons for some people wanting to rent cars and going on the do-it-yourself plan
for one thing the driver usually sees less and has less fun than his passengers since it becomes pretty necessary for him to keep at least one eye on the road
then too european drivers have reputations for being somewhat crazy on the road and some americans are particularly keen on getting mixed up with them
still there is a way for those who want to see some of the back country of europe by car
the way is to rent a chauffeur-driven car
it isn't as expensive as most people believe it to be
your chauffeur 's expenses will average between $#.## to $##.## a day but this charge is the same whether you rent a #-passenger cadillac limousine or a #-passenger peugeot or fiat ####
the big spread is in the charge for each kilometer driven being governed by the rate at which gasoline is consumed
since most european cars average more miles per gallon of gasoline than american cars it naturally follows that the cost per kilometer for these models will be less but the greater seating capacity of the large american cars will equalize this provided your group is sufficiently large to fill a #-passenger limousine
the fees for the rental of chauffeur-driven cars vary in the different countries in the same manner as they do for the drive-yourself cars
however whether you arrange to have a european or american model if you rent a car with the proper seating capacity in relation to the number of people in your party your transportation expense will average very close to $##.## per day per passenger
this will include your helpful english-speaking chauffeur and a drive of an average of ### kilometers in any one day
if you drive greater distances than that you'll just be skimming the surface and will never discover the enchantment fascination and beauty which lured you in the first place to explore the hinterlands
of course if you want to throw all caution to the winds and rent an imperial or cadillac limousine just for you and your bride you'll have a memorable tour but it won't be cheap and it is recommended unless you own a producing oil well or you've had a winner in the irish sweepstakes
in american romance almost nothing rates higher than what the movie men have called meeting cute that is boy-meets-girl seems more adorable if it doesn't take place in an atmosphere of correct and acute boredom
just about the most enthralling real-life example of meeting cute is the charles macarthur-helen hayes saga reputedly all he did was give her a handful of peanuts but he said simultaneously i wish they were emeralds
aside from the comico-romantico content here a good linguist-anthropologist could readily pick up a few other facts especially if he had a little more of the conversation to go on
the way macarthur said his line if you had the recorded transcript of a professional linguist would probably have gone like this af primary stresses on emeralds and wish
note pitch # pretty high on emeralds but with a slight degree of drawl one degree of oversoftness
conclusions the people involved and subsequent facts bear me out here knew clearly the relative values of peanuts and emeralds both monetary and sentimental
and the drawling oversoft voice of flirtation though fairly overt was still well within the prescribed gambit of their culture
in other words like automation machines designed to work in tandem they shared the same programming a mutual understanding only of english words but of the four stresses pitches and junctures that can change their meaning from black to white
at this point unfortunately romance becomes a regrettably small part of the picture
but consider if you can bear it what might have happened if macarthur for some perverse undaunted reason had made the same remark to an eskimo girl in eskimo
to her peanuts and emeralds would have been just so much blubber
the point quite simply is this words they might have had
but communication no
this basic principle the first in a richly knotted bundle was conveyed to me by dr. henry lee smith jr. at the university of buffalo where he heads the world 's first department of anthropology and linguistics
a brisk amusing man apparently constructed on an ingenious system of spring-joints attuned to the same peppery rhythm as his mind smith began his academic career teaching speech to barnard girls a project considerably enlivened by his devotion to a recording about a young rat named arthur who never could make up his mind
later he became one of the central spirits of the army language program and the language school of washington 's foreign service institute
it was there in the course of trying to prepare new men for the culture shock they might encounter in remote overseas posts that he first began to develop a system of charting the norms of human communication
to the trained ear of the linguist talk has always revealed a staggering quantity of information about the talker such things as geographical origin and history socio-economic identity education
it is only fairly recently however that linguists have developed a systematic way of charting voices on paper in a way that tells even more about the speakers and about the success or failure of human communication between two people
this for obvious reasons makes their techniques superbly useful in studying the psychiatric interview so useful in fact that they have been successfully used to suggest ways to speed diagnosis and to evaluate the progress of therapy
in the early #### 's smith together with his distinguished colleague george trager so austerely academic he sometimes fights his own evident charm and a third man with the engaging name of birdwhistell ray agreed on some basic premises about the three-part process that makes communication # words or language # paralanguage a set of phenomena including laughing weeping voice breaks and tone of voice and # kinesics the technical name for gestures facial expressions and body shifts nodding or shaking the head talking with one 's hands et cetera
smith 's first workout with stresses pitches and junctures was based on mother which spells in our culture a good deal more than bread alone
for example if you are a reasonably well-adjusted person there are certain ways that are reasonable and appropriate for addressing your mother
the usual u.s. norm would be af middle pitches slight pause juncture before mother slight rise at the end
the symbols of mother 's status here are all usual for culture u.s.a.
quite other feelings are evidenced by this style af note the drop to pitch # the lowest on mother with no rise at the end of the sentence
this is a fade ending and what you have here is a downtalking style of speech expressing something less than conventional respect for mother
even less regard for mom and mom 's apple pie goes with af in other words the way the speaker relates to mother is clearly indicated
and while the meaning of the words is in this instance altered the quality of communication in both the second and third examples is definitely impaired
an accompanying record of paralanguage factors for the second example might also note a throaty rasp
with this seven-word sentence though the speaker undoubtedly thought he was dealing only with the subject of food he was telling things about himself and in the last two examples revealing that he had departed from the customs of his culture
the joint investigations of linguistics and psychiatry have established in point of fact that no matter what the subject of conversation is or what words are involved it is impossible for people to talk at all without telling over and over again what sort of people they are and how they relate to the rest of the world
since interviewing is the basic therapeutic and diagnostic instrument of modern psychiatry the recording of interviews for playbacks and study has been a boost of redstone proportions in new research and training
some of the earliest recordings made in the #### 's demonstrated that psychiatrists reacted immediately to anger and anxiety in the sound track whereas written records of the same interview offered far fewer cues to therapy which if they were at all discernible in print were picked up only by the most skilled and sensitive experts
in a general way psychiatrists were able to establish on a wide basis what many of them had always felt that the most telling cues in psychotherapy are acoustic that such things as stress and nagging are transmitted by sound alone and necessarily by words
at a minimum recording usually on tape which is now in wide professional use brings the psychiatric interview alive so that the full range of emotion and meaning can be explored repeatedly by the therapist or by a battery of therapists
newest to this high-powered battery are the experts in linguistics who have carried that minimum to a new level
by adding a systematic analysis with symbols to the typed transcripts of interviews they have supplied a new set of techniques for the therapist
linguistic charting of the transcribed interview flags points where the patient 's voice departs from expected norms
it flags such possible breakdowns of communication as rehearsed dialogue the note of disapproval ambivalence or ambiguity annoyance resentment and the disinclination to speak at all this last often marked by a fade-in beginning of sentences
interpretation naturally remains the role of the therapist but orientation only the patient 's vocal giveaways of geographical and socio-economic background but also vocal but non-verbal giveaways of danger spots in his relationship to people can be considerably beefed up by the linguist
his esoteric chartings of the voice alert the therapist to areas where deeper probing may bring to light underlying psychological difficulties making them apparent first to the therapist and eventually to the patient
in one now-historic first interview for example the transcript reproduced from the book the first five minutes goes like this the therapist 's level tone is bland and neutral he has for example avoided stressing you which would imply disapproval
or surprise which would set the patient apart from other people
the patient on the other hand is far from neutral
aside from her specifically regional accent she reveals by the use of the triad irritable tense depressed a certain pedantic itemization that indicates she has some familiarity with literary or scientific language i.e. she must have had at least a high-school education and she is telling a story she has mentally rehearsed some time before
then she catapults into everything and everybody putting particular violence on everybody indicating to the linguist that this is a spot to flag that is it is congruent to the patient 's general style of speech up to this point
consequently it is referred to the therapist for attention
he may then very well conclude that everybody is probably the true target of her resentment
immediately thereafter the patient fractures her rehearsed story veering into an oversoft breathy sloppily articulated i don't feel like talking right now
within the first five minutes of this interview it is apparent to the therapist that everybody truthfully refers to the woman 's husband
she says later but still within the opening five minutes i keep thinking of a divorce but that 's another emotional death
the linguistic and paralinguistic signals of misery are all present in the voice chart for this sentence
so are certain signals that she does accept divorce
by saying another emotional death she reveals that there has been a previous one although she has described it in words
this the therapist may pursue in later questioning
the phrase emotional death interesting and to a non-scientific mind rather touching suggests that this woman may have some flair for words perhaps even something of the temperament regrettably called creative
since the psychiatric interview like any other interview depends on communication it is significant to note that the therapist in this interview was a man of marked skill and long experience
his own communication apparatus operated superbly and lillian ross readers will note instantly its total lack of resemblance to the blunted monumentally unmeshed mechanism of dr. blauberman
interestingly enough although none of the real-life therapists involved could conceivably compare with blauberman when groups of them began playing back interviews they discovered any number of ways in which they wanted to polish their own interview techniques
almost everyone on first hearing one of his own sessions on tape expressed some desire to take the whole thing over again
yet in spite of this intensive study of the taped interviews by teams of psychotherapists and linguists laid bare the surprising fact that in the first five minutes of an initial interview the patient often reveals as many as a dozen times just what 's wrong with him
to spot these giveaways the therapist must know either intuitively or scientifically how to listen
naturally the patient does say i hate my father or sibling rivalry is what bugs me
what he does do is give himself away by communicating information over and above the words involved
some of the classic indicators as described by drs. pittenger hockett and danehy in the first five minutes are these ambiguity of pronouns :
stammering or repetition of i you he she et cetera may signal ambiguity or uncertainty
on the other hand significant facts may be concealed she may mean i or everybody as it did with the tense and irritable woman mentioned before may refer to a specific person
the word that is used can be as important as the word that is used
therapist and linguist must always consider the alternatives
when someone says for example they took x-rays to see that there was nothing wrong with me it pays to consider how this statement would normally be made
this patient in actuality was a neurasthenic who had almost come to the point of accepting the fact that it was her soma but her psyche that was the cause of her difficulty
amateur linguists note here that pursewarden in durrell 's alexandria quartet stammered when he spoke of his wife which is hardly surprising in view of their disastrous relationship
she was just another freighter from the states and she seemed as commonplace as her name
she was the john harvey one of those atlantic sea-horses that had sailed to bari to bring beans bombs and bullets to the u.s. fifteenth air force to field marshal montgomery 's eighth army then racing up the calf of the boot of italy in that early december of ####
the john harvey arrived in bari a port on the adriatic on november ##th making for porto nuovo which as the name indicates was the ancient city 's new and modern harbor
hardly anyone ashore marked her as she anchored stern-to off berth ## on the mole
if anyone thought of the john harvey it was to observe that she was straddled by a pair of ships heavily laden with high explosive and if they were hit the john harvey would likely be blown up with her own ammo and whatever else it was that she carried
which was poison gas
it had required the approval of president franklin delano roosevelt before the john harvey could be loaded with ### tons of mustard gas and despatched to the italian warfront
for in a world as yet unacquainted with the horrors of the mushroom cloud poison gas was still regarded as the ultimate in hideous weapons
throughout the early years of world war # reports persisted that the axis powers had used gas germany in russia japan in china again
they were always denied
influential people in america were warning the pentagon to be prepared against desperation gas attacks by the germans in future campaigns
some extremists went so far as to urge our using it first
to silence extremists to warn the axis president roosevelt issued this statement for the allies in august
from time to time since the present war began there have been reports that one or more of the axis powers were seriously contemplating use of poisonous gas or noxious gases or other inhumane devices of warfare
i have been loath to believe that any nation even our present enemies could or would be willing to loose upon mankind such terrible and inhumane weapons
however evidence that the axis powers are making significant preparations indicative of such an intention is being reported with increasing frequency from a variety of sources
use of such weapons has been outlawed by the general opinion of civilized mankind
this country has used them and i hope that we never will be compelled to use them
i state categorically that we shall under no circumstances resort to the use of such weapons unless they are first used by our enemies
the following month the invasion of italy was begun and roosevelt gave effect to his warning by consenting to the stockpiling of poison gas in southern italy
bari was chosen as a depot only for its seeming safety but because of its proximity to airfields
any retaliatory gas attack would be airborne
it would be made in three waves the first to lay down a smokescreen the second to drop the gas bombs the third to shower incendiaries which would burn everything below
so the vile cargo went into the hole of the john harvey
a detachment of six men from the ###st chemical maintenance company under first lt. howard d. beckstrom went aboard followed by lt. thomas h. richardson the cargo security officer
secrecy was paramount
only a few other people very important people knew of the nitrogen-mustard eggs nestled below decks
no one else must know
thus in the immemorial way in the way of the right hand that knows and the left that does was the stage set for tragedy at bari
it was the night of december # #### and it was growing dark in bari
it was getting on toward # o'clock and the german me-### plane had been and gone on its eighth straight visit
capt. a. b. jenks of the office of harbor defense was very worried
he knew that german long-range bombers had been returning to the attack in italy
on november ##th they had made a raid on la maddalena
two days later some ## of them had struck at a convoy off bougie sinking a troopship and it had been that very night that the me-### had made its first appearance
after it had reappeared the next two nights jenks went to higher headquarters and said
for three days now a german reconnaissance plane has been over the city taking pictures
they're just waiting for the proper time to come over here and dump this place into the adriatic
but the older and wiser heads had dismissed his warning as alarmist
even though it was known that the luftwaffe in the north was now being directed by the young and energetic general peltz the commander who would conduct the little blitz on london in #### a major raid on bari at this juncture of the war was to be considered seriously
true there had been raids on naples but naples was pretty far north on the opposite coast
no bari was out of range
more than that allied air had complete superiority in the eighth army 's sector
so captain jenks returned to his harbor post to watch the scouting plane put in five more appearances and to feel the certainty of this dread rising within him
for jenks knew that bari 's defenses were made of paper
the royal air force had but a single light anti-aircraft squadron and two balloon units available
there were no r.a.f. fighter squadrons on bari airfield
the radar station with the best location was still serviceable
telephone communication was bad
and everywhere in evidence among the few remaining defensive units was that old handmaiden of disaster multiple command
it had been made shockingly evident that very morning to ensign kay k. vesole in charge of the armed guard aboard the john bascom
a british officer had come aboard and told him that in case of enemy air attack he was to open fire until bombs were actually dropped
then he was to co-ordinate his fire with a radar-controlled shore gun firing white tracers
this harbor is a bomber 's paradise the britisher had said with frank grimness
it 's up to you to protect yourselves
we can't expect any help from the fighters at foggia either
they're all being used on offensive missions
vesole had been stunned
fire until the bombs came down
he thought of the tons and tons of flammable fluid beneath his feet and shook his head
like hell he'd wait and supposing the radar-controlled gun got knocked out
what would his guns guide on then the north star
ensign vesole decided that he would tarry until he heard the whispering of the bombs and when night began to fall he put seaman # donald l. norton and seaman # william a. rochford on the guns and told them to start shooting the moment they saw an enemy silhouette
below decks seaman # stanley bishop had begun to write a letter home
above decks on the john harvey lieutenant richardson gazed at the lights still burning on the port wall and felt uneasy
there were lights glinting in the city too even though it was now dark enough for a few stars to become visible
bari was asking for it he thought
for five days now they had been in port and that filthy stuff was still in the hold
richardson wondered when it would be unloaded
he hoped they would put in somewhere way way down in the earth
the burden of his secret was pressing down on him as it was on lieutenant beckstrom and his six enlisted men
lieutenant richardson could envy the officers and men of the john harvey in their innocent assumption that the ship contained nothing more dangerous than high explosive bombs
they seemed happy at the delay in unloading glad at the chance to go ashore in a lively liberty port such as bari
nine of them had gone down the gangplank already
deck cadet james l. cahill and seaman walter brooks had been the first to leave
richardson had returned their departing grins with the noncommittal nod that is the security officer 's stock in trade
the other half of the crew plus beckstrom and his men had remained aboard
richardson glanced to sea and started slightly
damned if that wasn't a sailing ship standing out of the old harbor porto vecchio
the night was so clear that richardson had no difficulty making out the silhouette
then the thought of a cloudless sky made him shiver and he glanced upward
his eyes boggled
it was a clear night and it was raining
capt. michael a. musmanno military governor of the sorrentine peninsula had also seen and felt the rain
but he had mistaken it for bugs
captain musmanno 's renovated schooner with the flamboyant name unsinkable had just left porto vecchio with a cargo of badly-needed olive oil for the sorrentine 's civilian population
musmanno was on deck
at exactly #:## he felt a fluttering object brush his face
he snatched at it savagely
he turned the beam of his flashlight on it
it was the silver foil from the chocolate bar he had been eating
but how could
another longer strip of tinsel whipped his mouth
it was two feet long
it was candy wrapping
it was window the tinsel paper dropped by bombers to jam radar sets to fill the scope with hundreds of blips that would seem to be approaching bombers
musmanno bellowed to his italian crewmen
stop the engines
unsinkable slowed and stopped hundreds of brilliant white flares swayed eerily down from the black the air raid sirens ashore rose in a keening shriek the anti-aircraft guns coughed and chattered and above it all motors roared and the bombs came whispering and wailing and crashing down among the ships at anchor at bari
they had come from airports in the balkans these hundred-odd junkers ## 's
they had winged over the adriatic they had taken bari by complete surprise and now they were battering her attacking with deadly skill
they had ruined the radar warning system with their window they had made themselves invisible above their flares
and they also had the lights of the city the port wall lanterns and a shore crane 's spotlight to guide on
after the first two were blacked out the third light was abandoned by a terrified italian crew who left their light to shine for nine minutes like an unerring homing beacon until british mp 's shot it out
in that interval the german bombers made a hell of bari harbor
merchant ships illuminated in the light of the flares made to seem like stones imbedded in a lake of polished mud were impossible to miss
the little unsinkable sank almost immediately
captain musmanno roared at his men to lash three of the casks of olive oil together for a raft
they got it over the side and clambered aboard only a few minutes before their schooner went under
john bascom went down early too
ensign vesole and his gunners had fought valiantly but they had no targets
most of the junkers were above the blinding light of the flares and the radar-controlled shore gun had been knocked out by one of the first sticks of bombs
vesole rushed from gun to gun attempting to direct fire
he was wounded but fought on
norton and rochford fired wildly at the sounds of the motors
bishop rushed on deck to grab a ##-mm gun pumping out ### rounds before sticks of three bombs each crashed into holds one three and five
now the bascom was mortally wounded
luckily she was completely aflame and would go down before the gasoline could erupt
the order to abandon ship was given but cries of pain could be heard from the wounded below decks
there is a pause in the merriment as your friends gaze at you wondering why you are staring open-mouthed in amazement
you explain i have the strangest feeling of having lived through this very same event before
i can't tell when but i'm positive i witnessed this same scene of this particular gathering at some time in the past
this experience will have happened to many of you
emerson in his lecture refers to the startling experience which almost every person confesses in daylight that particular passages of conversation and action have occurred to him in the same order before whether dreaming or waking a suspicion that they have been with precisely these persons in precisely this room and heard precisely this dialogue at some former hour they know when
most psychiatrists dismiss these instances of that weird feeling as the deja vue already seen illusion just as they dismiss dream previsions as coincidences
in this manner they side-step the seemingly hopeless investigation of the greater depths of mystery in which all of us grope continually
when a man recognizes a certain experience as the exact pattern of a previous dream we have an instance of deja vue except for the fact that he knows just why the experience seems familiar
occasionally there are examples of pre-vision which cannot be pushed aside without confessing an unscientific attitude
one day maeterlinck coming with a friend upon an event which he recognized as the exact pattern of a previous dream detailed the ensuing occurrences in advance so accurately that his companion was completely mystified
rudyard kipling 's scorn for the jargon of psychical research was altered somewhat when he wondered how or why had i been shown an unreleased roll of my life film
the famous author tells us of the strange incident in something about myself
one day when he attended a war memorial ceremony in westminster abbey his view was obstructed by a stout man on his left his attention turned to the irregular pattern of the rough slab flooring and someone clasping him by the arm whispered i want a word with you please
at that moment kipling was overwhelmed with awed amazement suddenly recalling that these identical details of scene action and word had occurred to him in a dream six weeks earlier
freud probably contributed more than anyone else to the understanding of dreams enabling us to recognize their equivalents in our wakeful thoughts
however readers who accept freud 's findings and believe that he has solved completely the mystery of dreams should ponder over the following words in his interpretation of dreams chapter #
as a matter of fact no such complete solution of the dream has ever been accomplished in any case and what is more every one attempting such solution has found that in most cases there have remained a great many components of the dream the source of which he has been unable to explain nor is the discussion closed on the subject of the mantic or prophetic power of dreams
dreams present many mysteries of telepathy clairvoyance prevision and retrovision
the basic mystery of dreams which embraces all the others and challenges us from even the most common typical dream is in the fact that they are original visual continuities
i recall the startling vivid realism of a dream in which i lived through the horror of the bombing of a little korean town
i am sure that nothing within me is capable of composing that life-like sequence so complete in detail from the hodge-podge of news pictures i have seen
and when psychology explains glibly but the subconscious mind is able to produce it it refers to a mental region so vaguely identified that it may embrace the entire universal mind as conceivably as part of the individual mind
skeptics may deny the more startling phenomena of dreams as things they have never personally observed but failure to wonder at their basic mystery is outright avoidance of routine evidence
the question becomes what is a dream
is a dream simply a mental or cerebral movie
every dream and this is true of a mental image of any type even though it may be readily interpreted into its equivalent of wakeful thought is a psychic phenomenon for which no explanation is available
in most cases we recognize certain words persons animals or objects
but these are dreamed in original action in some particular continuity which we don't remember having seen in real life
for instance the dreamer sees himself seated behind neighbor smith and with photographic realism sees smith driving the car
whereas it is a matter of fact that smith cannot drive a car
there is nothing to suggest that the brain can alter past impressions to fit into an original realistic and unbroken continuity like we experience in dreams
the entire concept of cerebral imagery as the physical basis of a mental image can find no logical support
a mental image subconsciously impressing us from beneath its language symbols in wakeful thought or consciously in light sleep is actually an image at all but is comprised of realities viewed in the concurrent sensory stream but within the depths of the fourth dimension
dreams that display events of the future with photographic detail call for a theory explaining their basic mystery and all its components including that weird feeling of deja vue inevitably fantastic though that theory must seem
as in the theory of perception established in psycho-physiology the eye is recognized as an integral part of the brain
but then this theory confesses that it is completely at a loss as to how the image can possibly be received by the brain
the opening paragraph of the chapter titled the theory of representative perception in the book philosophies of science by albert g. ramsperger says passed on to the brain and there by some unexplained process it causes the mind to have a perception
but why is it necessary to reproduce the retinal image within the brain
as retinal images are conceded to be an integral function of the brain it seems logical to suppose that the nerves between the inner brain and the eyes carry the direct drive for cooperation from the various brain centers rather than to theorize on the transmission of an image which is already in required location
hereby the external object viewed by the eyes remains the thing that is seen the retinal image the purpose of which would be to achieve perceptive cooperation by stirring sympathetic impulses in the other sensory centers motor tensions associated word symbols and consciousness
modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy
we know that the number of radio and television impulses sound waves ultra-violet rays etc. that may occupy the very same space each solitary upon its own frequency is infinite
so we may conceive the coexistence of the infinite number of universal apparently momentary states of matter successive one after another in consciousness but permanent each on its own basic phase of the progressive frequencies
this theory makes it possible for any event throughout eternity to be continuously available at any moment to consciousness
space in any form is completely measured by the three dimensions
if the fourth dimension is a physical concept and purely metaphysical through what medium does it extend
it is through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past or the ever-existent past-fantasy future
three seconds flat is the usual time and the space is crossed by moderate mileage while the overwhelming immensity of such journeys must be conceived as a static pulsation through an enormous number of coexistent frequencies which perpetuate all events
the body senses and brain in common with all matter have their counterpart on each of a countless number of frequencies
the senses in each counterpart bear the impression only of phenomena that share its own frequency whereas those upon all other frequencies are invisible inaudible and intactible to them
consciousness is the factor that provides the progressive continuity to sensory impressions
when consciousness deserts the sleeping body and the wakeful world it continues in the myriad progressions of the ever-present past and future in a life as vibrant and real as the one left when the body tired and required sleep
if the photographically realistic continuity of dreams however bizarre their combinations denies that it is purely a composition of the brain it must be compounded from views of diverse realities although some of them may never be encountered in what we are pleased to call the real life
dr. h. v. hilprecht professor of assyrian at the university of pennsylvania dreamed that a babylonian priest associated with the king kurigalzu #### b.c. escorted him to the treasure chamber of the temple of bel gave him six novel points of information about a certain broken relic and corrected an error in its identification
as a matter of fact the incorrect classification the result of many weeks of labor by dr. hilprecht was about to be published by him the following day
some time later the missing part of the relic was found and the complete inscription together with other new evidence fully corroborated the ancient priest 's information
dr. hilprecht was uncertain as to the language used by the ancient priest in his dream
he was almost positive it was assyrian nor cassite and imagined it must have been german or english
we may conclude that all six points of information ostensibly given by the dream priest could have been furnished by dr. hilprecht 's subconscious reasoning
but in denying any physical reality for this dream how could the brain possibly compose that realistic vividly visual continuity uninterrupted by misty fadeout violent break or sudden substitution
which theory is more fantastic #
that the perfect continuity was composed from the joblot of memory impressions in the professor 's brain or #
that the dream was a reality on the infinite progressions of universal gradient frequencies across which the modern professor and the priest of ancient nippur met
the degree of circumstance the ratio of memory to forgetfulness determines whether a dream will be a recognized fulfilled prevision or the vaguely effective source of the weird deja vue feeling
no doubt some experiences vanish so completely as to leave no trace on the sleeper 's mind
probably less than one percent of our previsions escape final obliteration before we wake
when we arrive at the events concerned in the vanished majority they of course cannot impress us as anything familiar
nevertheless there are notably frequent instances of deja vue in which our recognition of an entirely novel event is a feeling of having lived through it before a feeling which though vague withstands the verbal barrage from the most impressive corps of psychologists
if deja vue is an illusion then peculiarly it is a most prevalent mental disturbance affecting even the most level-headed people
chauncey depew one-time runner-up for the republican presidential nomination was attending a convention at saratoga where he was scheduled to nominate colonel theodore roosevelt for governor of new york when he noticed that the temporary chairman was a man he had never met
after the preliminary business affair was finished depew arose and delivered the convincing speech that clinched the nomination for roosevelt
if depew had told any academic psychologist that he had a weird feeling of having lived through that identical convention session at some time in the past he would have been informed that he was a victim of deja vue
but the famous orator felt more than vague recognition for the scene
he remembered exactly when he had lived through it before and he had something to prove he had
one week before the convention depew was seated on the porch of a country home on the hudson gazing at the opposite shore
the food is wonderful and it is a lot of fun to be here
so wrote a ten year old student in a letter to his parents from north country school lake placid new york
in this one sentence he unwittingly revealed the basic philosophy of the nutrition and psychological programs in operation at the school
because the food is selected with thought for its nutritional value care for its origin and prepared in a manner that retains the most nutrients the food does taste good
when served in a psychological atmosphere that allows young bodies to assimilate the greatest good from what they eat because they are free from tension a foundation is laid for a high level of health that releases the children from physical handicaps to participate with enjoyment in the work assignments the athletic programs and the most important phase the educational opportunities
situated in a region of some of the loveliest mountain scenery in the country the school buildings are located amid open fields and farm lands
these contemporary structures beautifully adapted to a school in the country are home to ## children ages eight to fourteen grades four through eight
from fourteen states and three foreign countries they come to spend the months from mid-september to june
the director walter e. clark believes that a school with children living full time in its care must take full responsibility for their welfare
to him this means caring for the whole child providing basic nutrition and a spiritual attitude that lends freedom for the development of the mind
improved farming methods
the concept of good nutrition really began with the garden
the school has always maintained a farm to supply the needs of the school
in a climate hostile to agriculture mr. clark has had to keep alert to the most productive farm techniques
where a growing season may with luck allow ## days without frost and where the soil is poor sandy quick-drying and subject to erosion many farmers fail
throughout the adirondack region abandoned farm homes and wild orchards bear ghostly testimony that their owners met defeat
mr. clark found that orthodox procedures of deep plowing use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides plus the application of conservation principles of rotation and contouring did prevent sheet erosion in the potato fields and depreciation of the soil
to give up these notions required a revolution in thought mr. clark said in reminiscing about the abrupt changes in ideas he experienced when he began reading organic gardening and modern nutrition in a search for help with his problems
louis bromfield 's writings excited me as a conservationist
by #### he was convinced he would no longer spray
he locked his equipment in a cabinet where it still remains
after reading plowman 's folly by edward h. faulkner he stopped plowing
the basis for compost materials already existed on the school farm with a stable of animals for the riding program poultry for eggs pigs to eat garbage a beef herd and wastes of all kinds
separate pails were kept in the kitchen for coffee grounds and egg shells
all these materials and supplementary manure and other fertilizers from neighboring dairy and poultry farms made over ## tons of finished compost a year
it was applied with a compost shredder made from a converted manure spreader
years of patient application of compost and leaf mulching has changed the structure of the soil and its water-holding capacity
soon after the method changed visitors began asking how he managed to irrigate his soil to keep it looking moist when in reality it was the soil treatment alone that accomplished this
to demonstrate the soil of his vegetable gardens as it is today mr. clark stooped to scoop up a handful of rich dark earth
sniffing its sweet smell and letting it fall to show its good crumbly consistency he pointed to the nearby driveway and said this soil used to be like that hard packed road over there
people and soils respond slowly says walter clark but the time has now come when the gardens produce delicious long-keeping vegetables due to this enrichment program
no chemical fertilizers and poisonous insecticides and fungicides are used
the garden supplies enough carrots turnips rutabagas potatoes beets cabbage and squash to store for winter meals in the root cellar
the carrots sometimes don't make it through the winter
the cabbage and squash keep until march or april
there is never enough corn peas or strawberries
mr. clark still has to use rotenone with potatoes grown on the least fertile fields but he has watched the insect damage decrease steadily and hopes that continued use of compost and leaf mulch will allow him to do without it in the future
a new project planned is the use of bio-dynamic starter
new ideas for improving nutrition came with the study of soil treatment
after the soil the kitchen says mr. clark
the first major change was that of providing wholewheat bread instead of white bread
adults take a long time to convince and you are thwarted if you try to push
at first the kitchen help was tolerant but ordered their own supply of white bread for themselves
you can't make french toast with whole-wheat bread was an early complaint
of course they learned in time that they only could use whole-wheat bread but the children liked it better
mrs. clark as house manager planned the menus and cared for the ordering
then miss lillian colman came from vermont to be kitchen manager
today whole grains are freshly ground every day and baked into bread
mr. clark 's studies taught him that the only way to conserve the vitamins in the whole grain was prompt use of the flour
once the grains are ground vitamin e begins to deteriorate immediately and half of it is lost by oxidation and exposure to the air within one week
a mill stands in a room off the kitchen
surrounding it are metal cans of grains ordered from organic farms in the state
miss colman pours measures of whole wheat oats and soy beans and turns on the motor
she goes on about her work and listens for the completion of the grinding
the bread baked from this mixture is light in color and fragrant in aroma
it is well liked by the children and faculty
there is one problem with the bread
lillian 's bread is so good and everything tastes so much better here that it is hard to eat too much said the secretary ruefully eyeing her extra pounds
hot , freshly-ground cereal
the school has used cold prepared cereals for years though at one time that was all they ever served
when the chance came they first eliminated cold cereal once a week then gradually converted to hot fresh-ground cereal every day
they serve cracked wheat oats or cornmeal
occasionally the children find steamed whole-wheat grains for cereal which they call buckshot
at the beginning of the school year the new students don't eat the cereal right away but within a short time they are eating it voraciously
when they leave for vacations they miss the hot cereal
the school has received letters from parents asking what happened to johnny
he never used to like any hot cereal now that 's the only kind he wants
where can we get this cereal he likes so much
salads are served at least once a day
vegetables are served liberally
most come from the root cellar or from the freezer
home-made sauerkraut is served once a week
sprouted grains and seeds are used in salads and dishes such as chop suey
sometimes sprouted wheat is added to bread and causes the children to remark lillian did you put nuts in the bread today
milk appears twice a day
the school raises enough poultry pigs and beef cattle for most of their needs
lots of cheese made from june grass milk is served
hens are kept on the range and roosters are kept with them for their fertility
organ meats such as beef and chicken liver tongue and heart are planned once a week
also salt water fish is on the table once a week
for deserts puddings and pies are each served once a week
most other desserts are fruit in some form fresh fruits once daily at least sometimes at snack time
dried fruits are purchased from sources where they are neither sulphured nor sprayed
apples come from a farm in vermont where they are sprayed
oranges and grapefruit are shipped from florida weekly from an organic farm
finding sources for these high quality foods is a problem
sometimes the solution comes in unexpected ways
following a talk by mr. clark at the new york state natural food associates convention a man from the audience offered to ship his unsprayed apples to the school from vermont
wheat-germ brewer 's yeast and ground kelp are used in bread and in dishes such as spaghetti sauce meat loaves
miss colman hopes to find suitable shakers so that kelp can be available at the tables
raw wheat-germ is available on the breakfast table for the children to help themselves
very few fried foods are used and the use of salt and pepper is discouraged
drinking with meals is also discouraged
pitchers of water merely appear on the tables
nothing is peeled
the source is known so there is no necessity to remove insecticide residues
the cooking conserves a maximum of the vitamin c content of vegetables by methods which use very little water and cook in the shortest time possible
wholesome snacks , no candy
since mr. clark believes firmly that the chewing of hard foods helps develop healthy gums and teeth raw vegetables and raw whole-wheat grains are handed out with fresh fruit and whole-wheat cookies at snack time in the afternoons
to solve the problem of the wheat grains spilling on the floor and getting underfoot a ball of maple syrup boiled to candy consistency was invented to hold the grains
on their frequent hikes into the nearby mountains the children carry whole grains to munch along the trail
they learn to like these so well that it isn't surprising to hear that one boy tried the oats he was feeding his horse at chore time
they tasted good to him so he brought some to breakfast to eat in his cereal bowl with milk and honey
maple syrup is made by the children in the woods on the school grounds
this and raw sugar replace ordinary refined sugar on the tables and very little sugar is used in cooking
candy is allowed
parents are asked in the bulletin to send packages of treats consisting of fruit and nuts but no candy
mr. clark believes in a good full breakfast of fruit hot cereal milk honey whole-wheat toast with real butter and eggs
the heavy meal comes in the middle of the day
soup is often the important dish at supper
homemade of meat bones and vegetables it is rich in dissolved minerals and vitamins
the school finds that the children are satisfied with smaller amounts of food since all of it is high in quality
the cost to feed one person is just under one dollar a day
even before he saw the necessity of growing better food and planning good nutrition mr. clark felt the school had a good health program
rugged outdoor exercise for an hour and a half every day in all kinds of weather was the rule
a vigorous program existed in skiing skating sports and overnight hiking
since the change to better nutrition he feels he can report on improvements in health though he considers the following statements observations and scientific proof
visitors to the school ask what shampoo they use on the children 's hair to bring out the sheen
the ruddy complexion of the faces also brings comment
buffeted by swirling winds the little green biplane struggled northward between the mountains beyond northfield gulf
wires whined as a cold november blast rocked the silver wings but the engine roar was reassuring to the pilot bundled in the open cockpit
he peered ahead and grinned as the railroad tracks came into view again below
good old iron compass
a plume of smoke rose from a central vermont locomotive which idled behind a string of gravel cars and little figures that were workmen labored to set the ruptured roadbed to rights
the girders of a shattered dog river bridge lay strewn for half a mile downstream
vermont 's main railroad line was prostrate
and in the dark days after the great flood of #### the worst natural disaster in the state 's history the little plane was its sole replacement in carrying the united states mails
rain of near cloudburst proportions had fallen for three full days and it was still raining on the morning of friday november # #### when officials of the post office department 's railway mail service realized that their distribution system for vermont had been almost totally destroyed overnight
clerks and postmasters shoveled muck out of their offices those who still had offices and wondered how to move the mail
the state 's railroad system counted miles of broken bridges and missing rights-of-way it would obviously remain out of commission for weeks
and once medicine food clothing and shelter had been provided for the flood 's victims communications and the mail were the next top problems
from burlington outgoing mail could be ferried across lake champlain to the railroad at port kent n. y.
but what came in was piling up
the nearest undisrupted end of track from boston was at concord n. h.
when governor al smith offered new york national guard planes to fly the mail in and out of the state it seemed a likely temporary solution easing burlington 's bottleneck and that at montpelier too
the question was where to land
there was no such thing as an airport in vermont
burlington aviator john j. burns suggested the parade ground southwest of fort ethan allen and soon a dozen hastily-summoned national guard pilots were bringing their wide-winged jenny and dehaviland two-seaters to rest on the frozen sod of the military base
the only available field that could be used near flood-ravaged montpelier was on the towne farm off upper main street a narrow hillside where takeoffs and landings could be safely made only under light wind conditions
over in barre the streets had been deep in swirling water and bridges were crumpled and gone
anticipating delivery of medicines and yeast by plane granite city citizens formed an airfield committee and with the aid of quarrymen and the ###nd infantry vermont national guard laid out runways on wilson flat high on millstone hill
the barre aviation field was set to receive its first aircraft the sunday following the flood
though the makeshift airports were ready the york state guard flyers proved unable to keep any kind of mail schedule
they had courage but their meager training consisted of weekend hops in good weather in and out of established airports and the increasingly cold weather soon raised hob with the water cooled engines of their world war # planes
it seemed like a good time for officials to use a recently-passed law empowering the post office department to contract for the transport of first class mail by air
they had to act fast for letters were clogging the terminals
down in concord new hampshire was a flier in the right place at the right time robert s. fogg a native new englander had been a world war # flying instructor barnstormer and one of the original planners of the concord airport
tall wiry dark-haired bob fogg had already racked up one historical first in air mail history
piloting a curtiss navy mf flying boat off lake winnipesaukee in #### he had inaugurated the original rural delivery air service in america
during the excitement following lindbergh 's flight to paris earlier in #### dare devil aviators overnight became legendary heroes
in concord bob fogg was the most prominent new hampshire boy with wings
public-spirited backers staked him to a brand-new airplane aimed at putting their city and state on the flying map
the ship was a waco biplane one of the first two of its type to be fitted with the air cooled ### wright radial engine known as the whirlwind
a trim green and silver-painted craft only ##-# feet long the waco was entered to compete in the on-to-spokane air derby of ####
as a matter of fact fogg and his plane didn't get beyond pennsylvania in the race an engine oil leak forced him down but the flying service and school he started subsequently were first steps in paying off his wry-faced backers
so with all this experience bob fogg was a natural choice to receive the first emergency air mail star route contract
his work began just six days after the flood
by airline from concord to burlington is a distance of about ### miles counting a slight deviation for the stop at either barre or montpelier
the first few days bob fogg set his plane down on towne field back of the state house when the wind was right and used wilson flat above barre when it wasn't
between the unsafe towne field and the long roundabout back road haul that was necessary to gain access to wilson flat arrangements at the state capital were far from satisfactory
each time in the unhappy pilot pushing his luck begged the postal officials that met him to find a safer landing place preferably on the flat-topped hills across the winooski river
but fogg they countered we can't get over there
and besides you seem to make it all right here
it took a tragedy to bring things to a head
after a week of precarious uphill landings and downwind takeoffs fogg one day looked down at the shattered yellow wreckage of an army plane strewn across snow-covered towne field
sent to montpelier by secretary herbert hoover red cross aide reuben sleight had been killed and his pilot lt. franklin wolfe badly injured
with the field a blur of white the unfortunate pilot had simply flown into the hillside
faced with this situation postmaster charles f. mckenna of montpelier went with fogg on a burlington trip and together they scouted the terrain on the heights of berlin
a long flat known as the st. john field seemed to answer their purpose and since the winooski bridges were at last passable they decided to use it
with a wary eye on the farmer 's bull fred somers of montpelier and mr. st. john marked the field with a red table cloth
as a wind direction indicator they tied a cotton rag to a sapling
with these aids and a pair of skiis substituting for wheels on the waco bob fogg made the first landing on what is now part of the barre-montpelier airport on november ## ####
each trip saw the front cockpit filled higher with mail pouches
during the second week of operations fogg received a telegram from the post office department asking him to put on two airplanes and make two flights daily plus one sunday trip
since fogg 's was a one-man one-plane flying service this meant that he would have to do both trips flying alone ### miles a day under sub-freezing temperature conditions
over the weeks america 's first star route air mail settled into a routine pattern despite the vagaries of weather and the lack of ground facilities and aids to navigation
each morning at five fogg crawled out of bed to bundle into flying togs over the furnace register of his home
always troubled by poor circulation in his feet he experimented with various combinations of socks and shoes before finally adopting old-style felt farmer 's boots with his sheepskin flying boots pulled over them
a sheep-lined leather flying suit plus helmet goggles and mittens completed his attire for the rigors of the open cockpit
the airman 's stock answer to weren't you cold
became yes the first half hour is tough but by then i'm so numb i don't notice it
as daylight began to show through the frosty windows fogg would place a call to william a. shaw at the u. s. weather station at northfield vermont for temperature and wind-velocity readings
shaw could also give the flyer a pretty good idea of area visibility by a visual check of the mountains to be seen from his station
ceilings were judged by comparison with known mountain heights and cloud positions
later on in the day fogg could get a better weather picture from the burlington weather bureau supervised by frank e. hartwell
out at the airport each morning fogg 's skilled mechanic caleb marston would have the waco warmed up and running in the drafty hangar
he'd get the engine oil flowing with an electric heater under a big canvas cover
wishing to show that aviation was dependable and here to stay bob fogg always made a point of taking off each morning on the dot of seven disregarding rain snow and sleet in true postal tradition
concord learned to set its clocks by the rackety bark of the whirlwind 's exhaust overhead
sometimes the pilot had to turn back if fully blocked by fog but ##% of his trips were completed
plane radios were yet available and once in the air fogg flew his ship by compass a good memory for landmarks as seen from above and a capacity for dead reckoning and quick computation
often threading through the overcast he was forced to fly close to the ground by a low ceiling skimming above the winooski or the white river along the line of the broken railroad
when driving rain or mist socked in one valley fogg would chandelle up and over to reverse course and try another one ranging from the ottauquechee up to danville in search of safe passage through the mountain passes
the dependable wright engine was never stopped on these trips
it ticked over smoothly idling while fogg exchanged mails with the armed messenger from burlington at fort ethan allen and one from montpelier and barre at the st. john field
sometimes on a return trip the aviator would go upstairs high over the clouds
there he'd take a compass reading figure his air speed and deduce that in a certain number of minutes he'd be over the broad meadows of the merrimack valley where it would be safe to let down through the overcast and see the ground before it hit him
bob fogg didn't have today 's advantages of instrument flight and ground control approach systems
at the end of the calculated time he'd nose the waco down through the cloud bank and hope to break through where some feature of the winter landscape would be recognizable
usually back in concord by noon there was just time to get partially thawed out refuel and grab a bit of mrs. fogg 's hot broth before starting the second trip
day after day fogg shuttled back and forth on his one-man air mail route until the farmers in their snowy barnyards and the road repairmen came to recognize the stubby plane as their link with the rest of the country
the flyer had his share of near-misses
at fort ethan allen the ever-present wind off lake champlain could readily flip a puny man-made thing like an airplane if the pilot miscalculated
once the soldiers from the barracks had to hold the ship from blowing away while fogg revved the engine and got the tail up
at a nod of his head they let go turning to cup their ears against the icy slipstream
tracks in the snow showed the plane was airborne in less than a hundred feet
one afternoon during a cold powdery snowstorm fogg took off for concord from the st. john field
are you retiring now
if so are you saying where did the last few years go
how did i get to be sixty-five so fast
what do i do now
yes retirement seems to creep upon you suddenly
somehow we old-timers never figured we would ever retire
we always thought we would die with our boots on
out of the blue comes talk of pension plans
compulsory retirement at sixty-five looms on our horizon
still it seems in the far future
suddenly one day up it pops
sixty-five years and you've had it
so now what
you've thought about it before in a hazy sort of way
it never seemed real
never seemed as if it could happen to you
only to the other fellow
here it is
how am i going to live
what am i going to do
where do i go from here
a great many retired people are the so-called white collar workers
are you one of these
if so you are of the old school
you are conscientious hard working honest accurate a good penman and a stickler for a job well done with no loose ends
everything must balance to the last penny
also you can spell without consulting a dictionary for every other word
you never are late for work and seldom absent
actually you can take no special credit for this
it is the way you were taught and your way of life
all this is standard equipment for a man of your day
your stock in trade
however the last few years of your life things seem to be changing
your way doesn't seem to be so darned important any more
you realize you are getting in the old fogy class
to put it bluntly you are getting out-moded
the answer is a new era
now looming on the horizon are such things as estimated totals calculated risks and i.b.m. machines
the planning dept. comes into existence
all sorts of plans come to life
this is followed by a boom in conferences
conferences become very popular
when a plan burst its seams hasty conferences supply the necessary patch and life goes merrily on
that 's called progress
the new way of life
let 's face it
you had your day and it was a good day
let this generation have theirs
time marches on
well to get back to the problem of retirement
every retiring person has a different situation facing him
some have plenty of money some have very little money
some are blest with an abundance of good health some are in poor health and many are invalids
some have lovely homes some live in small apartments
some have beautiful gardens some even a blade of grass
some have serenity of mind the ability to accept what they have and make the most of it a wonderful gift to have believe me some see only darkness the bitter side of everything
well whatever you have that 's it
you've got to learn to live with it
the question is how are you going to live with it
you can sit back and moan and bewail your lot
you can do this
but if you do your life will be just one thing unhappiness complete and unabridged
it seems to me the first thing you've got to do to be happy is to face up to your problems no matter what they may be
make up your mind to pool your resources and get the most out of your remaining years of life
one thing i am sure of you must get an interest in life
you've got to do something
many of you will say well what can i do
there are many many things to do
find out what you like to do most and really give it a whirl
if you can't think of a thing to do try something anything
maybe you will surprise yourself
we are all great artists
i frankly can't draw a straight line
maybe you are that gifted either but how about puttering around with the old paints
you may amaze yourself and acquire a real knack for it
anyway i'll bet you have a lot of fun
do you like to sew
does making your own clothes or even doll clothes interest you
do you love to run up a hem sew on buttons make neat buttonholes
if you do go to it
there is always a market for this line of work
some women can sit and sew crochet tat or knit by the hour and look calm and relaxed and turn out beautiful work
where sewing is concerned i'm a total loss
when you see a needle in my hands you will know the family buttons have fallen off and i have to sew them back on or get out the safety pins
then again there 's always that lovely old pastime of hooking or braiding rugs
for me but perhaps just the thing for you
how 's about mosaic tile ceramics or similar arts and crafts
some people love to crack tile and it 's amazing what beautiful designs they come up with as a result of their cracking good time
how about the art of cooking
do you yearn to make cakes and pies or special cookies and candies
there is always an open market for this sort of delicacy in spite of low calorie diets cottage cheese and hands-off-all-sweets to the contrary
some people can carve most anything out of a piece of wood
some make beautiful chairs cabinets chests doll houses etc.
perhaps you couldn't do that but have you ever tried to see what you could do with a hunk of wood
outside of cutting your fingers maybe you would come up with nothing at all but then again you might turn out some dandy little gadgets
some women get a real thrill out of housework
they love to dust scrub polish wax floors move the furniture around from place to place take down the curtains put up new ones and have themselves a real ball
maybe that 's your forte
it certainly isn't mine
i can look at furniture in one spot year in and year out and really feel for sure that 's where it belongs
perhaps you would like to become a writer
this gives you a wide and varied choice
will it be short stories fiction nonfiction biography poetry children 's stories or even a book if you are really ambitious
ever since i was a child i have always had a yen to try my hand at writing
if you do decide to write you will soon become acquainted with rejection slips and dejection
don't be discouraged
this is just being a normal writer
just let the rejection slips fall where they may and keep on plugging and finally you will make the grade
few new writers have their first story accepted so they tell me
but it could happen and it may happen to you
then there 's always hobbies collecting stamps coins timetables salt and pepper shakers elephants dogs dolls shells or shall we just say collecting anything your heart desires
i can hear some of you folks protesting
you say but it costs a lot of money to have a hobby
i haven't got that kind of money
it does cost a lot of money for most hobbies but there are hobbies that are for free
how about a rock collection or a collection of leaves from different trees or shrubs and in different colors
then take flowers
they are many and varied
also there 's scrap books collecting newspaper pictures and clippings or any items of interest to you
it 's getting interested in something that counts
as for me i am holding in reserve two huge puzzles i love puzzles to put together when time hangs heavy on my hands
so far the covers have never been off the boxes
i just don't have time to do half the things i want to do now
so in closing fellow retired members i advise you to make the most of each day enjoy each one to the n'th degree
travel if you can
keep occupied to the point you are bored with life and you will truly find these final days and years of your lives to be sunshine sweet
to one and all good days ahead
an important criterion of maturity is creativity
the mature person is creative
what does it mean to be creative a term we hear with increasing frequency these days
when we turn to noah webster we find him helpful as usual
to be creative is to have the ability to cause to exist to produce where nothing was before to bring forth an original production of human intelligence or power
we are creative it seems when we produce something which has previously existed
thus creativity may run all the way from making a cake building a chicken coop or producing a book to founding a business creating a league of nations or developing a mature character
all living creatures from the lowest form of insect or animal life evidence the power of creativity if it is only to reproduce a form like their own
while man shares this procreative function with all his predecessors in the evolutionary process he is the only animal with a true non-instinctive and conscious creative ability
an animal bird or insect creates either a burrow or nest or hive in unending sameness according to specie
man 's great superiority over these evolutionary forbears is in the development of his imagination
this gives him the power to form in his mind new image combinations of old memories ideas and experiences and to project them outside of himself into his environment in new and ever-changing forms
it has been truly said that anything man can imagine he can produce or create by projecting this inner image into its counterpart in the objective world
in our own time we have seen the most fantastic imagery of a jules verne come into actuality
the vision of a lord tennyson expressed in a poem ### years ago took visible form over london in the air blitzes of ####
in fact all of our civilized world is the resultant of man 's projection of his imagination over the past ## centuries or more
it is in this one aspect at least that man seems to be made in the image of his creator
only can man project his imagination out into his environment in concrete forms but even more importantly he can turn it inward to help create new and better forms of himself
we recognize that young people through imaginative mind and body training can become athletes acrobats dancers musicians and artists developing many potentialities
we know that actors can learn to portray a wide variety of character roles
by this same combination of the will and the imagination each one of us can learn to portray permanently the kind of character we would like to be
we must realize with prof. charles morris in his the open self that man is the being that can continually remake himself the artisan that is himself the material for his own creation
so far in history man has been too greatly over-occupied with projecting things into his environment rather than first creating the sort of person who can make the highest use of the things he has created
is the present world crisis a race between things we have created which can now destroy us and between populations of sufficient wisdom and character to forestall the tragedy
is it the obligation of us older citizens to lend our weight to being creative on the character side and to hasten our own maturing process
sir julian huxley in his book uniqueness of man makes the novel point that just as man is unique in being the only animal which requires a long period of infancy and childhood under family protection so is he the only animal who has a long period after the decline of his procreativity
some recent writings assume that the ignorant young couples are a thing of the remote victorian past
that nowadays all honeymooners are thoroughly familiar with the best sex-manuals and know enough from talk with friends and personal experimentation to take all the anxiety and hazards out of the situation
perhaps but extensive discussions with contemporary practitioners family doctors and gynecologists indicate that this is still an area of enormous ignorance
joking and talking may be freer and easier but the important factual information is still lacking for far too many newly-married men and women
various factors in the setting can still be of great advantage in making the first intercourse a good rather than a bad memory for one or both
privacy must be highly assured both in time and place
that is locking the room or stateroom door gives privacy of location but it is equally important to be sure there is time enough for an utterly unhurried fulfillment
if the wedding party lasted late and the travel schedule means there are only a few hours before resuming the trip or making an early start the husband may forestall tensions and uncertainties by confiding to his bride that lying in each other 's arms will be bliss enough for these few hours
the consummation should come at the next stopping place when they have a long private time day or night for that purpose
first intercourse for the bride brings with it the various problems connected with virginity and the hymen
one thing should be clear to both husband and wife neither pain nor profuse bleeding has to occur when the hymen is ruptured during the first sex act
ignorance on this point has caused a great deal of needless anxiety misunderstanding and suspicion
the hymen is in essence a fragile membrane that more or less completely covers the entrance to the vagina in most female human beings who have had sex relations
hymen in fact is the greek word for membrane
often it is thin and fragile and gives way readily to the male organ at the first attempt at intercourse
as might be expected girls in this situation bleed very little and perhaps at all in the process of losing their virginity
it is also important to realize that many girls are born without a hymen or at most only a tiny trace of one
so that the absence of the hymen is by no means positive proof that a girl has had sex relations
but there is a basis in fact for the exaggerations of the folk-lore beliefs
some hymens are so strongly developed that they cannot be torn without considerable pain to the girl and marked loss of blood
more rarely the hymen is so sturdy that it does yield to penetration
extreme cases are on record in which the doctor has had to use instruments to cut through the hymen to permit marital relations to be consummated
these cases for all their rarity are so dramatic that friends and relations repeat the story until the general population may get an entirely false notion of how often the hymen is a serious problem to newly-weds
in recent times when sexual matters began to be discussed more scientifically and more openly the emotional aspects of virginity received considerable attention
obviously the bridal pair has many adjustments to make to their new situation
is it necessary to add to the other tensions the hazard of making the loving husband the one who brought pain to his bride
gynecologists and marriage manuals began to advise that the bride should consult a physician before marriage
if he foresaw any problem because of the quality of the hymen it was recommended that simple procedures be undertaken at once to incise the hymen or preferably to dilate it
as a natural outgrowth of this approach it was often suggested that the doctor should complete the preparation for painless intercourse by dilating the vagina
this recommendation was based on the fact that the hymen was the only barrier to smooth consummation of the sex act
the vagina is an organ capable of remarkable contraction and dilation
this is obvious when it is remembered that during childbirth the vagina must dilate enough to permit the passage of the baby
the intricate system of muscles that manage the contraction and dilatation of the vagina are partly under voluntary control
but an instinctive reflex may work against the conscious intention of the woman
that is when first penetration takes place the pressure and pain signals may involuntarily cause all the vaginal muscles to contract in an effort to bar the intrusion and prevent further pain
the advantages of dilatation by the physician are both physical and psychological
since it is a purely professional situation none of the pain is associated with love-making or the beloved
by using instruments of gradually increasing size the vagina is gently and with minimum pain at each stage taught to yield to an object of the appropriate shape
in this process the vaginal muscles come under better conscious control by the girl
she learns how to relax them to accept instead of contracting them to repel the entering object
apart from the standard problem of controlling the vaginal muscles other serious barriers may exist that need special gynecological treatment
it is far better to have such conditions treated in advance than to have them show up on the honeymoon where they can create a really serious situation
when no medical problems exist the newly married couple generally prefer to cope with the adjustments of their new relationship by themselves
special information and guidance about the possible difficulties are still of great value
folk-lore superstition and remembered passages from erotic literature can create physical and emotional problems if blindly taken as scientific facts and useful hints
the importance of loving tenderness is obvious
the long unhurried approach and the deliberate prolongation of fore-play work on several levels
under the excitement of caresses and sexual stimulation the vagina relaxes and dilates and the local moisture greatly increases providing an excellent lubricant to help achieve an easier penetration
extensive observations by physicians during vaginal examinations have established the fact that a single finger inserted along the anterior wall the top line of the vagina as the woman lies on her back may cause a great deal of distress in a virgin
but during the same examination two fingers may be inserted along the posterior wall the bottom of the vagina in the same position without any pain
and in fact without any difficulty if the pressure is kept downward at all times
these regional differences of sensitivity to pain may be of crucial significance during the earliest intercourse
the husband and wife should start with this anatomical information clearly in mind
they may then adjust their positions and movements to avoid too much pressure on the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina
at least until repeated intercourse has dilated it and pain is no longer a possible threat against the full pleasure of love-making
in fact the technical procedure in medical examinations may be wisely adapted to his romantic purposes by the husband during the honeymoon
locker-room talk often stresses the idea that a man is doing the girl a favor if he is forceful and ruthless during the first penetration
the false reasoning is that a gradual advance prolongs the pain while a swift powerful act gets it over with and leaves the girl pleased with his virility and grateful for his decisiveness in settling the problem once and for all
such talk is seriously in error
ruthlessness at this time can be a very severe shock to the bride both physically and psychologically
the insistent forceful penetration may tear and inflame the vaginal walls as well as do excessive damage to the hymen
the pain and distress associated with the performance may easily give the wife a deep-seated dread of marital relations and cause her unconsciously to make the sex act unpleasant and difficult for both by exercising her vaginal muscles to complicate his penetration instead of relaxing them to facilitate it
serious attention must also be given to the husband 's problems in the honeymoon situation
the necessity for keeping alert to his bride 's hazards can act as an interference with the man 's spontaneous desire
the emotional stimulation may be so great that he may experience a premature climax
this is a very common experience and should in no way discourage or dishearten either husband or wife
or the frequent need to check and discipline himself to the wisest pace of the consummation can put him off stride and make it impossible for him to be continuously ready for penetration over a long period
the signals to proceed may therefore come when he is momentarily able to take advantage of them
the best course is to recover his physical excitement by a change of pace that makes him ardent again
this may require imagination and reminding himself that now he can be demanding and self-centered
he can take security from the fact that the progress he has made by his gentle approach will be lost
now while he uses talk caresses or requires caresses from her his bride will sympathetically understand the situation and eagerly help him restore his physical situation so they can have the consummation they both so eagerly desire
a final word
the accumulated information on this point shows that first intercourse even when it is achieved with minimum pain or difficulty is seldom an overwhelming sexual experience to a woman
too many new things are happening for it to be a complete erotic fulfillment
only under rare circumstances would a bride experience an orgasm during her first intercourse
both man and wife should be aware of the fact that a lack of climax and even the absence of the anticipated keen pleasure are a sign that the wife may be cold or frigid
if the early approaches are wise understanding and patient the satisfactions of marital fulfillment will probably be discovered before the marriage is much older
writing in a large volume on the nude in painting and sculptures titled the nude a study in ideal form kenneth clark declares the human body as a nucleus is rich in associations
it is ourselves and arouses memories of all the things we wish to do with ourselves
perhaps this is a clue to the amazing variety and power of reactions attitudes and emotions precipitated by the nude form
the wide divergence of reactions is clearly illustrated in the kinsey studies in human sexuality
differences were related to social economic and educational backgrounds
whereas persons of eighth grade education or less were more apt to avoid or be shocked by nudity those educated beyond the eighth grade increasingly welcomed and approved nudity in sexual relations
such understanding helps to explain why one matron celebrating thirty-five years of married life could declare with some pride that her husband had never seen her entirely naked while another woman boasting an equal number of years of married life is proud of having shared the nudist way of life the really free natural nude life for most of that period
attempts at censorship always involve and reveal such complex and multiple individual reactions
the indignant crusader sees the nude or semi-nude human form as lewd and pornographic a threat and danger to all the young or good or religious or moral persons
the equally ardent proponent of freedom from any kind of censorship may find the nude human form the natural honest free expression of man 's spirit and the epitome of beauty and inspiration
one is always a little surprised to bump into such individual distinctions when it is unexpected
i still recall the mild shock i experienced in reading material of an enthusiastic advocate of the clean healthful free way of natural life in nudism who seemed to brave much misunderstanding and persecution in fine spirit
in tradition and in poetry the marriage bed is a place of unity and harmony
the partners each bring to it unselfish love and each takes away an equal share of pleasure and joy
at its most ecstatic moments husband and wife are elevated far above worldly cares
everything else is closed away
this is the ideal
but marriage experts say that such mutual contribution and mutual joy are seldom achieved
instead one partner or the other dominates the sexual relationship
in the past it has been the husband who has been dominant and the wife passive
but today there are signs that these roles are being reversed
in a growing number of american homes marriage counselors report the wife is taking a commanding role in sexual relationships
it is she who decides the time the place the surroundings and the frequency of the sexual act
it is she who says aye or nay to the intimate questions of sexual technique and mechanics the husband
the whole act is tailored to her pleasure and to theirs
beyond a certain point of course no woman can be dominant nature has seen to that
but there is little doubt that in many marriages the wife is boss of the marital bed
of course there remain many old-fashioned marriages in which the husband maintains his supremacy
yet even in these marriages psychologists say wives are asserting themselves more strongly
the meekest most submissive wife of today is a tiger by her mother 's or grandmother 's standards
to many experts this trend was inevitable
they consider it simply a sign of our times
our society has emancipated the woman giving her new independence and new authority
it is only natural that she assert herself in the sexual role
the sexual relationship does exist in a vacuum declares dr. mary steichen calderone medical director of the planned parenthood federation of america and author of the recent book release from sexual tensions
it reflects what is going on in other areas of the marriage and in society itself
a world in which wives have taken a more active role is likely to produce sexual relationships in which wives are more self-assertive too
yet many psychologists and marriage counselors agree that domination of the sex relationship by one partner or the other can be unhealthy and even dangerous
it can in fact wreck a marriage
when a husband is sexually selfish and heedless of his wife 's desires she is cheated of the fulfillment and pleasure nature intended for her
and she begins to regard him as savage bestial and unworthy
on the other hand wifely supremacy demeans the husband saps his self-respect and robs him of his masculinity
he is a target of ridicule to his wife and often since private affairs rarely remain private to the outside world as well
a marriage can survive almost any kind of stress except an open and direct challenge to the husband 's maleness declares dr. calderone
this opinion is supported by one of the nation 's leading psychiatrists dr. maurice e. linden director of the mental health division of the philadelphia department of public health
when the roles of husband and wife are reversed so that the wife becomes leader and the husband follower dr. linden says the effects on their whole relationship sexual and otherwise can be disastrous
in one extreme case cited by a pittsburgh psychologist an office worker 's wife refused to have sexual relations with her husband unless he bought her the luxuries she demanded
to win her favors her husband first took an additional job then desperately began to embezzle from his employer
caught at last he was sentenced to prison
while he was in custody his wife divorced him
more typical is the case of a suburban long island housewife described by a marriage counselor
this woman repeatedly complained she was too tired for marital relations
to please her her husband assumed some of the domestic chores
finally he was cooking washing dishes bathing the children and even ironing and still his wife refused to have relations as often as he desired them
one wife described by a new york psychologist so dominated her husband that she actually placed their sexual relationship on a schedule writing it down right between the weekly pta meetings and the thursday-night neighborhood card parties
another put sex on a dollars-and-cents basis
after every money argument she rebuffed her husband 's overtures until the matter was settled in her favor
experts say the partners in marriages like these can almost be typed
the wife is likely to be young sophisticated smart as a whip often a girl who has sacrificed a promising career for marriage
she knows the power of the sex urge and how to use it to manipulate her husband
the husband is usually a well-educated professional preoccupied with his job often an organization man whose motto for getting ahead is don't rock the boat
sometimes this leads to his becoming demandingly dominant in marriage
hemmed in on the job and unable to assert himself he uses the sex act so he can be supreme in at least one area
more often though he is so accustomed to submitting to authority on the job without argument that he lives by the same rule at home
some psychologists in fact suggest that career-bound husbands often are more to blame for topsy-turvy marriages than their wives
the wife 's attempt at control these psychologists contend is sometimes merely a pathetic effort to compel her husband to pay as much attention to her as he does to his job
naturally no woman can ever completely monopolize the sexual initiative
unless her husband also desires sex the act cannot be consummated
generally however in such marriages as those cited the husband is at his wife 's mercy
the pattern says dr. morton schillinger psychologist at new york 's lincoln institute for psychotherapy is for the husband to hover about anxiously and eagerly virtually trembling in his hope that she will flash him the signal that tonight is the night
no one seriously contends of course that the domineering wife is sexually speaking a new character in our world
after all the henpecked husband with his shrewish wife is a comic figure of long standing in literature and on the stage as dr. schillinger points out
there is no evidence that these milquetoasts became suddenly emboldened when they crossed the threshhold of the master bedroom
furthermore dr. calderone says a certain number of docile retiring men always have been around
they aren't frigid and they aren't homosexual
they're just restrained in all of life
they like to be dominated
one such man once confided to dr. theodor reik new york psychiatrist that he preferred to have his wife the sexual aggressor
asked why he replied primly because that 's no activity for a gentleman
but such cases were in the past unusual
society here and abroad has been built around the dominating male even the bible appears to endorse the concept
family survival on our own western frontier for example could quite literally depend on a man 's strength and ability to bring home the bacon
and the dependent wife seldom questioned his judgment about anything including the marriage bed
this carried over into the more urbanized late ##th and early ##th centuries when the man ruled the roost in the best bull-roaring life with father manner
in those days a wife had mighty few rights in the domestic sphere and even fewer in the sexual sphere
grandma wasn't expected to like it dr. marion hilliard the late toronto gynecologist once summed up the attitude of the '##s
wives of the period shamefacedly thought of themselves as used by their husbands and history indicates they often quite literally were
when was the turning point
when did women begin to assert themselves sexually
some date it from woman suffrage others from when women first began to challenge men in the marketplace still others from the era of the emancipated flapper and bathtub gin
virtually everyone agrees however that the trend toward female sexual aggressiveness was tremendously accelerated with the postwar rush to the suburbs
left alone while her husband was miles away in the city the modern wife assumed more and more duties normally reserved for the male
circumstances gave her almost undisputed sway over child-rearing money-handling and home maintenance
she found she could cope with all kinds of problems for which she was once considered too helpless
she liked this taste of authority and independence and with darkness was likely to give it up
very few wives says dr. calderone who balance the checkbook fix the car choose where the family will live and deal with the tradesmen are suddenly going to become submissive where sex is concerned
a woman who dominates other family affairs will dominate the sexual relationship as well
and an additional factor was helping to make women more sexually self-assertive the comparatively recent discovery of the true depths of female desire and response
marriage manuals and women 's magazine articles began to stress the importance of the female climax
they began to describe in detail the woman 's capacity for response
in fact the noted psychologist and sex researcher dr. albert ellis has declared flatly that women are sexually superior to men
according to dr. ellis the average ##-year-old american woman is capable of far greater sexual arousal than her partner
surprisingly dr. ellis says some recently enlightened wives are out to claim these capabilities
yet paradoxically according to dr. maurice linden many wives despise their husbands for standing up to them
an aggressive woman wants a man to demand knuckle under
when the husband becomes passive in the face of his wife 's aggressiveness dr. linden says the wife in turn finds him inadequate
often she fails to gain sexual satisfaction
one such wife dr. linden says became disgusted with her weak husband and flurried through a series of extramarital affairs in the hope of finding a stronger man
but her personality was such that each affair lasted only until that lover too had been conquered and reduced to passivity
then the wife bed-hopped to the next on the list
in some cases however domination of the sex act by one partner can be temporary triggered by a passing but urgent emotional need
thus a man who is butting a stone wall at the office may become unusually aggressive in bed the one place he can still be champion
if his on-the-job problems work out he may return to his old pattern
sometimes a burst of aggressiveness will sweep over a man or his wife because he or she feels age creeping up
on the other hand a husband who always has been vigorous and assertive may suddenly become passive asking psychologists say for reassurance that his wife still finds him desirable
or a wife may make sudden demands that she be courted flattered or coaxed simply because she needs her ego lifted
in any case dr. calderone remarks such problems are a couple 's own affair and can't always be measured by a general yardstick
as long as the couple is in agreement in their approach to sex it makes little difference if one or the other dominates dr. calderone declares
the important point is that both be satisfied with the adjustment
other experts say however that if sexual domination by one or the other partner exists for longer than a brief period it is likely to shake the marriage
and just as domination today often begins with the wife so the cure generally must lie with the husband
to get a marriage back where it belongs comments dr. schillinger of the lincoln institute the husband must take some very basic steps
he must begin paradoxically by becoming more selfish
he must become more expressive of his own desires more demanding and less understanding
too many husbands dr. schillinger continues worry about how well they're doing and fear that their success depends on some trick or technique of sexual play
she gave herself a title lady diana harrington
the new york d.a. gave her another the golden girl of cafe society
houston police gave her a third less flamboyant title prostitute
and houston police have the final say in the matter since she died there on september ## #### diane harris graham ## d.o.a. circumstances unusual
early in her life she had discovered that where there were men there was money and with the two came luxury and liquor
she was still in the play for pay business when she died a top trollop who had given the world 's oldest profession one of its rare flashes of glamour
she never hid the fact that she liked to play
her neighbors in the expensive houston apartment building told reporters that the ash-blonde beauty had talked at times about her past as the golden girl of the mickey jelke trial
it was the trial of oleomargarine heir minot mickey jelke for compulsory prostitution in new york that put the spotlight on the international play-girl
jelke later served ## months when he was found guilty of masterminding a ring of high-priced call girls
diane was needed as a material witness in the case and new york police searched three continents before they found her in their own back yard in a swank hotel of course
she had been moving in cafe society as lady diana harrington a name that made some of the gossip columns
it was when she was seized as a material witness that she got the designation she liked best
clad in mink and diamonds she listened to assistant district attorney anthony liebler describe her to the arraigning judge
this girl is the golden girl of cafe society
in #### she was a prostitute in new york county
in the spring and early summer of that year she met a wealthy foreign tycoon who took her to france where she later met a very wealthy man and toured all europe with him
at deauville she met an egyptian by the name of pulley bey
he was the official procurer for king farouk now in exile
she was in egypt during the revolution and had passport difficulty
she lied in order to get it
we have checked her in different parts of europe and egypt and finally back into this country
she has been acting as a prostitute
our information is that she gave the proceeds of her acts to jelke
diane sobbingly denied this to the court
that 's a lie
i never gave that boy a cent
i am a prostitute and i had only one very wealthy boy friend she said
during the course of the trial jelke backed up part of that statement
diane is the type of girl jelke said who wouldn't get loving even on her wedding night unless you piled up all your money in the middle of the floor
but she seemed to have underestimated the number of her boy friends
she came to new york from detroit as a teenager but with a sponsor instead of a chaperone
as she told it he 's a rich boy friend an old guy about ##
she was mary lou brew then wide-eyed but naive
she had talked her boy friend into sending her to new york to take a screen test
the screen test was never made but diane was
she quickly moved into cafe society possibly easing her conscience by talking constantly of her desire to be in show business
she seemed so anxious to go on the stage that some of her friends in the cocktail circuit set up a practical joke
an ex-fighter was introduced to her in a bar as mr. warfield the famous producer
the phony producer asked her if she would like to be in one of his shows
i'd love to audition for you she gushed
the audition was held a few minutes later in somebody 's apartment
she thought she had great possibilities in the ballet and wanted to show the eminent producer how well she could dance
after a few minutes he said i can't use you if you dance like that
i'd like to see you dance nude
she hastily complied
diane loved to dance in the nude something she was to demonstrate time and again
she developed another quaint habit
even among the fast set in which she was moving her method for keeping an escort from departing too early was unique
when the date would try to bid her good-night at the door she would tell him if you go home now i'll scream
more often than he would bow to the inevitable
one who needed no such threats was a french financier
one of the blonde 's yearnings that he satisfied was for travel
she wanted to go around the world but she settled for a french holiday
in an anonymous interview with a french newspaper the financier told of spending several months with her
then she went to deauville where she met a member of a powerful greek syndicate of gamblers
the greek evidently fell for her monsieur x recounted and to clinch what he thought was an affair in the making he gave her ###,### francs about $### and led her to the roulette tables
she could do no wrong at the tables that time
and in short order the croupier had pushed several million francs her way
smarter than most gamblers she slipped away from the casino packed her bag and took the night train to paris
no one ever learned what happened to the greek
the luxury of paris' most fashionable hotel the george # bored the beautifully-built blonde so she high-tailed it to rome
she teamed up with another beauty whose name has been lost to history and commenced with some fiddling that would have made nero envious
to climax her roman revels she was thrown out of the swanky hotel excelsior after she had run naked through its marble halls screaming for help
it was a rugged finish for what must have been a very interesting night
discreet italian police described it in a manner typically continental
there had been a threesome at the party in the suite 's bedroom miss harrington this was diane 's choice for a roman name another woman who has figured in other very interesting events and one of your well-known american actors
the actor had had much to drink and apparently became very violent
the hotel staff as well as residents of the excelsior told us they saw that both ladies were bleeding from scratches as they were seen fleeing down the hall
they were wearing nothing but their scratches
they were asked to leave the hotel
no charges were filed
the girls after dressing were indignant
you can't do this to us diane screamed
we are americans
in the morning she found rooms directly across from the excelsior at the equally luxurious hotel ambassador
with the ambassador as headquarters she continued to promote good will abroad
of course her benevolence was limited to those who could afford it but then there is a limit to what one person can do
by this time diane was a beguiling lass of ## and still seeking her place in the world
she thought royal status might come her way when while she was still in rome she met pulley bey a personal procurer to king farouk of egypt
a close friend of hers in the roman days described it this way
it was a strange relationship
pulley bey spoke no english
diane spoke no italian or french
she had a hard time making him understand that it was farouk she wished to meet
pulley bey insisted that she bestow her favors on him the friend continued
it seemed as though she were always auditioning
no believer in the traditional devotion of royal servitors the plump pulley broke the language barrier and lured her to cairo where she waited for nine months vainly hoping to see farouk
pulley had set her up at the semiramis hotel but she grew impatient waiting for a royal reception and moved to a luxurious apartment to which the royal pimp had no key
she picked her own middle-eastern friends from the flock of ardent egyptians that buzzed around her
tewfik badrawi mohammed gaafer and numerous other wealthy members of cairo society enjoyed her company
so extensive became her circle of admirers egyptian police said that her escapades caused distrust
the roof was about ready to fall in on diane 's little world but it took nothing less than the egyptian revolution to bring it down
when farouk was overthrown police picked up his personal pimp pulley bey
they also called upon diane with a request for a look at her passport
the cagey pulley bey who spoke no english had taken the passport so that diane couldn't leave the country without his approval
officials provided a temporary passport good only for return to the united states
and return to the united states she did into waiting arms the unromantic ones of the new york district attorney 's office
held as a material witness in the compulsory prostitution trial of mickey jelke the comely courtesan was unable to raise bail and was committed to the women 's house of detention a terribly overcrowded prison
it is a tribute to her talents that she was able to talk the district attorney into having her removed from the prison to a hotel room with her meals taken at vesuvio 's an excellent italian restaurant
newspapers at the time noted that the move indicated that she was co-operating with the district attorney
with the end of the trial diane disappeared from new york
it was no longer fashionable to be seen with fabulous lady harrington
several years ago she married a houston business man robert graham
she later divorced graham who is believed to have moved to bolivia
houston police got to know diane two years ago when the vice squad picked her up for questioning about a call girl ring
last may they said she admitted being a prostitute
the next time the police saw her she was dead
it was september ## #### in a lavishly decorated apartment littered with liquor bottles
she had had a party with a regular visitor dr. william w. mcclellan
mcclellan who had once lost his medical license temporarily on a charge of drug addiction was with her when she died
he had been in the apartment two days and was hazy about what had happened during that time
when he realized she was dead he called two lawyers and then the police
when the police arrived they found mcclellan and the two lawyers sitting and staring silently
the blonde 's nude body was in bed a green sheet and a pink blanket covered her
pictures of her in more glamorous days were on the walls
an autopsy disclosed a large amount of morphine in diane 's body
police theorize that a combination of dope drink and drugs killed her
i think that maybe she wanted it this way a vice squad cop said
a maid told us that she still bragged about getting $## a date
she was on the junk and they slide fast when that happens
at least she never knew what the bottom was like
i am a carpet salesman
i work for one of the biggest chains of retail carpet houses in the east
we cater mostly to nice people in the $#-#,### annual income bracket and we run a string of snazzy neon-lit chromium-plated suburban stores
i am selling the stuff of which is made one of the great american dreams wall-to-wall carpeting
there is only one trouble with this big beautiful dream
from where i sit it looks more like a nightmare
people come to me with confidence
they depend on my supposedly expert knowledge of a trade of which they themselves know little
but i knowingly abuse their confidence
franklin d. lee proved a man of prompt action when mrs. claire shaefer accompanied by a friend visited him in bakersfield california several months ago as a prospective patient
doctor lee asked her to lie down on a bed and remove her shoes
then by squeezing her foot three times he came up presto with a different diagnosis with each squeeze
she had he informed her kidney trouble liver trouble and a severe female disorder
he explained that he could diagnose these ailments from squeezing her foot because all of the nervous system was connected to it
he knew just the thing for her a treatment from his cosmic light ozone generator machine
as he applied the applicator extending from the machine which consisted of seven differently colored neon tubes superimposed on a rectangular base to the supposedly diseased portions of mrs. shaefer 's body lee kept up a steady stream of pseudo-scientific mumbo-jumbo
yes the ozone from his machine would cure practically everything he assured her
did she know he asked why the colors of the tubes were important to people 's health
the human body he pointed out for example required ## units of blue light
for that reason he informed her the lord made the sky blue
continuing glibly in this vein he paused to comfort her
don't you worry
this machine will cure your cancer-ridden body
mrs. shaefer practically shrieked
you didn't tell me i had cancer
you have it all right
but as long as you can have treatment from my machine you have nothing to worry about
why i once used this machine to cure a woman with ## pounds of cancer in her body
he urged her to buy one of his machines for $###
when she said that she didn't have the money he said that she could come in for treatment with his office model until she was ready to buy one
he then sold her minerals to cure her kidney ailment a can of sage to make her look like a girl again and an application of plain mud to take her wrinkles away
lee renewed his pressure on mrs. shaefer to buy his machine when she visited him the next day
after another treatment with the machine he told her that her entire body was shot through with tumors and cysts
he then sold her some capsules that he asserted would take care of the tumors and cysts until she could collect the money for buying his machine
when she submitted to his treatment with the capsules mrs. shaefer felt intense pain
leaving lee 's office mrs. shaefer hurried over to her family physician who treated her for burned tissue
for several days she was ill as a result of lee 's treatment
mrs. shaefer never got around to joining the thousand or so people who paid lee some $##,### for his ozone machines
for mrs. shaefer who had been given a clean bill of health by her own physician at the time she visited lee and her friend were agents for the california pure food and drug inspection bureau
and she felt amply rewarded for her suffering when the evidence of lee 's quack shenanigans gathered by the tape recorder under her friend 's clothing proved adequate in court for convicting franklin d. lee
the charge violation of the california medical practices act by practicing medicine without a license and selling misbranded drugs
the sentence ### days' confinement in the county jail
an isolated case of quackery
by no means
rather it is typical of the thousands of quacks who use phony therapeutic devices to fatten themselves on the miseries of hundreds of thousands of americans by robbing them of millions of dollars and luring them away from legitimate ethical medical treatment of serious diseases
the machine quack makes his rube goldberg devices out of odds and ends of metals wires and radio parts
with these gadgets impressive to the gullible because of their flashing light bulbs ticks and buzzes he then carries out a vicious medical con game capitalizing on people 's respect for the electrical and atomic wonders of our scientific age
he milks the latest scientific advances translating them into his own special buck rogers vocabulary to huckster his fake machines as a cure-all for everything from hay fever to sexual impotence and cancer
the gadget faker operates or sells his phony machines for $# to $##,### anything the traffic will bear
he may call himself a anaprapath a physiotherapist an electrotherapist a naturopath a sanipractor a medical cultist a masseur a doctor or what have you
only do these quacks assume impressive titles but represent themselves as being associated with various scientific or impressive foundations foundations which often have little more than a letterhead existence
the medical device pirate of today of course is a far more sophisticated operator than his predecessor of yesteryear the gallus-snapping hawker of snake oil and other patent medicines
his plunder is therefore far higher running into hundreds of millions
according to the food and drug administration fda doctor ghadiali dr. albert abrams and his clique and dr. wilhelm reich to name three notorious device quacks succeeded respectively in distributing ##,### #### and #### fake health machines
authorities believe that many of the doctor frauds using these false health gadgets are still in business
look at the sums paid by two device quack victims in cleveland
sarah gross a dress shop proprietor paid $#### to a masseur and mr. a. a laborer paid $#### to a chiropractor for treatment with two fake health machines the radioclast and the diagnometer
multiply these figures by the millions of people known to be conned by medical pirates annually
you will come up with a frightening total
that 's why the fda the american medical association ama and the national better business bureau bbb have estimated the toll of mechanical quackery to be a substantial portion of the $### million or so paid to medical charlatans annually
the postmaster general recently reported that mail order frauds among which fake therapeutic devices figure prominently are at the highest level in history
similarly the american cancer society acs the arthritis and rheumatism foundation and the bbb have each stated lately that medical quackery is at a new high
for example the bbb has reported it was receiving four times as many inquiries about quack devices and ## times as many complaints compared with two years ago
authorities hesitate to quote exact figures however believing that any sum they come up with is only a surface manifestation turned up by their inevitably limited policing of the real loot of the medical racketeer
in this sense authorities believe that all estimates of phony device quackery are conservative
the economic toll that the device quack extracts is important of course
but it is our health more precious than all the money in the world that these modern witch doctors with their fake therapeutic gadgets are gambling away
by preying on the sick by playing callously on the hopes of the desperate by causing the sufferer to delay proper medical care these medical ghouls create pain and misery by their very activity
typically sarah gross and mr. a both lost more than their money as the result of their experiences with their cleveland quacks
sarah gross found that the treatments given her for a nervous ailment by the masseur were helping her
as a result she consulted medical authorities and learned that the devices her quack doctor was using were phony
she suffered a nervous breakdown and had to be institutionalized
mr. a. her fellow townsman also experienced a nervous breakdown just as soon as he discovered that he had been bilked of his life savings by the limited practitioner who had been treating his wife a woman suffering from an incurable disease multiple sclerosis and himself
mr. a has recovered but he is justifiably a bitter man
that 's a lot of hard-earned money to lose he says today
neither me nor my wife were helped by that chiropractor 's treatments
and there was the case of tom hepker a machinist who was referred by a friend to a health machine quack who treated him with a so-called diagnostic machine for what doctor fraud said was a system full of arsenic and strychnine
after his pains got worse tom decided to see a real doctor from whom he learned he was suffering from cancer of the lung
yes tom caught it in time to stay alive
but he 's a welfare case now a human wreck thanks to this modern witch doctor
but the machine quack can cause far more than just suffering
in such diseases as cancer tuberculosis and heart disease early diagnosis and treatment are so vital that the waste of time by the patient with doctor fraud 's cure-all gadget can prove fatal
moreover the diabetic patient who relies on cure by the quack device and therefore cuts off his insulin intake can be committing suicide
in chicago some time ago mr. h. age ## a diabetic since he was six stopped using insulin because he had bought a magic spike a glass tube about the size of a pencil filled with barium chloride worth a small fraction of a cent sold by the vrilium company of chicago for $### as a cure-all
hang this around your neck or attach it to other parts of your anatomy and its rays will cure any disease you have said the company
mr. h. is dead today because he followed this advice
doris hull suffering from tuberculosis was taken by her husband to see otis g. carroll a sanipractor a licensed drugless healer in spokane
carroll diagnosed mrs. hull by taking a drop of blood from her ear and putting it on his radionic machine and twirling some knobs fee $##
his prescription hot and cold compresses to increase her absorption of water
although she weighed only ### pounds when she visited him carroll permitted her to go on a ##-day fast in which she took nothing but water
inevitably mrs. hull died of starvation and tuberculosis weighing ## pounds
moreover her husband and child contracted t.b. from her
small wonder a spokane jury awarded the husband $##,### for his wife 's death
in california a few years ago a ghoul by the name of h. f. bell sold electric blankets as a cure for cancer
he did this by the charming practice of buying up used electric blankets for $# to $## from survivors of patients who had died reconditioning them and selling them at $### each
when authorities convicted him of practicing medicine without a license he got off with a suspended sentence of three years because of his advanced age of ## one of his victims was around to testify he was dead of cancer
by no means are these isolated cases
unfortunately says chief postal inspector david h. stephens who has prosecuted many device quacks the ghouls who trade on the hopes of the desperately ill often cannot be successfully prosecuted because the patients who are the chief witnesses die before the case is called up in court
have no doubt about it
that 's where device quackery can lead
the evidence shows that fake therapeutic machines substituted for valid medical cures have hastened the deaths of thousands
who are the victims of the device quacks
authorities say that oldsters are a prime target
says wallace f. jannsen director of the fda 's division of public information quacks are apt to direct their appeal directly to older people or to sufferers from chronic ailments such as arthritis rheumatism diabetes and cancer
people who have been able to get relief from regular medical doctors are especially apt to be taken in by quacks
the victims of the quacks are frequently poor people like mr. a. who scrape up their life savings to offer as a sacrifice to doctor fraud 's avarice
they are often ignorant as well as underprivileged
ten-year-old richard stewart had been irritable and quarrelsome for almost a year
his grades had gone steadily downhill and he had stopped bringing friends and classmates home from school
mr. and mrs. stewart were puzzled and concerned
then one day dick 's classmate jimmy from next door let the cat out of the bag
the youngsters in the boys' class had nicknamed dick bugs bunny because his teeth protruded
when richard 's parents told him they wanted to take him to an orthodontist a dentist who specializes in realigning teeth and jaws their young son was interested
during the year that followed dick co-operated whole-heartedly with the dentist and was delighted with the final result achieved an upper row of strong straight teeth that completely changed his facial appearance
richard stewart is no special case
the majority of children in the united states could benefit by some form of orthodontic treatment says dr. allan g. brodie professor and head of the department of orthodontics at the university of illinois and a nationally recognized authority in his field
what do parents need to know about those years of the braces in order to waste a child 's time and their money
how can they tell whether a child needs orthodontic treatment
why and when should tooth-straightening be undertaken
what is it likely to cost
tooth fit explained
occlusion is the dentist 's expression for the way teeth fit together when the jaws are closed
malocclusion or a bad fit is what parents need to look out for
one main type of malocclusion is characterized by a receding chin and protruding upper front teeth
a chin too prominent in relation to the rest of the face a thrusting forward of the lower front teeth an overdeveloped lower jawbone and an underdeveloped upper jaw indicate the opposite type of malocclusion
these two basic malformations have of course many variations
a child probably requires some form of treatment if he has any of the following conditions
a noticeable protrusion of the upper or lower jaw
crooked overlapping twisted or widely spaced teeth
front teeth meeting when the back teeth close
upper teeth completely covering the lowers when the back teeth close
the eyeteeth third from the middle on top counting each front tooth as the first beginning to protrude like fangs
second teeth that have come in before the first ones have fallen out making a double row
contrary to the thinking of ## to ## years ago when all malocclusion was blamed on some unfortunate habit recent studies show that most tooth irregularity has at least its beginning in hereditary predisposition
however this does mean that a child 's teeth or jaws must necessarily resemble those of someone in his family
tooth deformity may be the result of excessive thumb- or finger-sucking tongue-thrusting or lip-sucking but it 's important to remember that there 's a difference between normal and excessive sucking habits
it 's perfectly normal for babies to suck their thumbs and no mother need worry if a child continues this habit until he is two or three years old
occasional sucking up to the fifth year may affect a youngster 's teeth
but after that if thumb-sucking pressure is frequent it will have an effect
malocclusion can also result if baby teeth are lost too soon or retained too long
if a child loses a molar at the age of two the adjoining teeth may shift toward the empty space thus narrowing the place intended for the permanent ones and producing a jumble
if baby teeth are retained too long the incoming second teeth may be prevented from emerging at the normal time or may have to erupt in the wrong place
correction can save teeth
every orthodontist sees children who are embarrassed by their malformed teeth
some such youngsters rarely smile or they try to speak with the mouth closed
in certain cases as in dick stewart 's a child 's personality is affected
yet from the dentist 's point of view bad-fitting teeth should be corrected for physical reasons
bad alignment may result in early loss of teeth through a breakdown of the bony structure that supports their roots
this serious condition popularly known as pyorrhea is one of the chief causes of tooth loss in adults
then too misplaced or jammed-together teeth are prone to trapping food particles increasing the likelihood of rapid decay
for these and other reasons says dr. brodie orthodontics can prolong the life of teeth
the failure of teeth to fit together when closed interferes with normal chewing so that a child may swallow food whole and put a burden on his digestive system
because of these chewing troubles a child may avoid certain foods he needs for adequate nutrition
badly placed teeth can also cause such a speech handicap as lisping
the when and how of straightening
most orthodontic work is done on children between the ages of ## and ## though there have been patients as young as two and as old as ## says dr. brodie
in the period from ## to ## the permanent set of teeth is usually completed yet the continuing growth of bony tissue makes moving badly placed teeth comparatively easy
orthodontic work is possible because teeth are held firmly but rigidly by a system of peridontal membrane with an involved nerve network to the bone in the jaw
they are anchored directly to the bone
abnormal pressure applied over a period of time produces a change in the bony deposit so a tooth functions normally in the new position into which it has been guided
what can ##-year-old susan expect when she enters the orthodontist 's office
on her first visit the orthodontist will take x-rays photographs tooth measurements and tooth prints an impression of the mouth that permits him to study her teeth and jaws
if he decides to proceed he will custom-make for susie an appliance consisting of bands plastic plates fine wires and tiny springs
this appliance will exert a gentle and continuous or intermittent pressure on the bone
as the tooth moves bone cells on the pressure side of it will dissolve and new ones will form on the side from which the tooth has moved
this must be done at the rate at which new bony tissue grows and no faster
if teeth are moved too rapidly serious injury can be done to their roots as well as to the surrounding bone holding them in place explains dr. brodie
moving one or two teeth can affect the whole system and an ill-conceived plan of treatment can disrupt the growth pattern of a child 's face
during the first few days of wearing the appliance and immediately following each adjustment susan may have a slight discomfort or soreness but after a short time this will disappear
parents are often concerned that orthodontic appliances may cause teeth to decay
when in place a well-cemented band actually protects the part of the tooth that is covered
next susie will enter the treatment stage and visit the orthodontist once or twice a month depending on the severity of her condition
during these visits the dentist will adjust the braces to increase the pressure on her teeth
last comes the retention stage
susie 's teeth have now been guided into a desirable new position
but because teeth sometimes may drift back to their original position a retaining appliance is used to lock them in place
usually this is a thin band of wire attached to the molars and stretching across the teeth
susie may wear this only at night or for a few hours during the day
then comes the time when the last wire is removed and susie walks out a healthier and more attractive girl than when she first went to the orthodontist
how long will this take
straightening one tooth that has come in wrong may take only a few months
aligning all the teeth may take a year or more
an added complication such as a malformed jaw may take two or three years to correct
what is the cost ? ?
the charge for a complete full-banded job differs in various parts of the country
work that might cost $### to $### in the south could cost $### to $#,### in new york city or chicago
an average national figure for two to three years of treatment would be $### to $#,###
factors in the cost of treatment are the length of time involved and the skill and education of the practitioner says dr. brodie
to become an orthodontist a man must first be licensed by his state as a dentist then he must spend at least two years in additional training to acquire a license as a specialist
costs may seem high but they used to be even higher says dr. brodie
fees are about half to a third of what they were ## years ago
people today are aware of the value of orthodontics and as a result there are more practitioners in the field
most orthodontists require an initial payment to cover the cost of diagnostic materials and construction of the appliances but usually the remainder of the cost may be spread over a period of months or years
in many cities in the united states clinics associated with dental schools will take patients at a nominal fee
some municipal agencies will pay for orthodontic treatment for children of needy parents
research helps families
growth studies have been carried on consistently by orthodontists
dr. brodie has ##-year records of head growth started ## minutes after children 's births
in the past anyone who said that ##% of all malocclusion is hereditary was scoffed at
now we know that family characteristics do affect tooth formation to a large extent he says
fortunately through our growth studies we have been able to see what nature does and that helps us know what we can do
this knowledge both modifies and dictates diagnosis and treatment
for example a boy may inherit a small jaw from one ancestor and large teeth from another
in the past an orthodontist might have tried over four or five years to straighten and fit the boy 's large teeth into a jaw that despite some growth would never accommodate them
now a dentist can recommend extraction immediately
in other cases in view of present-day knowledge of head growth orthodontists will recommend waiting four or five years before treatment
the child is kept on call and the orthodontist watches the growth
nature often takes care of the problem says dr. brodie
a child with a certain type of head and teeth will outgrow tooth deformity
that is why dr. brodie asks parents to insist against their dentist 's advice that their child have orthodontic work done too early
both because of our culture 's stress on beauty and our improved economic conditions some parents demand that the dentist try to correct a problem before it is wise to do so
let the orthodontist decide the proper time to start treatment he urges
superior new material for orthodontic work is another result of research
plastics are easier to handle than the vulcanized rubber formerly used and they save time and money
plaster of paris once utilized in making impressions of teeth has been replaced by alginates gelatin-like material that work quickly and accurately and with least discomfort to a child
prevention is best
as a rule the earlier general dental treatment is started the less expensive and more satisfactory it is likely to be
after your child 's baby teeth are all in usually at the age of two and one half to three it 's time for that first dental appointment dr. brodie advises
then see that your youngster has a routine checkup once a year
to help prevent orthodontic problems from arising your dentist can do these things
he can correct decay thus preventing early loss of teeth
if a child does lose his first teeth prematurely because of decay and if no preventive steps are taken the other teeth may shift out of position become overcrowded and malformed
in turn the other teeth are likely to decay because food particles may become impacted in them
from time to time the medium mentions other people around him who were on the other side and reports what they are saying
after a while there come initials and names and he is interested to hear some rather unusual family nicknames
as the hour progresses the sensitive seems to probe more deeply and to make more personal and specific statements
there are a few prognoses of coming events
another medium another sitter would produce a somewhat different content but in general it would probably sound much like the foregoing reading
some mediums speak in practical down-to-earth terms while others may stress the spiritual
all as a matter of fact consider themselves mediums in the sense of receiving messages from the deceased
in fact some sensitives rule this out preferring to consider their expression as strictly extra-sensory perception esp on this side of the veil
however that may be people are known to go to mediums for diverse reasons
perhaps they are mourning a recent death and want comfort to feel in touch with the deceased or seek indications for future plans
they may of course be curiosity seekers or they may just be interested in the phenomenon of mediumship
the mediums with whom the parapsychology foundation is working in this experiment are in a waking or only slightly dissociated state so that the sitter can make comments ask and answer questions instead of talking with a control who speaks through an entranced sensitive
what we have here is in some ways more like an ordinary conversation
but it is really only a conversation
many a sitter in a personal sitting has been amazed to realize that the medium was describing very vividly his state of mind
he himself might have been really aware of his own mood
it had been latent unspecified semi-conscious and only partly realized until she described it to him
most striking indeed is this beyond-normal ability to put a finger on pre-conscious moods and to clarify them
however in the next visit that the researcher made to the medium he did receive a personal reading
instead he brought with him the names of some people he had never met and of whom the medium knew nothing
for this was to be a proxy sitting
as was noted earlier it is important that in valid objective study of this sort of communication the interested sitter should be separated from the sensitive
dr. karlis osis director of research at the parapsychology foundation described the basis for the experiment in a tomorrow article new research on survival after death spring ####
he remarked it has been clearly established that in a number of instances the message did come from a spirit but was received telepathically by the medium from the sitter
the possibility has to be ruled out that the medium 's esp may tap the memory of the sitter and to do this the two central characters in this drama must be separated
one way to do this is by proxy sittings wherein the person seeking a message does himself meet with the medium but is represented by a substitute the proxy sitter
if the latter knows nothing about the absent sitter except his name given by the experimenter he cannot possibly give any clues conscious or unconscious far less ask leading questions
all he can do is to be an objective and careful questioner seeking to help the sensitive in clarifying and making more specific her paranormal impressions
sometimes in these experiments appointment sittings are used
here the absent sitter makes a date with a communicator someone close to him who is deceased asking him to come in at a certain hour when a channel will be open for him
in this case the proxy sitter will know only the name of the communicator nothing else
he gives this to the medium at the appointed time and the reading then will be concerned with material about or messages from the communicator
as always a tape recording or detailed notes are made and a typescript of this is sent to the absent sitter
so this proxy situation has set up at least a partial barrier between the medium 's esp and the absent sitter 's mind
it is now harder to assume telepathy as a basis for the statements though research still does know how far afield esp can range
now the original absent sitter must decide whether the statements are meaningful to him
here again laboratory approaches are being evolved for it is recognized how elastic these readings can be how they can apply to many people and are often stated in general terms all too easily applied to any individual 's own case
if you look at a reading meant for someone else you will probably see that many of the items could be considered as applicable to you even when you were in the picture at all
an interested sitter may think the sensitive has made a hit describing something accurately for him but can he really be sure that another sitter hearing the same statement would apply it subjectively to his own circumstances
it is of course easy to see how j will mean uncle jack to one person and little jane to another
a journey a little white house a change of outlook can apply to many people
and even more complex items can be interpreted to conform to one 's own point of view which is by nature so personal
one sitter may think a leather couch identifies a reading as surely directed to him
to another it seems that nobody but his father ever used the phrase atta boy
to get around this quite difficult corner there is one first aid to objectiveness prevent the distant sitter from knowing which reading was for him
if he is told which of four or five readings was meant for him he can more readily assess each item in a larger frame does that statement really sound as if it were for me significant in my particular life
or am i taking something that could really apply to almost anybody and forgetting that many other people probably have had a similar experience
conversely experimenters would consider as impressive such statements as the following which if they turned out to be hits are so unusual as to be really significant
he had four children two sets of twins
after being a lawyer for twenty-five years he started studying for the ministry
part of his house had been moved to the other side of the road
he died of typhoid in ####
methods have been developed of assigning weights to statements
that is it is known empirically that names beginning with r are more common than those beginning with z
that fewer women are named miranda than elizabeth
that in the united states more people die of heart disease than of smallpox
so each reading can be given a weight and each reading a score by adding up these weights
specific dates would be important as would double names
various categories have been explored to find out about these empirical probabilities against which to measure the readings
in the parapsychology foundation 's long-range experiment readings are made by a variety of sensitives for a large number of cooperating sitters trying to throw light on this question of the significance of mediumistic statements
it is very important indeed in the field of extra-sensory perception and its relation to the survival hypothesis to know whether the statements are actually only those which any intuitive person might venture and an eager sitter attach to himself
or on the other hand are unlikely facts being stated facts which are in themselves significant and easily applicable to everybody
that is one thing the experiments are designed to find out
so after the sitting has been held several readings at one time are mailed and the distant sitter whose name or whose communicator 's name was given to the medium must mark each little item as correct hit incorrect miss doubtful or especially significant applying to him and he feels to anyone else
he is required to mark every item and to indicate which reading he feels is actually his
all these evaluations are then totted up and tabulated by adding up the hits and significants with the weight placed on those in the sitter 's own reading
that is if he marks as most correct a reading meant for him the total experimental score falls
conversely if he gives a heavy rating to his own reading and finds more accurate facts in it than in the others a point is chalked up for the intrinsic objective meaningfulness of this type of mediumistic material
and there are some positive results though the final findings will be known for a long time and then further research can be formulated
in another approach to the same procedure the content of the readings is analyzed so as to see how the particular medium is likely to slant her statements
does she often speak of locations of cause of death
does she accurately give dates ages kind of occupation
it is possible to find out in which categories most of her correct statements fall and where she makes most of her hits
now when so to speak the cream has been skimmed off and the items in the successful categories separated out the sitter can be asked to consider and rate only this concentrated cream where the sensitive is at her best
mediumistic impressions are evidently of all sorts and seem to involve all the senses
i feel cold the medium says or my leg aches my head is heavy
or perhaps she hears words or sounds there 's such a noise of loud machinery or i hear a child crying or he says we're all here and glad to see you
maybe an entire scene comes into consciousness with action and motion or a static view a house under a pine tree with a little stone path going up to the door
the sensitive often seems to smell definite odors too or subjectively feels emotions
sometimes she displays amazing eidetic imagery and seems to see all details in perspective as if the scene were actually there
if pressed by the sitter for more detail she may be able to bring the picture more into focus and see more sharply almost as if she were physically going closer
if asked how she gets her impressions she probably can only say that she just gets them some more vividly than others
perhaps this is so extraordinary after all
even in normal experience one gets impressions without knowing exactly how of atmosphere of one another 's personalities moods intentions
of course there is an element of training here these gifted people by concentration study guidance have learned to develop their power
simply using it increases its intensity i was told by one sensitive
nor does a medium automatically know how to interpret her imagery
impressions often appear in a symbolic form and cannot be taken at face value
it is apparently by symbols that the unconscious speaks to the conscious and the medium has to translate these into meaning
if communication with an entity on the other side is taking place this too may assume the form of clairvoyant symbolism
during one reading an image appeared of a prisoner in irons
but this did necessarily refer to an actual jail
taken with other details it could have referred to a state of mental or spiritual confinement
in this connection it is worth noting how names are sometimes obtained
though they are often heard clairaudiently as if a voice were speaking them in other cases they are apprehended visually as symbols a slope to signify the name hill for instance
one medium saw two sheets flapping on a line and found that the name shietz was significant to the sitter
farming is confining
the farmer 's life must be arranged to meet the demands of crops and livestock
livestock must be tended every day routinely
a slight change in the work schedule may cut the production of cows or chickens
even if there are no livestock the farmer cannot leave the farm for long periods particularly during the growing season
the worker who lives on a farm cannot change jobs readily
he cannot leave the farm to take work in another locality on short notice
such a move may mean a loss of capital
hard physical labor and undesirable hours are a part of life
the farmer must get up early and at times work late at night
frequently he must work long hours in the hot sun or cold rain
no matter how well work is planned bad weather or unexpected setbacks can cause extra work that must be caught up
it may be profitable for a part-time farmer to own the labor-saving machinery that a full-time farmer can invest in profitably
production may fall far below expectations
drought hail disease and insects take their toll of crops
sickness or loss of some of the livestock may cut into the owner 's earnings even into his capital
returns for money and labor invested may be small even in a good year
the high cost of land supplies and labor make it difficult to farm profitably on a part-time basis
land within commuting distance of a growing city is usually high in price higher if it has subdivision possibilities
part-time farmers generally must pay higher prices for supplies than full-time farmers because they buy in smaller quantities
if the farm is in an industrial area where wages are high farm labor costs will also be high
a part-time farmer needs unusual skill to get as high production per hen per cow or per acre as can be obtained by a competent full-time farmer
it will frequently be uneconomical for him to own the most up-to-date equipment
he may have to depend upon custom service for specialized operations such as spraying or threshing and for these he may have to wait his turn
there will be losses caused by emergencies that arise while he is away at his off-farm job
the farm may be an additional burden if the main job is lost
this may be true whether the farm is owned or rented
if the farm is rented the rent must be paid
if it is owned taxes must be paid and if the place is free of mortgage there will be interest and payments on the principal to take care of
a farm provides a wholesome and healthful environment for children
it gives them room to play and plenty of fresh air
the children can do chores adapted to their age and ability
caring for a calf a pig or some chickens develops in children a sense of responsibility for work
part-time farming gives a measure of security if the regular job is lost provided the farm is owned free of debt and furnishes enough income to meet fixed expenses and minimum living costs
for some retired persons part-time farming is a good way to supplement retirement income
it is particularly suitable for those who need to work or exercise out of doors for their health
generally the same level of living costs less in the country than in the city
the savings are as great however as is sometime supposed
usually the cost of food and shelter will be somewhat less on the farm and the cost of transportation and utilities somewhat more
where schools fire and police protection and similar municipal services are of equal quality in city and country real estate taxes are usually about the same
a part-time farmer and his family can use their spare time profitably
some persons consider the work on a farm recreational
for some white-collar workers it is a welcome change from the regular job and a physical conditioner
land , labor , and equipment needed
part-time farming can take comparatively little land labor and equipment or a great deal
it depends on the kind and the scale of the farming operation
general requirements for land labor and equipment are discussed below
specific requirements for each of various types of enterprises are discussed on pages # to ##
three quarters to # acre of good land is enough for raising fruits and vegetables for home use and for a small flock of chickens a cow and two pigs
you could of course raise feed for the livestock on a plot this small
if you want to raise feed or carry out some enterprise on a larger scale you'll need more land
in deciding how much land you want take into account the amount you'll need to bring in the income you expect
but consider also how much you and your family can keep up along with your other work
the cost of land and the prospects for appreciation in value may influence your decision
some part-time farmers buy more land than they need in anticipation of suburban development
this is a highly speculative venture
sometimes a desired acreage is offered only as part of a larger tract
when surplus land is expensive to buy or to keep up it is usually better to buy it than to buy so small an acreage that the development of adjoining properties might impair the residential value of the farm
if you have a year-round full-time job you can't expect to grow much more than your family uses unless other members of the family do a good deal of the work or you hire help
as a rule part-time farmers hire little help
in deciding on the enterprises to be managed by family labor compare the amount of labor that can be supplied by the family with the labor needs of various enterprises listed in table #
list the number of hours the family can be expected to work each month
you may want to include your own regular vacation period if you have one
do include all your spare time or all your family 's spare time only what you are willing to use for farm work
if you are going to produce for home use only you will need only hand tools
you will probably want to hire someone to do the plowing however
for larger plantings you'll need some kind of power for plowing harrowing disking and cultivating
if you have a planting of half an acre or more you may want to buy a small garden tractor available for $### to $### with attachments #### prices
these tractors are entirely satisfactory for plowing particularly on heavier soils so you may still want to hire someone to do the plowing
cost of power and machinery is often a serious problem to the small-scale farmer
if you are going to farm for extra cash income on a part-time basis you must keep in mind the needed machinery investments when you choose among farm enterprises
you can keep your machinery investment down by buying good secondhand machinery by sharing the cost and upkeep of machinery with a neighbor and by hiring someone with machinery to do certain jobs
if an expensive and specialized piece of machinery is needed such as a spray rig a combine or a binder it is better to pay someone with a machine to do the work
selecting a farm
before you look for a farm you'll need to know # the kind and scale of farming you want to undertake
and # whether you want to buy or rent
information on pages # to ## may help you in deciding on the kind and scale of your farming venture
if you are well acquainted with the area in which you wish to locate or if you are sure that you and your family will like and make a success of farming usually you would do better to rent a place for a year or two before you buy
discussed below are some of the main things to look for when you select a part-time farm
nearness to work .
choose a location within easy commuting distance of both the regular job and other employment opportunities
then if you change jobs you won't necessarily have to sell the farm
the presence of alternative job opportunities also will make the place easier to sell if that should become desirable
obviously the farm should be on an all-weather road
nearness to markets .
if you grow anything to sell you will need markets nearby
if you plan to sell fresh vegetables or whole milk for example you should be close to a town or city
kind of neighborhood .
look for a farm in a neighborhood of well-kept homes
there are slums in the country as well as in the city
few rural areas are protected by zoning
a tavern filling station junk yard rendering plant or some other business may go up near enough to hurt your home or to hurt its value
facilities in the area .
check on the schools in the area the quality of teaching and the provision for transportation to and from them
find out whether fire protection sewage system gas water mains and electrical lines are available in the locality
if these facilities are at the door getting them may cost more than you expect
you may have to provide them yourself or get along without them
you cannot get along without an adequate supply of pure water
if you are considering a part-time farm where the water must be provided by a well find out if there is a good well on the farm or the probable cost of having one drilled
a pond may provide adequate water for livestock and garden
pond water can be filtered for human use but most part-time farmers would want to go to so much trouble
the following amounts of water are needed per day for livestock and domestic uses
topography and soil
is the land suited to the crops you intend to raise
if you can't tell get help from your county agricultural agent or other local specialist
soil type drainage or degree of slope can make the difference between good crops and poor ones
small areas that aren't right for a certain crop may lie next to areas that are well suited to that crop
will the house on any part-time farm you are considering make a satisfactory full-time residence
how much will it cost to do any necessary modernizing and redecorating
if the house is wired adequately for electricity or if plumbing or a central heating system must be installed check into the cost of making these improvements
buying a farm
the value of the farm to you will depend on
its worth as a place to live
the value of the products you can raise on it
the possibilities of selling the property later on for suburban subdivision
decide first what the place is worth to you and your family as a home in comparison with what it would cost to live in town
take into account the difference in city and county taxes insurance rates utility rates and the cost of travel to work
next estimate the value of possible earnings of the farm
to do this set up a plan on paper for operating the farm
list the kind and quantity of things the farm can be expected to produce in an average year
estimate the value of the produce at normal prices
the total is the probably gross income from farming
to find estimated net farm income subtract estimated annual farming expenditures from probable gross income from farming
include as expenditures an allowance for depreciation of farm buildings and equipment
also count as an expense a charge for the labor to be contributed by the family
it may be hard to decide what this labor is worth but charge something for it
otherwise you may pay too much for the farm and get nothing for your labor
to figure the value of the farm in terms of investment income divide the estimated annual net farm income by the percentage that you could expect to get in interest if the money were invested in some other way
everyone with a personal or group tragedy to relate had to be given his day in court as in some vast collective dirge
for almost two months the defendant and the world heard from individuals escaped from the grave about fathers and mothers graybeards adolescents babies starved beaten to death strangled machine-gunned gassed burned
one who had been a boy in auschwitz had to tell how children had been selected by height for the gas chambers
the gruesome humor of the nazis was forgotten the gas chamber with a sign on it with the name of a jewish foundation and bearing a copper star of david nor the gratuitous sadism of ss officers
public relations strategists everywhere watching the reaction of the german press the liberal press the lunatic-fringe press listening to their neighbors studying interviews with men and women on the street cried out too much too much the mind of the audience is becoming dulled the horrors are losing their effect
and still another witness one who had crawled out from under a heap of corpses had to tell how the victims had been forced to lay themselves head to foot one on top of the other before being shot
most of this testimony may have been legally admissible as bearing on the corpus delicti of the total nazi crime but seemed subject to question when tied to the part in it of the defendant 's department of jewish affairs
counsel for the defense however shrewdly allowing himself to be swept by the current of dreadful recollections rarely raised an objection
would the emotional catharsis eventually brought on by this awfulness have a calming if exhausting effect likely to improve his client 's chances
those who feared emotionalism at the trial showed less understanding than dr. servatius of the route by which man achieves the distance necessary for fairness toward enemies
interruptions came largely from the bench which numerous times rebuked the attorney general for letting his witnesses run on though it too made no serious effort to choke off the flow
but there was a contrast even more decisive than a hunger for fact between the trial in jerusalem and those in moscow and new york
in each of the last the trial marked the beginning of a new course in moscow the liquidation of the old bolsheviks and the tightening of stalin 's dictatorship
in the united states the initiation of militant anti-communism with the repentant ex-communist in the vanguard
these trials were properly termed political cases in that the trial itself was a political act producing political consequences
but what could the eichmann trial initiate
of what new course could it mark the beginning
the eichmann case looked to the past to the future
it was the conclusion of the first phase of a process of tragic recollection and of refining the recollection that will last as long as there are jews
as such it was beyond politics and had no need of justification by a message
it is an individual that is in the dock at this historical trial said ben gurion and the nazi regime alone but anti-semitism throughout history
how could supplying eichmann with a platform on which to maintain that one could collaborate in the murder of millions of jews without being an anti-semite contribute to a verdict against anti-semitism
and if it was an individual who was in the dock why was the trial as we shall observe later all but scuttled in the attempt to prove eichmann a fiend
these questions touch the root of confusion in the prosecution 's case
it might be contended of course that eichmann in stubbornly denying anti-semitic feelings was lying or insisting on a private definition of anti-semitism
but in either event he was the wrong man for the kind of case outlined by ben gurion and set forth in the indictment
in such a case the defendant should serve as a clear example and have to be tied to the issue by argument
one who could be linked to anti-semitism only by overcoming his objections is scarcely a good specimen of the jew-baiter throughout the ages
shout at eichmann though he might the prosecutor could establish that the defendant was falsifying the way he felt about jews or that what he did feel fell into the generally recognized category of anti-semitism
yes he believed that the jews were enemies of the reich and such a belief is of course typical of patriotic anti-semites
but he believed in the jew-as-enemy in a kind of abstract theological way like a member of a cult speculating on the nature of things
the real question was how one passed from anti-semitism of this sort to murder and the answer to this question is to be found in anti-semitism itself
in regard to eichmann it was to be found in the nazi outlook which contained a principle separate from and far worse than anti-semitism a principle by which the poison of anti-semitism itself was made more virulent
perhaps under the guidance of this nazi principle one could as eichmann declared feel personally friendly toward the jews and still be their murderer
through fear of disobeying orders as eichmann kept trying to explain but through a peculiar giddiness that began in a half-acceptance of the vicious absurdities contained in the nazi interpretation of history and grew with each of hitler 's victories into a permanent light-mindedness and sense of magical rightness that was able to respond to any proposal and the more outrageous the better well let 's try it
at any rate the substance of eichmann 's testimony was that all his actions flowed from his membership in the party and the ss and though the prosecutor did his utmost to prove actual personal hatred of jews his success on this score was doubtful and the anti-semitic lesson weakened to that extent
but if the trial did expose the special nazi mania so deadly to jews as well as to anyone upon whom it happened to light neither did it warn very effectively against the ordinary anti-semitism of which the nazis made such effective use in germany and wherever else they could find it
if anti-semitism was on trial in jerusalem why was it identified and with enough emphasis to capture the notice of the world press in its connection with the activities of eichmann 's department of jewish affairs as exemplified by the betrayal and murder of jews by non-police and non-party anti-semites in germany as well as in poland czechoslovakia hungary
the infamous wansee conference called by heydrich in january #### to organize the material and technical means to put to death the eleven million jews spread throughout the nations of europe was attended by representatives of major organs of the german state including the reich minister of the interior the state secretary in charge of the four year plan the reich minister of justice the under secretary of foreign affairs
the measures for annihilation proposed and accepted at the conference affected industry transportation civilian agencies of government
heydrich in opening the conference followed the reasoning and even the phraseology of the order issued earlier by goering which authorized the final solution as a complement to previous solutions for eliminating the jews from german living space through violence economic strangulation forced emigration and evacuation
in other words the promulgators of the murder plan made clear that physically exterminating the jews was but an extension of the anti-semitic measures already operating in every phase of german life and that the new conspiracy counted on the general anti-semitism that had made those measures effective as a readiness for murder
this in fact it turned out to be
since the magnitude of the plan made secrecy impossible once the wheels had began to turn persons controlling german industries social institutions and armed forces became through their anti-semitism or their tolerance of it conscious accomplices of hitler 's crimes
whether in the last degree or a lesser one was a matter to be determined individually
what more could be asked for a trial intended to warn the world against anti-semitism than this opportunity to expose the exact link between the respectable anti-semite and the concentration-camp brute
in eichmann 's anti-semitism but in the anti-semitism of the sober german man of affairs lay the potential warning of the trial
no doubt many of the citizens of the third reich had conceived their anti-semitism as an innocent dislike of jews as do others like them today
the final solution proved that the jew-baiter of any variety exposes himself as being implicated in the criminality and madness of others
ought an edifying trial have made every effort to demonstrate this once and for all by showing how representative types of mere anti-semites were drawn step by step into the program of skull-bashings and gassings
the prosecutor in his opening remarks did refer to the germ of anti-semitism among the germans which hitler stimulated and transformed
but if there was evidence at the trial that aimed over eichmann 's head at his collaborators in the societies where he functioned the press seems to have missed it
nor did the trial devote much attention to exposing the usefulness of anti-semitism to the nazis both in building their own power and in destroying that of rival organizations and states
certainly one of the best ways of warning the world against anti-semitism is to demonstrate its workings as a dangerous weapon
eichmann himself is a model of how the myth of the enemy-jew can be used to transform the ordinary man of present-day society into a menace to all his neighbors
do patriots everywhere know enough about how the persecution of the jews in germany and later in the occupied countries contributed to terrorizing the populations splitting apart individuals and groups arousing the meanest and most dishonest impulses pulverizing trust and personal dignity and finally forcing people to follow their masters into the abyss by making them partners in unspeakable crimes
the career of eichmann made the trial a potential showcase for anti-semitic demoralization fearful of being mistaken for a jew he seeks protection in his nazi uniform
clinging to the enemy-jew idea he is forced to overcome habits of politeness and neighborliness
once in power he begins to give vent to a criminal opportunism that causes him to alternate between megalomania and envy of those above him
is this the type of citizen you desire
the trial should have asked the nations
but though this characterization in no way diminished eichmann 's guilt the prosecutor more deeply involved in the tactics of a criminal case than a political one would have none of it
finally if the mission of the trial was to convict anti-semitism how could it have failed to post before the world the contrasting fates of the countries in which the final solution was aided by native jew-haters i.e. germany poland hungary czechoslovakia and those in which it met the obstacle of human solidarity denmark holland italy bulgaria france
should everyone have been awakened to it as an outstanding fact of our time that the nations poisoned by anti-semitism proved less fortunate in regard to their own freedom than those whose citizens saved their jewish compatriots from the transports
wasn't this meaning of eichmann 's experience in various countries worth highlighting
as the first collective confrontation of the nazi outrage the trial of eichmann represents a recovery of the jews from the shock of the death camps a recovery that took fifteen years and which is still by no means complete though let no one believe that it could be hastened by silence
only across a distance of time could the epic accounting begin
it is already difficult to recall how little we knew before the trial of what had been done to the jews of europe
it is that the facts of the persecution were unavailable
most of the information elicited in jerusalem had been brought to the surface by the numerous war crimes tribunals and investigating commissions and by reports memoirs and survivors' accounts
in poughkeepsie n.y. in #### a roman catholic hospital presented seven protestant physicians with an ultimatum to quit the planned parenthood federation or to resign from the hospital staff
three agreed but four declined and were suspended
after a flood of protests they were reinstated at the beginning of ####
the peace of the community was badly disturbed and people across the nation reading of the incident felt uneasy
in new york city in #### the city 's commissioner of hospitals refused to permit a physician to provide a protestant mother with a contraceptive device
he thereby precipitated a bitter controversy involving protestants jews and roman catholics that continued for two months until the city 's board of hospitals lifted the ban on birth-control therapy
a year later in albany n.y. a roman catholic hospital barred an orthopedic surgeon because of his connection with the planned parenthood association
immediately the religious groups of the city were embroiled in an angry dispute over the alleged invasion of a man 's right to freedom of religious belief and conscience
these incidents typical of many others dramatize the distressing fact that no controversy during the last several decades has caused more tension rancor and strife among religious groups in this country than the birth-control issue
it has flared up periodically on the front pages of newspapers in communities divided over birth-prevention regulations in municipal hospitals and health and family-welfare agencies
it has erupted on the national level in the matter of including birth-control information and material in foreign aid to underdeveloped countries
where it is actually erupting it rumbles and smolders in sullen resentment like a volcano ready to explode at any moment
the time has come for citizens of all faiths to unite in an effort to remove this divisive and nettlesome issue from the political and social life of our nation
the first step toward the goal is the establishment of a new atmosphere of mutual good will and friendly communication on other than the polemical level
instead of emotional recrimination loaded phrases and sloganeering we need a dispassionate study of the facts a better understanding of the opposite viewpoint and a more serious effort to extend the areas of agreement until a solution is reached
all too frequently points out james o'gara managing editor of commonweal catholics run roughshod over protestant sensibilities in this matter by failure to consider the reasoning behind the protestant position and particularly by their jibes at the fact that protestant opinion on birth control has changed in recent decades
all too often our language is unduly harsh
the second step is to recognize the substantial agreement frequently blurred by emotionalism and inaccurate newspaper reporting already existing between catholics and non-catholics concerning the over-all objectives of family planning
instead of catholics' being obliged or even encouraged to beget the greatest possible number of offspring as many non-catholics imagine the ideal of responsible parenthood is stressed
family planning is encouraged so that parents will be able to provide properly for their offspring
pope pius ## declared in #### that it is possible to be exempt from the normal obligation of parenthood for a long time and even for the whole duration of married life if there are serious reasons such as those often mentioned in the so-called medical eugenic economic and social indications
this means that such factors as the health of the parents particularly the mother their ability to provide their children with the necessities of life the degree of population density of a country and the shortage of housing facilities may legitimately be taken into consideration in determining the number of offspring
these are substantially the same factors considered by non-catholics in family planning
the laws of many states permit birth control only for medical reasons
the roman catholic church however sanctions a much more liberal policy on family planning
catholics protestants and jews are in agreement over the objectives of family planning but disagree over the methods to be used
the roman catholic church sanctions only abstention or the rhythm method also known as the use of the infertile or safe period
the church considers this to be the method provided by nature and its divine author it involves no frustration of nature 's laws but simply an intelligent and disciplined use of them
with the exception of the roman catholic and the orthodox catholic churches most churches make no moral distinction between rhythm and mechanical or chemical contraceptives allowing the couple free choice
there is a difference in theological belief where there seems little chance of agreement
the grounds for the church 's position are scriptural old testament the teachings of the fathers and doctors of the early church the unbroken tradition of nineteen centuries the decisions of the highest ecclesiastical authority and the natural law
the latter plays a prominent role in roman catholic theology and is considered decisive entirely apart from scripture in determining the ethical character of birth-prevention methods
the roman catholic natural-law tradition regards as self-evident that the primary objective purpose of the conjugal act is procreation and that the fostering of the mutual love of the spouses is the secondary and subjective end
this conclusion is based on two propositions that man by the use of his reason can ascertain god 's purpose in the universe and that god makes known his purpose by certain given physical arrangements
thus man can readily deduce that the primary objective end of the conjugal act is procreation the propagation of the race
moreover man may supplant or frustrate the physical arrangements established by god who through the law of rhythm has provided a natural method for the control of conception
believing that god is the author of this law and of all laws of nature roman catholics believe that they are obliged to obey those laws frustrate or mock them
let it be granted then that the theological differences in this area between protestants and roman catholics appear to be irreconcilable
but people differ in their religious beliefs on scores of doctrines without taking up arms against those who disagree with them
why is it so different in regard to birth control
it is because each side has sought to implement its distinctive theological belief through legislation and thus indirectly force its belief or at least the practical consequences thereof upon others
it is always a temptation for a religious organization especially a powerful or dominant one to impose through the clenched fist of the law its creedal viewpoint upon others
both roman catholics and protestants have succumbed to this temptation in the past
consider what happened during world war # when the protestant churches united to push the prohibition law through congress
many of them sincerely believe that the use of liquor in any form or in any degree is intrinsically evil and sinful
with over four million american men away at war protestants forced their distinctive theological belief upon the general public
with the return of our soldiers it soon became apparent that the belief was shared by the great majority of citizens
the attempt to enforce that belief ushered in a reign of bootleggers racketeers hijackers and gangsters that led to a breakdown of law unparalleled in our history
the so-called noble experiment came to an inglorious end
that tumultuous painful and costly experience shows clearly that a law expressing a moral judgment cannot be enforced when it has little correspondence with the general view of society
that experience holds a lesson for us all in regard to birth control today
up to the turn of the century contraception was condemned by all christian churches as immoral unnatural and contrary to divine law
this was generally reflected in the civil laws of christian countries
today the roman catholic and orthodox churches stand virtually alone in holding that conviction
the various lambeth conferences expressing the anglican viewpoint mirror the gradual change that has taken place among protestants generally
in #### the lambeth conference repeated its #### condemnation of contraception and issued an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception together with the grave dangers physical moral and religious thereby incurred and against the evils which the extension of such use threaten the race
denouncing the view that the sexual union is an end in itself the conference declared we steadfastly uphold what must always be regarded as the governing considerations of christian marriage
one is the primary purpose for which marriage exists namely the continuance of the race through the gift and heritage of children
the other is the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control
the conference called for a vigorous campaign against the open or secret sale of contraceptives
in #### the lambeth conference again affirmed the primary purpose of marriage to be the procreation of children but conceded that in certain limited circumstances contraception might be morally legitimate
in #### the conference endorsed birth control as the responsibility laid by god on parents everywhere
many other protestant denominations preceded the anglicans in such action
in march #### ## out of ## members of a committee of the federal council of churches ratified artificial methods of birth control
as to the necessity the committee declared for some form of effective control of the size of the family and the spacing of children and consequently of control of conception there can be no question
there is general agreement also that sex union between husbands and wives as an expression of mutual affection without relation to procreation is right
since then many protestant denominations have made separate pronouncements in which they only approved birth control but declared it at times to be a religious duty
what determines the morality they state is the means used but the motive in general the means excluding abortion that prove most effective are considered the most ethical
this development is reflected in the action taken in february #### by the general board of the national council of churches the largest protestant organization in the aj
the board approved and commended the use of birth-control devices as a part of christian responsibility in family planning
it called for opposition to laws and institutional practices restricting the information or availability of contraceptives
the general board declared most of the protestant churches hold contraception and periodic continence to be morally right when the motives are right
the general protestant conviction is that motives rather than methods form the primary moral issue provided the methods are limited to the prevention of conception
an action once universally condemned by all christian churches and forbidden by the civil law is now only approved by the overwhelming majority of protestant denominations but also deemed at certain times to be a positive religious duty
this viewpoint has now been translated into action by the majority of people in this country
repeated polls have disclosed that most married couples are now using contraceptives in the practice of birth control
for all concerned with social-welfare legislation the significance of this radical and revolutionary change in the thought and habits of the vast majority of the american people is clear profound and far-reaching
to try to oppose the general religious and moral conviction of such a majority by a legislative fiat would be to invite the same breakdown of law and order that was occasioned by the ill-starred prohibition experiment
this brings us to the fact that the realities we are dealing with lie in the field of civil legislation but in the realm of conscience and religion they are moral judgments and matters of theological belief
conscience and religion are concerned with private sin the civil law is concerned with public crimes
only confusion failure and anarchy result when the effort is made to impose upon the civil authority the impossible task of policing private homes to preclude the possibility of sin
among the chief victims of such an ill-conceived imposition would be religion itself
on april ## #### the sturdy little three-masted bark discovery weighed anchor in st. katherine 's pool london and floated down the thames toward the sea
she carried besides her captain a crew of twenty-one and provisions for a voyage of exploration of the arctic waters of north america
seventeen months later on september # #### an irish fishing boat sighted the discovery limping eastward outside galway bay
when she reached port she was found to have on board only eight men all near starvation
the captain was gone and the mate was gone
the man who now commanded her had started the voyage as an ordinary seaman
what disaster struck the discovery during those seventeen months
what happened to the fourteen missing men
these questions have remained one of the great sea mysteries of all time
for hundreds of years the evidence available consisted of # the captain 's fragmentary journal # a highly prejudiced account by one of the survivors # a note found in a dead man 's desk on board and # several second-hand reports
all told they offered a highly confused picture
but since #### researchers digging into ancient court records and legal files have been able to find illuminating pieces of information
enough to do away with all doubts but sufficient to give a fairly accurate picture of the events of the voyage
historians have had two reasons for persisting so long in their investigations
first they wanted to clarify a tantalizing bizarre enigma
second they believed it important to determine the fate of the captain a man whose name is permanently stamped on our maps on american towns and counties on a great american river and on half a million square miles of arctic seas
the name henry hudson
this is the story of his last tragic voyage as nearly as we are able or ever probably will be able to determine
the sailing in the spring of #### was hudson 's fourth in four years
each time his objective had been the same a direct water passage from western europe to the far east
in #### and #### the english muscovy company had sent him northward to look for a route over the north pole or across the top of russia
twice he had failed and the muscovy company indicated it would back him again
in #### the dutch east india company hired hudson gave him two learned geographers fitted him out with a ship called the half moon and supplied him with dutch sailors
this time he turned westward to the middle atlantic coast of north america
his chief discovery was important the great north later the hudson river but it produced no northwest passage
when the half moon put in at dartmouth england in the fall of #### word of hudson 's findings leaked out and english interest in him revived
the government forbade hudson to return to amsterdam with his ship
he thereupon went to london and spent the winter talking to men of wealth
by springtime he was supported by a rich merchant syndicate under the patronage of henry prince of wales
he had obtained and provisioned a veteran ship called the discovery and had recruited a crew of twenty-one the largest he had ever commanded
the purpose of this fourth voyage was clear
a century of exploration had established that a great land mass north and south america lay between europe and the indies
one by one the openings in the coast that promised a passage through had been explored and discarded
in fact hudson 's sail up the great north river had disposed of one of the last hopes
but there remained one mysterious unexplored gap far to the north
nearly twenty-five years before captain john davis had noted as he sailed near the arctic circle a very great gulf the water whirling and roaring as it were the meeting of tides
he named this opening between baffin island and labrador the furious overfall
later it was to be called hudson strait
in #### george waymouth in the same little discovery that hudson now commanded had sailed ### miles up the strait before his frightened men turned the ship back
hudson now proposed to sail all the way through and test the seas beyond for the long-sought waterway
even hudson experienced in arctic sailing and determined as he was must have had qualms as he slid down the thames
ahead were perilous ice-filled waters
on previous voyages it had been in precisely such dangerous situations that he had failed as a leader and captain
on the second voyage he had turned back at the frozen island of novaya zemlya and meekly given the crew a certificate stating that he did so of his own free will which was obviously the case
on the third voyage a near-mutiny rising from a quarrel between dutch and english crew members on the half moon had almost forced him to head the ship back to amsterdam in mid-atlantic
worse his present crew included five men who had sailed with him before
of only one could he be sure young john hudson his second son
the mate robert juet who had kept the journal on the half moon was experienced but he was a bitter old man ready to complain or desert at any opportunity
philip staffe the ship 's carpenter was a good worker but perversely independent
arnold lodley and michael perse were like the rest lukewarm ready to swing against hudson in a crisis
but men willing to sail at all into waters where wooden ships could be crushed like eggs were hard to find
hudson knew he had to use these men as long as he remained an explorer
and he refused to be anything else
it is believed that hudson was related to other seafaring men of the muscovy company and was trained on company ships
he was a londoner married with three sons
the common misconception that he was dutch and that his first name was hendrik stem from dutch documents of his third voyage
in #### hudson was probably in his early forties a good navigator a stubborn voyager but otherwise fatally unsuited to his chosen profession
hudson 's first error of the fourth voyage occurred only a few miles down the thames
there at the river 's edge waited one henry greene whom hudson listed as a clerk
greene was in actuality a young ruffian from kent who had broken with his parents in order to keep the company he preferred pimps panders and whores
he was the sort of sailor hudson wanted his backers to see on board and he had greene wait at gravesend where the discovery picked him up
for the first three weeks the ship skirted up the east coast of great britain then turned westward
on may ## she reached iceland
poor winds and fog locked her up in a harbor the crew called lousie bay
the subsequent two-weeks wait made the crew quarrelsome
with hudson looking on his protege greene picked a fight with the ship 's surgeon edward wilson
the issue was settled on shore greene winning and wilson remaining ashore determined to catch the next fishing boat back to england
with difficulty hudson persuaded him to rejoin the ship and they sailed from iceland
early in june the discovery passed desolation southern greenland and in mid-june entered the furious overfall
floating ice bore down from the north and west
fog hung over the route constantly
turbulent tides rose as much as fifty feet
the ship 's compass was useless because of the nearness of the magnetic north pole
as the bergs grew larger hudson was forced to turn south into what is now ungava bay an inlet of the great strait
after finding that its coasts led nowhere however he turned north again toward the main ice-filled passageway and the crew at first uneasy then frightened rebelled
the trouble was at least partly juet 's doing
for weeks he had been saying that hudson 's idea of sailing through to java was absurd
the great crushing ice masses coming into view made him sound like the voice of pure reason
a group of sailors announced to hudson that they would sail no farther
instead of quelling the dissension as many captains of the era would have done sir francis drake lopped a man 's head off under similar circumstances hudson decided to be reasonable
he went to his cabin and emerged carrying a large chart which he set up in view of the crew
patiently he explained what he knew about their course and their objectives
when hudson had finished the town meeting broke down into a general wordy argument
one man remarked that if he had a hundred pounds he would give ninety of them to be back in england
up spoke carpenter staffe who said he wouldn't give ten pounds to be home
the statement was effective
the meeting broke up
hudson was free to sail on
all through july the discovery picked her way along the ###-mile-long strait avoiding ice and rocky islands
on august # two massive headlands reared out of the mists great gateways never before so far as hudson knew seen by europeans
to starboard was a cape a thousand feet high patched with ice and snow populated by thousands of screaming sea birds
to port was a point ### feet high rising behind to a precipice of #,### feet
hudson named the capes digges and wolstenholme for two of his backers
hudson pointed the discovery down the east coast of the newly discovered sea now called hudson bay confident he was on his way to the warm waters of the pacific
after three weeks' swift sailing however the ship entered an area of shallow marshes and river deltas
the ship halted
the great sea to the westwards was a dead end
this must have been hudson 's blackest discovery
for he seemed to sense at once that before him was no south sea but the solid bulk of the north american continent
this was the bitter end and hudson seemed to know he was destined to failure
feverishly he tried to brush away this intuition
north and south east and west back and forth he sailed in the land-locked bay plowing furiously forward until land appeared then turning to repeat the process day after day week after week
hundreds of miles to the north the route back to england through the furious overfall was again filling with ice
the men were at first puzzled then angered by the aimless tacking
once more juet 's complaints were the loudest
hudson 's reply was to accuse the mate of disloyalty
juet demanded that hudson prove his charges in an open trial
the trial was held september ##
hudson presiding heard juet 's defense then called for testimony from crew members
juet had made plentiful enemies several men stepped forward
hands on bible seaman lodley and carpenter staffe swore that juet had tried to persuade them to keep muskets and swords in their cabins
cook bennett mathues said juet had predicted bloodshed on the ship
others added that juet had wanted to turn the ship homeward
hudson deposed juet and cut his pay
the new mate was robert bylot talented but inexperienced
there were other shifts and pay cuts according to the way individuals had conducted themselves
the important result however was that juet and francis clemens the deposed boatswain became hudson 's sworn enemies
as hudson resumed his desperate criss-crossing of the little bay every incident lessened the crew 's respect for him
once after the discovery lay for a week in rough weather hudson ordered the anchor raised before the sea had calmed
just as it was being hauled inboard a sea hit the ship
michael butt and adame moore were thrown off the capstan and badly injured
the anchor cable would have been lost overboard but philip staffe was on hand to sever it with his axe
thomas douglas fifth earl of selkirk a noble humanitarian scot concerned with the plight of the crofters of his native highlands conceived a plan to settle them in the valley of the red river of the north
since the land he desired lay within the great northern empire of the hudson 's bay company he purchased great blocks of the comany 's stock with the view to controlling its policies
having achieved this end he was able to buy ###,### square miles in the valleys of the red and assiniboine rivers
the grant which stretched southward to lake traverse the headwaters of the red was made in may #### and by october of that year a small group of scots was settling for the winter at york factory on hudson bay
thus at the same time that william henry harrison was preparing to pacify the aborigines of indiana territory and winning fame at the battle of tippecanoe anglo-saxon settlement made a great leap into the center of the north american continent to the west of the american agricultural frontier
seven hundred miles south of york factory at the forks of the red and the assiniboine twenty-three men located a settlement in august ####
by october the little colony about fort douglas present-day winnipeg numbered ###
within a few years the scots engaged in breaking the thick sod and stirring the rich soil of the valley were joined by a group called meurons
the latter members of two regiments of swiss mercenaries transported by great britain to canada to fight the americans in the war of #### had settled in montreal and kingston at the close of the war in ####
selkirk persuaded eighty men and four officers to go to red river where they were to serve as a military force to protect his settlers from the hostile northwest company which resented the intrusion of farmers into the fur traders' empire
the mercenaries were little interested in farming and added nothing to the output of the farm plots on which all work was still done with hoes as late as ####
it was the low yield of the selkirk plots and the ravages of grasshoppers in #### that led to the dispersal of the settlement southward
when late in the summer the full extent of the damage was assessed all but fifty of the scots swiss and metis moved up the red to the mouth of the pembina river
here they built huts and a stockade named fort daer after selkirk 's barony in scotland
the new site was somewhat warmer than fort douglas and much closer to the great herds of buffalo on which the settlement must depend for food
the selkirk settlers had been anticipated in their move southward by british fur traders
for many years the northwest company had its southern headquarters at prairie du chien on the mississippi river some ### miles southeast of present-day st. paul minnesota
when in #### an act of congress forced the foreign firm out of the united states its british-born employees now become american citizens joseph rolette joseph renville and alexis bailly continued in the fur business
on big stone lake near the headwaters of the red river robert dickson superintendent of the western indian department of canada had a trading post and planned in #### to build a fort to be defended by twenty men and two small artillery pieces
his trading goods came from canada to the forks of red river and from selkirk 's settlement he brought them south in carts
these carts were of a type devised in pembina in the days of alexander henry the younger about a decade before the selkirk colony was begun
in #### henry referred to our new carts as being about four feet off the ground and carrying five times as much as a horse could pack
they were held together by pegs and withes and in later times drawn by a single ox in thills
it was dickson who suggested to lord selkirk that he return to the atlantic coast by way of the united states
in september #### at fort daer pembina dickson met the noble lord whom with the help of a band of sioux he escorted to prairie du chien
during the trip selkirk decided that the route through illinois territory to indiana and the eastern united states was the best route for goods from england to reach red river and that the united states was a better source of supply for many goods than either canada or england
upon arriving at baltimore selkirk on december ## wrote to john quincy adams secretary of state at washington inquiring about laws covering trade with missouri and illinois territories
this traffic he declared prophetically tho' it might be of small account at first would increase with the progress of our settlements
the route which he had traveled and which he believed might develop into a trade route was followed by his settlers earlier than he might have expected
in #### grasshoppers again destroyed the crop at the forks fort douglas and in december #### twenty men left fort daer for the most northerly american outpost at prairie du chien
it was a three-month journey in the dead of winter followed by three months of labor on mackinac boats
with these completed and ice gone from the st. peter 's river present-day minnesota river their ### bushels of wheat ### bushels of oats and barley and ## bushels of peas and some chickens were loaded onto the flat-bottomed boats and rowed up the river to big stone lake across into lake traverse and down the red
they reached fort douglas in june ####
this epic effort to secure seed for the colony cost selkirk ab#,###
nevertheless so short was the supply of seed that the settlers were forced to retreat to fort daer for food
thereafter seed and food became more plentiful and the colony remained in the north the year round
activity by british traders and the presence of a colony on the red prompted the united state war department in #### to send lieutenant-colonel henry leavenworth from detroit to put a post ### miles northwest of prairie du chien until then the most advanced united states post
in september #### two companies of infantry arrived at the mouth of the st. peter 's river the head of navigation on the mississippi and began construction of fort st. anthony which upon completion was renamed in honor of its commander colonel josiah snelling
it was from the american outposts that red river shortages of livestock were to be made good
hercules l. dousman fur trader and merchant at prairie du chien contracted to supply selkirk 's people with some ### head of cattle and alexis bailly and francois labothe were hired as drovers
bailly after leaving fort snelling in august #### was forced to leave some of the cattle at the hudson 's bay company 's post on lake traverse in the sieux country and reached fort garry as the selkirk hudson 's bay company center was now called late in the fall
he set out on his ###-mile return journey with five families of discontented and disappointed swiss who turned their eyes toward the united states
observing their distressing condition colonel snelling allowed these half-starved immigrants to settle on the military reservation
as these swiss were moving from the selkirk settlement to become the first civilian residents of minnesota dousman of michilimackinac michigan and prairie du chien was traveling to red river to open a trade in merchandise
early in #### he was at fort garry offering to bring in pork flour liquor and tobacco
alexander mcdonnell governor of red river and james bird a chief factor of the hudson 's bay company ordered such sundry articles to a value of ab#,###
for its part the hudson 's bay company was troubled by the approach of american settlement
as the time drew near for the drawing of the british-american frontier by terms of the agreement of #### the company suspected that the pembina colony its own post and fort daer was on american territory
accordingly selkirk 's agents ordered the settlers to move north and by october john halkett had torn down both posts floating the timber to the forks in rafts
i have done everything he wrote to break up the whole of that unfortunate establishment
despite company threats duly carried through to cut off supplies of powder ball and thread for fishing nets about ### persons stayed in the village
they would attempt to bring supplies from st. louis or prairie du chien at great expense as well as danger
at fort garry some of the swiss also decided to cast their lot with the united states and in #### several families paid guides to take them to fort snelling
the disasters of ####-#### caused more to leave
after heavy rains and an onslaught of mice snow fell on october ## #### and remained on the ground through a winter so cold that the ice on the red was five feet thick
in april came a rapid thaw that produced high waters which did recede until mid-june
on june ## more than ### families started the three-month trip across the plains to the mississippi
by fall ### survivors of this arduous journey were clustered about fort snelling but most of them were sent on to galena and st. louis with a few going as far as vevay indiana a notable swiss center in the united states
in #### ### red river people with more than ### cattle were living on the reservation at fort snelling
below the fort high bluffs extended uninterruptedly for six miles along the mississippi river
at the point where they ended another settlement grew up around a chapel built at the boat landing by father lucian galtier in ####
its people including pierre bottineau and other american fur company employees and the refugees from fort garry were joined by the remaining scots and swiss from fort snelling when major joseph plympton expelled them from the reservation in may ####
the resultant town platted in #### and named for the patron of father galtier 's mission st. paul was to become an important center of the fur trade and was to take on a new interest for those selkirkers who remained at red river
while population at fort garry increased rapidly from #,### in #### to #,### in #### economic opportunities did increase at a similar rate
accordingly though the practice violated the no-trading provision of the selkirk charter which reserved all such activity in merchandise and furs to the hudson 's bay company some settlers went into trade
the company maintained a store at which products of england could be purchased and brought in goods for the new merchants on the understanding that they refrain from trading in furs
despite this prohibiton by #### some of the fort garry merchants were trading with the indians for furs
in june #### the governor and council of assiniboia imposed a ## per cent duty on imports via hudson 's bay which were viewed as aimed at the very vitals of the company 's trade and power
to reduce further the flow of goods from england the company 's local officials asked that its london authorities refrain from forwarding any more trade goods to these men
with their customary source of supply cut off the fort garry free traders engaged three men to cart goods to them from the mississippi country
others carried pemmican from the forks to st. paul and goods from st. paul to red river as in the summer of #### when one trader wells transported twenty barrels of whisky to the british settlement
this trade was subject to a tariff of #.# per cent after february #### but much was smuggled into assiniboia with the result that the duty was reduced by #### to # per cent on the initiative of the london committee
the trade in a few commodities noted above was to grow in volume as a result of changes both north and south of the ##th parallel
the letters of the common soldiers are rich in humor
indeed no richer humor is to be found in the whole of american literature than in the letters of the semi-literate men who wore the blue and the gray
some of their figures of speech were colorful and expressive
a confederate observed that the yankees were thicker than lise on a hen and a dam site ornraier
another reported that his comrades were in fine spirits pitching around like a blind dog in a meat house
a third wrote that it was raining like poring peas on a rawhide
yanks were equally adept at figurative expression
one wrote i am so hungry i could eat a rider off his horse & snap at the stirups
a second reported that the dilapidated houses in virginia look like the latter end of original sin and hard times
a third remarked of slowness of southerners they moved about from corner to corner as uneasy as a litter of hungry leaches on the neck of a wooden god
still another annoyed by the brevity of a recently received missive wrote yore letter was short and sweet jist like a roasted maget
a yankee sergeant gave the following description of his sweetheart my girl is none of your one-horse girls
she is a regular stub and twister double geered
she is well-educated and refined all wildcat and fur and union from the muzzle to the crupper
humor found many modes of expression
a texan wrote to a male companion at home what has become of halda and laura
when you see them again give them my love best respects now but love by god
william r. stillwell an admirable georgian whose delightful correspondence is preserved in the georgia department of archives and history liked to tease his wife in his letters
after he had been away from home about a year he wrote dear wife if i did write and receive letters from you i believe that i would forgit that i was married
i don't feel much like a maryed man but i never forgit it sofar as to court enny other lady but if i should you must forgive me as i am so forgitful
a yank disturbed by his increasing corpulence wrote i am growing so fat i am a burden # myself
another yank parodied the familiar bedtime prayer now i lay me down to sleep the gray-backs o'er my body creep
if they should bite before i wake i pray the lord their jaws to break
charles thiot a splendid georgia soldier differed from most of his comrades in the ranks in that he was the owner of a large plantation well-educated and nearly fifty years of age
but he was very much like his associates in his hatred of camp routine
near the end of his service he wrote that when the war was over he was going to buy two pups name one of them fall-in and the other close-up and then shoot them both and that will be the end of fall-in and close-up
the soldiers who comprised the rank and file of the civil war armies were an earthy people
they talked and wrote much about the elemental functions of the body
one of the most common of camp maladies was diarrhoea
men of more delicate sensibilities referred to this condition as looseness of the bowels
but a much more common designation was the sh-ts
a michigan soldier stationed in georgia wrote in ####
i expect to be tough as a knott as soon as i get over the georgia shitts
johnny rebs from the deep south who were plagued with diarrhoea after transfer to the virginia front often informed their families that they were suffering from the the virginia quickstep
a georgia soldier gave his wife the following description of the cause and consequence of diarrhoea i have bin a little sick with diorah two or three days
i eat too much eggs and poark
it sowered on my stomack and turn loose on me
a michigan soldier wrote his brother i am well at present with the exception i have got the dyerear and i hope thease few lines find you the same
the letters which poured forth from camps were usually written under adverse circumstances
save for brief periods in garrison or winter quarters soldiers rarely enjoyed the luxury of a writing desk or table
most of the letters were written in the hubbub of camp on stumps pieces of bark drum heads or the knee
in the south after the first year of the war paper and ink were very poor
scarcity of paper caused many southerners to adopt the practice of cross-writing i.e. after writing from left to right of the page in the usual manner they gave the sheet a half turn and wrote from end to end across the lines previously written
sometimes soldiers wrote letters while bullets were whizzing about their heads
a yank writing from vicksburg may ## #### stated less than ## balls have passed over me since i commenced writing
i could tell you of plenty narrow escapes but we take no notice of them now
a reb stationed near petersburg informed his mother i need tell you that i dodge pretty often for you can see that very plainly by the blots in this letter
just count each blot a dodge and add in a few for i don't dodge every time
another reb writing under similar circumstances before atlanta reported the yankees keep shooting so i am afraid they will knock over my ink so i will close
the most common type of letter was that of soldier husbands to their wives
but fathers often addressed communications to their small children
and these full of homely advice are among the most human and revealing of civil war letters
rebs who owned slaves occasionally would include in their letters admonitions or greetings to members of the negro community
occasionally they would write to the slaves
early in the war it was uncommon for planters' sons to retain in camp negro body servants to perform the menial chores such as cooking foraging cleaning the quarters shining shoes and laundering clothes
sometimes these servants wrote or dictated for enclosure with the letters of their soldier-masters messages to their relatives and to members of their owners' families
unmarried soldiers carried on correspondence with sweethearts at home
owing to the restrained usages characteristic of ##th-century america these letters usually were stereotyped and revealed little depth of feeling
occasionally gay young blades would write vividly to boon companions at home about their amorous exploits in richmond petersburg washington or nashville
but these comments are hardly printable
an alabama soldier whose feminine associations were of the more admirable type wrote boastfully of his achievements among the virginia belles they thout i was a saint
i told them some sweet lies and they believed it all
i would tell them i got a letter from home stating that five of my negroes had runaway and ten of pappy 's
but i wold say i recond he did mind it for he had a plenty more left and then they would lean to me like a sore eyd kitten to a basin of milk
some of the letters were pungently expressive
an ohio soldier who from a comrade just returned from leave received an unfavorable comment on the conduct of his sister took pen in hand and delivered himself thus dear sis
alf sed he heard that you and hardy was a runing together all the time and he though he wod gust quit having any thing mor to doo with you for he thought it was no more yuse
i think you made a dam good chouise to turn off as nise a feler as alf dyer and let that orney thefin drunkard damed card playing sun of a bich com to sea you the god damed theaf and lop yeard pigen tode helion he is too orney for hel
i will shute him as shore as i sea him
initiation into combat sometimes elicited from soldier correspondents choice comments about their experiences and reactions
a federal infantryman wrote to his father shortly after his first skirmish in virginia dear pa
went out a skouting yesterday
we got to one house where there were five secessionists
they brok & run and arch holored out to shoot the ornery suns of biches and we all let go at them
thay may say what they please but godamit pa it is fun
some of the choicest remarks made by soldiers in their letters were in disparagement of unpopular officers
a mississippi soldier wrote our general reub davis is a vain stuck-up illiterate ass
an alabamian wrote col. henry is an ignoramus fit for nothing higher than the cultivation of corn
a floridian stated that his officers were fit to tote guts to a bear
on december # #### sergeant edwin h. fay an unusual louisianan who held a.b. and m.a. degrees from harvard university and who before the war was headmaster of a private school for boys in louisiana wrote his wife i saw pemberton and he is the most insignificant puke i ever saw
his head cannot contain enough sense to command a regiment much less a corps
jackson runs first and his cavalry are well drilled to follow their leader
he is worth shucks
but he is a west point graduate and therefore must be born to command
similar comments about officers are to be found in the letters of northern soldiers
a massachusetts soldier who seems to have been a civil war version of bill mauldin wrote the officers consider themselves as made of a different material from the low fellows in the ranks
they get all the glory and most of the pay and don't earn ten cents apiece on the average the drunken rascals
private george gray hunter of pennsylvania wrote i am well convinced in my own mind that had it been for officers this war would have ended long ago
another yankee became so disgusted as to state i wish to god one half of our officers were knocked in the head by slinging them against the other half
no group of officers came in for more spirited denunciation than the doctors
one federal soldier wrote the docters is no aconte hell will be filde with do(c)ters and offersey when this war is over
shortly after the beginning of sherman 's georgia campaign an ailing yank wrote his homefolk the surgeon insisted on sending me to the hospital for treatment
i insisted on takeing the field and prevailed thinking that i had better die by rebel bullets than by union quackery
the attitudes which the rebs and yanks took toward each other were very much the same and ranged over the same gamut of feeling from friendliness to extreme hatred
the rebs were to a massachusetts corporal fighting madmen or men at all but whiskey & gunpowder put into a human frame
a pennsylvania soldier wrote that they were the hardest looking set of men that ever i saw
they looked as if they had been fed on vinegar and shavings
private jenkins lloyd jones of the wisconsin light artillery wrote in his diary i strolled among the alabamans on the right found some of the greenest specimens of humanity i think in the universe their ignorance being little less than the slave they despise with as imperfect a dialect
they recooned as how you'uns all would be a heap wus to we'uns all
in a similar vein but writing from the opposite side thomas taylor a private in the #th alabama volunteers in a letter to his wife stated you know that my heart is with you but i never could have been satisfied to have staid at home when my country is invaded by a thievin foe by a set of cowardly skunks whose motto is booty
the popularity of folklore in america stands in direct proportion to the popularity of nationalism in america
and the emphasis on nationalism in america is in proportion to the growth of american influence across the world
thus if we are to observe american folklore in the twentieth century we will do well to establish the relationships between folklore nationalism and imperialism at the outset
historians have come to recognize two cardinal facts concerning nationalism and international influence
# every age rewrites the events of its history in terms of what should have been creating legends about itself that rationalize contemporary beliefs and excuse contemporary actions
what actually occurred in the past is seldom as important as what a given generation feels must have occurred
# as a country superimposes its cultural and political attitudes on others it searches its heritage in hopes of justifying its aggressiveness
its folklore and legend usually disguised as history are allowed to account for group actions to provide a focal point for group loyalty and to become a cohesive force for national identification
one can apply these facts to britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as she spread her dominion over palm and pine and they can be applied again to the united states in more recent years
the popularity of local color literature before the spanish-american war the steady currency of the lincoln myth the increased emphasis on the frontier west in our mass media are cases in point
nor is it an accident that baseball growing into the national game in the last ## years has become a microcosm of american life that learned societies such as the american folklore society and the american historical association were founded in the ####s or that courses in american literature american civilization american anything have swept our school and college curricula
of course nationalism has really outlived its usefulness in a country as world-oriented as ours and its continued existence reflects one of the major culture lags of the twentieth-century united states
yet nationalism has lost few of its charms for the historian writer or man in the street
it is an understandable paradox that most american history and most american literature is today written from an essentially egocentric and isolationistic point of view at the very time america is spreading her dominion over palm and pine
after all the average american as he lies and waits for the enemy in korea or as she scans the newspaper in some vain hope of personal contact with the front is unconcerned that his or her plight is the result of a complex of personal economic and governmental actions far beyond the normal citizen 's comprehension and control
anyone 's identification with an international struggle whether warlike or peaceful requires absurd oversimplification and intense emotional involvement
such identification comes for each group in each crisis by rewriting history into legend and developing appropriate national heroes
in america such self-deception has served a particularly useful purpose
a heterogeneous people have needed it to attain an element of cultural and political cohesion in a new and ever-changing land
but we must never forget most of the appropriate heroes and their legends were created overnight to answer immediate needs almost always with conscious aims and ends
parson weems 's george washington became the symbol of honesty and the father image of the uniting states
abraham lincoln emerged as an incarnation of the national constitution
robert e. lee represented the dignity needed by a rebelling confederacy
and their roles are paralleled by those of patrick henry nathan hale andrew jackson davy crockett theodore roosevelt and many many more
therefore the scholar as he looks at our national folklore of the last ## years will be mindful of two facts
# most of the legends that are created to fan the fires of patriotism are essentially propagandistic and are folk legends at all
# the concept that an american national folklore exists is itself probably another propagandistic legend
folklore is individually created art that a homogeneous group of people preserve vary and recreate through oral transmission
it has come to mean myths legends tales songs proverbs riddles superstitions rhymes and such literary forms of expression
related to written literature and often remaining temporarily frozen in written form it loses its vitality when transcribed or removed from its oral existence
though it may exist in either literate or illiterate societies it assumes a role of true cultural importance only in the latter
in its propagandistic and commercial haste to discover our folk heritage the public has remained ignorant of definitions such as this
enthusiastically americans have swept subliterary and bogus materials like paul bunyan tales abe lincoln anecdotes and labor union songs up as true products of our american oral tradition
nor have we remembered that in the melting pot of america the hundreds of isolated and semi-isolated ethnic regional and occupational groups did fuse into a homogeneous national unit until long after education and industrialization had caused them to cast oral tradition aside as a means of carrying culturally significant material
naturally such scholarly facts are of little concern to the man trying to make money or fan patriotism by means of folklore
that much of what he calls folklore is the result of beliefs carefully sown among the people with the conscious aim of producing a desired mass emotional reaction to a particular situation or set of situations is irrelevant
as long as his material is americana can in some way be ascribed to the masses and appears democratic to his audience he remains satisfied
from all this we can now see that two streams of development run through the history of twentieth-century american folklore
on the one side we have the university professors and their students trained in teutonic methods of research who have sought out collected and studied the true products of the oral traditions of the ethnic regional and occupational groups that make up this nation
on the other we have the flag-wavers and the national sentimentalists who have been willing to use any patriotic frontier western or colonial material willy-nilly
unfortunately few of the artists writers movie producers dramatists and musicians who have used american folklore since #### have known enough to distinguish between the two streams even in the most general of ways
after all the field is large difficult to define and seldom taught properly to american undergraduates
in addition this country has been settled by many peoples of many heritages and their lore has become acculturated slowly in an age of print and easy communication within an ever-expanding and changing society
the problems confuse even the experts
for that matter the experts themselves are a mixed breed
anthropologists housewives historians and such by profession they approach their discipline as amateurs collectors commercial propagandists analysts or some combination of the four
they have widely varying backgrounds and aims
they have little esprit de corps
the outlook for the amateur for instance is usually dependent on his fondness for local history or for the picturesque
his love of folklore has romanticism in it and he doesn't care much about the dollar-sign or the footnote
folklore is his hobby and he all too rightly wishes it to remain as such
the amateur is closely related to the collector who is actually no more than the amateur who has taken to the field
the collector enjoys the contact with rural life
he hunts folklore for the very field and stream reasons that many persons hunt game
and only rarely is he acutely concerned with the meaning of what he has located
fundamentally both these types the amateur and the collector are uncritical and many of them don't distinguish well between real folklore and bogus material
but there are also the commercial propagandists and the analysts one dominated by money the other by nineteenth-century german scholarship
both are primarily concerned with the uses that can be made of the material that the collector has found
both shudder at the thought of proceeding too far beyond the sewage system and the electric light lines
the commercial propagandist who can't afford to be critical gets along well with the amateur from whom he feeds but he frequently steps on the analyst 's toes by refusing to keep his material genuine
his standards are of course completely foreign to those of the analyst
to both the amateur and the commercial progandist the analyst lacks a soul lacks appreciation with his endless probings and classifications
dominated by the vicious circle of the university promotion system the analyst looks down on and gets along poorly with the other three groups although he cannot deny his debt to the collector
the knowledge that most americans have of folklore comes through contact with commercial propagandists and a few energetic amateurs and collectors
the work done by the analysts the men who really know what folklore is all about has no more appeal than any other work of a truly scientific sort and reaches a limited learned audience
publishers want books that will sell recording studios want discs that will seem strange to ears used to hillbilly and jazz music grade and high schools want quaint but moral material
the analyst is apt to be too honest to fit in
as a result most people don't have more than a vague idea what folklore actually is
they see it as a potpourri of charming moral legends and patriotic anecdotes with a superstition or remedy thrown in here and there
and so well is such ignorance preserved by the amateur and the money-maker that even at the college level most of the hundred-odd folklore courses given in the united states survive on sentiment and nationalism alone
if one wishes to discuss a literary figure who uses folklore in his work the first thing he must realize is that the literary figure is probably part of this ignorant american public
and while every writer must be dealt with as a special case the interested student will want to ask himself a number of questions about each
does the writer know the difference between an ersatz ballad or tall tale and a true product of the folk
when the writer uses material does he tamper with it to improve its commercial effect or does he leave it pure
is the writer propagandistic
is he swept away by sentiment and nostalgia for an america that was
or does he sincerely want to tap the real springs of american attitude and culture regardless of how unpopular and embarrassing they may be
when he gets the answers to his questions he will be discouraged
in the first place a good many writers who are said to use folklore do unless one counts an occasional superstition or tale
robert frost for instance writes about rural life in new england but he does include any significant amount of folklore in his poems
this has however prevented publishers from labeling him a folk poet simply because he is a rural one
in the second place a large number of writers making a more direct claim than frost to being folk writers of one sort or another clearly make no distinctions between genuine and bogus material
stephen vincent benet 's john brown 's body comes immediately to mind in this connection as does john steinbeck 's the grapes of wrath and carl sandburg 's the people yes
the last two writers introduce strong political bias into their works and unlike the union leaders that we will discuss soon see folklore as a reservoir of protest by a downtrodden and publically silenced mass
folklore as used by such writers really reflects images engraved into it by the very person using it
the folk are simply homogeneous with respect to nation or political attitude
in fact there is much evidence to indicate they don't care a bit about anything beyond their particular regional ethnic and occupational limits
nevertheless with a reading public that longs for the good old days and with an awareness of our expanding international interests it is easy for the benets to obtain a magnified position in literature by use of all sorts of americana real or fake and it is easy for the steinbecks and sandburgs to support their messages of reform by reading messages of reform into the minds of the folk
as part of the same arrangement torrio had in the spirit of peace and good will and in exchange for armed support in the april election campaign bestowed upon o'banion a third share in the hawthorne smoke shop proceeds and a cut in the cicero beer trade
the coalition was to prove inadvisable
o'banion was a complex and frightening man whose bright blue eyes stared with a kind of frozen candour into others'
he had a round frank irish face creased in a jovial grin that stayed bleakly in place even when he was pumping bullets into someone 's body
he carried three guns one in the right trouser pocket one under his left armpit one in the left outside coat pocket and was equally lethal with both hands
he killed accurately freely and dispassionately
the police credited him with twenty-five murders but he was never brought to trial for one of them
like a fair number of bootleggers he disliked alcohol
he was an expert florist tenderly dextrous in the arrangement of bouquets and wreaths
he had no apparent comprehension of morality
he divided humanity into right guys and wrong guys and the wrong ones he was always willing to kill and trample under
he had what was described by a psychologist as a sunny brutality
he walked with a heavy list to the right as that leg was four inches shorter than the other but the lurch did reduce his feline quickness with his guns
landesco thought him just a superior sort of plugugly but he was in fact with his aggression and hostility and nerveless indifference to risking or administering pain a casebook psychopath
he was also at this time although so interwoven in high politics and the rackets as torrio and capone the most powerful and most dangerous mob leader in the chicago underworld the roughneck king
o'banion was born in poverty the son of an immigrant irish plasterer in the north side 's little hell close by the sicilian quarter and death corner
he had been a choir boy at the holy name cathedral and also served as an acolyte to father o'brien
the influence of mass was less pervasive than that of the congested slum tenements among the bawdy houses honkytonks and sawdust saloons of his birthplace
he ran wild with the child gangs of the neighbourhood and went through the normal pressure-cooker course of thieving police-dodging and housebreaking
at the age of ten when he was working as a newsboy in the loop he was knocked down by a streetcar which resulted in his permanently shortened leg
because of this he was known as gimpy but as with capone and his nickname of scarface never in his presence
in his teens o'banion was enrolled in the vicious market street gang and he became a singing waiter in mcgovern 's cafe a notoriously low and rowdy dive in north clark street where befuddled customers were methodically looted of their money by the singing waiters before being thrown out
he then got a job with the chicago herald-examiner as a circulation slugger a rough fighter employed to see that his paper 's news pitches were trespassed upon by rival vendors
he was also at the same time gaining practical experience as a safe breaker and highwayman and learning how to shoot to kill from a neanderthal convicted murderer named gene geary later committed to chester asylum as a homicidal maniac but whose eyes misted with tears when the young dion sang a ballad about an irish mother in his clear and syrupy tenor
o'banion 's first conflict with the police came in #### at seventeen when he was committed to bridewell prison for three months for burglary
two years later he served another three months for assault
those were his only interludes behind bars although he collected four more charges on his police record in #### and #### three for burglary and one for robbery
but by now o'banion 's political pull was beginning to be effective
on the occasion of his #### indictment the $##,### bond was furnished by an alderman and the charge was nolle prossed
on one of his #### ventures he was actually come upon by a detective sergeant john j. ryan down on his knees with a tool embedded in a labour office safe in the postal telegraph building
the jury wanted better evidence than that and he was acquitted at a cost of $##,### in bribes it was estimated
as promptly as torrio o'banion jumped into bootlegging
he conducted it with less diplomacy and more spontaneous violence than the sicilians but he had his huge north side portion to exploit and he made a great deal of money
unlike the sicilians he additionally conducted holdups robberies and safe-cracking expeditions and refused to touch prostitution
he was also personally active in ward politics and by #### o'banion had acquired sufficient political might to be able to state i always deliver my borough as per requirements
but whose requirements
until #### o'banion pistoleers and knuckle-duster bullyboys had kept his north side domain solidly democratic
there was a question-and-answer gag that went around at that time q. who'll carry the forty-second and forty-third wards
a. o'banion in his pistol pocket
but as november #### drew close the democratic hierarchy was sorely troubled by grapevine reports that o'banion was being wooed by the opposition and was meeting and conferring with important republicans
to forestall any change of allegiance the democrats hastily organised a testimonial banquet for o'banion as public reward for his past services and as a reminder of where his loyalties lay
the reception was held in a private dining room of the webster hotel on lincoln park west
it was an interesting fraternisation of ex-convicts union racketeers ward heelers sold-out officials and gunmen
the guest list is in itself a little parable of the state of american civic life at this time
it included the top o'banion men and chief of detectives michael hughes
when mayor dever heard of the banquet he summoned hughes for an explanation of why he had been dishonouring the police department by consorting with these felons and fixers
hughes said that he had understood the party was to be in honour of jerry o'connor the proprieter of a loop gambling house
but when i arrived and recognised a number of notorious characters i had thrown into the detective bureau basement half a dozen times i knew i had been framed and withdrew almost at once
in fact o'connor was honoured during the ceremony with the presentation of a $#### diamond stickpin
there was a brief interruption while one of o'banion 's men jerked out both his guns and threatened to shoot a waiter who was pestering him for a tip
then o'banion was presented with a platinum watch set with rubies and diamonds
this dinner was the start of a new blatancy in the relationship between the gangs and the politicians which prior to #### says pasley had been maintained with more or less stealth but which henceforth was marked by these ostentatious gatherings denounced by a clergyman as belshazzar feasts at which politicians fraternized cheek by jowl with gangsters openly in the big downtown hotels
pasley continued they became an institution of the chicago scene and marked the way to the moral and financial collapse of the municipal and county governments in ####-##
however this inaugural feast did its sponsors no good whatever
o'banion accepted his platinum watch and the tributes to his loyalty and proceeded with the bigger and better republican deal
on election day november # he energetically marshalled his force of bludgeon men bribers and experts in forging repeat votes
the result was a landslide for the republican candidates
this further demonstration of o'banion 's ballooning power did please torrio and capone
in the past year there had been too many examples of his euphoric self-confidence and self-aggrandisement for their liking
he behaved publicly with a cocky swaggering truculence that offended their vulpine latin minds and behaved towards them personally with an unimpressed insolence that enraged them beneath their blandness
they were disturbed by his idiotic bravado as when his bodyguard yankee schwartz complained that he had been snubbed by dave miller a prize-fight referee chieftain of a jewish gang and one of four brothers of tough reputation who were hirschey a gambler-politician in loose beer-running league with torrio and o'banion frank a policeman and max the youngest
to settle this slight o'banion went down to the la salle theatre in the loop where he had learned dave miller was attending the opening of a musical comedy
at the end of the performance dave and max came out into the brilliantly lit foyer among a surge of gowned and tuxedoed first nighters
o'banion drew his guns and fired at dave severely wounding him in the stomach
a second bullet ricocheted off max 's belt buckle leaving him unhurt but in some distress
o'banion tucked away his gun and walked out of the theatre
he was neither prosecuted nor even arrested
that sort of braggadocio for that sort of reason in the view of torrio and capone was a nonsense
a further example of the incompatible difference in personalities was when two policemen held up a torrio beer convoy on a west side street and demanded $### to let it through
one of the beer-runners telephoned o'banion on a line tapped by the detective bureau and reported the situation
o'banion 's reaction was three hundred dollars
to them bums
why i can get them knocked off for half that much
upon which the detective bureau despatched rifle squads to prevent trouble if o'banion should send his gunmen out to deal with the hijacking policemen
but in the meantime the beer-runner unhappy with this solution telephoned torrio and returned to o'banion with the message say dionie i just been talking to johnny and he said to let them cops have the three hundred
he says he don't want no trouble
but torrio and capone had graver cause to hate and distrust the irishman
for three years since the liquor territorial conference torrio had with his elastic patience and because he knew that retaliation could cause only violent warfare and disaster to business tolerated o'banion 's impudent double-crossing
they had suffered in sulky silence the sight of his sharp practice in cicero
when as a diplomatic gesture of amity and in payment for the loan of gunmen in the april election torrio had given o'banion a slice of cicero the profits from that district had been $##,### a month
in six months o'banion had boosted the profits to $###,### a month mainly by bringing pressure to bear on fifty chicago speak-easy proprietors to shift out to the suburb
these booze customers had until then been buying their supplies from the sheldon saltis-mcerlane and druggan-lake gangs and now they were competing for trade with the torrio-capone saloons
once again o'banion 's brash recklessness had caused a proliferation of ill will
the revenue from o'banion 's cicero territory went up still higher until the yield was more than the torrio-capone takings from the far bigger trade area of chicago 's south and west sides
but he still showed no intention of sharing with the syndicate
at last even the controlled torrio was unable to hold still and he tentatively suggested that o'banion should take a percentage in the stickney brothels in return for one from his cicero beer concession
o'banion 's reply was a raucous laugh and a flat refusal
still more jealous bitterness was engendered by the o'banion gang 's seizure from a west side marshalling yard of a freight-car load of canadian whisky worth $###,### and by one of the biggest coups of the prohibition era the sibley warehouse robbery which became famous for the cool brazenness of the operation
here was stored $#,###,### worth of bonded whisky
these #### cases were carted off in a one-night operation by the o'banion men who left in their stead the same number of barrels filled with water
a tsunami may be started by a sea bottom slide an earthquake or a volcanic eruption
the most infamous of all was launched by the explosion of the island of krakatoa in ####
it raced across the pacific at ### miles an hour devastated the coasts of java and sumatra with waves ### to ### feet high and pounded the shore as far away as san francisco
the ancient greeks recorded several catastrophic inundations by huge waves
whether or plato 's tale of the lost continent of atlantis is true skeptics concede that the myth may have some foundation in a great tsunami of ancient times
indeed a tremendously destructive tsunami that arose in the arabian sea in #### has even revived the interest of geologists and archaeologists in the biblical story of the flood
one of the most damaging tsunami on record followed the famous lisbon earthquake of november # ####
its waves persisted for a week and were felt as far away as the english coast
tsunami are rare however in the atlantic ocean
they are far more common in the pacific
japan has had ## destructive ones eight of them disastrous since ####
the hawaiian islands are struck severely an average of once every ## years
in #### an earthquake in japan generated waves so huge that they piled into the inland sea
one wave swamped more than #,### ships and boats in osaka bay
a tsunami in the hawaiian islands in #### washed away an entire town ponoluu leaving only two forlorn trees standing where the community had been
in #### a japanese tsunami killed ##,### people and swept away ##,### homes
the dimensions of these waves dwarf all our usual standards of measurement
an ordinary sea wave is rarely more than a few hundred feet long from crest to crest no longer than ### feet in the atlantic or #,### feet in the pacific
but a tsunami often extends more than ### miles and sometimes as much as ### miles from crest to crest
while a wind wave never travels at more than ## miles per hour the velocity of a tsunami in the open sea must be reckoned in hundreds of miles per hour
the greater the depth of the water the greater is the speed of the wave
lagrange 's law says that its velocity is equal to the square root of the product of the depth times the acceleration due to gravity
in the deep waters of the pacific these waves reach a speed of ### miles per hour
tsunami are so shallow in comparison with their length that in the open ocean they are hardly detectable
their amplitude sometimes is as little as two feet from trough to crest
usually it is only when they approach shallow water on the shore that they build up to their terrifying heights
on the fateful day in #### when the great waves approached japan fishermen at sea noticed no unusual swells
until they sailed home at the end of the day through a sea strewn with bodies and the wreckage of houses were they aware of what had happened
the seemingly quiet ocean had crashed a wall of water from ## to ### feet high upon beaches crowded with bathers drowning thousands of them and flattening villages along the shore
the giant waves are more dangerous on flat shores than on steep ones
they usually range from ## to ## feet in height but when they pour into a v-shaped inlet or harbor they may rise to mountainous proportions
generally the first salvo of a tsunami is a rather sharp swell different enough from an ordinary wave to alarm casual observers
this is followed by a tremendous suck of water away from the shore as the first great trough arrives
reefs are left high and dry and the beaches are covered with stranded fish
at hilo large numbers of people ran out to inspect the amazing spectacle of the denuded beach
many of them paid for their curiosity with their lives for some minutes later the first giant wave roared over the shore
after an earthquake in japan in #### people on the coast at tugaru were so terrified by the extraordinary ebbing of the sea that they scurried to higher ground
when a second quake came they dashed back to the beach fearing that they might be buried under landslides
just as they reached the shore the first huge wave crashed upon them
a tsunami is a single wave but a series
the waves are separated by intervals of ## minutes to an hour or more because of their great length and this has often lulled people into thinking after the first great wave has crashed that it is all over
the waves may keep coming for many hours
usually the third to the eighth waves in the series are the biggest
among the observers of the #### tsunami at hilo was francis p. shepard of the scripps institution of oceanography one of the world 's foremost marine geologists
he was able to make a detailed inspection of the waves
their onrush and retreat he reported was accompanied by a great hissing roaring and rattling
the third and fourth waves seemed to be the highest
on some of the islands' beaches the waves came in gently
they were steepest on the shores facing the direction of the seaquake from which the waves had come
in hilo bay they were from ## to ## feet high
the highest waves ## feet occurred at pololu valley
scientists and fishermen have occasionally seen strange by-products of the phenomenon
during a #### tsunami in japan the sea glowed brilliantly at night
the luminosity of the water is now believed to have been caused by the stimulation of vast numbers of the luminescent organism noctiluca miliaris by the turbulence of the sea
japanese fishermen have sometimes observed that sardines hauled up in their nets during a tsunami have enormously swollen stomachs
the fish have swallowed vast numbers of bottom-living diatoms raised to the surface by the disturbance
the waves of a #### tsunami in sagami bay brought to the surface and battered to death huge numbers of fishes that normally live at a depth of #,### feet
gratified fishermen hauled them in by the thousands
the tsunami-warning system developed since the #### disaster in hawaii relies mainly on a simple and ingenious instrument devised by commander c. k. green of the coast and geodetic survey staff
it consists of a series of pipes and a pressure-measuring chamber which record the rise and fall of the water surface
ordinary water tides are disregarded
but when waves with a period of between ## and ## minutes begin to roll over the ocean they set in motion a corresponding oscillation in a column of mercury which closes an electric circuit
this in turn sets off an alarm notifying the observers at the station that a tsunami is in progress
such equipment has been installed at hilo midway attu and dutch harbor
the moment the alarm goes off information is immediately forwarded to honolulu which is the center of the warning system
this center also receives prompt reports on earthquakes from four coast survey stations in the pacific which are equipped with seismographs
its staff makes a preliminary determination of the epicenter of the quake and alerts tide stations near the epicenter for a tsunami
by means of charts showing wave-travel times and depths in the ocean at various locations it is possible to estimate the rate of approach and probable time of arrival at hawaii of a tsunami getting under way at any spot in the pacific
the civil and military authorities are then advised of the danger and they issue warnings and take all necessary protective steps
all of these activities are geared to a top-priority communication system and practice tests have been held to assure that everything will work smoothly
since the #### disaster there have been ## tsunami in the pacific but only one was of any consequence
on november # #### an earthquake occurred under the sea off the kamchatka peninsula
at ##:## that afternoon greenwich time the shock was recorded by the seismograph alarm in honolulu
the warning system immediately went into action
within about an hour with the help of reports from seismic stations in alaska arizona and california the quake 's epicenter was placed at ## degrees north latitude and ### degrees east longitude
while accounts of the progress of the tsunami came in from various points in the pacific midway reported it was covered with nine feet of water the hawaiian station made its calculations and notified the military services and the police that the first big wave would arrive at honolulu at ##:## greenwich time
it turned out that the waves were so high as in ####
they hurled a cement barge against a freighter in honolulu harbor knocked down telephone lines marooned automobiles flooded lawns killed six cows
but a single human life was lost and property damage in the hawaiian islands did exceed $###,###
there is little doubt that the warning system saved lives and reduced the damage
but it is plain that a warning system however efficient is enough
in the vulnerable areas of the pacific there should be restrictions against building homes on exposed coasts or at least a requirement that they be either raised off the ground or anchored strongly against waves
the key to the world of geology is change
nothing remains the same
life has evolved from simple combinations of molecules in the sea to complex combinations in man
the land too is changing and earthquakes are daily reminders of this
earthquakes result when movements in the earth twist rocks until they break
sometimes this is accompanied by visible shifts of the ground surface
often the shifts cannot be seen but they are there
and everywhere can be found scars of earlier breaks once deeply buried
today 's earthquakes are most numerous in belts where the earth 's restlessness is presently concentrated but scars of the past show that there is no part of the earth that has had them
the effects of earthquakes on civilization have been widely publicized even overemphasized
the role of an earthquake in starting the destruction of whole cities is tremendously frightening but fire may actually be the principal agent in a particular disaster
superstition has often blended with fact to color reports
we have learned from earthquakes much of what we now know about the earth 's interior for they send waves through the earth which emerge with information about the materials through which they have traveled
these waves have shown that #,### miles below the surface a liquid core begins and that it in turn has a solid inner core
earthquakes originate as far as ### miles below the surface but they do occur at greater depths
two unsolved mysteries are based on these facts
# as far down as ### miles below the surface the material should be hot enough to be plastic and adjust itself to twisting forces by sluggish flow rather than by breaking as rigid surface rocks do
# if earthquakes do occur at such depths why deeper
knowledge gained from studying earthquake waves has been applied in various fields
in the search for oil and gas we make similar waves under controlled conditions with dynamite and learn from them where there are buried rock structures favorable to the accumulation of these resources
we have also developed techniques for recognizing and locating underground nuclear tests through the waves in the ground which they generate
the following discussion of this subject has been adapted from the book causes of catastrophe by l. don leet
the restless earth and its interior
at twelve minutes after five on the morning of wednesday april ## #### san francisco was shaken by a severe earthquake
a sharp tremor was followed by a jerky roll
in ireland 's county limerick near the river shannon there is a quiet little suburb by the name of garryowen which means garden of owen
undoubtedly none of the residents realize the influence their town has had on american military history or the deeds of valor that have been done in its name
the cry garryowen
bursting from the lips of a charging cavalry trooper was the last sound heard on this earth by untold numbers of cheyennes sioux and apaches mexican banditos under pancho villa japanese in the south pacific and chinese and north korean communists in korea
garryowen is the battle cry of the #th u.s. cavalry regiment the fighting seventh
today a battle cry may seem an anachronism for in the modern army esprit de corps has been sacrificed to organizational charts and tables
but don't tell that to a veteran of the fighting seventh especially in a saloon on saturday night
of all the thousands of men who have served in the #th cav perhaps no one knows its spirit better than lieutenant colonel melbourne c. chandler
wiry and burr-headed with steel blue eyes and a chest splattered with medals chandler is the epitome of the old-time trooper
the truth is however that when mel chandler first reported to the regiment the only steed he had ever ridden was a swivel chair and the only weapon he had ever wielded was a pencil
chandler had been commissioned in the medical service corps and was serving as a personnel officer for the kansas city medical depot when he decided that if he was going to make the army his career he wanted to be in the fighting part of it
though he knew no more about military science and tactics than any other desk officer he managed to get transferred to the combat forces
the next thing he knew he was reporting for duty as commanding officer of troop h #th cavalry in the middle of corps maneuvers in japan
outside of combat he couldn't have landed in a tougher spot
first of all no unit likes to have a new co brought in from the outside especially when he 's an armchair trooper
second if there is ever a perfect time to pull the rug out from under him it 's on maneuvers
in combat helping your co make a fool of himself might mean getting yourself killed
but in maneuvers with the top brass watching him all the time it 's easy
chandler understood this and expected the worst
but his first few days with troop h were full of surprises beginning with first sergeant robert early
chandler had expected a tough old trooper with a gravel voice
instead sergeant early was quiet sharp and confident
he had enlisted in the army straight out of high school and had immediately set about learning his new trade
there was no weapon early could take apart and reassemble blind-folded
he could lead a patrol and he knew his paper work
further he had taken full advantage of the army 's correspondence courses
he only knew soldiering but mathematics history and literature as well
but for all his erudite confidence sergeant early was right out of the garryowen mold
he was filled with the spirit of the fighting seventh
that saved mel chandler
sergeant early let the new co know just how lucky he was to be in the best troop in the best regiment in the united states army
he fed the captain bits of history about the troops and the regiment
for example it was a battalion of the #th cavalry under colonel george armstrong custer that had been wiped out at the battle of the little big horn
it didn't take captain chandler long to realize that he had to carry a heavy load of tradition on his shoulders as commander of troop aj
but what made the load lighter was the realization that every officer non-com and trooper was ready and willing to help him carry it for the good of the troop and the regiment
maneuvers over the #th returned to garrison duty in tokyo captain chandler still with them
it was the #th cavalry whose troopers were charged with guarding the imperial palace of the emperor
but still mel chandler was completely convinced that men would really die for a four-syllable word garryowen
the final proof was a small incident
it happened at the st. patrick 's day party a big affair for a regiment which had gone into battle for over three-quarters of a century to the strains of an irish march
in the middle of the party chandler looked up to see four smiling faces bearing down upon him each beaming above the biggest greenest shamrock he had ever seen
the faces belonged to lieutenant marvin goulding his wife and their two children
and when the singing began it was the gouldings who sang the old irish songs the best
though there was an occasional good-natured chuckle about marvin goulding the jewish officer from chicago singing tearfully about the ould sod no one really thought it was strange
for marvin goulding like giovanni martini the bugler boy who carried custer 's last message or margarito lopez the one-man army on leyte was a garryowen through and through
it was no coincidence that goulding was one of the most beloved platoon leaders in the regiment
and so mel chandler got the spirit of garryowen
he set out to keep troop h the best troop in the best regiment
one of his innovations was to see to it that every man cook and clerk as well as rifleman qualified with every weapon in the troop
even the mess sergeant bill brown a dapper cocky transfer from an airborne division went out on the range
the troop received a new leader lieutenant robert m. carroll fresh out of rotc and bucking for regular army status
carroll was sharp and military but he was up against tough competition for that ra berth and he wanted to play it cool
so mel chandler set out to sell him on the spirit of garryowen just as he himself had been sold a short time before
when the korean war began on june ## #### the anniversary of the day custer had gone down fighting at the little big horn and the day the regiment had assaulted the beachhead of leyte during world war # the #th cavalry was in the best fighting condition
its entire complement of non-commissioned officers on the platoon level had departed as cadre for another unit and its vehicles were still those used in the drive across luzon in world war #
just a month after the korean war broke out the #th cavalry was moving into the lines ready for combat
from then on the fighting seventh was in the thick of the bitterest fighting in korea
one night on the naktong river mel chandler called on that fabled esprit de corps
the regiment was dug in on the east side of the river and the north koreans were steadily building up a concentration of crack troops on the other side
the troopers knew an attack was coming but they didn't know when and they didn't know where
at # o'clock on the morning of august ## they were in doubt no longer
then it came against troop aj
the enemy had filtered across the river during the night and a full force of #### men armed with russian machine guns attacked the position held by chandler 's men
they came in waves
first came the cannon fodder white-clad civilians being driven into death as a massive human battering ram
they were followed by crack north korean troops who mounted one charge after another
they overran the #th cav 's forward machine-gun positions through sheer weight of numbers over piles of their own dead
another force flanked the company and took up a position on a hill to the rear
captain chandler saw that it was building up strength
he assembled a group of ## men composed of wounded troopers awaiting evacuation the company clerk supply men cooks and drivers and led them to the hill
one of the more seriously wounded was lieutenant carroll the young officer bucking for the regular army
chandler left carroll at the bottom of the hill to direct any reinforcements he could find to the fight
then mel chandler started up the hill
he took one step two broke into a trot and then into a run
the first thing he knew the words garryowen
burst from his throat
his followers shouted the old battle cry after him and charged the hill firing as they ran
the koreans fell back but regrouped at the top of the hill and pinned down the cavalrymen with a screen of fire
chandler looking to right and left to see how his men were faring suddenly saw another figure bounding up the hill hurling grenades and hollering the battle cry as he ran
it was bob carroll who had suddenly found himself imbued with the spirit of garryowen
he had formed his own task force of three stragglers and led them up the hill in a fighting seventh charge
because of this diversionary attack the main group that had been pinned down on the hill was able to surge forward again
but an enemy grenade hit carroll in the head and detonated simultaneously
he went down like a wet rag and the attackers hit the dirt in the face of the withering enemy fire
enemy reinforcements came pouring down seeking a soft spot
they found it at the junction between troops h and g and prepared to counterattack
marvin goulding saw what was happening
he turned to his platoon
okay men he said
goulding leaped to his feet and started forward garryowen
on his lips his men following
but the bullets whacked home before he finished his battle cry and marvin goulding fell dead
for an instant his men hesitated unable to believe that their lieutenant the most popular officer in the regiment was dead
then they let out a bellow of anguish and rage and cursing screaming and hollering garryowen
they charged into the enemy like wild men
that finished the job that captain chandler and lieutenant carroll had begun
goulding 's platoon pushed back the enemy soldiers and broke up the timing of the entire enemy attack
reinforcements came up quickly to take advantage of the opening made by goulding 's platoon
the north koreans threw away their guns and fled across the rice paddies
artillery and air strikes were called in to kill them by the hundreds
though bob carroll seemed to have had his head practically blown off by the exploding grenade he lived
today he is a major in the regular army
so filled was mel chandler with the spirit of garryowen that after korea was over he took on the job of writing the complete history of the regiment
after years of digging nights and weekends he put together the big profusely illustrated book of garryowen and glory which is probably the most complete history of any military unit
the battle of the naktong river is just one example of how the battle cry and the spirit of the fighting seventh have paid off
for nearly a century the cry has never failed to rally the fighting men of the regiment
take the case of major marcus a. reno who survived the battle of the little big horn in ####
from the enlisted men he pistol-whipped to the subordinate officer whose wife he tried to rape a lot of men had plenty of reason heartily to dislike marcus reno
many of his fellow officers refused to speak to him
but when a board of inquiry was called to look into the charges of cowardice made against him the men who had seen reno leave the battlefield and the officer who had heard reno suggest that the wounded be left to be tortured by the sioux refused to say a harsh word against him
he was a member of the fighting seventh
although it was at the battle of the little horn about which more words have been written than any other battle in american history that the #th cavalry first made its mark in history the regiment was ten years old by then
brevet major general george armstrong custer was the regiment 's first permanent commander and like such generals as george s. patton and terry de la mesa allen in their rise to military prominence custer was a believer in blood and guts warfare
during the civil war custer who achieved a brilliant record was made brigadier general at the age of ##
he finished the war as a major general commanding a full division and at ## was the youngest major general in the history of the u.s. army
i do mean to suggest that these assumptions are self-evident in the sense that everyone agrees with them
if they were walter lippmann would be writing the same columns as george sokolsky and herb lock would have nothing to draw cartoons about
i do mean however that i take them for granted and that everything i shall be saying would appear quite idiotic against any contrary assumptions
assumption # .
the ultimate objective of american policy is to help establish a world in which there is the largest possible measure of freedom and justice and peace and material prosperity
and in particular since this is our special responsibility that these conditions be enjoyed by the people of the united states
i speak of the largest possible measure because any person who supposes that these conditions can be universally and perfectly achieved ever reckons without the inherent imperfectability of himself and his fellow human beings and is therefore a dangerous man to have around
assumption # .
these conditions are unobtainable are even approachable in the qualified sense i have indicated without the prior defeat of world communism
this is true for two reasons because communism is both doctrinally and in practice antithetical to these conditions
and because communists have the will and as long as soviet power remains intact the capacity to prevent their realization
moreover as communist power increases the enjoyment of these conditions throughout the world diminishes pro rata and the possibility of their restoration becomes increasingly remote
assumption # .
it follows that victory over communism is the dominant proximate goal of american policy
proximate in the sense that there are more distant more positive ends we seek to which victory over communism is but a means
but dominant in the sense that every other objective no matter how worthy intrinsically must defer to it
peace is a worthy objective
but if we must choose between peace and keeping the communists out of berlin then we must fight
freedom in the sense of self-determination is a worthy objective
but if granting self-determination to the algerian rebels entails sweeping that area into the sino-soviet orbit then algerian freedom must be postponed
justice is a worthy objective
but if justice for bantus entails driving the government of the union of south africa away from the west then the bantus must be prepared to carry their identification cards yet a while longer
prosperity is a worthy objective
but if providing higher standards of living gets in the way of producing sufficient guns to resist communist aggression then material sacrifices and denials will have to be made
it may be of course that such objectives can be pursued consisently with a policy designed to overthrow communism
my point is that where conflicts arise they must always be resolved in favor of achieving the indispensable condition for a tolerant world the absence of soviet communist power
the uses of power
this much having been said the question remains whether we have the resources for the job we have to do defeat communism and if so how those resources ought to be used
this brings us squarely to the problem of power and the uses a nation makes of power
i submit that this is the key problem of international relations that it always has been that it always will be
and i suggest further that the main cause of the trouble we are in has been the failure of american policy-makers ever since we assumed free world leadership in #### to deal with this problem realistically and seriously
in the recent political campaign two charges were leveled affecting the question of power and i think we might begin by trying to put them into proper focus
one was demonstrably false
the other for the most part true
the first was that america had become or was in danger of becoming a second-rate military power
i know i do have to dwell here on the absurdity of that contention
you may have misgivings about certain aspects of our military establishment i certainly do but you know any comparison of over-all american strength with over-all soviet strength finds the united states only superior but so superior both in present weapons and in the development of new ones that our advantage promises to be a permanent feature of u.s.-soviet relations for the foreseeable future
i have often searched for a graphic way of impressing our superiority on those americans who have doubts and i think mr. jameson campaigne has done it well in his new book american might and soviet myth
suppose he says that the tables were turned and we were in the soviets' position there would be more than #,### modern soviet fighters all better than ours stationed at ### bases in mexico and the caribbean
overwhelming russian naval power would always be within a few hundred miles of our coast
half of the population of the u.s. would be needed to work on arms just to feed the people
add this to the unrest in the countries around us where oppressed peoples would be ready to turn on us at the first opportunity
add also a comparatively primitive industrial plant which would severely limit our capacity to keep abreast of the soviets even in the missile field which is reputed to be our main strength
if we look at the situation this way we can get an idea of khrushchev 's nightmarish worries or at least of the worries he might have if his enemies were disposed to exploit their advantage
the other charge was that america 's political position in the world has progressively deteriorated in recent years
the contention needs to be formulated with much greater precision than it ever was during the campaign but once that has been done i fail to see how any serious student of world affairs can quarrel with it
the argument was typically advanced in terms of u.s. prestige
prestige however is only a minor part of the problem
and even then it is a concept that can be highly misleading
prestige is a measure of how other people think of you well or ill
but contrary to what was implied during the campaign prestige is surely important for its own sake
only the vain and incurably sentimental among us will lose sleep simply because foreign peoples are as impressed by our strength as they ought to be
the thing to lose sleep over is what people having concluded that we are weaker than we are are likely to do about it
the evidence suggests that foreign peoples believe the united states is weaker than the soviet union and is bound to fall still further behind in the years ahead
this ignorant estimate i repeat is of any interest in itself
but it becomes very important if foreign peoples react the way human beings typically do namely by taking steps to end up on what appears to be the winning side
to the extent then that declining u.s. prestige means that other nations will be tempted to place their bets on an ultimate american defeat and will thus be more vulnerable to soviet intimidation there is reason for concern
still these guesses about the outcome of the struggle cannot be as important as the actual power relationship between the soviet union and ourselves
here i do speak of military power where our advantage is obvious and overwhelming but of political power of influence if you will about which the relevant questions are is soviet influence throughout the world greater or less than it was ten years ago
and is western influence greater or less than it used to be
in answering these questions we need to ask merely whether communist troops have crossed over into territories they did occupy before and merely whether disciplined agents of the cominform are in control of governments from which they were formerly excluded the success of communism 's war against the west does depend on such spectacular and definitive conquests
success may mean merely the displacement of western influence
communist political warfare we must remember is waged insidiously and in deliberate stages
fearful of inviting a military showdown with the west which they could win the communists seek to undermine western power where the nuclear might of the west is irrelevant in backwoods guerrilla skirmishes in mob uprisings in the streets in parliaments in clandestine meetings of undercover conspirators at the united nations on the propaganda front at diplomatic conferences preferably at the highest level
the soviets understand moreover that the first step in turning a country toward communism is to turn it against the west
thus typically the first stage of a communist takeover is to neutralize a country
the second stage is to retain the nominal classification of neutralist while in fact turning the country into an active advocate and adherent of soviet policy
and this may be as far as the process will go
the kremlin 's goal is the isolation and capture of ghana but of the united states and this purpose may be served very well by countries that masquerade under a neutralist mask yet in fact are dependable auxiliaries of the soviet foreign office
to recite the particulars of recent soviet successes is hardly reassuring
six years ago french indochina though in troubie was in the western camp
today northern vietnam is overtly communist
laos is teetering between communism and pro-communist neutralism
cambodia is for all practical purposes neutralist
indonesia in the early days of the republic leaned toward the west
today sukarno 's government is heavily besieged by avowed communists and for all of its neutralist pretensions it is a firm ally of soviet policy
ceylon has moved from a pro-western orientation to a neutralism openly hostile to the west
in the middle east iraq syria and egypt were a short while ago in the western camp
today the nasser and kassem governments are adamantly hostile to the west are dependent for their military power on soviet equipment and personnel
in almost every particular follow the kremlin 's foreign policy line
a short time ago all africa was a western preserve
never mind whether the kikiyus and the bantus enjoyed wilsonian self-determination the point is that in the struggle for the world that vast land mass was under the domination and influence of the west
today africa is swerving violently away from the west and plunging it would seem into the soviet orbit
latin america was once an area as safe for the west as nebraska was for nixon
today it is up for grabs
one latin american country cuba has become a soviet bridgehead ninety miles off our coast
in some countries the trend has gone further than others mexico panama and venezuela are displaying open sympathy for castroism and there is no country save the dominican republic whose funeral services we recently arranged where castroism and anti-americanism does prevent the government from unqualifiedly espousing the american cause
only in europe have our lines remained firm and there only on the surface
the strains of neutralism are running strong notably in england and even in germany
what have we to show by way of counter-successes
we have had opportunities clear invitations to plant our influence on the other side of the iron curtain
there was the hungarian revolution which we praised and mourned but did nothing about
there was the polish revolution which we misunderstood and then helped guide along a course favorable to soviet interests
there was the revolution in tibet which we pretended did exist
only in one instance have we moved purposively and effectively to dislodge existing communist power in guatemala
and contrary to what has been said recently we did wait for outside pressures and world opinion to bring down that communist government
we moved decisively to effect an anti-communist coup d'etat
we served our national interests and by so doing we saved the guatemalan people the ultimate in human misery
the first rattle of the machine guns at #:## in the evening roused around me the varied voices and faces of fear
sounds exactly like last time
the young man spoke steadily enough but all at once he looked grotesquely unshaven
the middle-aged man said over and over why did i come here why did i come here
then he was sick
amid the crackle of small arms and automatic weapons i heard the thumping of mortars
then the lights went out
this was my second day in vientiane the administrative capital of laos and my thoughts were none too brave
where was my flashlight
where should i go
to my room
better stay in the hotel lobby where the walls looked good and thick
chinese and indian merchants across the street were slamming their steel shutters
hotel attendants pulled parked bicycles into the lobby
a woman with a small boy slipped in between them
please she said please
she held out her hand to show that she had money
the american newspaperman worried about getting to the cable office
but what was the story
had the communist-led pathet lao finally come this far
or was it another revolt inside vientiane
let 's play hero i said
let 's go to the roof and see
gunfire saves the moon
by #:## the answer was plain
there had been an eclipse of the moon
a traditional lao explanation is that the moon was being swallowed by a toad and the remedy was to make all possible noise ideally with firearms
the din was successful too for just before the moon disappeared the frightened toad had begun to spit it out again which meant good luck all around
how quaint it all seemed the next day
a restaurant posted a reminder to patrons who became excited and left without paying their checks
but everyone i met had sought cover first and asked questions later
and no wonder for vientiane the old city of sandalwood had become the city of bullet holes
i saw holes in planes at the airport and in cars in the streets
along the main thoroughfares hardly a house had been peppered
in place of the police headquarters was a new square filled with rubble
mortars had demolished the defense ministry and set fire to the american embassy next door
what had been the ambassador 's suite was now jagged walls of blackened brick
this damage had been done in the battle of vientiane fought less than three months earlier when four successive governments had ruled here in three days december #-## ####
and now in march all laos suffered a state of siege
the pathet lao forces held two northern provinces and openly took the offensive in three more
throughout the land their hit-and-run terrorists spread fear of ambush and death
and it 's all the more tragic because it 's so little deserved said mr. j. j. a. frans a belgian official of the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization
we talked after i hailed his jeep marked with the u.n. flag
practically all the people of laos he explained about two million of them are rice farmers and the means and motives of modern war are as strange to them as clocks and steel plows
they look after their fields and children and water buffaloes in ten or eleven thousand villages with an average of ### souls
nobody can tell more closely how many villages there are
they spread over an area no larger than oregon
yet they include peoples as different from one another as oregonians are from patagonians
life must be kept in harmony
what matters here is family loyalty
faith in the buddha and staying at peace with the phis the spirits
and to live in harmony with nature
harmony in laos
precisely said mr. frans
he spoke of the season of dryness and dust brought by the monsoon from the northeast in harmony with the season of rain and mud brought by the monsoon from the southwest
the slim pirogues in harmony with the majestically meandering mekong river
shy slender-waisted girls at the loom in harmony with the frangipani by the wayside
even life in harmony with death
for so long as death was violent it was natural and to be welcomed making a funeral a feast
to many a frenchman they came ## years ago colonized and stayed until laos became independent in #### the land had been even more delightfully tranquil than tahiti
yet laos was now one of the most explosive headaches of statesmen around the globe
the pathet lao stiffened by communist veterans from neighboring north viet nam were supplied by soviet aircraft
the royal lao army on the other hand was paid and equipped with american funds
in six years u.s. aid had amounted to more than $#.## for each american a total of three hundred million dollars
we were there at a moment when the situation in laos threatened to ignite another war among the world 's giants
even if it did how would this little world of gentle people cope with its new reality of grenades and submachine guns
to find out we traveled throughout that part of laos still nominally controlled in the daytime at least by the royal lao army from attopeu the city of buffalo dung in the southeast to muong sing the city of lions in the northwest close to communist china map page ###
we rode over roads so rough that our jeep came to rest atop the soil between ruts all four wheels spinning uselessly
we flew in rickety planes so overloaded that we wondered why they didn't crash
in the end we ran into communist artillery fire
we were bill garrett of the national geographic illustrations staff whose three cameras and eight lenses made him look as formidable as any fighting man we met
boun my our interpreter
boun my the name means one who has a boun a celebration and is therefore lucky was born in savannakhet the border of paradise
he had attended three universities in the united states
but he had never seen the mountainous half of his native land north of vientiane including the royal capital luang prabang
before the airplanes came he said travel in laos was just about impossible
prime minister moves fast
alas so it almost proved for us too
to go outside the few cities required permits
and getting them seemed a life 's work
nobody wanted americans to be hurt or captured and few soldiers could be spared as escorts
we were told that to the pathet lao a kidnaped american was worth at least $### a fortune in laos
everyone had heard of the american contractor who had spurned an escort
now pathet lao propagandists were reported marching him barefoot from village to village as evidence of evil american intervention
although we enjoyed our rounds of the government offices in vientiane with officials offering tea and pleasing conversation in french we were getting nowhere
we had nearly decided that all the tales of lao lethargy must be true when we were invited to take a trip with the prime minister
could we be ready in ## minutes
his highness had decided only two hours ago to go out of town and he was eager to be off
prince wears ten-gallon hat
and so after a flight southeast to savannakhet we found ourselves bouncing along in a jeep right behind the land-rover of prince boun oum of champassak a tall man of churchillian mien in a bush jacket and a ten-gallon hat from texas
from his shoulder bag peeked the seven-inch barrel of a luger
the temperature rose to ###-degrees
with our company of soldiers we made one long column of reddish dust
in keng kok the city of silkworms the prime minister bought fried chickens and fried cicadas and two notebooks for me
then we drove on until there was no more road and we traversed dry rice fields bouncing across their squat earth walls
it was a spleen-crushing day
an hour of bouncing a brief stop in a village to inspect a new school or dispensary
more bouncing another stop a new house for teachers a new well
then off again rushing to keep up
we were miserable
but our two jeep mates keo viphakone from luang prabang and john cool from beaver pennsylvania were beaming under their coatings of dust
together they had probably done more than any other men to help push laos toward the ##th century constructively
mr. keo once a diplomat in paris and washington was commissioner of rural affairs
john an engineer and anthropologist with a doctorate from the london school of economics headed the rural development division of usom the united states operations mission administering u.s. aid
what you see are self-help projects john said
we ask the people what they want and they supply the labor
we send shovels cement nails and corrugated iron for roofs
that way they have an infirmary for $###
we have #,### such projects and they add up to a lot more than just roads and wells and schools
ask mr. keo
mr. keo agreed
our people have been used to accepting things as they found them he said
where there was no road they lived without one
now they learn that men can change their surroundings through their traditional village elders without violence
that 's a big step toward a modern state
you might say we are in the nation-building business
in the villages people lined up to give us flowers
then came coconuts eggs and rice wine
the prime minister paid his respects to the buddhist monks strode rapidly among the houses joked with the local soldiery and made a speech
the soldiers are fighting and the americans are helping he said but in the fight against the pathet lao the key factor is the villager himself
then we were off again
we did it for three days
but our stumping tour of the south wasn't all misery
crossing the #,###-foot width of the mekong at champassak on a raft with an outboard motor we took off our dusty shirts and enjoyed a veritable ocean breeze
then we hung overboard in the water
briefly we rolled over a paved road up to pak song on the cool bolovens plateau
the prince visited the hospital of operation brotherhood supported by the junior chamber of commerce of the philippines and fed rice to two pet elephants he kept at his residence at pak song
strings keep souls in place
in the village of soukhouma which means peaceful we had a baci
this is the most endearing of lao ceremonies
it takes place in the household a rite of well-wishing for myriad occasions for the traveler a wedding a newborn child the sick the new year for any good purpose
the preparations were elaborate flowers candles incense sticks rice wine dozens of delicacies and pieces of white cotton string
the strings were draped around flowers in tall silver bowls page ###
the candles were lighted and we sat on split-bamboo mats among the village notables
i was careful to keep my feet the seat of the least worthy spirits from pointing at anyone 's head where the worthiest spirits reside
now a distinguished old man called on nine divinities to come and join us
next he addressed himself to our souls
a man has ## souls one for each part of the body
those souls like to wander off and must be called back
with the divinities present and our souls in place we were wished health happiness and power
then one after another the villagers tied the waiting cotton strings around our wrists
these were to be kept on to hold in the ## souls
as we stepped out into the sunlight a man came up to john cool and silently showed him his hand
it had a festering hole as big as a silver dollar
we could see maggots moving
john said i have some antiseptic salve with me but it 's too late for that
my interviews with teen-agers confirmed this portrait of the weakening of religious and ethnic bonds
jewish identity was often confused with social and economic strivings
being jewish gives you tremendous drive a boy remarked
it means that you have to get ahead
when i pressed for a purely religious definition i encountered the familiar blend of liberal piety interfaith good will and a small residue of ethnic loyalty
i like the tradition a girl said
i like to follow the holidays when they come along
but you don't have to worship in the traditional way
you can communicate in your own way
as i see it there 's no real difference between being jewish catholic or protestant
another teen-ager remarked most jews don't believe in god but they believe in people in helping people
still another boy asserted to be a good jew is to do no wrong
it 's to be a good person
when asked how this was different from being a good protestant the boy answered it 's the same thing
this accords with the study by maier and spinrad
they discovered that although ## per cent of a sample of catholic students and ## per cent of the protestants believed it important to live in accordance with the teachings of their religion only # per cent of the jewish students had this conviction
the most important aims of the jewish students were as follows to make the world a better place to live in ## per cent
to get happiness for yourself ## per cent
and financial independence ## per cent
nevertheless most of the teen-agers i interviewed believed in maintaining their jewish identity and even envisioned joining a synagogue or temple
however they were hostile to jewish orthodoxy professing to believe in judaism but in a moderate way
one boy said querulously about orthodox jews it 's the twentieth century and they don't have to wear beards
the reason offered for clinging to the ancestral faith lacked force and authority even in the teen-agers' minds
we were brought up that way was one statement which won general assent
i want to show respect for my parents' religion was the way in which a boy justified his inhabiting a halfway house of judaism
still another suggested that he would join a temple for social reasons since i'll be living in a suburb
intermarriage which is generally regarded as a threat to jewish survival was regarded with horror or apprehension but with a kind of mild clinical disapproval
most of the teen-agers i interviewed rejected it on pragmatic grounds
when you marry you want to have things in common a girl said and it 's hard when you don't marry someone with your own background
a fourteen-year-old girl from the middle west observed wryly that in her community religion inconveniently interfered with religious activities at least with the peripheral activities that many middle class jews now regard as religious
it appears that an orthodox girl in the community disrupted plans for an outing sponsored by one of the jewish service groups because she would travel on saturday and in addition required kosher food
another girl from a relatively large midwestern city described herself as the only orthodox girl in town
this is no doubt inaccurate but it does convey how isolated she feels among the vast army of the nonobservant
the older teens
one of the significant things about jewish culture in the older teen years is that it is largely college-oriented
sixty-five per cent of the jewish teen-agers of college age attend institutions of higher learning
this is substantially higher than the figures for the american population at large ##.# per cent for males and ##.# per cent for females
this may help explain a phenomenon described by a small-town jewish boy
in their first two years in high school jewish boys in this town make strenuous exertions to win positions on the school teams
however in their junior and senior years they generally forego their athletic pursuits presumably in the interest of better academic achievement
it is significant too that the older teen-agers i interviewed believed unlike the younger ones that jewish students tend to do better academically than their gentile counterparts
the percentage of jewish girls who attend college is almost as high as that of boys
the motivations for both sexes to be sure are different
the vocational motive is the dominant one for boys while jewish girls attend college for social reasons and to become culturally developed
one of the significant developments in american-jewish life is that the cultural consumers are largely the women
it is they who read and make jewish best-sellers and then persuade their husbands to read them
in upper teen jewish life the non-college group tends to have a sense of marginality
people automatically assume that i'm in college a nineteen-year-old machinist observed irritably
however among the girls there are some morale-enhancing compensations for going to college
the jewish working girl almost invariably works in an office in contradistinction to gentile factory workers and buttressed by a respectable income she is likely to dress better and live more expansively than the college student
she is even prone to regard the college girl as immature
the lower-middle class college student
one of the reasons for the high percentage of jewish teen-agers in college is that a great many urban jews are enabled to attend local colleges at modest cost
this is particularly true in large centers of jewish population like new york chicago and philadelphia
what is noteworthy about this large group of teen-agers is that although their attitudes hardly differentiate them from their gentile counterparts they actually lead their lives in a vast self-enclosed jewish cosmos with relatively little contact with the non-jewish world
perhaps the jewish students at brooklyn college constituting ## per cent of those who attend the day session can serve as a paradigm of the urban lower-middle class jewish student
there is to begin an important sex difference
typically in a lower-middle class jewish family a son will be sent to an out-of-town school if financial resources warrant it while the daughter will attend the local college
there are two reasons for this
first the girl 's education has a lower priority than the son 's
second the attitude in jewish families is far more protective toward the daughter than toward the son
most jewish mothers are determined to exercise vigilance over the social and sexual lives of their daughters by keeping them home
the consequence of this is that the girls at brooklyn college outnumber the boys and do somewhat better academically
one can assume that some of the brightest boys are out of town
brooklyn college students have an ambivalent attitude toward their school
on the one hand there is a sense of having moved beyond the ambiance of their high school
this is particularly acute for those who attended midwood high school directly across the street from brooklyn college
they have a sense of marginality at being denied that special badge of status the out-of-town school
at the same time there is a good deal of self-congratulation at attending a good college they are even inclined to exaggerate its inconsiderable virtues and they express pleasure at the cozy in-group feeling that the college generates
it 's people of your own kind a girl remarked
you don't have to watch what you say
of course i would like to go to an out-of-town school where there are all kinds of people but i would want lots of jewish kids there
for most brooklyn college students college is at once a perpetuation of their ethnic attachments and a breaking away from the cage of neighborhood and family
brooklyn college is unequivocally jewish in tone and efforts to detribalize the college by bringing in unimpeachably midwestern types on the faculty have been unavailing
however a growing intellectual sophistication and the new certitudes imparted by courses in psychology and anthropology make the students increasingly critical of their somewhat provincial and overprotective parents
and the rebellion of these third generation jews is the traditional conflict of culture but rather a protest against a culture that they view as softly and insidiously enveloping
as long as i'm home i'll never grow up a nineteen-year-old boy observed sadly
they don't like it if i do anything away from home
it 's so much trouble i don't usually bother
for girls the overprotection is far more pervasive
parents will drive on friday night to pick up their daughters after a sorority or house plan meeting
a freshman girl 's father too long ago called a dean at brooklyn college and demanded the low-down on a boy who was going out with his daughter
the domestic tentacles even extend to the choice of a major field
under pressure from parents the majority of brooklyn college girls major in education since that co-ordinates best with marriage plans limited graduate study requirement and convenient working hours
this means that a great many academically talented girls are discouraged from pursuing graduate work of a more demanding nature
a kind of double standard exists here for jewish boys and girls as it does in the realm of sex
the breaking away from the prison house of brooklyn is gradual
first the student trains on his hapless parents the heavy artillery of his newly acquired psychological and sociological insights
then with the new affluence there is actually a sallying forth into the wide wide world beyond the precincts of new york
it is significant that the catskills which used to be the summer playground for older teen-agers a kind of summer suburb of new york no longer attracts them in great numbers except for those who work there as waiters bus boys or counselors in the day camps
the great world beyond beckons
but it should be pointed out that some of the new watering places fire island nantucket westhampton long island for example tend to be homogeneously jewish
although brooklyn college does yet have a junior-year-abroad program a good number of students spend summers in europe
in general however the timetable of travel lags considerably behind that of the student at harvard or smith
and acculturation into the world at large is likely to occur for the brooklyn college student after college rather than during the four school years
brooklyn college is marjorie morningstar territory as much as the bronx or central park west
there are hordes of nubile young women there who prodded by their impatient mothers are determined to marry
it is interesting that although the percentage of married students is appreciably higher at brooklyn than elsewhere about ## per cent of the women and ## per cent of the men in the graduating class the anxiety of the unmarried has puffed up the estimate
almost everybody in the senior class is married students say dogmatically
and the school newspaper sells space to jubilant fraternities sororities and houses in the house plan association that have good news to impart
these announcements are in effect advertisements for themselves as thriving marriage marts
there are boxed proclamations in the newspaper of watchings pinnings ringings engagements and marriages in a scrupulously graded hierarchy of felicity
witt house happily announces the engagement of fran horowitz to erwin schwartz of fife house
the brooklyn college student shows some striking departures from prevailing collegiate models
the ivy league enjoys no easy dominion here and the boys are as likely to dress in rather foppish continental fashion or even in nondescript working class manner as they are in the restrained button-down ivy way
the girls are prone to dress far more flamboyantly than their counterparts out of town and eye shadow mascara and elaborate bouffant hairdos despite the admonitions of cautious guidance personnel are unknown even in early morning classes
among the boys there is very little bravado about drinking
brooklyn college is distinctive for having an official drinking place
the fort lauderdale encampment for drinking is foreign to most brooklyn college boys
this should be used frequently but shaken before using
for galled breasts the mother should shave into half a cup of fresh unsalted lard enough white chalk to make a paste
this could also be used for any other skin irritation
or she might place cornstarch in the oven for a short time and then apply this under her breasts
female troubles of various kinds do seem to have been common on the frontier
at least i have only one remedy for anything of this kind in my collection one for hastening delayed menstruation
the sufferer drinks tansy tea
bruises burns cuts etc. occurred frequently on the frontier and folk medicine gave the answers to these problems too
bruises and black eyes were relieved by application of raw beefsteak
doctors now say that it was the meat but the coolness of the applications which relieved the pain
salted butter was another cure for bruises
many people agreed that burns should be treated with bland oily salves or unsalted butter or lard but one informant told me that a burn should be bathed in salt water
the burn oozed watery fluid for many days and finally the healing was completed by bathing it with epsom salts
another swore by vinegar baths for burns and still another recommended salted butter
butter salve or butter ointment was used for burns and for bruises as well
this was made by putting butter in a pan of water and allowing it to boil
when it was cool the fat was skimmed off and bottled
cow 's milk was another cure for burns and burns covered with gum arabic or plain mucilage healed quickly
one man badly burned about the face and eyes by an arc welding torch was blinded and could find a doctor at the time
a sympathetic friend made poultices of raw potato parings which she said was the best and quickest way to draw out the heat
later the doctor used mineral oil on the burns
the results were good but which treatment helped is still known
to stop bleeding cobwebs were applied to cuts and wounds
one old-timer said to sprinkle sugar on a bleeding cut even when on a knuckle if it was made by a rusty tool
this would stop the flow and also prevent infection
my lawyer told me that his mother used a similar remedy for cuts and wounds
she sprinkled common sugar directly on the injury and then bound it loosely with cotton cloth over which she poured turpentine
he showed me one of his fingers which had been practically amputated and which his mother had treated
there is scarcely a scar showing
tobacco was common first aid
a chaw of tobacco put on an open wound was both antiseptic and healing
or a thin slice of plug tobacco might be laid on the open wound without chewing
one old man told me that when he was a boy he was kicked in the head by a fractious mule and had his scalp laid back from the entire front of his head
his brother ran a mile to get the father
when they reached the boy the father sliced a new plug of tobacco put the scalp back in place and covered the raw edges with the slices
then he put a rag around the dressing to keep it in place
there was no cleaning or further care but the wound healed in less than two weeks and showed no scar
veronica from the herb garden was also used to stop bleeding and rue was an antiseptic
until quite recently sterile maggots could be bought to apply to a wound
they would feed on its surface leaving it clean so that it could be medically treated
tetanus could be avoided by pouring warm turpentine over a wound
one family bound wounds with bacon or salt pork strips or if these were handy plain lard
another sprinkled sugar on hot coals and held the wounded foot or hand in the smoke
rabies were cured or prevented by madstones which the pioneer wore or carried
in #### there were known to be twenty-two in norton county and one had been in the family for ### years
another cure for hydrophobia was to suck the wounds then cauterize them with a hot knife or poker
while nowadays we recognize the fact that there are many causes for bleeding at the nose long ago a nosebleed was simply that and treatment had little variation
since a fall or blow might have caused it a cold pack was usually first aid
this might be applied to the top of the nose or the back of the neck pressed on the upper lip or inserted into the nostril cotton was usually used in this last
nosebleed could be stopped by wrapping a red woolen string about the patient 's neck and tying it in a knot for each year of his life
or the victim could chew hard on a piece of paper meanwhile pressing his fingers tight in his ears
old sores could be healed by the constant application of a wash made of equal parts vinegar and water
blood blisters could be prevented from forming by rubbing a work blister immediately with any hard nonpoisonous substance
felons were cured by taking common salt and drying it in the oven pounding it fine and mixing it with equal parts of spirits of turpentine
this mixture was then spread on a cloth and wrapped around the affected part
as the cloth dried more of the mixture was applied and after twenty-four hours the felon was supposed to be killed
insect bites were cured in many ways
many an old-timer swore by the saliva method
get a bite spit on it was a proverb
this was used also for bruises
yellow clay was used as a poultice for insect bites and also for swellings
long ago denver mud was most popular
chiggers were a common pest along streams and where gardens and berries thrived
so small as to be scarcely visible to the eye they buried themselves in the victim 's flesh
bathing the itching parts with kerosene gave relief and also killed the pests
ant bites were eased by applying liquid bluing
for mosquito bites a paste of half a glass of salt and half a glass of soda was made
for wasp stings onion juice obtained by scraping an onion gave quick relief
a handier remedy was to bathe the painful part in strong soapy water
mud was sometimes used as well as soap
just plain old black dirt was also used as a pack to relieve wasp or bee stings
bedbugs were a common pest in pioneer days
to keep them out of homes even in the #### 's was a chore
bed slats were washed in alum water legs of beds were placed in cups of kerosene and all woodwork was treated liberally with corrosive sublimate applied with a feather
kerosene was very effective in ridding pioneer homes of the pests
at times pioneer children got lice in their hair
a kerosene shampoo seems a heroic treatment but it did the job
to remove an insect from one 's ear warm water should be inserted
a cinder or other small object could be removed from the eye by placing a flaxseed in the eye
as the seed swelled its glutinous covering protected the eyeball from irritation and both the cinder and the seed could soon be washed out
another way to remove small objects from the eye was to have the person look cross-eyed
the particle would then move toward the nose where it could be wiped out with a wisp of cotton
shingles were cured by gentian an old drug used in combinations
for erysipelas a mixture of one dram borax and one ounce glycerine was applied to the afflicted part on linen cloth
itching skin considered just nerves was eased by treating with whiskey and salt
winter itch was treated by applying strong apple cider in which pulverized bloodroot had been steeped
to cure fungus growths on mouth or hands people made a strong tea by using a handful of sassafras bark in a quart of water
they drank half a cup of this morning and night and they also washed and soaked their hands in the same solution
six treatments cured one case which lasted a month and had defied other remedies
frostbite was treated by putting the feet and hands in ice water or by rubbing them with snow
now one hears that heat and hot water are used instead
another remedy was oil of eucalyptus used as well for chilblains
chilblains were also treated with tincture of capsicum or cabbage leaves
boils have always been a source of much trouble
a german informant gave me a sure cure made by combining rye flour and molasses into a poultice
another poultice was made from the inner bark of the elm tree steeped in water until it formed a sticky gummy solution
this was also used for sores
another frequent pioneer difficulty caused by wearing rough and heavy shoes and boots was corns
one veracious woman tells me she has used thin potato parings for both corns and calluses on her feet and they remove the pain or fire
another common cure was to soak the feet five or ten minutes in warm water then to apply a solution of equal parts of soda and common brown soap on a kid bandage overnight
this softened the skin so that in the morning when the bandage was removed the corn could be scraped off and a bit of corn plaster put on
there were many cures for warts
one young girl told me how her mother removed a wart from her finger by soaking a copper penny in vinegar for three days and then painting the finger with the liquid several times
another wart removal method was to rub each wart with a bean split open and then to bury the bean halves under the drip of the house for seven days
saliva gathered in the mouth after a night 's sleep was considered poisonous
wetting a wart with this saliva on wakening the first thing in the morning was supposed to cause it to disappear after only a few treatments and strangely enough many warts did just that
one wart cure was to wrap it in a hair from a blonde gypsy
another was to soak raw beef in vinegar for twenty-four hours tie it on the wart and wear it for a week
a simpler method was to tie a thread tightly around the wart at its base and wear it this way
i know this worked
one person recommended to me washing the wart with sulphur water
another said it should be rubbed with a cut potato three times daily
another common method was to cut an onion in two and place each half on the wart for a moment
the onion was then fastened together with string and placed beneath a dripping eave
as the onion decayed so did the wart
sore muscles were relieved by an arnica rub
sore feet by calf's-foot an herb from the pioneer 's ubiquitous herb garden or by soaking the feet in a pan of hot water in which two cups of salt had been dissolved
leg cramps one person tells me were relieved by standing barefoot with the weight of the body on the heel and pressing down hard
this does give relief as i can testify
one doctor prescribed a tablespoon of whiskey or brandy before each meal for leg cramps
pains in the back of the leg and in the abdomen were prevented from reaching the upper body by tying a rope about the patient 's waist
for sprains and swellings one pint of cider vinegar and half a pint of spirits of turpentine added to three well beaten eggs was said to give speedy relief
except for the wine waiter in a restaurant always an inscrutable plenipotentiary unto himself the genii with the keys to unlock the gates of the wine world are one 's dealer and the foreign shipper or negociant who in turn supplies him
in instances where both of these are persons or firms with integrity the situation is ideal
it may on occasion be anything but that
however by cultivating a wine dealer and accepting his advice one will soon enough ascertain whether he has any knowledge of wines as opposed to what he may have been told by salesmen and promoters and better yet whether he has a taste for wine
again by spreading one 's purchases over several wine dealers one becomes familiar with the names and specialties of reputable wine dealers and shippers abroad
this is important because despite all the efforts of the french government an appreciable segment of france 's export trade in wines is still tainted with a misrepresentation approaching downright dishonesty and there are many too many negociants who would rather turn a sou than amass a creditable reputation overseas
a good negociant or shipper will only be the man or the firm which has cornered the wines from the best vineyards or the best parts of them
he may also be the one who makes and bottles the best blends sound wines from vineyards generally in his own district
these are the wines the french themselves use for everyday drinking for even in france virtually no one drinks the grands crus on a meal-to-meal basis
the grands crus are expensive and even doting palates tire of them
and certainly in the case of the beginner or the comparatively uninitiated wine drinker the palate and the capacity for appreciation will be ready for the grands crus as a steady diet without frequent recourse to crus of less renown
there is nothing infra dig about a good blend from a good shipper
some of them are very delicious indeed and there are many good ones exported unfortunately along with others so good and worse
consultation with a reputable wine dealer and constant experimentation steering ever from the known to the unknown are the requisites
wine waiters are something else again
especially if one is travelling or dining out a great deal their importance mounts
most of them the world over operate on the same principle by which justice is administered in france and some other latin countries the customer is to be considered guilty of abysmal ignorance until proven otherwise with the burden of proof on the customer himself
now the drinking of wine and happily so
is for the most part a recondite affair for manifestly if everyone in the world who could afford the best wines also liked them the supply would dry up in no time at all
this is the only valid and extenuating argument that may be advanced in defense of the reprehensible attitude of the common wine waiter
a really good wine waiter is paradoxically the guardian and the purveyor of his cellar against the visigoths
faced on the one hand with an always exhaustible supply of his best wines and on the other by a clientele usually equipped with inexhaustible pocketbooks it is a wonder indeed that all wine waiters are afflicted with chronic ambivalence
the one way to get around them short of knowing exactly what one wants and sticking to it is to frequent a single establishment until its wine waiter is persuaded that one is at least as interested in wine as in spending money
only then perhaps will he reveal his jewels and his bargains
wine bought from a dealer should ideally be allowed to rest for several weeks before it is served
this is especially true of red wines and a practice which though always practicable is well worth the effort
it does no harm for wine to stand on end for a matter of days but in terms of months and years it is fatal
wine stored for a long time should be on its side
otherwise the cork dries and air enters to spoil it
when stacking wine on its side in a bin care should always be taken to be sure there is no air bubble left next to the cork
fat bottles such as burgundies have a way of rolling around in the bin and often need little props such as a bit of cardboard or a chip of wood to hold them in the proper reclining posture
too much dampness in the cellar rots the corks again with ill effects
the best rule of thumb for detecting corked wine provided the eye has already spotted it is to smell the wet end of the cork after pulling it if it smells of wine the bottle is probably all right
if it smells of cork one has grounds for suspicion
seasonal rises or drops in temperature are bad for wine they age it prematurely
the ideal storage temperature for long periods is about fifty-five degrees with an allowable range of five degrees above or below this provided there are no sudden or frequent changes
prolonged vibration is also undesirable
consequently one 's wine closet or cellar should be away from machines or electrically driven furnaces
if one lives near a subway or an express parkway the solution is to have one 's wines stored with a dealer and brought home a few at a time
light especially daylight is always bad for wine
all in all though there is a good deal of nonsense expended over the preparations thought necessary for ordinary wine drinking
many people go to extreme lengths in decanting chilling or warming or banishing without further investigation any bottle with so much as a slightly suspicious cork
no one should wish to deny these purists the obvious pleasure they derive from all this and to give fair warning where warning is due no one who becomes fond of wines ever avoids acquiring some degree of purism
but the fact remains that in most restaurants including some of the best of paris and bordeaux and dijon the bottle is frankly and simply brought from the cellar to the table when ordered and all the conditioning or preparation it ever receives takes place while the chef is preparing the meal
a white wine already at cool cellar temperature may be adequately chilled in a bucket of ice and water or the freezing compartment of a refrigerator the former is far preferable in about fifteen minutes
for those who live in a winter climate there is nothing better than a bucket of water and snow
though by no means an ideal procedure a red wine may similarly be brought from the cellar to the dining room and opened twenty minutes or so before serving time
it may be a bit cold when poured
but again as one will have observed at any restaurant worth its salt wine should be served in a large tulip-shaped glass which is never filled more than half full
in this way red wine warms of itself quite rapidly and though it is true that it may attain its potential of taste and fragrance until after the middle of the meal or the course in the meantime it will have run the gamut of many beguiling and interesting stages
the only cardinal sin which may be committed in warming a wine is to force it by putting it next to the stove or in front of an open fire
this invariably effaces any wine 's character and drives its fragrance underground
it should be forgotten that wines mature fastest in half-bottles less fast in full bottles slowly in magnums and slower yet in tregnums double magnums jeroboams methuselahs and imperiales respectively
very old red wines often require several hours of aeration and any red wine brought from the cellar within half an hour of mealtime should be uncorked and allowed some air
but white wines never
white wines should be opened when served having been previously chilled in proportion to their sweetness
thus sauternes or barsacs should be very cold
a pouilly-fuisse or a chablis somewhat less cold
over-chilling is an accepted method for covering up the faults of many a cheap or poor white wine especially a dry wine and certainly less of a crime than serving a wine at a temperature which reveals it as unattractive
the fragrance and taste of any white wine will die a lingering death when it is allowed to warm or is exposed for long to the air
to quote professor saintsbury the last glass of claret or burgundy is as good as the first
but the first glass of chateau d'yquem or montrachet is a great deal better than the last
this does mean though that a red wine improves with prolonged aeration there is a reasonable limit and wines kept over to the next meal or the next day after they have once been opened are never as good
if this must be done they should always be corked and kept in a cool place
it should be remembered that their lasting qualities are appreciably shorter than those of milk
a few red wines notably those of the beaujolais are better consumed at cellar temperature
by tradition a red wine should be served at approximately room temperature if anything a little cooler and be aged enough for the tannin and acids to have worked out and the sediment have settled well
thus red wine must if possible never be disturbed or shaken
very old red wine is often decanted so that the puckering bitter elements which have settled to the bottom will be mingled with the wine itself
a tug-of-war between an old bottle and an inefficient corkscrew may do as much harm as a week at sea
the cork should be pulled gradually and smoothly and the lip of the bottle wiped afterward
many people use wicker cradles for old red wine lifting the bottle carefully from the bin into the cradle and eventually to the table without disturbing the sediment
another school frowns on such a shortcut and insists that after leaving the bin an old red wine should first stand on end for several days to allow the sediment to roll to the very bottom after which the bottle may be gently eased to a tilted position on its side in the cradle
in france when one wishes to entertain at a restaurant and serve truly fine old red wines one visits the restaurant well ahead of time chooses the wines and with the advice of the manager and his chef builds the menu around them
the wine waiter will see to it that the bottles are taken from the bin and opened at least in time to warm and aerate preferably allowed to stand on end for as long as possible and perhaps in the case of very old wines be decanted
decanting old wine aerates it fully
it may also be practically speaking a matter of good economy
for in the process of decanting the bottle is only tilted once instead of several or more times at the table hence a minimum of the undesirable mixture of wine and dregs
though there are many exceptions which we have noted in preceding pages white wine is as a rule best consumed between two and six years old and red wines nowadays between three and ten
red wines of good years tend to mature later and to keep longer
the average claret is notably longer-lived than its opposite number red burgundy
some clarets do come into their own until they are ten or fifteen years of age or even more
if a red bordeaux of a good name and year is bitter or acid or cloying and muddy-tasting leave it alone for a while
most of the wines of beaujolais on the other hand should be drunk while very young
and alsatians may be
giffen replied punctually and enthusiastically rest assured that your accompanying letter of instructions shall be in the letter and spirit strictly complied with and most particularly in regard to that part of them relative to the completion of your noble and humane views
giffen lost no time in visiting the plantation
the slaves appeared to be in good health and at work under john palfrey 's overseer
an excellent crop was expected that year
william who lived in neighboring st. mary 's parish had taken charge and decided that it would be best for all if the plantation were operated for another year
giffen advised acceptance of this plan citing the depressed market for land then prevailing and the large stock of provisions at the plantation
if sold then the land and improvements might bring only $#,###
early in january #### he had a conference with henry and william in new orleans and upon learning of gorham 's intention henry remonstrated calmly but firmly with his brother
the emancipation plan would only be injurious to all the heirs he contended but would be a form of cruelty perpetrated on the hapless negroes
they were capable of supporting themselves off the plantation and louisiana law required their removal from the state
gorham refused to accept money for slave property but did he realize how much expense and trouble the transportation of his negroes to the north involved
the suggestion that giffen hire out the slaves was realistic since no planter would take the risk of having negroes who knew they were to be free living with his own slaves
henry hid his annoyance although both he and william were furious with their yankee brother
william who did write to gorham told giffen that unless he could operate the plantation as usual for a year he would sue amicably to protect his interests
palfrey was determined that his portion of the slaves be converted to wage laborers during the transition period before emancipation
if william wished to continue operations for a year why simply leave the negroes undisturbed and pay them as high wages to remain there as are ever paid the labor of persons of their sex & age
a disposition to exert themselves for my benefit would perhaps be a motive with some of them to come into the scheme
their having family ties on our plantation & the adjoining one would be a stronger inducement
when he heard of his brothers' anger palfrey was still hopeful that they could be persuaded to accept his notion of paying wages
if he was willing to accede to william 's wishes in any way that did block his ultimate aim
william was adamant on one point under no circumstances would he allow the negroes to remain on the plantation with his and henry 's slaves if they were told of their coming freedom
knowing the antipathy that existed in louisiana against increasing the number of free negroes giffen suggested that palfrey bring them to boston at once and then send them on to liberia
lacking specific instructions he agreed to william 's condition
in march there was a division of the slaves and giffen carried out his instructions as nearly as possible
of the fifty-two slaves giffen succeeded in getting a lot of twenty twelve of whom were females
i considered that your views would be best carried out he explained by taking women whose progeny will of course be free & more fully extend the philantrophy of emancipation
i have also taken the old servants of your father as a matter of conscience & justice
the ages of the slaves ranged from sixty-five for an old house servant to an unnamed newborn child
if palfrey ever had any doubts about the wickedness of slavery they were put aside after he received an inventory of the slave property he had inherited
this cold reckoning of human worth in a legal paper devoid of compassion or humanity was all he needed
each human being known only by a given name had a cash value
old sam 's sixty-five years had reduced his value to $###
rose a twelve-year-old with child-bearing potential was worth $###
in rejecting any claim to the value of the slave property palfrey was giving up close to $#,###
palfrey 's brothers each received lots of sixteen negroes and for bookkeeping purposes it was agreed that all lots were to be valued at $#,###.##
thus twenty black souls were to remain ignorant of their imminent journey to the land of free men
giffen extracted one concession from william the house servants could be free at any time gorham thought expedient
despite giffen 's warning palfrey still had plans for freeing his slaves in louisiana
yet even if he could get the necessary approval fourteen of his negroes could be manumitted without special permission
according to state law a slave had to be at least thirty years old before he could be freed
palfrey petitioned the state legislature to waive the requirement
otherwise freedom would mean removal from the state in which as the place of their past residence from birth or for many years it would be materially for their advantage to be at liberty to remain
on march ## the louisiana legislature voted unanimously to table the petition
news of the legislative veto appeared in the new orleans papers and henry and william became incensed by the fact that they had been told of the attempt in advance
henry stormed into giffen 's office waving a copy of the new orleans courier shouting that the emancipation scheme had become a public affair and that it would reach the ears of the people on the plantation and make them restless & unhappy
his brothers' anger caused palfrey genuine concern for he had imposed a dual mission upon himself to free his slaves and to keep the family from falling apart over the issue
when giffen decided to charge him interest on the loan from john palfrey gorham readily assented vowing that in a matter of dollars and cents his brothers would never have any cause to complain of him
in view of these difficulties palfrey decided to go to louisiana
giffen had already urged him to journey south if only for a few days to clear up matters
his duties as massachusetts secretary of state obliged him to wait until the adjournment of the legislature in mid-april
palfrey told his wife of his intentions for the first time and left for new orleans apprehensively invoking a special blessing of providence that he might be allowed to see his family again
during his journey palfrey stopped off to see two abolitionists
in both cases he desired information about placing the freedmen in homes once they arrived in the north
in new york lydia maria child welcomed him enthusiastically i have lately heard of you from the legislature of louisiana and felt joy at your public recognition of the brotherhood of man
mrs. child who had once apologized for sending editor palfrey a book on slavery now confided that she had helped one of henry palfrey 's slaves escape to canada some years before but asked him to advertise the fact in louisiana
she agreed to take charge of five or six of the negroes should palfrey decide to send them north immediately
at lexington kentucky palfrey consulted with cassius m. clay on the same subject but with no apparent result
despite his apprehensions about his personal safety palfrey 's reception in new orleans was more than cordial
instead of the expected annoyances due to the nature of his mission he received many calling cards and invitations from gentlemen of mark on whom i had no sort of claim & have had many more invitations than i could accept
he later told abolitionist edmund quincy of the marked attention and civility with which the new orleans gentlemen and the upriver planters greeted him
the memory of this southern hospitality did survive the trials of coming antislavery years and civil war
palfrey 's autobiography contains a melodramatic account of two perilous days spent among the planters of attakapas many of whom were coarse & passionate people much excited by what they heard of my plans
he proceeded with his task bravely in his memoirs at least before the passions of my neighbors should have time to boil too high
palfrey had already made up his mind that he would allow the men but the women to choose freely whether or to go north for freedom
the women by remaining behind condemned their children born and unborn to bondage
he had a short private talk with each adult slave
only one objected but palfrey soon convinced him that he ought to go with the others
all the slaves joined in requesting that they be allowed to delay their departure until the end of the planting season so that they could get in their own little produce
the slaves were to remain as wage laborers for his account
william 's threat that under no conditions would he allow freedom-conscious slaves to mix with his own was carried out for the plantation continued in operation as before
palfrey returned to massachusetts greatly relieved to have made an arrangement so satisfactory to my judgment & my conscience
from cambridge palfrey maintained a close interest in the welfare of his slaves
in fact as the time for their departure approached his solicitousness increased
should any slave change his mind and request to leave earlier giffen was to provide passage at once
when a sailing date of march #### was finally established palfrey made sure that the negroes would have comfortable quarters in new orleans and aboard ship
giffen assured him that the captain and his mate had personally promised to treat the negroes with consideration
palfrey was also concerned about the question of what wage to pay for their labor throughout ####
the plantation was sold in january #### and palfrey thought the new owner ought to pay his people two months' wages
giffen suggested fifty dollars as fair compensation for a year 's work
the new owner at attakapas declined to enter into any philanthropic arrangement
on march ## #### the bark bashaw weighed anchor at new orleans while on the levee henry and william palfrey waved farewell to their father 's former chattels who must have looked back at the receding shore with mingled regret and jubilation
all of palfrey 's slaves were aboard the bashaw
giffen had advised that it would be too difficult to obtain freedom locally for the old house servants
two of these were included in palfrey 's lot
giffen filed a petition for permission to emancipate four slaves all more than fifty years old with the st. martin 's parish police jury
after an initial rejection which he attributed to a general excitement against abolition and emancipation giffen bribed the right individuals on the jury and got the permission without further delay
when the negroes landed at boston a month later they were of course no longer slaves
slavery was prohibited in massachusetts by the terms of the constitution of #### which declared all men are born free and equal
nevertheless palfrey arranged a religious ceremony at king 's chapel to formalize the emancipation
an eyewitness recalled how awkward the red-turbaned colored women appeared as they curtseyed in the church doorway and the diffidence the former slaves displayed while they listened to the few words that declared them free
once the question of emancipation was settled to palfrey 's satisfaction he faced a real problem in placing the freedmen in suitable homes as servants
palfrey tried fruitlessly to place a negro boy in the hopedale community but he had better luck in his other attempts
mrs. child true to her word helped place anna and her four children with a quaker family named hathaway near canandaigua new york
this group had been palfrey 's greatest worry since anna was in bad health and her children were too young to work for their keep
but certainly the new frontier has brought to washington a group more varied in background and interest
secretary of state dean rusk a former rhodes scholar and mills college dean has headed the rockefeller foundation and in that role expended large sums for international cultural exchange
one of his initial acts in office was to appoint philip coombs of the ford foundation as the first assistant secretary of state for educational and cultural affairs
in the late forties and fifties coombs has declared in defining his role two strong new arms were added to reinforce united states foreign policy economic assistance and military assistance
as we embark upon the sixties we have an opportunity to build a third strong arm aimed at the development of people at the fuller realization of their creative human potential and a better understanding among them
many of the new appointees are art collectors
ambassador-at-large averell harriman has returned to the capital with a collection of paintings that include renoir cezanne gauguin van gogh toulouse-lautrec degas matisse picasso and walt kuhn
the director of the peace corps r. sargent shriver jr. a kennedy brother-in-law collects heavily among the moderns including kenzo okada and josef albers
secretary of the treasury douglas dillon owns a prize monet femmes dans un jardin
secretary of defense robert mcnamara former president of the ford motor company comes from a generation different from that of eisenhower 's own first secretary of defense charles wilson who had been head of general motors
unlike wilson who at times seemed almost anti-intellectual in his earthy pragmatism
mcnamara is the scholar-businessman
an inveterate reader of books he chose while working in detroit to live in the university community of ann arbor almost forty miles away
he selected as comptroller of defense a veteran accountant but a former rhodes scholar charles hitch who is author of a study on the economics of defense in the nuclear age
one of the president 's special assistants the harvard dean mcgeorge bundy was co-author with henry l. stimson of the latter 's classic memoir on active service
another arthur m. schlesinger jr. has won a pulitzer prize in history
his wife marion is a portrait painter
the press secretary pierre salinger was a child prodigy as a pianist
it is always of sorrow to me when i find people who neither know nor understand music he declared long ago in proposing that white house prizes be awarded for music and art
mrs. arthur goldberg wife of the secretary of labor paints professionally and helps sponsor the associated artists' gallery in the district of columbia
artists are always at a new frontier she claims
in fact the search is almost more important than the find
mrs. henry labouisse wife of the new director of the foreign aid program is the writer and lecturer eve curie
the list goes on
at last count sixteen former rhodes scholars see box on page ## had been appointed to the administration second in number only to its harvard graduates
besides schlesinger the justice department 's information director edwin guthman has won a pulitzer prize for national reporting
postmaster general j. edward day who must deal with matters of postal censorship is himself author of a novel bartholf street albeit one he was obliged to publish at his own expense
two men show promise of playing prominent roles
william walton a writer-turned-painter has been a long-time friend of the president
they arrived in washington about the same time during the early postwar years kennedy as the young congressman from massachusetts
walton after a wartime stint with time-life to become bureau chief for the new republic
both lived in georgetown were unattached and shared an active social life
walton who soon made a break from journalism to become one of the capital 's leading semi-abstract painters vows that he and kennedy never once discussed art in those days
nonetheless they found common interests
during last year 's campaign kennedy asked walton an utter novice in organization politics to assist him
walton dropped everything to serve as a district co-ordinator in the hard-fought wisconsin primary and proved so useful that he was promoted to be liaison officer to critically important new york city
walton who served as a correspondent with general james gavin 's paratroopers during the invasion of france combines the soul of an artist with the lingo of a tough guy
he provoked outraged editorials when after a post-inaugural inspection of the white house with mrs. kennedy he remarked to reporters we just cased the joint to see what was there
but his credentials are impeccable
already the president and the first lady have deputized him to advise on matters ranging from the furnishing of the white house to the renovation of lafayette square
a man of great talent he will continue to serve as a sort of presidential trouble-shooter strictly ex officio for culture
a more official representative is the secretary of the interior
udall who comes from one of the mormon first-families of arizona is a bluff plain-spoken man with a lust for politics and a habit of landing right in the middle of the fight
but even while sparring furiously with republican politicians he displays a deep and awesome veneration for anyone with cultural attainments
his private dining room has become a way station for visiting intellectuals such as c. p. snow arnold toynbee and aaron copland
udall argues that interior affairs should cover a great deal more than dams and wildlife preserves
after promoting frost 's appearance at the inauguration he persuaded the poet to return several months later to give a reading to a select audience of cabinet members members of congress and other washington notables gathered in the state department auditorium
the event was so successful that the interior secretary plans to serve as impresario for similar ones from time to time hoping thereby to add to the cultural enrichment of the administration
his ideas in this respect however sometimes arouse critical response
one tempest was stirred up last march when udall announced that an eight-and-a-half-foot bronze statue of william jennings bryan sculpted by the late gutzon borglum would be sent on indefinite loan to salem illinois bryan 's birthplace
spokesmen for the nation 's tradition-minded sculptors promptly claimed that udall was exiling the statue because of his own hostility to this art form
they dug up a speech he had made two years earlier as a congressman decrying the more than two hundred statues monuments and memorials which dot the washington landscape as patriotic societies and zealous friends are constantly hatching new plans
hoping to cut down on such works udall had proposed that a politician be at least fifty years departed before he is memorialized
he is likely to win this battle easily
in the case of the borglum statue an interior aide was obliged to announce that there had been a misunderstanding and that the secretary had no desire to hustle it out of washington
the last congress adopted seven bills for memorials including one to taras shevchenko the ukrainian poet laureate
eleven others were introduced
active warfare is raging between the forces pressing for a monument to the first roosevelt on theodore roosevelt island in the potomac and tr. 's own living children who wish to preserve the island as a wildlife sanctuary
the hotly debated plan for the capital 's franklin d. roosevelt memorial a circle of huge tablets engraved with his speeches and promptly dubbed by one of its critics instant stonehenge is another of udall 's headaches since as supervisor of the national parks commission he will share in the responsibility for building it
washington president kennedy has been heard to remark ironically is a city of southern efficiency and northern charm
there have been indications that he hopes to redress that situation commencing with the white house
one of mrs. kennedy 's initial concerns as first lady was the sad state of the furnishings in a building which is supposed to be a national shrine
ever since the fire of #### destroyed the beautiful furniture assembled by president thomas jefferson the white house has collected a hodgepodge of period pieces few of them authentic or aesthetic
mrs. kennedy shows a determination to change all this
long after moving in she turned up a richly carved desk hewed from the timbers of the british ship h.m.s. resolute and presented to president hayes by queen victoria
it now serves the president in his oval office
later browsing in an old issue of the gazette des beaux-arts she found a description of a handsome gilt pier-table purchased in #### by president james monroe
she traced it to a storage room
with its coating of gold radiator paint removed a gaucherie of some earlier tenant it will now occupy its rightful place in the oval blue room on the first floor of the white house
but it soon became clear that the search for eighteenth-century furniture which mrs. kennedy feels is the proper period for the white house must be pursued in places other than government storage rooms
the first lady appointed a fine arts advisory committee for the white house to locate authentic pieces as well as to arrange ways to acquire them
her effort to put the home of living presidents on the same basis as mount vernon and monticello recognizes no party lines
by rough estimate her committee headed by henry francis du pont contains three times as many republicans as democrats
the press releases emanating from the white house give a clue to the activity within
a curator has been appointed
a valuable pencil-and-sepia allegorical drawing of benjamin franklin by jean-honore fragonard has been donated by the art dealer georges wildenstein and now hangs in the blue room
the american institute of interior designers is redecorating the white house library
secretary and mrs. dillon have contributed enough pieces of empire furniture including dolley madison 's own sofa to furnish a room in that style
and part of a fabulous collection of vermeil hollowware bequeathed to the white house by the late mrs. margaret thompson biddle has been taken out of its locked cases and put on display in the state dining room
woman 's place is in the home man must attend to matters of the yard
one of the vexatious problems to first confront president kennedy was the property lying just across pennsylvania avenue from the white house
congress had already appropriated money and plans were well along to tear down the buildings flanking lafayette square and replace them with what one critic calls the marble monumentality of government office buildings
while a senator kennedy had unsuccessfully pushed a bill to preserve the belasco theater as well as the dolley madison and the benjamin taylor houses all scheduled for razing
what to do about it now that he was president
only a few days after moving into the white house
kennedy made a midnight inspection of the square
then he called in his friend walton and turned over the problem to him with instructions to work out what was best provided it didn't pile unnecessary burdens on the president
the situation involved some political perils
one of the offices slated for reconstruction is the aged court of claims diagonally across the street from the white house
logically it should be moved downtown
but judge marvin jones senior member of the court is an elderly gentleman who lives at the nearby metropolitan club and desires to walk to work
more importantly he also happens to be the brother-in-law of sam rayburn speaker of the house
there were aesthetic problems as well as political
on delving deeper walton discovered that most of the buildings fronting the square could be classified as early nondescript
the old belasco theater over which many people had grown sentimental was only a shell of its former self after arduous years as a uso center
the dolley madison house walton concluded was scarcely worth preserving
the attempt to save the square 's historic value he declares came half a century too late
surrounded by ancient elms the campus is spacious and beautiful
the buildings are mostly georgian
the dartmouth student does live in monastic seclusion as he once did
but his is still a simple life relatively free of the female presence or influence and he must go far even though he may go fast for sophisticated pleasures
he is still heir to the rare gifts of space and silence if he chooses to be
he is by no means the country boy he might have been in the last century down from the hills with bear grease on his hair and a zeal for book learning in his heart
the men 's shops on hanover 's main street compare favorably with those in princeton and new haven
and the automobiles that stream out of hanover each weekend toward smith and wellesley and mount holyoke are no less rakish than those leaving cambridge or west philadelphia
but there has always been an outdoor air to dartmouth
the would-be sophisticate and the citybred youth adopt this air without embarrassment
no one here pokes fun at manly virtues
and this gives rise to an easy camaraderie probably unequaled elsewhere in the ivy league
it even affects the faculty
thus when dartmouth 's winter carnival widely recognized as the greatest wildest roaringest college weekend anywhere any time was broadcast over a national television hookup prexy john sloan dickey appeared on the screen in rugged winter garb topped off by a tam-o'-shanter which he confessed had been acquired from a smith girl
president dickey 's golden retriever frolicking in the snow at his feet added to the picture of masculine informality
this carefree disdain for side cropped up again in the same television broadcast
dean thaddeus seymour wearing ski clothes was crowning a beauteous damsel queen of the carnival
she must have looked temptingly pretty to the dean as he put the crown on her head
so he kissed her
no dartmouth man was surprised
dartmouth students enjoy other unusual diversions with equal sang-froid
for example groups regularly canoe down the connecticut river
this is in honor of john ledyard class of #### who scooped a canoe out of a handy tree and first set the course way back in his own student days
and these hardy travelers are unappreciated today
they are hailed by the nation 's press and smith girls throng the riverbanks at northampton and refresh the voyageurs with hot soup and kisses
dartmouth 's favorite and most characteristic recreation is skiing
since the days when their two thousand pairs of skis outnumbered those assembled anywhere else in the united states the students have stopped regarding the olympic ski team as another name for their own
yet dartmouth still is the dominant member of the intercollegiate ski union which includes the winter sports colleges of canada as well as those of this country
dartmouth students ski everywhere in winter starting with their own front door
they can hire a horse and go ski-joring behind him or move out to oak hill where there 's a lift
the dartmouth skiway at holt 's ledge ten miles north of the campus has one of the best terrains in the east ranging from novice to expert
forty miles farther north is mount moosilauke dartmouth 's own mountain
here at the ravine lodge president dickey acts as host every year to about a hundred freshmen who are being introduced by the dartmouth outing club to life on the trails
the lodge built of hand-hewn virgin spruce can handle fifty people for dining sleeping or lounging in its huge living room
the outing club also owns a chain of fourteen cabins and several shelters extending from the vermont hills just across the river from the college through hanover to the college grant ##,### acres of wilderness ### miles north up in the logging country
the cabins are equipped with bunks blankets and cooking equipment and are ideal bases for hikes and skiing trips
the club runs regular trips to the cabins but many of the students prefer to take off in small unofficial groups for a weekend of hunting fishing climbing or skiing
under the auspices of the outing club dartmouth also has the mountaineering club which takes on tough climbs like mount mckinley and bait & bullet whose interests are self-evident and even sports a woodman 's team which competes with other new england colleges in wood sawing and chopping canoe races and the like
there is much to be said for a college that while happily attuned to the sophisticated ivies still gives its students a chance to get up early in the morning and drive along back roads where a glimpse of small game deer or even bear is uncommon
city boys find a lot of learning in the feel of an ax handle or in the sharp tang of a sawmill come upon suddenly in a backwoods logging camp
and on the summit of mount washington where thirty-five degrees below zero is commonplace and the wind velocity has registered higher than anywhere else in the world there is a kind of wisdom to be found that other men often seek in the himalayas because it is there
there is much to be said for such a college and dartmouth men have been accused of saying it too often and too loudly
their affection for their college home has even caused president dickey to comment on this place loyalty as something rather specially hanoverian
probably a lawyer once said it best for all time in the supreme court of the united states
early in the nineteenth century the state of new hampshire was casting about for a way to found its own state university
it fixed on dartmouth college which was ready-made and just what the proctor ordered
the legislators decided to liberate dartmouth and entered into a tug-o'-war with the college trustees over the control of classrooms faculty and chapel
for a time there were two factions on the campus fighting for possession of the student body
the struggle was resolved in #### in the supreme court in one of the most intriguing cases in our judicial history
in #### the lawyers were generally debating the legal inviolability of private contracts and charters
a lawyer hired by the college was arguing specifically for dartmouth daniel webster class of #### made her plight the dramatic focus of his whole plea
in an age of oratory he was the king of orators and both he himself and chief justice marshall were bathed in manly tears as uncle dan'l reached his thundering climax
it is sir as i have said a small college and yet there are those who love it
dartmouth is today still a small college and still a private one thanks to webster 's eloquence
this is out of keeping with its origins probably the most humble of any in the ivy group
eleazar wheelock a presbyterian minister founded the school in #### naming it after the second earl of dartmouth its sponsor and benefactor
eleazar pausing on the hanover plain found its great forests and remoteness good and with his own hands built the first college hall a log hut dedicated for the education & instruction of youth of the indian tribes in this land in reading writing & all parts of learning which shall appear necessary and expedient for civilizing & christianizing children of pagans as well as in all liberal arts and sciences
and also of english youth and any others
it was a hardy undertaking and wheelock 's was indeed a voice crying in the wilderness
a road had to be hacked through trackless forests between hanover and portsmouth to permit governor wentworth and a company of gentlemen to attend the first dartmouth commencement in ####
the governor and his retinue thoughtfully brought with them a glorious silver punchbowl which is still one of the cherished possessions of the college
the exuberance on this occasion set a standard for subsequent dartmouth gatherings
a student orator produced tears from a great number of the learned even before the punch was served
then from the branches of a near-by tree an indian underclassman disdaining both the platform and the english language harangued the assemblage in his aboriginal tongue
governor wentworth contributed an ox for a barbecue on the green beneath the three-hundred-foot pines and a barrel of rum was broached
the cook got drunk and president wheelock proved to be a man of broad talents by carving the ox himself
future commencements were more decorous perhaps but the number of graduates increased from the original four at a relatively slow pace
by the end of the nineteenth century in #### when the big three columbia and penn were populous centers of learning dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine
the dormitories including the beloved dartmouth hall could barely house two hundred students in spartan fashion
then in #### dr. william jewett tucker became president and the college 's great awakening began
he transformed dartmouth from a small new hampshire institution into a national college
by #### the number of undergraduates had risen to #,###
and at his last commencement in that year dr. tucker and dartmouth were honored by the presence of distinguished academic visitors attesting to the new stature of the college
the presidents of cornell wisconsin c.c.n.y. bowdoin vermont brown columbia princeton yale and harvard and the presidents emeritus of harvard and michigan were there
dartmouth is numerically still a small college today with approximately twenty-nine hundred undergraduates
but it has achieved a cross-section of students from almost all the states and two-thirds of its undergraduates come from outside new england
over ### different schools are usually represented in each entering class
only a dozen or so schools send as many as six students and there are seldom more than fifteen men in any single delegation
about two-thirds of the boys now come from public schools
it is still a college only and a university
it is in fact the only college in the ivy group
however three distinguished associated graduate schools offer professional curriculums the dartmouth medical school third oldest in the country and founded in #### the thayer school of engineering and the amos tuck school of business administration
all three are purposely kept small with a current total enrollment of about two hundred
all three schools coordinate their educational programs with that of the undergraduate college and like the college proper place emphasis upon a broad liberal arts course as the proper foundation for specialized study
students of the college who are candidates for the a.b. degree and can satisfy the academic requirements of the medical and business schools may enter either of these associated schools at the beginning of senior year thus completing the two-year postgraduate course in one year
the thayer school offers a year of postgraduate study in somewhat the same way after a boy wins a b.s. in engineering
so dartmouth is moving closer to the others in the ivy group
it is still however the junior member of the league if in years at least in the catching up it has had to do
it has been a well-known school for any part of the span the other ivies have enjoyed
however much football has been over-emphasized the public likes to measure its collegiate favorites by the scoreboard so while yale need never give its record a thought again since outscoring its opponents ### to # in the season of #### dartmouth had to wait until its championship team of #### for national recognition
it has come on with a rush in more significant areas
today it espouses certain ideas in its curriculum that other institutions might consider somewhat breathtaking
but dartmouth preserves its youthful brashness even in its educational attitudes and although some of its experiments may still be in the testing stage they make for lively copy
president emeritus hopkins once proposed to corral an aristocracy of brains in hanover
the person who left the buggy there has never been identified
it was a busy street conveniently near the shopping center and unattended horses and wagons were often left at the curbside
there are of course many weaknesses in any case against emma
she didn't like her stepmother but nothing is known to have occurred shortly before the crime that could have caused such a murderous rage
she had no way of knowing in advance whether an opportunity for murder existed
she would have been taking more than a fair risk of being seen and recognized during her travels
if she avoided the train and hired a buggy the stableman might have recognized her
if police had checked on her more thoroughly than is indicated she would be completely eliminated as a suspect
uncle john vinnicum morse was the immediate popular suspect
his sudden unannounced appearance at the borden home was strange in that he did carry an iota of baggage with him although he clearly intended to stay overnight if longer
lizzie stated during the inquest that while her father and uncle were in the sitting room the afternoon before the murders she had been disturbed by their voices and had closed her door even though it was a very hot day
it is evident that lizzie did tell everything she overheard between her father and her uncle morse
at that time jennings had a young law associate named arthur s. phillips
a few years ago too long before his death phillips revealed in a newspaper story that he had always suspected morse of the murders
he said morse and borden had quarreled violently in the house that day information which must have come from lizzie
it was obviously the sound of this argument that caused lizzie to close her door
the new bedford standard-times has reported knowlton as saying long after the trial that if he only knew what borden said during his conversation with morse he would have convicted somebody
notice knowlton did say that he would have obtained a conviction in the trial of lizzie borden
he said he would have convicted somebody
it is known that morse did associate with a group of itinerant horse traders who made their headquarters at westport a town far from fall river
they were a vagabond lot and considered to be shady and undesirable characters
fall river police did go to westport to see if they could get any information against morse and possibly find an accomplice whom he might have hired from among these men
these officers found no incriminating information
morse 's alibi was as solid as it seemed
he said he returned from the visit to his niece on the ##:## streetcar
the woman in the house where the niece was staying backed up his story and said she left when he did to shop for her dinner
fall river is a fashionable town
the dinner hour there was twelve noon
if this woman had delayed until after ##:## to start her shopping she would have had little time in which to prepare the substantial meal that was eaten at dinner in those days
it is possible that morse told the woman it was ##:## but it could have been earlier since she did serve dinner on time
police did make an attempt to check on morse 's alibi
they interviewed the conductor of the streetcar morse said he had taken but the man did remember morse as a passenger
questioned further morse said that there had been four or five priests riding on the same car with him
the conductor did recall having priests as passengers and this satisfied police although the conductor also pointed out that in heavily catholic fall river there were priests riding on almost every trip the streetcar made so morse 's statement really proved nothing
we do know that morse left the house before nine o'clock
bridget testified she saw him leave through the side door
morse said borden let him out and locked the screen door
from that point on he said he went to the post office and then walked leisurely to where his niece was staying more than a mile away
he met nobody he knew on this walk
there is no accounting of his movements in this long gap of time which covers the early hours when mrs. borden was killed
morse testified that while he was having breakfast in the dining room mrs. borden told the servant bridget i want you to wash these windows today
bridget 's testimony was in direct contradiction
she said it was after she returned from her vomiting spell in the back yard that mrs. borden told her to wash the windows
this was long after morse had left the house
morse 's knowledge of what mrs. borden told bridget could indicate that he had returned secretly to the house and was hidden there
he knew the house fairly well he had been there on two previous visits during the past three or four months alone
and despite knowlton 's attempts to show that the house was locked up tighter than a drum this was true
the screen door was unlocked for some ten or fifteen minutes while bridget was sick in the back
it was unlocked all the time she was washing windows
morse could have returned openly while bridget was sick in the back yard and gone up to the room he had occupied
mrs. borden would have been alarmed if she saw morse with an ax or hatchet in his hand
he had been to the farm the previous day and he could have said they needed the ax or hatchet at the farm
mrs. borden would have had no reason to disbelieve him and he could have approached close enough to her to swing before she could cry out
he could have left for weybosset street after her murder and made it in plenty of time by using the streetcar
if he took an earlier streetcar than the ##:## on his return he could have arrived at the borden house shortly after mr. borden came home
with lizzie in the barn the screen door unlocked and bridget upstairs in her attic room he would have had free and easy access to the house
with the second murder over he could have left hidden the weapon in some vacant lot or an abandoned cistern in the neighborhood
his unconcerned stroll down the side of the house to a pear tree with crowds already gathering in front of the building and sawyer guarding the side door was odd
there was no close examination of his clothes for bloodstains and certainly no scientific test was made of them
and for a man who traveled around without any change of clothing a few more stains on his dark suit may very well have gone unnoticed
the motive may have been the mysterious quarrel
there was no financial gain for morse in the murders
on the other side of the ledger is the fact that he did see his niece and the woman with whom she was staying
the time would have been shortly after the murder of mrs. borden and they noticed nothing unusual in his behavior
he said he had promised mrs. borden to return in time for dinner and that was close to the time when he did turn up at the borden house
what did pearson say about bridget sullivan as a possible suspect in his trial-book essay
the police soon ceased to look upon either bridget or mr. morse as in possession of guilty knowledge
neither had any interest in the deaths
indeed it was probably to mr. morse 's advantage to have mr. and mrs. borden alive
both he and bridget were exonerated by lizzie herself
that was his complete discussion of bridget sullivan as a possible suspect
although pearson disbelieved almost everything lizzie said and read a sinister purpose into almost everything she did he happily accepted her statement about bridget as the whole truth
he felt nothing further need be said about the servant girl
the exoneration pearson speaks of is an exoneration but lizzie 's expression of her opinion as reported in the testimony of assistant marshal fleet
this officer had asked lizzie if she suspected her uncle morse and she replied she didn't think he did it because he left the house before the murders and returned after them
fleet asked the same question about bridget and lizzie pointed out that as far as she knew bridget had gone up to her room before her father 's murder and came down when she called her
lizzie actually never named any suspect
she told police about the prospective tenant she had heard quarreling with her father some weeks before the murders but she said she thought he was from out of town because she heard him mention something about talking to his partner
and much as she detested hiram harrington she also did accuse him
at the inquest she was asked specifically whether she knew anybody her father had bad feelings toward or who had bad feelings toward her father
she replied i know of one man that has been friendly with him
they have been friendly for years
asked who this was she named harrington
her statement certainly was true
the press reported the same facts in using harrington 's interview but lizzie did suggest at the inquest that harrington was the killer
when i interviewed kirby who as a boy picked up pears in the borden yard i asked if anybody else in the household besides lizzie and morse had been under any suspicion at the time of the murders
he said he had heard of anybody else
how about bridget sullivan
oh she was just the maid there he replied waving a hand to indicate how completely unimportant she was
kirby was of course reflecting the opinion that existed at the time of murders
everyone somehow manages to overlook completely the fact that as far as we know there were exactly two people in and about the house at the time of both murders lizzie borden and bridget sullivan
all the officials on the case seem to have been afflicted with a similar myopia as far as bridget was concerned although records in police files contain many reports of servants who have murdered their employers
true it is no longer cricket for the butler to be the killer in mystery fiction but we are dealing here with actual people in real life and imaginary characters and situations
the actions of bridget should be examined since she was there and opportunity did exist if only to establish her innocence
there are also other factors that require closer examination
the legend as it exists in fall river today always includes the solemn assurance that bridget returned to ireland after the trial with a big bundle of cash which lizzie gave her for keeping her mouth shut
the people who believe and retell the legend have apparently never troubled to read the trial testimony and do know that the maid changed her testimony on several key points always to the detriment of lizzie
if bridget did get any bundles of cash the last person who would have rewarded her for services rendered would have been lizzie borden
bridget was born in ireland one of fourteen children
she was apparently the pioneer in her family because she had no close relatives in this country at that time
she worked as a domestic first in newport for a year and then in south bethlehem pennsylvania for another year
she finally settled in fall river and after being employed for a time by a mrs. reed was hired by the bordens
i have previously described how during the week of the murder bridget spent the first few hot days scrubbing and ironing clothes
her father james upton was the upton mentioned by hawthorne in the famous introduction to the scarlet letter as one of those who came into the old custom house to do business with him as the surveyor of the port
a gentleman of the old school mr. upton possessed intellectual power ample means and withal was a devoted christian
the daughter profited from his interest in scientific and philosophical subjects
her mother also was a person of superior mind and broad interests
there is clear evidence that lucy from childhood had an unusual mind
she possessed an observant eye a retentive memory and a critical faculty
when she was nine years old she wrote a description of a store she had visited
she named ## items and said there were many more things which it would take too long to write
an essay on freedom written at ## years of age quoted the declaration of independence the freedom given to slaves in canada and the views of george washington
lucy upton was graduated from the salem high school when few colleges only oberlin and elmira were open to women
and she had an appetite for learning that could be denied
a picture of her in high school comes from a younger schoolmate albert s. flint friend of her brother winslow and later like winslow a noted astronomer
he recalled lucy as a bright-looking black-eyed young lady who came regularly through the boys' study hall to join the class in greek in the little recitation room beyond
the study of greek was the distinctive mark of boys destined to go to college and lucy upton too expected to go to college and take the full classical course offered to men
the death of her mother in #### prevented this
with four younger children at home lucy stepped into her mother 's role and even after the brothers and sisters were grown she was her father 's comfort and stay until he died in ####
but even so lucy could give up her intellectual pursuits
when her brother winslow became a student at brown university in #### she wrote him about a course in history he was taking under professor diman what is prof. diman 's definition of civilization and take the world through is its progress ever onward or does it retrograde at times
do you think i might profitably study some of the history you do perhaps two weeks behind you
and that she proceeded to do
many years later on august # #### lucy upton wrote winslow 's daughter soon to be graduated from smith college while i love botany which after dabbling in for years i studied according to the methods of that day exactly forty years ago in a summer school it must be fascinating to take up zoology in the way you are doing
whatever was the science in the high school course for the time being that was my favorite study
mathematics came next
her study of history was persistently pursued
she read maitland 's dark ages which i enjoyed very much
la croix on the customs of the middle ages ## chapters of bryce and liked it more and more
more chapters of guizot
lecky and stanley 's eastern church
she discussed in her letters to winslow some of the questions that came to her as she studied alone
lucy 's correspondence with brother winslow during his college days was entirely taken up with academic studies
she played chess with him by postcard
also lucy and winslow had a private contest to see which one could make the most words from the letters in importunately
who won is revealed but winslow 's daughter eleanor says they got up to #,### words
there was another family interest also
winslow had musical talents as had his father before him
at different times he served as glee-club and choir leader and as organist
and it was lucy upton who first started the idea of a regular course in music at spelman college
winslow upton after graduation from brown university and two years of graduate study accepted a position at the harvard observatory
for three years he was connected with the u.s. naval observatory and with the u.s. signal corps
and after #### was professor of astronomy at brown university
the six expeditions to study eclipses of the sun of which he was a member took him to colorado virginia and california as well as to the south pacific and to russia
after her father 's death lucy and her youngest sister lived for a few years with winslow in washington d.c.
their house writes albert s. flint was always a haven of hospitality and good cheer especially grateful to one like myself far from home
lucy was a lively part of the household
moreover she had physical as well as mental vigor
winslow as his daughters eleanor and margaret recall used to characterize her as our iron sister
there is reason to suppose that lucy would have made a record as publicly distinguished as her brother had it been that her mother 's death occurred just as she was about to enter college
as a matter of fact albert s. flint expressed his conviction that her physical strength her mental power her lively interest in all objects about her and her readiness to serve her fellow beings would have led her to a distinguished career amongst the noted women of this country
while in washington d.c. lucy upton held positions in the u.s. census office and in the pension bureau
they were sufficiently challenging however and she resigned in #### to go to germany with her brother winslow and his family while he was there on study
after the months in europe she returned to boston and became active in church and community life
what was called an accidental meeting with miss packard in washington turned her attention to spelman
here was a cause she believed in
after correspondence with miss packard and to the joy of miss packard and miss giles she came to atlanta in the fall of #### to help wherever needed although there was then no money available to pay her a salary
she served for a number of years without pay beyond her travel and maintenance
her students have spoken of the exacting standards of scholarship and of manners and conduct she expected and achieved from the students
of her great power of discernment
of her exquisiteness of dress her well-modulated voice that went straight to the hearts of the hearers
her great love of flowers and plants and birds
and her close knowledge of individual students
she drew on all her resources of mind and heart to help them to make them at home in the world
and as graduates gratefully recall she drew on her purse as well
many a student was able to remain at spelman only because of her unobtrusive help
under miss upton the work of the year ####-## went forward without interruption
after all she had come to spelman seminary in #### and had been since #### except for one year associate principal or dean
she had taught classes in botany astronomy with the aid of a telescope geometry and psychology
miss upton and miss packard as a matter of fact had many tastes in common
both had eager and inquiring minds
and both believed that intellectual growth must go hand in hand with the development of sturdy character and christian zeal
both loved the out-of-doors including mountain climbing and horseback riding
in #### when the trip to europe and the holy land was arranged for miss packard it was miss upton who planned the trip and with rare executive ability bore the brunt of the entire pilgrimage from beginning to end
so strenuous it was physically with its days of horseback riding over rough roads that it seems an amazing feat of endurance for both miss packard and miss upton
yet they thrived on it
at the fifteenth anniversary #### as already quoted miss upton projected with force and eloquence the spelman of the future as a college of first rank with expanding and unlimited horizons
when dr. wallace buttrick wise in his judgment of people declined to have the science building named for him he wrote miss tapley april # #### if you had asked me i think i would have suggested that you name the building for miss upton
her services to the school for many years were of a very high character and i have often thought that one of the buildings should be named for her
such were the qualities of the acting-president of the seminary after the death of miss giles
at the meeting of the board of trustees on march # #### miss upton presented the annual report of the president
she noted that no student had been withdrawn through loss of confidence
that the enrollment showed an increase of boarding students as was desired
and that the year 's work had gone forward smoothly
she urged the importance of more thorough preparation for admission
the raising of the $##,### improvement fund two days before the time limit expired and the spontaneous praise demonstration held afterward on the campus were reported as events which had brought happiness to miss giles
with the fund in hand the debt on the boilers had been paid
rockefeller and packard halls had been renovated
and ground had been broken for the superintendent 's home
miss upton spoke gratefully of the response of spelman graduates and negro friends in helping to raise the fund and their continuing efforts to raise money for greatly needed current expenses
she spoke also with deep thankfulness of the many individuals and agencies whose interest and efforts through the years had made the work so fruitful in results
two bequests were recorded one of $### under the will of mrs. harriet a. copp of los angeles
and one of $#,### under the will of miss celia l. brett of hamilton new york a friend from the early days
miss upton told the trustees that the death of miss giles was the sorest grief the seminary had ever been called upon to bear
the daughters of spelman she said had never known or thought of spelman without her
the removal of miss packard ## years earlier had caused them great sorrow but they still had miss giles
now the school was indeed bereft
yet spelman has strong deep roots and will live for the blessing of generations to come
miss mary jane packard sophia 's half-sister became ill in march ####
and when school closed she was unable to travel to massachusetts
she remained in atlanta through june and july
she died on august sixth
before coming on a visit to spelman in #### miss mary had been a successful teacher in worcester and her position there was held open for her for a considerable period
but she decided to stay at spelman
she helped with teaching as well as office work for a few years the catalogues show that she had classes in geography rhetoric and bookkeeping
soon the office work claimed all her time
she was closely associated with the founders in all their trials and hardships
quiet and energetic cheerful and calm she too was a power in the development of the seminary
miss giles always used to refer to her as sister
she served as secretary in the seminary office for ## years and was in charge of correspondence records and bookkeeping
the books of the school hold a memorial to her
and so do the hearts of students and of teachers
mary j. packard states a messenger editorial was efficient pains-taking self-effacing loving radiating the spirit of her master
with infinite patience she responded to every call no matter at what cost to herself and to her all went for she was sure to have the needed information or word of cheer
in a few school districts one finds a link between school and job
in those vocational programs organized with smith-hughes money there may be a close tie between the labor union and a local employer on the one hand and the vocational teacher on the other
in these cases a graduate may enter directly into an apprentice program saving a year because of his vocational courses in grades ## and ##
the apprentice program will involve further education on a part-time basis usually at night perhaps using some of the same equipment of the high school
these opportunities are to be found in certain cities in such crafts as auto mechanics carpentry drafting electrical work tool-and-die work and sheet-metal work
formally organized vocational programs supported by federal funds allow high school students to gain experience in a field of work which is likely to lead to a full-time job on graduation
the diversified occupations program is a part-time trade-preparatory program conducted over two school years on a cooperative basis between the school and local industrial and business employers
the distributive education program operates in a similar way with arrangements between the school and employers in merchandising fields
in both cases the student attends school half-time and works in a regular job the other half
he receives remuneration for his work
in a few places cooperative programs between schools and employers in clerical work have shown the same possibilities for allowing the student while still in school to develop skills which are immediately marketable upon graduation
adult education courses work-study programs of various sorts these are all evidence of a continuing interest of the schools in furthering educational opportunities for out-of-school youth
in general however it may be said that when a boy or a girl leaves the high school the school authorities play little or no part in the decision of what happens next
if the student drops out of high school the break with the school is even more complete
when there is employment opportunity for youth this arrangement or lack of arrangement works out quite well
indeed in some periods of our history and in some neighborhoods the job opportunities have been so good that undoubtedly a great many boys who were potential members of the professions quit school at an early age and went to work
statistically this has represented a loss to the nation although one must admit that in an individual case the decision in retrospect may have been a wise one
i make no attempt to measure the enduring satisfaction and material well-being of a man who went to work on graduation from high school and was highly successful in the business which he entered
he may or may be better off than his classmate who went on to a college and professional school
but in the next decades the nation needs to educate for the professions all the potential professional talent
in a later chapter dealing with the suburban school i shall discuss the importance of arranging a program for the academically talented and highly gifted youth in any high school where he is found
in the negro neighborhoods and also to some extent in the mixed neighborhoods the problem may be one of identification and motivation
high motivation towards higher education must start early enough so that by the time the boy or girl reaches grade # he or she has at least developed those basic skills which are essential for academic work
undoubtedly far more can be done in the lower grades in this regard in the negro schools
however the teacher can only go so far if the attitude of the community and the family is anti-intellectual
and the fact remains that there are today few shining examples of negroes in positions of intellectual leadership
this is due to any policy of discrimination on the part of the northern universities
quite the contrary as i can testify from personal experience as a former university president
rather we see here another vicious circle
the absence of successful negroes in the world of scholarship and science has tended to tamp down enthusiasm among negro youth for academic careers
i believe the situation is improving but the success stories need to be heavily publicized
here again we run into the roadblock that negroes do like to be designated as negroes in the press
how can the vicious circle be broken
this is a problem to which leaders of opinion both negro and white should devote far more attention
it is at least as important as the more dramatic attempts to break down barriers of inequality in the south
i should like to underline four points i made in my first report with respect to vocational education
first and foremost vocational courses should replace courses which are essential parts of the required academic program for graduation
second vocational courses should be provided in grades ## and ## and require more than half the student 's time in those years
however for slow learners and prospective dropouts these courses ought to begin earlier
third the significance of the vocational courses is that those enrolled are keenly interested in the work
they realize the relevance of what they are learning to their future careers and this sense of purpose is carried over to the academic courses which they are studying at the same time
fourth the type of vocational training programs should be related to the employment opportunities in the general locality
this last point is important because if high school pupils are aware that few if any graduates who have chosen a certain vocational program have obtained a job as a consequence of the training the whole idea of relevance disappears
vocational training which holds no hope that the skill developed will be in fact a marketable skill becomes just another school chore for those whose interest in their studies has begun to falter
those who because of population mobility and the reputed desire of employers to train their own employees would limit vocational education to general rather than specific skills ought to bear in mind the importance of motivation in any kind of school experience
i have been using the word vocational as a layman would at first sight think it should be used
i intend to include under the term all the practical courses open to boys and girls
these courses develop skills other than those we think of when we use the adjective academic
practically all of these practical skills are of such a nature that a degree of mastery can be obtained in high school sufficient to enable the youth to get a job at once on the basis of the skill
they are in this sense skills marketable immediately on graduation from high school
to be sure in tool-and-die work and in the building trades the first job must be often on an apprentice basis but two years of half-time vocational training enables the young man thus to anticipate one year of apprentice status
similarly a girl who graduates with a good working knowledge of stenography and the use of clerical machines and who is able to get a job at once may wish to improve her skill and knowledge by a year or two of further study in a community college or secretarial school
of course it can be argued that an ability to write english correctly and with some degree of elegance is a marketable skill
so too is the mathematical competence of a college graduate who has majored in mathematics
in a sense almost all high school and college courses could be considered as vocational to the extent that later in life the student in his vocation which may be a profession will be called upon to use some of the skills developed and the competence obtained
in spite of the shading of one type of course into another i believe it is useful to talk about vocational courses as apart from academic courses
perhaps a course in typewriting might be regarded as the exception which proves the rule
today many college bound students try to take a course in personal typing as they feel a certain degree of mastery of this skill is almost essential for one who proposes to do academic work in college and a professional school
most of our largest cities have one or more separate vocational or technical high schools
in this respect public education in the large cities differs from education in the smaller cities and consolidated school districts
the neighborhood high schools are strictly speaking comprehensive schools because some of the boys and girls may be attending a vocational or technical high school instead of the local school
indeed one school superintendent in a large city objects to the use of the term comprehensive high school for the senior high schools in his city because these schools do offer strictly vocational programs
he prefers to designate such schools as general high schools
the suburban high school it is worth noting also is a widely comprehensive high school because of the absence of vocational programs
the reason is that there is a lack of interest on the part of the community
therefore employment and education in all the schools in a metropolitan area are related in different ways from those which are characteristic of the comprehensive high school described in my first report
the separate vocational or technical high schools in the large cities must be reckoned as permanent institutions
by and large their programs are satisfactorily connected both to the employment situation and to the realities of the apprentice system
it is often realized to what degree certain trades are in many communities closed areas of employment except for a lucky few
one has to talk confidentially with some of the directors of vocational high schools to realize that a boy cannot just say i want to be a plumber and then by doing good work find a job
it is far more difficult in many communities to obtain admission to an apprentice program which involves union approval than to get into the most selective medical school in the nation
two stories will illustrate what i have in mind
one vocational instructor in a city vocational school speaking of his course in a certain field said he had no difficulty placing all students in jobs outside of the city
in the city he said the waiting list for those who want to join the union is so long that unless a boy has an inside track he can't get in
in a far distant part of the united states i was talking to an instructor about a boy who in the twelfth grade was doing special work
what does he have in mind to do when he graduates
oh he'll be a plumber came the answer
but isn't it almost impossible to get into the union
he'll have no difficulty i was told
he has very good connections
in my view there should be a school which offers significant vocational programs for boys within easy reach of every family in a city
ideally these schools should be so located that one or more should be in the area where demand for practical courses is at the highest
an excellent example of a successful location of a new vocational high school is the dunbar vocational high school in chicago
located in a bad slum area now undergoing redevelopment this school and its program are especially tailored to the vocational aims of its students
hardly a window has been broken since dunbar first was opened and vandalism in schools is a major problem in many slum areas
i discovered in the course of a visit there that almost all the pupils were negroes
they were learning trades as diverse as shoe repairing bricklaying carpentry cabinet making auto mechanics and airplane mechanics
the physical facilities at dunbar are impressive but more impressive is the attitude of the pupils
the soybean seed is the most important leguminous food in the world
in the united states where half of the world crop is grown soybeans are processed for their edible oil
the residue from soybean processing goes mainly into animal feeds
soybeans are extensively processed into a remarkable number of food products in the orient
american chemists seeking to increase exports of soybeans have adapted modern techniques and fermentation methods to improve their use in such traditional japanese foods as tofu and miso and in tempeh of indonesia
soybean flour grits flakes milk and curd can be bought in the united states
peanuts are the world 's second most important legume
they are used mainly for their oil
we produce peanut oil but to a much greater extent we eat the entire seed
blanched peanuts as prepared for making peanut butter or for eating as nuts are roasted seeds whose seedcoats have been rubbed off
cereal grains supplemented with soybeans or dry edible peas or beans comprise about two-thirds or three-fourths of the diet in parts of asia and africa
in western europe and north america where the level of economic development is higher grains and other seed products furnish less than one-third of the food consumed
rather meat and potatoes sugar and dairy products are the main sources of carbohydrate protein oils and fats
people depend less on seeds for foods in australia new zealand and argentina where extensive grazing lands support sheep or cattle and the consumption of meat is high
feeds for livestock took about one-sixth of the world 's cereal crop in ####-####
most of the grain is fed to swine and dairy cows and lesser amounts to beef cattle and poultry
about ## percent of the corn used in the united states is fed to animals
the rest is used for human food and industrial products
more than half of the sorghum and barley seeds we produce and most of the byproducts of the milling of cereals and the crushing of oilseeds are fed to livestock
more than ### million tons of seeds and seed products are fed to livestock annually in the united states
the efficiency with which animals convert grains and forages to meat has risen steadily in the united states since the #### 's and has paralleled the increased feeding of the cake and meal that are a byproduct when seeds are processed for oil
the demand for food is so great in the world that little arable land can be given over to growing the nonfood crops
seeds grown for industrial uses hold a relatively minor position
chief among the seed crops grown primarily for industrial uses are the oil-bearing seeds flax castor tung nuts from the china wood-oil tree perilla from an oriental mint and oiticica from a brazilian tree
oils or liquid fats from the seeds of flax and tung have long been the principal constituents of paints and varnishes for protecting and beautifying the surfaces of wood and metal
these oils develop hard smooth films when they dry and form resinlike substances
the artist who paints in oil uses drying oils to carry the pigments and to protect his finished work for the ages
one of the finest of artists' oils comes from poppy seeds
seeds of soybean cotton corn sesame and rape yield semidrying oils
some are used in paints along with drying oils
palm oil protects the surfaces of steel sheets before they are plated with tin
castor oil made from castorbeans has gone out of style as a medicine
this nondrying oil however is now more in demand than ever before as a fine lubricant as a constituent of fluids for hydraulically operated equipment and as a source of chemicals to make plastics
almond oil another nondrying oil was once used extensively in perfumery to extract flower fragrances
it is still used in drugs and cosmetics but it is rather scarce and sometimes is adulterated with oils from peach and plum seeds
liquid fats from all these oilseeds enter into the manufacture of soaps for industry and the household and of glycerin for such industrial uses as making explosives
sizable amounts of soybean coconut and palm kernel oil seed oils that are produced primarily for food purposes also are used to make soaps detergents and paint resins
solid fats from the seeds of the mahua tree the shea tree and the coconut palm are used to make candles in tropical countries
seeds are a main source of starch for industrial and food use in many parts of the world
corn and wheat supply most of the starch in the united states canada and australia
in other countries where cereal grains are among the principal crops of a region starchy tubers or roots are processed for starch
starch is used in the paper textile and food-processing industries and in a multitude of other manufacturing operations
gums were extracted from quince psyllium fleawort flax and locust carob seeds in ancient times
today the yearly import into the united states of locust bean gum is more than ## million pounds
of psyllium seed more than #.# million
the discovery during the second world war that guar gum was similar to imported locust gum increased its cultivation in western asia and initiated it in the united states
water-soluble gums are used in foods and drugs and in the manufacture of pulp and paper as thickeners stabilizers or dispersing agents
guar gum thickens salad dressings and stabilizes ice cream
quince seed gum is the main ingredient in wave-setting lotions
once regarded as an agricultural nuisance psyllium was sold in the #### 's as a mechanical laxative under ### different brands
locust gum is added to pulp slurries to break up the lumps of fibers in making paper
the seeds of hard fibrous stony fruits called nuts provide highly concentrated foods oils and other materials of value
most nuts consist of the richly packaged storage kernel and its thick adherent brown covering the seedcoat
the kernels of brazil nuts cashews coconuts filberts hazelnuts hickory nuts pecans walnuts and pine nuts are predominantly oily
almonds and pistachio nuts are so high in oil but are rich in protein
chestnuts are starchy
all nut kernels are rich in protein
the world production of familiar seed nuts almonds brazil nuts filberts and the english walnuts totals about ### thousand tons annually
coconuts the fruit of the coconut palm have the largest of all known seeds and are grown in south pacific islands as a crop for domestic and export markets
the oil palm of west africa yields edible oil from both the flesh and the seed or kernel of its fruit
world production of copra the oil-bearing flesh of the coconut was a little more than # million tons in ####
exports from producing countries in terms of equivalent oil were a little more than # million tons about half of which was palm kernels or oil from them and about half was palm oil
other nuts consumed in lesser quantity include the spicy nutmeg
the soap nut which owes its sudsing power to natural saponins
the marking nut used for ink and varnish
the aromatic sassafras nut of south america
and the sweet-smelling cumara nut which is suited for perfumes
a forest crop that has been extensively cultivated is ivory nuts from the tagua palm
the so-called vegetable ivory is the hard endosperm of the egg-sized seed
it is used for making buttons and other small hard objects of turnery
seeds of the sago palm are used in bermuda to make heads and faces of dolls sold to tourists
the color and shape of seeds have long made them attractive for ornaments and decorations
since biblical times rosaries have been made from jobs-tears the seeds of an asiatic grass
bead tree seeds are the necklaces of south pacific islanders and the eyes of buddha dolls in cuba
victorian ladies had a fad of stringing unusual seeds to wear as jewelry
handmade christmas wreaths and trees often contain a variety of seeds collected during the year
tradition has assigned medicinal values to seeds because of their alkaloids aromatic oils and highly flavored components
although science has given us more effective materials preparations from anise castorbean colchicum nux vomica mustard fennel and stramonium are familiar to many for the relief of human ailments
flaxseed poultices and mustard plasters still are used by some persons
peanut and sesame oils often are used as carriers or diluents for medicines administered by injection
still another group of seeds sometimes tiny dry seed-bearing fruits provide distinctive flavors and odors to foods although the nutrients they supply are quite negligible
the common spices flavorings and condiments make up this group
each year millions of pounds of anise caraway mustard celery and coriander and the oils extracted from them are imported
single-seeded dry fruits used for flavoring include several of the carrot family such as cumin dill fennel and angelica
less common seeds used in cooking and beverages include fenugreek artificial maple flavor and cardamom
white pepper is the ground seed of the common black pepper fruit
sesame seed which comes from the tall pods of a plant grown in egypt brazil and central america has a toasted-nut flavor and can be used in almost any dish calling for almonds
it is a main flavoring for halvah the candy of the middle east
sesame sticks a snack dip originated in the southwest
beverages are made from seeds the world over
coffee is made from the roasted and ground seeds of the coffee tree
world production of coffee broke all previous records in #### and #### at more than # million tons
per capita consumption remains around ## pounds in the united states
cocoa chocolate and cocoa butter come from the ground seeds of the cacao tree
world production of about # million tons is divided primarily between africa ## percent and south america ## percent
several soft drinks contain extracts from kola nuts the seed of the kola tree cultivated in the west indies and south america
cereal grains have been used for centuries to prepare fermented beverages
the japanese sake is wine fermented from rice grain
arrack is distilled from fermented rice in india
beer generally fermented from barley is an old alcoholic beverage
beer was brewed by the babylonians and egyptians more than # thousand years ago
brewers today use corn rice and malted barley
distillers use corn malt wheat grain sorghum and rye in making beverage alcohol
seed crops hold a prominent place in the agricultural economy of the united states
the farm value of seeds produced in this country for all purposes including the cereals is nearly ## billion dollars a year
cereal grains oilseeds and dry beans and peas account for about ## percent of the farm value of all crops raised
the economic importance of seed crops actually is even greater because additional returns are obtained from most of the corn oats barley and sorghum as well as the cake and meal from the processing of flaxseed cottonseed and soybeans through conversion to poultry meat and dairy products
seeds furnish about ## percent of the total nutrients consumed by all livestock
hay and pasture are the other chief sources of livestock feed
seeds are the essential raw materials for milling grain baking crushing oilseed refining edible oil brewing distilling and mixing feed
more than ## thousand business establishments in the united states were based on cereals and oilseeds in ####
the value of products from these industries was ##.# billion dollars of which about one-third was created by manufacturing processes
included was the value of seed oil in paints and varnishes or the value of the coffee and chocolate industries that are based on imported seed or seed products
cereal grains furnish about one-fourth of the total food calories in the american diet and about one-third of the total nutrients consumed by all livestock and poultry
to hold a herd of cattle on a new range till they felt at home was called locatin' 'em
to keep 'em scattered somewhat and yet herd 'em was called loose herdin'
to hold 'em in a compact mass was close herdin'
cattle were inclined to remain in a territory with which they were acquainted
that became their home range
yet there were always some that moved farther and farther out seekin' grass and water
these became strays the term bein' restricted to cattle however as hosses under like circumstances were spoken of as stray hosses merely strays
cattle would drift day and night in a blizzard till it was over
you couldn't stop 'em
you had to go with 'em or wait till the storm was over and follow
such marchin' in wholesale numbers was called a drift or winter drift and if the storm was prolonged it usually resulted in one of the tragedies of the range
the cowboy made a technical distinction in reference to the number of them animals
the single animal or a small bunch were referred to as strays
but when a large number were bunched up or banded up and marched away from their home range as long as they stayed together the group was said to be a drift
drifts usually occurred in winter in an effort to escape the severe cold winds but it could also occur in summer as the result of lack of water or grass because of a drought or as an aftermath of a stampede
drifts usually happened only with cattle for hosses had 'nough sense to avoid 'em and to find shelter for 'emselves
the wholesale death of cattle as a result of blizzards and sometimes droughts over a wide range of territory was called a die-up
followin' such an event there was usually a harvest of fallen hides and the ranchers needed skinnin' knives instead of brandin' irons
cattle were said to be potted when blizzard choked that is caught in a corner or a draw or against a drift fence durin' a storm
cattle which died from them winter storms were referred to as the winter kill
when cattle in winter stopped and humped their backs up they were said to bow up
this term was also used by the cowboy in the sense of a human showin' fight as one cowhand was heard to say he arches his back like a mule in a hailstorm
cattle drove to the northern ranges and held for two winters to mature 'em into prime beef were said to be double wintered
cattle brought into a range from a distance were called immigrants
them new to the country were referred to as pilgrims
this word was first applied to the imported hot-blooded cattle but later was more commonly used as reference to a human tenderfoot
hereford cattle were often called white faces or open-face cattle and the old-time cowman gave the name of hothouse stock to them newly introduced cattle
because holstein cattle weren't a beef breed they were rarely seen on a ranch though one might be found now and then for the milk supply
the cowboy called this breed of cattle magpies
a cattaloe was a hybrid offspring of buffalo and cattle
dry stock denoted regardless of age or sex such bovines as were givin' no milk
a wet herd was a herd of cattle made up entirely of cows while wet stuff referred to cows givin' milk
the cowboy 's humorous name for a cow givin' milk was a milk pitcher
cows givin' no milk were knowed as strippers
the terminology of the range in speakin' of dry stock and wet stock was confusin' to the tenderfoot
the most common reference to wet stock was with the meanin' that such animals had been smuggled across the rio grande after bein' stolen from their rightful owners
the term soon became used and applied to all stolen animals
mixed herd meant a herd of mixed sexes while a straight steer herd was one composed entirely of steers and when the cowman spoke of mixed cattle he meant cattle of various grades ages and sexes
in the spring when penned cattle were turned out to grass this was spoken of as turn-out time or put to grass
shootin' 'em out was gettin' cattle out of a corral onto the range
when a cow came out of a corral in a crouchin' run she was said to come out a-stoopin'
to stir cattle up and get 'em heated and excited was to mustard the cattle and the act was called ginnin' 'em 'round or chousin' 'em
after a roundup the pushin' of stray cattle of outside brands toward their home range was called throwin' over
a cow rose from the ground rear end first
by the time her hindquarters were in a standin' position her knees were on the ground in a prayin' attitude
it was when she was in this position that the name prayin' cow was suggested to the cowboy
they were said to be on their heads when grazin'
on the hoof was a reference to live cattle and was also used in referrin' to cattle travelin' by trail under their own power as against goin' by rail
shippin' cattle by train was called a stock run
a general classification given grass-fed cattle was grassers
when a cowboy spoke of dustin' a cow he meant that he throwed dust into her eyes
the cow unlike a bull or steer kept her eyes open and her mind on her business when chargin' and a cow on the prod or on the peck was feared by the cowhand more than any of his other charges
the injun 's name for beef was wohaw and many of the old frontiersmen adopted it from their association with the injun on the trails
the first cattle the injuns saw under the white man 's control were the ox teams of the early freighters
listenin' with wonder at the strange words of the bullwhackers as they shouted whoa haw and gee they thought them words the names of the animals and began callin' cattle wohaws
rarely did a trail herd pass through the injun country on its march north that it wasn't stopped to receive demand for wohaw
tailin' was the throwin' of an animal by the tail in lieu of a rope
any animal could when travelin' fast be sent heels over head by the simple process of overtakin' the brute seizin' its tail and givin' the latter a pull to one side
this throwed the animal off balance and over it'd crash onto its head and shoulders
though the slightest yank was frequently capable of producin' results many men assured success through a turn of the tail 'bout the saddle horn supplemented sometimes in the case of cattle by a downward heave of the rider 's leg upon the strainin' tail
such tactics were resorted to frequently with the unmanageable longhorns and a thorough tailin' usually knocked the breath out of a steer and so dazed 'im that he'd behave for the rest of the day
it required both a quick and swift hoss and a darin' rider
when cattle became more valuable ranch owners frowned upon this practice and it was discontinued at least when the boss was 'round
when the cowboy used the word tailin 's he meant stragglers
bull tailin' was a game once pop'lar with the mexican cowboys of texas
from a pen of wild bulls one would be released and with much yellin' a cowhand'd take after 'im
seizin' the bull by the tail he rushed his hoss forward and a little to one side throwin' the bull off balance and bustin' 'im with terrific force
rammin' one horn of a downed steer into the ground to hold 'im down was called peggin'
colors of cattle came in for their special names
an animal covered with splotches or spots of different colors was called a brindle or brockle
a lineback was an animal with a stripe of different color from the rest of its body runnin' down its back while a lobo stripe was the white yeller or brown stripe runnin' down the back from neck to tail a characteristic of many spanish cattle
a mealynose was a cow or steer of the longhorn type with lines and dots of a color lighter'n the rest of its body 'round the eyes face and nose
such an animal was said to be mealynosed
sabinas was a spanish word used to describe cattle of red and white peppered and splotched colorin'
the northern cowboy called all the red mexican cattle which went up the trail sonora reds while they called all cattle drove up from mexico yaks because they came from the yaqui injun country or gave 'em the name of mexican buckskins
near the southern border cattle of the early longhorn breed whose coloration was black with a lineback with white speckles frequently appearin' on the sides and belly were called zorrillas
this word was from the spanish meanin' polecat
yeller bellies were cattle of mexican breed splotched on flank and belly with yellerish color
an animal with distinct coloration or other marks easily distinguished and remembered by the owner and his riders was sometimes used as a marker
such an animal has frequently been the downfall of the rustler
countin' each grazin' bunch of cattle where it was found on the range and driftin' it back so that it didn't mix with the uncounted cattle was called a range count
the countin' of cattle in a pasture without throwin' 'em together for the purpose was called a pasture count
the counters rode through the pasture countin' each bunch of grazin' cattle and drifted it back so that it didn't get mixed with the uncounted cattle ahead
this method of countin' was usually done at the request and in the presence of a representative of the bank that held the papers against the herd
them notes and mortgages were spoken of as cattle paper
a book count was the sellin' of cattle by the books commonly resorted to in the early days sometimes much to the profit of the seller
this led to the famous sayin' in the northwest of the books won't freeze
this became a common byword durin' the boom days when eastern and foreign capital were so eager to buy cattle interests
the origin of this sayin' was credited to a saloonkeeper by the name of luke murrin
his saloon was a meetin' place for influential wyoming cattlemen and one year durin' a severe blizzard when his herd-owner customers were wearin' long faces he said cheer up boys whatever happens the books won't freeze
in this carefree sentence he summed up the essence of the prevailin' custom of buyin' by book count and created a sayin' which has survived through the years
range delivery meant that the buyer after examinin' the seller 's ranch records and considerin' his rep'tation for truthfulness paid for what the seller claimed to own then rode out and tried to find it
when a cowhand said that a man had good cow sense he meant to pay 'im a high compliment
no matter by what name cattle were called there was no denyin' that they only saved texas from financial ruin but went far toward redeemin' from a wilderness vast territories of the northwest
## swingin' a wide loop
the first use of the word rustler was as a synonym for hustler becomin' an established term for any person who was active pushin' and bustlin' in any enterprise
again it was used as the title for the hoss wrangler and when the order was given to go out and rustle the hosses it meant for 'im to go out and herd 'em in
eventually herdin' the hosses was spoken of as hoss rustlin' and the wrangler was called the hoss rustler
later the word became almost exclusively applied to a cow thief startin' from the days of the maverick when cowhands were paid by their employers to get out and rustle a few mavericks
it was john who found the lion tracks
he found them near the carcass of a zebra that had been killed the night before and he circled once nose to the ground hair shooting up along his back as it did when he was after lion or bear and then he lifted his head and bayed and the pack joined in all heads high and jones knew it was a hot trail
he stifled the comanche yell and let john lead him straight toward the nearby black volcanic mountain
this mountain was known as the black reef and it rose almost perpendicularly for about two hundred feet honeycombed with caves top covered with dense scrub and creepers and tall grass
on the south it ended sharply as though the lava had been cut off there suddenly
kearton and ulyate had started the day together while jones followed the dogs and means and loveless had taken another route and now with the discovery of the fresh trail still unknown to him ulyate reined in in the shadow of the reef and pointed
kearton focussed his field glasses
that 's the colonel he said but i can't see the dogs
as they watched jones rode straight for the reef
then they picked up the smaller black specks on the plain in front of him
the dogs were working a trail lion
the pack had made a bend to the north swinging back toward the reef and kearton and ulyate could hear them faintly
kearton got off and tore up some dry grass that grew in cracks between the rocks and piled it in a heap and wanted to make the smoke signal that would bring loveless and means and the rest of the party
yet cautioned ulyate
jones came toward them fast now along the southern toe of the reef and the dogs could be heard plainly old john with his grand canyon voice outstanding above the others
there was sounder too also a veteran of the north rim and rastus and the rake from a pack of english fox-hounds and a collie from a london pound and simba a terrier
a motley pack chosen for effectiveness beauty
jones was galloping close behind them leaning down cheering them on
ulyate said and kearton touched a match to the pile of grass blew on it and flame licked out
he threw green stuff on it and a thin blue column of smoke rose
that will fetch the gang and tell the colonel where we are
two quick shots sounded
then there was a chorus of wild barking and baying
then the heavy roar of a lion
kearton and ulyate looked at each other and began to gallop toward the sound
it came from the top of the reef half a mile away
at the base of the rocky hillside they left their horses and climbed on foot
the route was choked with rugged lava-rocks creepers and bushes so thickly overgrown that when kearton lost sight of ulyate and called ulyate answered from ten feet away
nice country to meet a lion in face to face
ulyate and kearton climbed on toward the sound of the barking of the dogs and the sporadic roaring of the lion till they came out of breath to the crest and peering through the branches of a bush this is what ulyate saw jones who had apparently and actually had ridden up the nearly impassable hillside sitting calmly on his horse within forty feet of a full-grown young lioness who was crouched on a flat rock and seemed just about to charge him while the dogs whirled around her
ulyate drew back with a start and put finger to lips almost afraid to move or whisper lest it set her off the dogs have got her bayed
she 's just the other side of that bush
and when they had drawn back a step he added jones is sitting on his horse right in front of her
why she doesn't charge him i don't know
and he hasn't even got a knife on him
he couldn't get away from her in this kind of ground
careful don't disturb her
jones had been about a hundred and fifty feet from her when he first broke through to the top of the reef
she was standing on a flat rock three feet above ground and when she saw him she rose to full height and roared opening her mouth wide lashing her tail and stamping at the rock with both forefeet in irritation as much as to say how dare you disturb me in my sacred precinct
intuition told him however that she was tired and winded from the run up the reef and would charge yet
he moved forward to within thirty-five feet of her being careful because he knew the female is less predictable than the male
in the graveyard at nairobi he had been shown the graves of thirty-four big game hunters killed hunting the animals he was attempting to lasso
of the thirty-four seventeen had been killed by lions and eleven out of the seventeen by lionesses
she snarled terribly but intuition told him again that she was bluffing and he could see that half her attention was distracted by the dogs
he threw the lasso
it was falling over her head when a branch of a bush caught it and it fell in front of her on the rock
even then if she took one step forward he could catch her
but john nipped her rear end one lion 's rear end was as good as another to john africa arizona no matter and she changed ends and took a swipe at john but he ducked back
jones then recoiled his rope and threw again this time hitting her on the back but failing to encircle her
she whirled and faced him roaring terribly and ulyate watching through the leaves could understand why she did charge and obliterate him because he wouldn't have much of a chance of getting away in that thick growth but she seemed just a trace uncertain
while jones on the other hand appeared perfectly confident and ulyate decided perhaps that was the answer
from the lioness' point of view this strange creature on the back of another creature lashing out with its long thin paw very likely appeared as something she could at first cope with
but now she sank lower to the rock
her roar changed to a growl
her tail no longer lashed
although she appeared more subdued and defeated jones knew she was growing more dangerous
she was rested and could mount a charge
just the tip of her tail was moving as she crouched and she was treading lightly up and down with her hind feet
at this moment loveless and means arrived crashing through the undergrowth with their horses and distracted her and she ran off a short distance and jumped into a crevice between two rocks
the dogs followed her and she killed three and badly wounded old john
we've got to get her out of there
jones yelled or she'll kill 'em all
bring me the firecrackers
for such an emergency he had included fourth-of-july cannon crackers as part of their equipment
lighting one he pitched it into the crevice and the lioness left off mauling the dogs and departed
ain't she a beauty though
called out means as she ran
don't you go a step nearer her than i do jones warned and if you do go at a run so you'll have momentum
for two hours they drove her from one strong point to another along the side of the reef trying to maneuver her onto the plain where they could get a good throw
but she clung to the rocks and brush and the day wore away
it was hot
the dogs were tired
the men were tired too
it was the story of the rhinoceros fight all over again
and the sun was beginning to go down
if dark came they would lose her
i'll get a pole jones said finally and i'll poke a noose over her head
at this moment she was crouched in a cave-like aperture halfway down the reef
ulyate made no comment but his face showed what he thought of poking ropes over lions' heads with poles and of course these were the lions of fifty years ago the gentler ones of today and this one was angry with good reason
loveless too objected
it won't work colonel
just the same we'll try it
but without waiting for them to try it she scattered the dogs and shot down the reef and out across the plain
john led the chase after her and the other dogs strung out behind many of them trailing blood
john himself was bruised and clawed from head to tail but he was in this fight to the finish running almost as strongly now as in the morning
she took refuge on a tongue of land extending into a gully crouched at the base of a thorn tree and waited for them to come up
she had chosen the spot well
with the gully on three sides she could be approached only along the tongue of land
careful now jones warned
means tried her first
very slowly he maneuvered his rawboned bay gelding edging closer watching for a chance to throw but ready to spin and run rope whining about his head horse edging tensely under him but the gelding was obedient and responded and was paralyzed by the close proximity of the lion
they tell you horses go crazy at the sight or smell of a bear or a lion but these didn't
means edged closer
she snarled warningly
means spit and edged on
again she snarled and again he edged
the pony was sidewise to her
with a whirling jump it could get into gear
however nothing on four legs was supposed to be faster than a lion over a short distance unless it was a cheetah
means spun and spurred
for thirty yards she gained rapidly
she was closing and within one more bound would have been able to reach the rear end of the bay but and here jones and loveless and ulyate were holding breath for all they were worth she never quite caught up that last bound
means held steady one jump ahead of her
then gradually he began to pull away
a western cowpony had outrun an african lion from a standing start
photos showed later that she'd been about six feet from means
of course the factor of head start made all the difference
how much head start
no one knew exactly
that was the whole question
enough was the answer
the lioness quickly changed front when she saw she couldn't catch means and made for jones
as she had done with means she gained rapidly at first but then baldy began to draw away
somewhere in the few scant yards of head start was the determining point
when jones too drew away she returned to a thorn bush in the neck of land running into the gully crouched low and waited as before
this new position however gave the ropers a better chance
there was room to make a quick dash past the bush and throw as you went
so means edged around on the north side of her jones moved in from the south
tossing his rope and shouting he attracted her attention
he succeeded almost too well because once she rose as if to charge and he half wheeled his horse he was within fifty feet but she sank back
from behind her means shot forward at a run
kearton began shouting wait wait the camera 's jammed
but means kept on
he raced by within twenty feet of her roped her around the neck but a lioness' neck is short and thick and with a quick twist she slipped the noose off
the missionary obligation to proclaim the gospel to all the world was once left to zealous individuals and voluntary societies
but the time came when a church that had no part in the missionary movement was looked upon as deficient in its essential life
the christian education of children too was once hardly more than a sideshow but the day came when a congregation that did assume full oversight of a church school was thought of as failing in its duty
the most serious weakness of the ecumenical movement today is that it is generally regarded as the responsibility of a few national leaders in each denomination and a few interdenominational executives
most pastors and laymen even though they believe it to be important assume that the ecumenical movement lies outside the province of their parishes
they may even dismiss it from their minds as something that concerns only the ecclesiastical rover boys as someone has dubbed them who like to go to national and international assemblies and have expense accounts that permit them to do so
as long as this point of view prevails the ecumenical movement will be lame and halt
the next stage ahead is that of making it thoroughly at home in the local community
progress will take place far less through what is done in any summit conference of the national council or the world council or even in offices of the denominational boards than through what happens in the communities where christian people live together as neighbors
the front line of advance is where witnessing and worshiping congregations of different traditions exist side by side
until they see the ecumenical movement in terms of the difference it makes in their own attitudes programs and relationships it will have an inevitable aspect of unreality
as things now stand there is a grievous disparity between the unity in christ which we profess in ecumenical meetings and the complacent separateness of most congregations on any main street in the nation
the ecumenical congregation
the crux of ecumenical advance is an even more personalized matter than the relation between congregations in the same community
the decisive question is what happens within each congregation and finally in the minds and hearts of the individual members
it is here that the local and ecumenical must meet
it is here that the ecumenical must become local and the local become ecumenical
it has become almost trite to say that the ecumenical movement must be carried down to the grass roots
this way of describing the matter is unfortunate
it implies two misconceptions
one is that whatever is ecumenical has to do with some over-all organization at the top and needs only to be understood at the so-called lower levels
the truth however is that the ecumenical church is just the local church in its own true character as an integral unit of the whole people of god throughout the world
the other misconception is that our ecumenical problems will be solved if only the knowledge of the church in its world-wide extension and its interdenominational connections now comprehended by many national leaders can be communicated to all congregations
however needed this may be the fundamental problem is information but active commitment to the total mission of the church of christ in the world
the basic unit in the church of whatever denominational polity is always the congregation
it is hardly possible to emphasize this too much
most people do realize that the congregation as a gathered fellowship meeting regularly face to face personally sharing in a common experience and expressing that experience in daily relationships with one another is unique
the idea that it is a feature of all religions is entirely mistaken
the jewish synagogue affords a parallel to the christian congregation but hinduism buddhism islam confucianism taoism shintoism although they have sacred scriptures priests spiritual disciplines and places of prayer do have a congregation as a local household of faith and love
their characteristic experience is that of the individual at an altar or a shrine rather than that of a continuing social group with a distinctive kind of fellowship
how far the fellowship in most local churches falls below what the new testament means by koinonia
what is now called christian fellowship is often little more than the social chumminess of having a gracious time with the kind of people one likes
the koinonia of acts and of the epistles means sharing in a common relation to christ
it is an experience of a new depth of community derived from an awareness of the corporate indwelling of christ in his people
as dietrich bonhoffer puts it our community with one another consists solely in what christ has done to both of us
this may mean having fellowship in the church with people with whom on the level of merely human agreeableness we might prefer to have any association at all
there is a vast difference between the community of reconciliation which the new testament describes and the community of congeniality found in the average church building
whenever a congregation really sees itself as a unit in the universal church in vital relation with the whole body of christ and participating in his mission to the world a necessary foundation-stone of the ecumenical movement has been laid
the antithesis of the ecumenical and the local then no longer exists
the local and the ecumenical are one
of course the perspective of those who are dealing directly with the world-wide problems of the people of god will always be different from the perspective of those who are dealing with the nearby problems of particular persons in a particular place
each viewpoint is valid if it is organically related to the other
neither is adequate if it stands alone
our difficulty arises when either viewpoint shuts out the other
and this is what all too often happens
a little parable illustrative of this truth is afforded by an incident related by professor bela vasady at the end of the second world war
with great difficulty he made his way from his native hungary to geneva to renew his contacts as a member of the provisional committee for the world council of churches
when he had the mishap of breaking his spectacles his ecumenical colleagues insisted on providing him with new ones
they were bifocals
he often spoke of them as his ecumenical glasses and used them as a symbol of the kind of vision that is required in the church
it is he said a bifocal vision which can see both the near-at-hand and the distant and keep a christian in right relation to both
as things stand now the local and the ecumenical tend to compete with each other
on the one hand there are ecumenists who are so stirred by the crises of the church in its encounter with the world at large that they have no eyes for what the church is doing in their own town
they do escape the pitfall into which charles dickens pictured mrs. jellyby as falling
her concern for the natives of borrioboola-gha was so intense that she quite forgot and neglected her son peepy
likewise the ecumenist may become so absorbed in the conflict of the church with the totalitarian state in east germany the precarious situation of the church in revolutionary china and the anguish of the church over apartheid in south africa that he loses close contact with the parish church in its unspectacular but indispensable ministry of worship pastoral service and counseling and christian nurture for a face-to-face group of individuals
on the other hand many a pastor is so absorbed in ministering to the intimate personal needs of individuals in his congregation that he does little or nothing to lead them into a sense of social responsibility and world mission
as a result they go on thinking of the church with introverted and self-centered satisfaction only in connection with the way in which it serves them and their families
it would hardly be an exaggeration to say that ninety per cent of the energy of most churches whether in terms of finance or spiritual concern is poured into the private and domestic interests of the members
the parish lives for itself rather than for the community or the world
the gap between the ecumenical perspective and the parish perspective appears most starkly in a church in any of our comfortable suburbs
it is eminently successful according to all conventional standards
it is growing in numbers
its people are agreeable friends
it has a beautiful edifice
its preaching and its music give refreshment of spirit to men and women living under heavy strain
it provides pastoral care for the sick and troubled
it helps children grow up with at least a nodding acquaintance with the bible
it draws young people into the circle of those who continue the life of the church from generation to generation
and it is easy for the ecumenical enthusiast to lose sight of how basic all this is
but what is this church doing to help its members understand their roles as christians in the world
all too often its conception of parish ministry and pastoral care includes no responsibility for them in their relation to issues of the most desperate urgency for the life of mankind
it is stirring them to confront the racial tensions of today with the mind of christ
it is helping them face the moral crisis involved in the use of nuclear energy
it is making them sensitive to the sub-christian level of much of our economic and industrial life
it is raising no disturbing question as to what christian stewardship means for the relationship of the richest nation in the world to economically underdeveloped peoples
it is developing an awareness of the new kind of missionary strategy that is called for as young churches emerge in asia and africa
to put it bluntly many a local church is giving its members only what they consciously want
it is disturbing them by thoughts of their christian responsibility in relation to the world
we shall make a decisive advance in the ecumenical movement until such a church begins to see itself merely as a haven of comfort and peace but as a base of christian witness and mission to the world
there is a humorous but revealing story about a rancher who owned a large slice of texas and who wanted to have on it everything that was necessary for a completely pleasant community
he built a school and a library then a recreation center and an inn
desiring to fill the only remaining lack he selected the best site on the ranch for a chapel and spared no expense in erecting it
a visitor to the beautiful little building inquired do you belong to this church mr. rancher
why no ma'am he replied this church belongs to me
the story reflects the way too many people feel
as long as the congregation regards the church as our church or the minister thinks of it as my church just so long the ecumenical movement will make no significant advance
there must first be a deeper sense that the church belongs to us but to christ and that it is his purpose our own interests and preferences that determines what it is to be and do
local embodiment of the whole
a local church which conceives its function to be entirely that of ministering to the conscious desires and concerns of its members tends to look on everything ecumenical as an extra as a normal aspect of its own life as a church
it would doubtless be greatly surprised to be told that in failing to be ecumenical it is really failing to be the church of christ
yet the truth according to the new testament is that every local church has its existence only by being the embodiment of the whole church in that particular place
yet a crowd came out to see some fresh kids from the city try to match the boys from the neighboring farms
and buggies and wagons and chugging fords kept gathering all morning until the edges of the field were packed thick and small boys kept scampering out on the playing field to make fun of the visitors whose pitcher was a formidable looking young man with the only baseball cap
this was a bitterly fought game carrying almost as much grudge as a fist fight with no friendliness exhibited between the teams except the formal politeness that accompanied the setting forth of ground rules and agreements on balls that went into the crowd
every pitch in the game brought forth a howl from the enraptured audience and every fly ball the visitors dropped and because their right fielder was still a little fuzzy from drink they dropped many called forth yelps of derision
at one point in the game when the skinny old man in suspenders who was acting as umpire got in the way of a thrown ball and took it painfully in the kidneys he lay there unattended while players and spectators wrangled over whether the ball was dead or the base runners were free to score
this was typical of such games which were earnestly played to win and practically never wound up in an expression of good fellowship
when the visitors after losing this game rode along the village streets toward home the youngsters who could keep abreast of them for a moment or two screamed triumphantly you bunch of hay-shakers
g'ahn back home
baseball was surely the national game in those days even though professional baseball may have been merely a business
radio broadcasts had begun and most devotees of baseball attended the games near home in the town park or a pasture with perhaps two or three trips to the city each season to see the cubs or the pirates or the indians or the red sox
young men in school could look forward to playing ball for money in a dozen different places even if they failed to make the major leagues
nearly any lad with a modicum of skill might find a payday awaiting him in the three i league or the pony league or the coastal plains league or the fast eastern league if indeed in one of the hundreds of city leagues that abounded everywhere
even a city of thirty thousand might have six baseball teams sponsored by grocers and hardware merchants or department stores that played two or three times a week throughout the summer usually in the cool of the evening before an earnest and partisan audience who did begrudge a quarter each or even more to be dropped into a hat when the game was half over
babe ruth of course was everyone 's hero and everyone knew him even though relatively few ever saw him play ball
his face was always in the newspapers sometimes in cartoons that seemed nearly as large as life
as the twenties grew older and as radio broadcasts of baseball games began to involve more and more people daily in the doings of the professionals the great hitters always led by babe ruth overshadowed the game so that pitchers were nearly of no account
boys no longer bothered learning to bunt and even school kids scorned to choke up on a bat as willie keeler and the famous hitters of another day had done
other hitters bloomed with more or less vigor in the news and a few even dared to dream of matching ruth who was still called jidge by all his friends or leo or two-head by those who dared to taunt him leo was the name of the ball player he liked the least and who called most of the world kid
lou gehrig was given the nickname buster and he ran ruth a close race in home runs
but the nickname never stuck and gehrig was no match for ruth in color which is sometimes a polite word for delinquent behavior on and off the field
ruth was a delinquent boy still but he was in every way a great ball player who was out to win the game and occasionally risked a cracked bone to do it
a few professional baseball players cultivated eccentricities with the encouragement of the press so that they might see their names in big black print along with daddy browning 's al capone 's earl sande 's and the prince of wales'
one who for a time succeeded best and was still the sorriest of all was charles arthur shires who called himself in the newspapers art the great or the great shires
it was his brag that he could beat everybody at anything but especially at fighting and he once took on the manager of his club and worked him over thoroughly with his fists
he was given to public carousing and to acting the clown on the diamond
and a policeman asserted he had found a pair of brass knuckles in art 's pocket once when he had occasion to collar the great first baseman for some forgotten reason
this made a sportswriter named pegler wonder in print if art had worn this armament when he defeated his manager
the sorry fact about this young man who was barely of age when he broke into major-league baseball was that he really was a better ball player than he was given credit for being never so good as he claimed and always an irritant to his associates but a good steady performer when he could fight down the temptation to orate on his skills or cut up in public
in his minor way charles arthur shires was perhaps more typical of his era than ruth was for he was but one of many young men who laid waste their talents in these scott fitzgerald days for the sake of earning space in the newspapers
there were others who climbed flagpoles and refused to come down
or who ingested strange objects like live fish
or who undertook to set records for remaining erect on a dance floor with or without a partner
or who essayed to down full bottles of illicit gin without pausing for breath
one young man exhilarated to the point of insanity by liquor and the excitement of the moment performed a perfect swan dive out of the stands at the yale bowl during the yale-army football game landed squarely on his head on the concrete ramp below and died at once
but the twenties were all insanity and a striving after recognition
the business of baseball began to prosper along with other entertainments and performers thanks partly to george herman ruth 's spectacular efforts each season to run his salary higher and higher prospered too
while fifty years before albert goodwill spalding secretary of the chicago ball club of the national league could write earnestly to the manager of the buffalo club and request a guarantee of one hundred dollars for a baseball game in august in this golden era a game at the yankee stadium might bring in nearly a hundred thousand dollars at the gate
and while less than ten years earlier the wayward black sox all of them top performers in their positions had toiled for stingy charles comiskey at salaries ranging from twenty-five hundred dollars to forty-five hundred dollars a year stars now were asking ten thousand dollars twenty thousand dollars yes even fifty thousand dollars a season
the greatest team of this period was unquestionably the new york yankees bought by brewery millions and made into a ball club by men named ed barrow and miller huggins
boston fans sometimes liked to wring some wry satisfaction out of the fact that most of the great ####-## crew were graduates of the red sox sold to millionaires huston and ruppert by a man who could deny them their most trifling desire
ruth himself still owning his farm in massachusetts and an interest in the massachusetts cigar business that printed his round boyish face on the wrappers had led the parade down from fenway park followed by pitchers carl mays leslie joe bush waite hoyt herb pennock and sam jones catcher wally schang third baseman joe dugan who completed the playboy trio of ruth dugan and hoyt and shortstop everett scott
by #### when the mighty yanks were at their mightiest only a few of these were left but they still shone brightest even beside able and agile rookies like tony lazzeri who managed never to have one of his epileptic fits on the field mark koenig lou gehrig george pipgras and gray-thatched earl combs
the deeds of this team through two seasons and in the two world 's series that followed have been written and talked about until hardly a word is left to be said
but there is one small episode that a few new york fans who happened to sit in the cheap seats for one world 's series game in #### like best to recall
babe ruth as he always did in the stadium played right field to avoid having the sun in his eyes and tommy thevenow a rather mediocre hitter who played shortstop for the st. louis cardinals knocked a ball with all his might into the sharp angle formed by the permanent stands and the wooden bleachers where ruth could reach it
the ball lay there shining white on the grass in view of nearly every fan in the park while ruth red-necked with frustration charged about the small patch of ground screaming where 's the -ing ball
but as he snarled unhappily when the inning was over a sonofabitch in the place would tell me so little tommy ran all the way home
the ordinary man and woman however saw little of the great professional games of those golden days or of any other sporting event for that matter
promoters always hastened to place their choice tickets in the hands of the wealthy speculators and only the man who knew the man who knew the fellow who had an in with the guy at the box office ever came up with a good seat for a contest of any importance
radio broadcasts however now that even plain people could afford loud speakers on their sets held old fans to the major-league races and attracted new ones chiefly women who through what the philosopher called the ineluctable modality of audition became first inured then attracted then addicted to the long afternoon recitals of the doings in some distant baseball park
in some cities games were broadcast throughout the week and then on weekends the announcer was silenced and fans must needs drive to the city from all the broadcast area to discover how their heroes were faring
this had a pleasant effect upon the sunday gate receipts as well as upon the intake of the rail and bus companies some of which began to offer special excursion rates including seats at the park just as the trolley and ferry companies had when baseball was new
while women had always attended ball games in small numbers it was the part of a dead game sport in the early years of the twentieth century to be taken out to the ball park and to root root root for the home team they had often sat in patient martyrdom unable even to read the scoreboard which sometimes seemed to indicate that one team led another by a score of three hundred and eighty to one hundred and fifty-one
the questions women asked at baseball games were standard grist for amateur comedy as were the doings of women automobile drivers
for every grown man except a few who were always suspected of being shy on virility knew at least the fundamentals of baseball just as every male american in this era liked to imagine or pretend that he could fight with his fists
and women were expected to know that the pitcher was trying to let the batter hit the ball
radio however so increased the interest of women in the game that it was hardly necessary even to have ladies' days any longer to enable men to get to the ball park without interference at home
women actually began to appear unaccompanied in the stands where they still occasionally ran the risk of coming home with a tobacco-juice stain on a clean skirt or a new curse word tingling their ears
the radio broadcasts themselves were often so patiently informative despite the baseball jargon that girls and women could begin to store up in their minds the same sort of random and meaningless statistics that small boys had long learned better than they ever did their lessons in school
this conclusion is dependent on the assumption that traditional sex mores will continue to sanction both premarital chastity as the ideal and the double standard holding females primarily responsible for preserving the ideal
our discussion of this involves using erik erikson 's schema of identity vs. identity diffusion as a conceptual tool in superimposing a few common denominators onto the diverse personality and family configurations of the unwed mothers from whose case histories we quoted earlier
our discussion does utilize all the identity crises postulated by erikson but is intended to demonstrate the utility of his theoretical schema for studying unwed mothers
we hope thereby to emphasize that from a psychological standpoint the effectual prevention of illegitimacy is a continuous long-term process involving the socialization of the female from infancy through adolescence
hypothesizing a series of developmental stages that begin in the individual 's infancy and end in his old age erikson has indicated that the adolescent is faced with a series of identity crises
the successful and positive resolution of these crises during adolescence involves an epigenetic principle during adolescence the individual 's positive resolutions in each area of identity crisis depend to a considerable degree on his already having resolved preliminary and preparatory identity crises during his infancy childhood and early adolescence
within erikson 's schema the adolescent 's delinquent behavior in this case her unwed motherhood reflects her identity diffusion or her inability to resolve these various identity crises positively
the adolescent experiences identity crises in terms of time perspective vs. time diffusion
time perspective the ability to plan for the future and to postpone gratifying immediate wants in order to achieve long-range objectives is more easily developed if from infancy on the individual has been able to rely on and trust people and the world in which she lives
erikson has noted that unless this trust developed early the time ambivalence experienced in varying degree and temporarily by all adolescents as a result of their remembering the more immediate gratification of wants during childhood while yet having fully accepted the long-range planning required by adulthood may develop into a more permanent sense of time diffusion
experience of this time diffusion ranges from a sense of utter apathy to a feeling of desperate urgency to act immediately
these polar extremes in time diffusion were indicated in some of the comments by unwed mothers reported in earlier chapters
some of these mothers apparently feeling a desperate urgency made on the spur of the moment commitments in love and sex that would have life-long consequences
others displayed utter apathy and indifference to any decision about the past or the future
for many of these unwed mothers the data on their family life and early childhood experiences revealed several indications and sources of their basic mistrust of their parents in particular and of the world in general
however as erickson has noted the individual 's failure to develop preliminary identities during infancy and childhood need be irreversibly deterministic with respect to a given area of identity diffusion in his or her adolescence
and as shown in chapter # some snp females originally developed such trust only during their adolescence through the aid of and their identification with alter-parents
in the specific case of time diffusion we must emphasize the significance of the earlier development of mistrust when it is combined with the inevitable time crisis experienced by most if all adolescents in our society and with the failure of the adolescent period to provide opportunities for developing trust
the adolescent experiences two closely related crises self-certainty vs. an identity consciousness
and role-experimentation vs. negative identity
a sense of self-certainty and the freedom to experiment with different roles or confidence in one 's own unique behavior as an alternative to peer-group conformity is more easily developed during adolescence if during early childhood the individual was permitted to exercise initiative and encouraged to develop some autonomy
however if the child has been constantly surrounded during nursery and early school age by peer groups
inculcated with the primacy of group acceptance and group standards
and allowed little initiative in early play and work patterns then in adolescence her normal degree of vanity sensitivity and preoccupation with whether others find her appearance and behavior acceptable will be compounded
her ostensible indifference to and rebellion against suggestions and criticisms by anyone except peer friends during adolescence are the manifestations in her adolescence of her having been indoctrinated in childhood to feel shame if guilt for failing to behave in a manner acceptable to and judged by the performance of her nursery- and elementary-school peer friends
to be different is to invite shame and doubt
and it is better to be shamed and criticized by one 's parents who already consider one different and difficult to understand than by one 's peers who are also experiencing a similar groping for and denial of adult status
the attitudes of some unwed mothers quoted in chapter # revealed both considerable preoccupation with being accepted by others and a marked absence of self-certainty
many appeared to regard their sexual behavior as a justifiable means of gaining acceptance from and identification with others
but very few seemed aware that such acceptance and identification need to be supplemented with more enduring and stable identification of and with one 's self
another identity crisis confronting the adolescent involves anticipation of achievement vs. work-paralysis
the adolescent 's capacity to anticipate achievement and to exercise the self-discipline necessary to complete tasks successfully depends on the degree to which he or she developed autonomy initiative and self-discipline during childhood
the developmental process involves the individual 's progressively experiencing a sense of dignity and achievement resulting from having completed tasks having kept commitments and having created something however small or simple even a doll dress of one 's own design rather than in the design it ought to be
these childhood experiences are sources of the self-certainty that the adolescent needs for experimenting with many roles and for the freedom to fail sometimes in the process of exploring and discovering her skills and abilities
if she has had such experiences the female 's normal adolescent degree of indecision will be compounded
she may well be incapacitated by it when she is confronted with present and future alternatives e.g. whether to prepare primarily for a career or for the role of a homemaker
whether to stay financially dependent on her parents or help support herself while attending school
whether to pursue a college education or a job after high school
and whether to attend this or that college and to follow this or that course of study
erikson has noted that as this indecision mounts it may result in a paralysis of workmanship
this paralysis may be expressed in the female 's starting and never completing many jobs tasks and courses of study
and in the fact that she bases her decisions about work college carreer and studies on what others are doing rather than on her own sense of identity with given skills abilities likes and dislikes
the absence during her childhood and early adolescence of experiences in developing the self-discipline to complete tasks within her ability experiences that would have been subsequent sources of anticipation of achievement and her lack of childhood opportunities to practice autonomy and initiative in play and expression both tend in her adolescence to deprive her of the freedoms to role-experiment and to fail occasionally in experimenting
the comments made by some unwed mothers quoted in chapter # reflect this paralysis of workmanship
they attended school and selected courses primarily on the basis of decisions others made
they accepted a job primarily because it was available convenient and paid reasonably
these things both express and at the same time continue contributing to their identity diffusion in an area that could have become a source of developing dignity and self-certainty
as their identity diffusion increased they became more susceptible to sporadic diversions in love and sexual affairs
these affairs temporarily relieved the monotony of school or work activities containing no anticipation of achievement and joy of craftsmanship no sense of dignity derived from a job well done
childhood experiences in learning work and self-discipline habits within a context of developing autonomy and initiative have considerable significance for the prevention of illegitimacy
the excerpts from case histories presented above confirm this significance though through different facets of experience
for example some unwed mothers had had no work experiences household chores and responsibilities during childhood and early adolescence
they subsequently occupied their leisure hours in searching for something exciting and diverting
sex was both
on the other hand some unwed mothers had had so much work and responsibility imposed on them at an early age and had thus had so little freedom or opportunity to develop autonomy and initiative that their work and responsibilities became dull and unrewarding burdens to be escaped and rebelled against through fun and experimentation with forbidden sexual behavior
the adolescent also faces the identity crisis that erikson has termed ideological polarization vs. diffusion of ideals
in discussing the ways this crisis is germane to consderations for the prevention of illegitimacy we shall again superimpose erikson 's concept on our data
adolescents have a much-discussed tendency to polarize ideas and values to perceive things as either-or black or white nuances of meaning are relatively unimportant
this tendency is perhaps most clearly revealed in the literature on religious conversions and experiences of adolescents
erikson has postulated that such ideological polarization temporarily resolves their search for something stable and definite in the rapidly changing and fluctuating no-man's-land between childhood and adulthood
it provides identification with an idea a value a cause that cuts through or even transcends the multiple and ambivalent identities of their passage from child to adult and permits their forceful and overt expression of emotion
the positive development during adolescence of this capacity to think and to feel strongly and with increasing independence and to identify overtly either with or against given ideas values and practices depends to a considerable degree on both previous and present opportunities for developing autonomy initiative and self-certainty
most adolescents have some ideological diffusion at various developmental stages as they experience a proliferation of ideas and values
the diffusion is most pronounced and most likely to become fixed however in those who have had no or very minimal opportunities to develop the autonomy and initiative that could have been directed into constructive expression and so served as sources of developing self-certainty
a pronounced ideological diffusion i.e. inability to identify independently with given ideas and value systems is reflected in many ways
for example it is evinced by the adolescent or adult whose beliefs and actions represent primarily his rebellion and reaction against the ideas and behavior patterns of others rather than his inner conviction and choice
it is mirrored by the individual willie lohmans whose ideas and behavior patterns are so dependent and relativistic that they always coincide with those of the individual or group present and most important at the moment
in another sense it is represented in the arguments of the true believers who seek to disprove the validity of all other beliefs and ideas in order to retain confidence in theirs
the case histories provide some interesting illustrations of ideological diffusion embodied in the unwed mother 's inability to identify independently a given value system or behavior pattern and her subsequent disinclination to assume any individual responsibility for her sexual behavior
for example the unwed mothers expressed their frustration with males who did indicate more explicitly what it is they really want from a girl so one can act accordingly
they were disappointed by the physical and emotional hurt of premarital sexual intercourse
they condemned the movie script writers for implying that sex was enjoyable and exhilarating
they criticized parents for never having emphasized traditional concepts of right and wrong
and they censured parents who never disciplined and were too permissive or who never explained how easy it was to get pregnant
in the adult world there are a number of rather general and diffuse sources of ideological diffusion that further compound the adolescent 's search for meaning during this particular identity crisis
for example some contemporary writing tends to fuse the good guys and the bad guys to portray the weak people as heroes and weakness as a virtue and to explain or even justify asocial behavior by attributing it to deterministic psychological familial and social experiences
in the final accounting these would have augmented the bill for both sides
an estimate of one million dollars is probably excessive
yet the huge amount of money consumed by the selden litigation which many regarded as wasteful indirectly contributed to constructive changes in legal procedure
the duration and other circumstances of the selden case made it a flagrant example of the gross abuses of patent infringement actions
the suit as we have seen came before the courts when patent attorneys inventors and laymen were making mounting demands for reforms in the american patent system
chief among the defects they singled out were the complicated and wearisome procedures in equity
in a long and angry footnote to his opinion judge hough had lent the weight of judicial condemnation to such criticism
it is a duty said hough to let pass this opportunity of protesting against the methods of taking and printing testimony in equity current in this circuit and probably others excused if justified by the rules of the supreme court especially to be found in patent causes and flagrantly exemplified in this litigation
as long as the bar prefers to adduce evidence by written deposition rather than viva voce before an authoritative judicial officer i fear that the antiquated rules will remain unchanged and expensive prolixity remain the best known characteristic of equity
observing that reforms sometimes begin with the contemplation of horrible examples hough catalogued the many abuses encouraged by existing procedures
he cited the elephantine dimensions of the selden case record
the duplication of testimony and exhibits
the numerous squabbles over minor matters
the objections stated at outrageous length
and the frequent and rancorous verbal bouts uncalled for and unjustifiable from the retort discourteous to the lie direct
the fundamental difficulty of which the selden case was a striking though singular example concluded hough will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present and responsible for the maintenance of discipline and the reception or exclusion of testimony
least among the members of the patent bar who echoed this powerful indictment were those who had participated in the selden suit
william a. redding asserted that if the case had been heard in open court under rules of evidence the testimony would have been completed in sixty days instead of five years
inventors joined lawyers in the clamor for reform inevitably centering upon the selden litigation as a horrible example
its costive deliberations were likened to those of the british courts of chancery mercilessly caricatured by dickens in bleak house
parker who agreed with much of this criticism did conceal his dissatisfaction with procedural defects
but he felt that the selden case was being unfairly pilloried
in a detailed letter published in the scientific american in #### he remarked that loose statements about the case showed scant understanding of the facts
the suit although commonly designated as a single action actually embraced five cases
parker insisted that the size of the record would have been drastically reduced but for an unavoidable duplication of testimony
in a private communication written in #### parker had been more to the point
noting the complaints of inventors and members of the patent bar he admitted that some of the strictures were fairly well founded but he added that under existing rules the courts could consolidate testimony in a group of suits involving separate infringements of the same patent
the vast industrial interests caught up in the selden suit as well as the complex character of the automotive art encouraged both sides to exploit every possible chance for or against the patent said parker
this very seldom happens in this class or in other cases and of course all of these matters led to a volume and an expense of the record beyond what ordinarily would occur
parker listed the remedies he deemed essential for reducing the cost and mass of testimony
the most important of these found him in agreement with hough 's plea for reform
parker called for abolition of the indiscriminate or uncontrolled right of taking depositions before officers of the court who had no authority to limit testimony
the taking of depositions he suggested should be placed under a special court examiner empowered to compel responsive and relevant answers and to exclude immaterial testimony
i am satisfied that in the selden case had this power existed and this course been pursued it would have shortened the depositions of some of the experts nearly one-half and of some of the other witnesses thereto more than that
in the end hough 's acidulous protest which parker called the now somewhat famous note on this selden case did go unheeded
in #### the united states supreme court adopted a new set of rules of equity which became effective on february # ####
the revised procedure was acclaimed as a long-overdue reform
under the new rules testimony is taken orally in open court in all cases except those of an extraordinary character
other expeditious methods are designed to prevent prolixity limit delays and reduce the expense of infringement suits
one of the a.l.a.m. lawyers observed that if the selden case had been tried under this simplified procedure the testimony which filled more than a score of volumes at a minimum cost of $# a page for publication alone could have been contained in one volume
while patent suits are still among the most complex and expensive forms of litigation these rules have saved litigants uncounted sums of money
there is little doubt that they were promulgated by the supreme court as a direct result of the selden patent suit
even before it was formally dissolved in #### the a.l.a.m. was succeeded by the automobile board of trade the direct lineal ancestor of the present-day automobile manufacturers association
the trade bodies which came in the wake of the a.l.a.m. were more representative for they never adopted a policy of exclusion
nevertheless it is from the selden organization that the industry inherited its institutional machinery for furthering the broader interests of the trade
one of the chief features of this community of interest is the automotive patents cross-licensing agreement a milestone in the development of american industrial cooperation
its origin lies in the selden patent controversy and its aftermath
from the earliest days of the motor car industry before the a.l.a.m. was established patent infringement loomed as a serious and vexing problem
many patent contests were waged over automobile components and accessories among them tires detachable rims ball bearings license brackets and electric horns
the fluidity and momentum of the young industry abetted a general disregard of patent claims
as early as #### a wall street combination acquired detail patents with the intention of exacting heavy tribute from automobile manufacturers
this scheme failed and the following decade brought a deluge of infringement suits among individual manufacturers that reached its crest in ####
in this tangle of conflicting claims the patent-sharing scheme adopted by the a.l.a.m. at its founding proved to be the best device for avoiding or mitigating the burdens of incessant litigation
the interchange of shop licenses for a nominal royalty eliminated infringement suits among the members of the a.l.a.m. patent pool although it did protect them against outside actions and kept open channels for the cross-fertilization of automotive technology
one of the conditions of the pool was a prohibition upon the withholding of patent rights among a.l.a.m. members
within its limits this arrangement had the actual or potential characteristics of a cross-licensing agreement
its positive features outweighed the fact that the pool was an adjunct of a wouldbe monopoly
since the a.l.a.m. holdings embraced only about twenty-five per cent of motor vehicle patents the denial of rights to independent companies did retard technical progress in unlicensed sectors of the industry
the highly important dyer patents on the sliding gear transmission were held by the a.l.a.m. pool
but henry ford used the planetary transmission in his model t and earlier cars and in #### as a precautionary measure took out a license from the man who claimed to be its inventor
for those affiliated with it the a.l.a.m. pool was a haven from the infringement actions involving detail patents that beset the industry with mounting intensity after ####
by #### the courts were crowded with cases many of them brought by freebooters who trafficked in disputed inventions
it was commonplace for auto makers parts-suppliers and dealers to find warning notices and threats of infringement suits in their daily mail
purely from the business man 's standpoint and without regard to the lawyer 's view commented a trade journal the matter of patents in the automobile and accessory trade is developing some phases and results that challenge thought as to how far patents are to become weapons of warfare in business instead of simple beneficient protection devices for encouraging inventive creation
occasionally new enterprise was discouraged by the almost certain prospect of legal complications
one manufacturer who held an allegedly basic patent said i would readily put over $##,### into the manufacture of the device but it is so easy to make that we would enter immediately into a prolonged ordeal of patent litigation which would eat up all our profits
the prevailing view in the industry was summed up in #### by a group of auto makers who told a senate committee the exceedingly unsatisfactory and uselessly expensive conditions including delays surrounding legal disputes particularly in patent litigation are items of industrial burden which must be written large in figures of many millions of dollars of industrial waste
by that time it was commonly agreed that patent warfare was sapping constructive achievement and blocking the free exchange of technical information
at this point charles c. hanch long an advocate of patent peace in the industry became chairman of the patents committee of the national automobile chamber of commerce successor to the automobile board of trade
hanch was treasurer of the nordyke & marmon company an indianapolis firm which had manufactured flour-milling machinery before producing the marmon car in ####
he had first-hand knowledge of the patent wars which had driven about ninety per cent of the milling equipment makers out of business in the mid-#### 's
anxious to avoid a similar debacle in the motor car industry hanch went to detroit in #### to enlist the support of leading a.l.a.m. members for an industry-wide patent-sharing plan
the breach created by the selden patent doomed his proposal but hanch did abandon his scheme
after the demise of the a.l.a.m. the time was propitious for establishing such a pool
most manufacturers were now disposed to heed a proposal for the formal interchange of patents
it is a much easier course to agree to let one another alone so far as ordinary patents are concerned said a trade authority than to continue the costly effort of straightening the tangle in the courts or seeking to reform the patent system which appears to be getting into deeper confusion every day
with the other members of the patents committee wilfred c. leland howard e. coffin windsor t. white and w. h. vandervoort hanch drafted a cross-licensing agreement whose essential feature of royalty-free licensing was his own contribution
the plan was supported by frederick p. fish counsel for the national automobile chamber of commerce
it will be recalled that in his summation for the a.l.a.m. before judge hough fish had condemned patent litigation as the curse of the american industrial community
he was well aware that some inventors and their allies used their patents solely for nuisance value
my personal view is that one patented invention in ten is worth making he later told a congressional committee
the eloquent persuasions of fish guaranteed the adoption of the plan by the members of the automotive trade association
drawn up in #### the cross-licensing agreement became effective in ####
it remained in force for ten years and has been renewed at five-year intervals since ####
a little farther along the road you come to the church of santa sabina called the pearl of the aventine
continue another hundred yards to the piazza of the knights of malta
on the wall of this square there are delightful bas-reliefs of musical instruments
the massive gate of the maltese villa affords one of the most extraordinary views in rome
if you look through the keyhole you will see an artistically landscaped garden with the white dome of st. peter 's framed in a long avenue of cropped laurel trees
retrace your steps a few yards on the via di santa sabina and turn right on the via di s. alessio a street lined with stately homes
oleanders cypress and palms in the spacious gardens add much color and beauty to this attractive residential section
turn left a block or so before the street ends and then turn right down the via di santa prisca to the viale aventino
here you can pick up a taxi or public transport to return to the center of the city
the renaissance city
to the piazza navona and pantheon
these two walks take you through the heart of rome
you will walk some of the narrow old streets hemmed in by massive palazzi
you will visit a few churches that are exceptional yet often by-passed a magnificent square the main shopping district the spanish steps and the lovely pincian gardens
by seeing such varied places both interesting and beautiful you will become aware of the many different civilizations rome has lived through and in particular get a feel of renaissance rome
you will realize why rome is indeed the eternal city
start on the via d. teatro di marcello at the foot of the capitoline hill
the majestic circular tiers of stone of the theatre of marcellus give you some idea of the huge edifice that the emperor augustus erected in ## b.c.
twenty-two thousand spectators used to crowd it in roman days
andrea palladio an italian architect of the sixteenth century modeled his designs on its doric and ionic columns
wander past the three superb columns of apollo by the arches of the theatre
the remains of the portico of octavia are now in front of you
climb the steps from the theatre to the via della tribuna di campitelli for an even better view of the columns of apollo
turn to the right along a narrow street to the tiny piazza campitelli then proceed along the via dei funari to the piazza mattei
here is one of the loveliest fountains in rome the fontana delle tartarughe or fountain of the tortoises
it 's typical of rome that in the midst of this rather poor area you should find such an artistic work in the center of a little square
stand here for a few moments and look at this gem of a fountain with its four youths each holding a tortoise and each with a foot resting on the head of a dolphin
the figures have been executed so skillfully that one senses a great feeling of life and movement
opposite is the palazzo mattei one of rome 's oldest palaces now the headquarters of the italo-american association
go inside for a closer look at a renaissance palace
in the first courtyard there are some fine bas-reliefs and friezes and in the second a series of delightful terraced roof gardens above an ivy-covered wall
the palazzo caetani still inhabited by the caetani family adjoins the palazzo mattei
keep straight ahead on the via falegnami cross the wide via arenula and you will come to the piazza b. cairoli where you should look in at the church of san carlo ai catinari to see the frescoes on the ceiling
follow the colorful and busy via d. giubbonari for a hundred yards or so
now turn left at the via dell' arco del monte to the piazza dei pellegrini
just a few yards to the right on the via capo di ferro will bring you to the palazzo spada built in #### and now occupied by the council of state
paintings by titian caravaggio and rubens are on display open #:## to #:##
before you enter the palazzo note francesco borromini 's facade
the great architect also designed the fine interior staircase and colonnade which connects the two courts
the large statue on the first floor is believed to be the statue of pompey at the base of which julius caesar was stabbed to death if so the statue once stood in the senate house
this is shown in the afternoon and on sunday morning
by tipping the porter you can see in the courtyard borromini 's unusual and fascinating trick in perspective
when you stand before the barrel-vaulted colonnade you have the impression that the statue at the end is at a considerable distance yet it is actually only a few feet away
the sense of perspective has been created by designing the length of the columns so that those at the far end of the colonnade are much shorter than those in front
the gardens of the palazzo shaded by a huge magnolia tree are most attractive
the courtyard is magnificently decorated
from the palazzo spada you continue another block along the via capo di ferro and vicolo de venti to the imposing palazzo farnese begun in #### and considered by many to be the finest palace of all
michelangelo was the most distinguished of several noted architects who helped design it
today it is occupied by the french embassy
its lovely seventeenth-century ceiling frescoes as well as the huge guards room with a tremendously high and beautifully carved wooden ceiling can be seen sundays ##:## to ##:## noon
ask to see the modern tapestries of paris and rome designed by lurcat
directly in front of the palace along the via d. baullari you will come to the campo di fiori the famous site of executions during the turbulent days of renaissance rome
today by contrast it is a lively and colorful fruit vegetable and flower market
continue on the via d. baullari to the corso vittorio emanuele then turn right for a couple of hundred yards to the church of sant' andrea della valle
as you approach the church on the via d. baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the roman theatre of pompey near which is believed to have been the place where julius caesar was assassinated
the dome of the church is outside of st. peter 's one of the largest in rome
opera lovers will be interested to learn that this church was the scene for the first act of tosca
at this point you cross the wide corso vittorio emanuele # walk along the corso del rinascimento a couple of hundred yards then turn left on the via dei canestrani to enter the splendid piazza navona one of the truly glorious sights in rome
your first impression of this elongated square with its three elegant fountains its two churches that almost face each other and its russet-colored buildings is a sense of restful spaciousness particularly welcome after wandering around the narrow and dark streets that you have followed since starting this walk
the site of the oblong piazza is domitian 's ancient stadium which was probably used for horse and chariot races
for centuries it was the location of historic festivals and open-air sports events
from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century it was a popular practice to flood the piazza in the summer and the aristocrats would then ride around the inundated square in their carriages
giovanni bernini 's fountain of the rivers in the center of the piazza is built around a roman obelisk from the circus of maxentius which rests on grottoes and rocks with four huge figures one at each corner denoting four great rivers from different continents the danube the ganges the nile and the plate
the eyes of the figure of the nile are covered perhaps either to symbolize the mystery of her source or to obscure from her sight the baroque facade of the church of sant' agnese in agone the work of bernini 's rival borromini
in the piazza navona there are many delightful cafes where you can sit have a drink or lunch and watch the fountains in the square
the scene before you is indeed theatrical and often appears in movies about rome
perhaps a street musician will pass to add that extra touch
take the via di s. agnese in agone next to the church and opposite the center of the square then turn right after about two hundred yards to reach the beautiful church of santa maria della pace
inside you will find the lovely sibyls painted by raphael and a chapel designed by michelangelo
the church 's cloisters are among donato bramante 's most beautiful creations
now return to the piazza navona and leave it on the opposite side by the corsia agonale
in a moment cross the corso del rinascimento
in front of you is the palazzo madama once belonging to the medici and now the italian senate
walk by the side of the palazzo and after two blocks along the via giustiniani you will come to the piazza della rotonda
you are now facing the pantheon the largest and best-preserved building still standing from the days of ancient rome
this circular edifice constructed by agrippa in b.c. ## was rebuilt in its present shape by the emperor hadrian
it was dedicated as a church in the seventh century
as you pause in the piazza by the egyptian obelisk brought from the temple of isis you will admire the pantheon 's impressive corinthian columns
the pantheon 's interior still in its original form is truly majestic and an architectural triumph
its rotunda forms a perfect circle whose diameter is equal to the height from the floor to the ceiling
the only means of interior light is the twenty-nine-foot-wide aperture in the stupendous dome
standing before the tomb of raphael the great genius of the renaissance when shafts of sunlight are penetrating this great roman temple you are once again reminded of the varied civilizations so characteristic of rome
as you leave the pantheon take the narrow street to the right the via del seminario a block to sant' ignazio one of the most splendid baroque churches in the city
along the way there about one hundred yards on your right you pass a simple restaurant la sacrestia where you can have the best pizza in rome
the curve of faded terra-cotta-colored houses in front of the church seems like a stage set
this is one of the most charming little squares in this part of rome
one block along the via de burro in front of the church will bring you to the stock exchange in the old temple of neptune
a few yards farther on the via dei bergamaschi is the piazza colonna
the great column from which the square takes its name was erected by the emperor marcus aurelius
you are now at the corso though narrow one of rome 's busiest streets
horse races took place here in the middle ages
if you have taken this stroll in the morning and you have the time and inclination walk to the right along the crowded corso for half a dozen blocks to visit the fine private collection of paintings mainly of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in the palazzo doria open sunday tuesday and thursday ##:## to #:##
here is your opportunity to see the inside of a palazzo where the family still lives
otherwise cross over the corso and walk a block or so to the left
you will come to alemagna a delightful though moderately expensive restaurant which is particularly noted for its exceptional selection of ice creams and patisseries
either here or in one of the modest restaurants nearby is just the place to end this first walk through the heart of rome
to the spanish steps
the second walk through the heart of rome should be taken after lunch so that you will reach the pincian hill when the soft light of the late afternoon is at its best
rare indeed is the harlem citizen from the most circumspect church member to the most shiftless adolescent who does have a long tale to tell of police incompetence injustice or brutality
i myself have witnessed and endured it more than once
the businessmen and racketeers also have a story
and so do the prostitutes
and this is perhaps the place to discuss harlem 's very complex attitude toward black policemen nor the reasons according to harlem that they are nearly all downtown
it is hard on the other hand to blame the policeman blank good-natured thoughtless and insuperably innocent for being such a perfect representative of the people he serves
he too believes in good intentions and is astounded and offended when they are taken for the deed
he has never himself done anything for which to be hated which of us has
and yet he is facing daily and nightly people who would gladly see him dead and he knows it
there is no way for him to know it there are few things under heaven more unnerving than the silent accumulating contempt and hatred of a people
he moves through harlem therefore like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country
which is precisely what and where he is and is the reason he walks in twos and threes
and he is the only one who knows why he is always in company the people who are watching him know why too
any street meeting sacred or secular which he and his colleagues uneasily cover has as its explicit or implicit burden the cruelty and injustice of the white domination
and these days of course in terms increasingly vivid and jubilant it speaks of the end of that domination
the white policeman standing on a harlem street corner finds himself at the very center of the revolution now occurring in the world
he is prepared for it naturally nobody is and what is possibly much more to the point he is exposed as few white people are to the anguish of the black people around him
even if he is gifted with the merest mustard grain of imagination something must seep in
he cannot avoid observing that some of the children in spite of their color remind him of children he has known and loved perhaps even of his own children
he knows that he certainly does want his children living this way
he can retreat from his uneasiness in only one direction into a callousness which very shortly becomes second nature
he becomes more callous the population becomes more hostile the situation grows more tense and the police force is increased
one day to everyone 's astonishment someone drops a match in the powder keg and everything blows up
before the dust has settled or the blood congealed editorials speeches and civil-rights commissions are loud in the land demanding to know what happened
what happened is that negroes want to be treated like men
negroes want to be treated like men a perfectly straightforward statement containing only seven words
people who have mastered kant hegel shakespeare marx freud and the bible find this statement utterly impenetrable
the idea seems to threaten profound barely conscious assumptions
a kind of panic paralyzes their features as though they found themselves trapped on the edge of a steep place
i once tried to describe to a very well-known american intellectual the conditions among negroes in the south
my recital disturbed him and made him indignant
and he asked me in perfect innocence why don't all the negroes in the south move north
i tried to explain what has happened unfailingly whenever a significant body of negroes move north
they do escape jim crow they merely encounter another not-less-deadly variety
they do move to chicago they move to the south side
they do move to new york they move to harlem
the pressure within the ghetto causes the ghetto walls to expand and this expansion is always violent
white people hold the line as long as they can and in as many ways as they can from verbal intimidation to physical violence
but inevitably the border which has divided the ghetto from the rest of the world falls into the hands of the ghetto
the white people fall back bitterly before the black horde
the landlords make a tidy profit by raising the rent chopping up the rooms and all but dispensing with the upkeep
and what has once been a neighborhood turns into a turf
this is precisely what happened when the puerto ricans arrived in their thousands and the bitterness thus caused is as i write being fought out all up and down those streets
northerners indulge in an extremely dangerous luxury
they seem to feel that because they fought on the right side during the civil war and won they have earned the right merely to deplore what is going on in the south without taking any responsibility for it
and that they can ignore what is happening in northern cities because what is happening in little rock or birmingham is worse
well in the first place it is possible for anyone who has endured both to know which is worse
i know negroes who prefer the south and white southerners because at least there you haven't got to play any guessing games
the guessing games referred to have driven more than one negro into the narcotics ward the madhouse or the river
i know another negro a man very dear to me who says with conviction and with truth the spirit of the south is the spirit of america
he was born in the north and did his military training in the south
he did as far as i can gather find the south worse
he found it if anything all too familiar
in the second place though even if birmingham is worse no doubt johannesburg south africa beats it by several miles and buchenwald was one of the worst things that ever happened in the entire history of the world
the world has never lacked for horrifying examples
but i do believe that these examples are meant to be used as justification for our own crimes
this perpetual justification empties the heart of all human feeling
the emptier our hearts become the greater will be our crimes
thirdly the south is merely an embarrassingly backward region but a part of this country and what happens there concerns every one of us
as far as the color problem is concerned there is but one great difference between the southern white and the northerner the southerner remembers historically and in his own psyche a kind of eden in which he loved black people and they loved him
historically the flaming sword laid across this eden is the civil war
personally it is the southerner 's sexual coming of age when without any warning unbreakable taboos are set up between himself and his past
everything thereafter is permitted him except the love he remembers and has never ceased to need
the resulting indescribable torment affects every southern mind and is the basis of the southern hysteria
none of this is true for the northerner
negroes represent nothing to him personally except perhaps the dangers of carnality
he never sees negroes
southerners see them all the time
northerners never think about them whereas southerners are never really thinking of anything else
negroes are therefore ignored in the north and are under surveillance in the south and suffer hideously in both places
neither the southerner nor the northerner is able to look on the negro simply as a man
it seems to be indispensable to the national self-esteem that the negro be considered either as a kind of ward in which case we are told how many negroes comparatively bought cadillacs last year and how few comparatively were lynched or as a victim in which case we are promised that he will never vote in our assemblies or go to school with our kids
they are two sides of the same coin and the south will change cannot change until the north changes
the country will change until it re-examines itself and discovers what it really means by freedom
in the meantime generations keep being born bitterness is increased by incompetence pride and folly and the world shrinks around us
it is a terrible an inexorable law that one cannot deny the humanity of another without diminishing one 's own in the face of one 's victim one sees oneself
walk through the streets of harlem and see what we this nation have become
east river , downtown : postscript to a letter from harlem
the fact that american negroes rioted in the u.n. while adlai stevenson was addressing the assembly shocked and baffled most white americans
stevenson 's speech and the spectacular disturbance in the gallery were both touched off by the death in katanga the day before of patrice lumumba
stevenson stated in the course of his address that the united states was against colonialism
god knows what the african nations who hold ## per cent of the voting stock in the u.n. were thinking they may for example have been thinking of the u.s. abstention when the vote on algerian freedom was before the assembly but i think i have a fairly accurate notion of what the negroes in the gallery were thinking
i had intended to be there myself
it was my first reaction upon hearing of lumumba 's death
i was curious about the impact of this political assassination on negroes in harlem for lumumba had has captured the popular imagination there
i was curious to know if lumumba 's death which is surely among the most sinister of recent events would elicit from our side anything more than the usual well-meaning rhetoric
and i was curious about the african reaction
however the chaos on my desk prevented my being in the u.n. gallery
had i been there i too in the eyes of most americans would have been merely a pawn in the hands of the communists
the climate and the events of the last decade and the steady pressure of the cold war have given americans yet another means of avoiding self-examination and so it has been decided that the riots were communist inspired
nor was it long naturally before prominent negroes rushed forward to assure the republic that the u.n. rioters do represent the real feeling of the negro community
according then to what i take to be the prevailing view these rioters were merely a handful of irresponsible stalinist-corrupted provocateurs
i find this view amazing
it is a view which even a minimal effort at observation would immediately contradict
one has only for example to walk through harlem and ask oneself two questions
the first question is would i like to live here
and the second question is why don't those who now live here move out
the answer to both questions is immediately obvious
unless one takes refuge in the theory however disguised that negroes are somehow different from white people i do see how one can escape the conclusion that the negro 's status in this country is only a cruel injustice but a grave national liability
now i do doubt that among the people at the u.n. that day there were stalinist and professional revolutionists acting out of the most cynical motives
wherever there is great social discontent these people are sooner or later to be found
their presence is as frightening as the discontent which creates their opportunity
what i find appalling and really dangerous is the american assumption that the negro is so contented with his lot here that only the cynical agents of a foreign power can rouse him to protest
it is a notion which contains a gratuitous insult implying as it does that negroes can make no move unless they are manipulated
color was delayed until #### the wide screen until the early fifties
movement itself was the chief and often the only attraction of the primitive movies of the nineties
each film consisted of fifty feet which gives a running time of about one minute on the screen
as long as audiences came to see the movement there seemed little reason to adventure further
motion-picture exhibitions took place in stores in a general atmosphere like that of the penny arcade which can still be found in such urban areas as times square
brief snips of actual events were shown parades dances street scenes
the sensational and frightening enjoyed popularity a train rushes straight at the audience or a great wave threatens to break over the seats
an early edison production was the execution of mary queen of scots
the unfortunate queen mounted the scaffold
the headsman swung his axe
the head dropped off
end of film
an early film by a competitor of the wizard of menlo park simply showed a long kiss performed by two actors of the contemporary stage
in the field of entertainment there is no spur to financial daring so effective as audience boredom and the first decade of the new device was over before audiences began staying away in large numbers from the simple-minded one-minute shows
in response the industry allowed the discovery of the motion picture as a form of fiction and thus gave the movies the essential form they have had to this day
despite the sheer beauty and spectacle of numerous documentaries art films and travelogues despite the impressive financial success of such a recent development as cinerama the movies are at heart a form of fiction like the play the novel or the short story
moreover the most artistically successful of the nonfiction films have invariably borrowed the narrative form from the fiction feature
thus such great american documentaries as the river and the plow that broke the plains were composed as visual stories rather than as illustrated lectures
the discovery that movies are a form of fiction was made in the early years of this century and it was made chiefly by two men a french magician georges melies and an american employee of edison edwin s. porter
of the two porter is justly the better known for he went far beyond the vital finding of fiction for films to take the first step toward fashioning a language of film toward making the motion picture the intricate efficient time machine that it has remained since even in the most inept hands
narrative time and film time
melies however out of his professional instincts as a magician discovered and made use of a number of illusionary techniques that remain part of the vocabulary of film
one of these is the dissolve which makes possible a visually smooth transition from scene to scene
as the first scene begins to fade the succeeding scene begins to appear
for a moment or two both scenes are present simultaneously one growing weaker one growing stronger
in a series of fairy tales and fantasies melies demonstrated that the film is superbly equipped to tell a straightforward story with beginning middle and end complications resolutions climaxes and conclusions
immediately the film improved and it improved because in narrative it found a content based on time to complement its own unbreakable connection with time
physically a movie is possible because a series of images is projected one at a time at such a speed that the eye remembers the one that has gone before even as it registers the one now appearing
linking the smoothly changing images together the eye itself endows them with the illusion of movement
the projection time of painting and sculpture is highly subjective varying from person to person and even varying for a given person on different occasions
so is the time of the novel
the drama in the theater and the concert in the hall both have a fixed time but the time is fixed by the director and the players the conductor and the instrumentalists subject therefore to much variation as record collectors well know
the time of the motion picture is fixed absolutely
the film consists of a series of still transparent photographs or frames ##-mm.-wide
each frame comes between the light and the lens and is individually projected on the screen at the rate for silent movies of ## frames per second and for sound films ## frames per second
this is the rate of projection
it is also the rate of photographing
time is built into the motion picture which cannot exist without time
now time is also the concern of the fictional narrative which is at its simplest the story of an action with usually a beginning a middle and an end elements which demand time as the first condition for their existence
the moving picture of the train or the wave coming at the audience is to be sure more intense than a still picture of the same subject but the difference is really one of degree
the cinematic element of time is merely used to increase the realism of an object which would still be reasonably realistic in a still photo
in narrative time is essential as it is in film
almost everything about the movies that is peculiarly of the movies derives from a tension created and maintained between narrative time and film time
this discovery of melies was vastly more important than his sometimes dazzling magician 's tricks produced on film
it was porter however who produced the very first movie whose name has lived on through the half century of film history that has since ensued
the movie was the great train robbery and its effects on the young industry and art were all but incalculable
overnight for one thing porter 's film multiplied the standard running time of movies by ten
the great train robbery is a one-reel film
one reel from eight to twelve minutes became the standard length from the year of robbery #### until griffith shattered that limit forever with birth of a nation in ####
the reel itself became and still is the standard of measure for the movies
the material of the porter film is simplicity itself
much of it has continued to be used over the years and the heart of it good guys and bad guys in the old west pretty well dominated television toward the end of the #### 's
a band of robbers enters a railroad station overpowers and ties up the telegraph operator holds up the train and escapes
a posse is formed and pursues the robbers who having made their escape are whooping it up with some wild wild women in a honky-tonk hide-out
the robbers run from the hide-out take cover in a wooded declivity and are shot dead by the posse
as a finale is appended a close-up of one of the band taking aim and firing his revolver straight at the audience
all this is simple enough but in telling the story porter did two important things that had been done before
each scene is shot straight through as had been the universal custom from a camera fixed in a single position but in the outdoor scenes especially in the capture and destruction of the outlaws porter 's camera position breaks necessarily with the camera position standard until then which had been roughly that of a spectator in a center orchestra seat at a play
the plane of the action in the scene is parallel with the plane of the film in the camera or on the screen
if the change at first sight seems minor we may recall that it took the italian painters about two hundred years to make an analogous change and the italian painters by universal consent were the most brilliant group of geniuses any art has seen
in that apparently simple shift porter opened the way to the sensitive use of the camera as an instrument of art as well as a mechanical recording device
he did more than that
he revealed the potential value of the cut as the basic technique in the art of the film
cutting of course takes place automatically in the creation of a film
the meaning of the word is quite physical to begin with
the physical film is cut with a knife at the end of one complete sequence and the cut edge is joined physically by cement to the cut edge of the beginning of the next sequence
if as a home movie maker you shoot the inevitable footage of your child taking its first steps you have merely recorded an historical event
if in preparing that shot for the inevitable showing to your friends you interrupt the sequence to paste in a few frames of the child 's grandmother watching this event you have begun to be an artist in film
you are employing the basic technique of film
you are cutting
this is what porter did
as the robbers leave the looted train the film suddenly cuts back to the station where the telegrapher 's little daughter arrives with her father 's dinner pail only to find him bound on the floor
she dashes around in alarm
the two events are taking place at the same time
time and space have both become cinematic
we leap from event to event including the formation of the posse even though the events in reality are taking place in sequence but simultaneously and near each other but at a considerable distance
the chase as a standard film device probably dates from the great train robbery and there is a reason for the continued popularity of the device
the chase in itself is a narrative
it presumes both speed and urgency and it demands cutting both from pursued to pursuer and from stage to stage of the journey of both
the simple naked idea of one man chasing another is of its nature better fitted for the film than it is for any other form of fiction
the cowboy films the cops and robbers films and the slapstick comedy films culminating in an insane chase are only catering to what critics may assume to be a vulgar taste for violence
these films and these sequences are also seeking out instinctively or by design the peculiarly cinematic elements of narrative
the creator of the art of the film : d.w. griffith
there still remained the need for one great film artist to explore the full potential of the new form and to make it an art
the man was d.w. griffith
when he came to the movies more or less by accident they were still cheap entertainment capable of enthralling the unthinking for an idle few minutes
in about seven years griffith either invented or first realized the possibilities of virtually every resource at the disposal of the film maker
before he was forty griffith had created the art of the film
that there had been attempts mostly european to do exactly that
but in general the european efforts to make an art of the entertainment had ignored the slowly emerging language of the film itself
staggeringly condensed versions of famous novels and famous plays were presented
great actors and actresses the most notable being sarah bernhardt were hired to repeat their stage performances before the camera
in all of this extensive and expensive effort the camera was downgraded to the status of recording instrument for art work produced elsewhere by the actor or by the author
the phonograph today for all its high fidelity and stereophonic sound is precisely what the early art purveyors in the movies wished to make of the camera
surprisingly this approach did work
the effort produced a valuable record of stage techniques in the early years of the century and some interesting records of great theater figures who would otherwise be only names
but no art at all was born of the art effort in the early movies
in general religious interest seems to exist in all parts of the metropolis
congregational membership however is another thing
a congregation survives only if it can sustain a socially homogeneous membership
that is when it can preserve economic integration
religious faith can be considered a necessary condition of membership in a congregation since the decision to join a worshiping group requires some motive force but faith is a sufficient condition for joining
the presence of other members of similar social and economic level is the sufficient condition
the breakdown of social homogeneity in inner city areas and the spread of inner city blight account for the decline of central city churches
central cities reveal two adverse features for the major denominations # central cities tend to be areas of residence for lower social classes
# central cities tend to be more heterogeneous in social composition
the central city areas in other words exhibit the two characteristics which violate the life principle of congregations of the major denominations they have too few middle-class people
they mix middle-class people with lower-class residents
central city areas have become progressively poorer locales for the major denominations since the exodus of middle-class people from most central cities
with few exceptions the major denominations are rapidly losing their hold on the central city
the key to protestant development therefore is economic integration of the nucleus of the congregation
members of higher and lower social status often cluster around this nucleus so that protestant figures on social class give the impression of spread over all social classes
but this is deceptive for the core of membership is concentrated in a single social and economic stratum
the congregation perishes when it is no longer possible to replenish that core from the neighborhood
moreover residential mobility is so high in metropolitan areas that churches have to recruit constantly in their core stratum in order to survive
they can lose higher- and lower-status members from the church without collapsing but they need adequate recruits for the core stratum in order to preserve economic integration
the congregation is first and foremost an economic peer group
it is secondarily a believing and worshiping fellowship
if it were primarily a believing fellowship it would recruit believers from all social and economic ranks something which most congregations of the new protestantism with a few notable exceptions have been able to do
they survive only when they can recruit social and economic peers
the vulnerability of protestant congregations to social differences has often been attributed to the folksy spirit of protestant religious life
in fact a contrast is often drawn in this regard with the impersonal roman catholic parish
we have seen that the folksy spirit is confined to economic peers
consequently the vulnerability to social difference should be attributed to the stress on personal community in protestant congregations
actually there is little evidence of such personal community in protestant congregations as we shall see in another connection
the vulnerability of protestantism to social differences stems from the peculiar role of the new religious style in middle-class life where the congregation is a vehicle of social and economic group identity and must conform therefore to the principle of economic integration
this fact is evident in the recruitment of new members
mission as co-optation
the rule of economic integration in congregational life can be seen in the missionary outreach of the major denominations
there is much talk in theological circles about the church as mission and the church 's mission
theologians have been stressing the fact that the church does exist for its own sake but as a testimony in the world for the healing of the world
a crucial question therefore is what evangelism and mission actually mean in metropolitan protestantism
if economic integration really shapes congregational life then evangelism should be a process of extending economic integration
the task of a congregation would be defined according to economic integration as the work of co-opting individuals and families of similar social and economic position to replenish the nuclear core of the congregation
co-optation means to choose by joint action in order to fill a vacancy
it can also mean the assimilation of centers of power from an environment in order to strengthen an organization
in a mobile society congregational health depends on a constant process of recruitment
this recruitment however must follow the pattern of economic integration or it will disrupt the congregation
therefore the recruitment or missionary outreach of the congregation will be co-optation rather than proclamation like elements will have to be assimilated
evangelism and congregational outreach have been carefully studied in the churches
one study in pittsburgh however has illuminated the situation
in a sample of new members of pittsburgh churches almost ## per cent were recruited by initial contacts with friendly members
if we add to these contacts with friendly members the contacts with an organization of the church ##.# per cent of the cases then a substantial two thirds of all recruitment is through friendly contact
on the surface this seems a sound approach to christian mission members of the congregation show by their friendly attitudes that they care for new people
the new people respond in kind by joining the church
missionary outreach by friendly contact looks somewhat different when one reflects on what is known about friendly contact in metropolitan neighborhoods
the majority of such contacts are with people of similar social and economic position
association by level of achievement is the dominant principle of informal relations
this means that the antennae of the congregation are extended into the community picking up the wave lengths of those who will fit into the social and economic level of the congregation
the mission of the church is actually a process of informal co-optation
the lay ministry is a means to recruit like-minded people who will strengthen the social class nucleus of the congregation
churches can be strengthened through this process of co-optation so long as the environs of the church provide a sufficient pool of people who can fit the pattern of economic integration
once the pool of recruits diminishes the congregation is helpless friendly contacts no longer keep it going
the transmutation of mission to co-optation is further indicated by the insignificance of educational activities worship preaching and publicity in reaching new members
the proclamation of the churches is almost totally confined to pastoral contacts by the clergy ##.# per cent of new members and friendly contacts by members over two thirds if organizational activities are included
publicity accounted for #.# per cent of the initial contacts with new members
in general friendly contact with a member followed by contact with a clergyman will account for a major share of recruitment by the churches making it quite evident that the extension of economic integration through co-optation is the principal form of mission in the contemporary church
economic integration and co-optation are the two methods by which protestants associate with and recruit from the neighborhood
the inner life of congregations will prosper so long as like-minded people of similar social and economic level can fraternize together
the outer life of congregations the suitability of the environment to their survival will be propitious so long as the people in the area are of the same social and economic level as the membership
economic integration ceases when the social and economic statuses in an area become too mixed or conflict with the status of the congregation
in a rapidly changing society congregations will run into difficulties repeatedly since such nice balances of economic integration are hard to sustain in the metropolis for more than a single generation
the fact that metropolitan churches of the major denominations have moved approximately every generation for the last hundred years becomes somewhat more intelligible in the light of this struggle to maintain economic balance
the expense of this type of organization in religious life when one recalls the number of city churches which deteriorated beyond repair before being abandoned raises fundamental questions about the principle of protestant survival in a mobile society
nonetheless the prevalence of economic integration in congregations illumines the nature of the protestant development
it was observed in the introductory chapter that metropolitan life had split into two trends expanding interdependence on an impersonal basis and growing exclusiveness in local communal groupings
these trends seem to be working at cross-purposes in the metropolis
residential associations struggle to insulate themselves against intrusions
the motifs of impersonal interdependence and insulation of residential communities have polarized
the schism between central city and suburb negro and white blue collar and white collar can be viewed as symptomatic of this deeper polarization of trends in the metropolis
it now becomes evident that the denominational church is intimately involved with the economy of middle-class culture for it serves to crystallize the social class identity of middle-class residential groupings
the accelerated pace of metropolitan changes has accentuated the drive to conformity in congregations of the major denominations
this conformity represents a desperate attempt to stabilize a hopelessly unstable environment
more than creatures of metropolitan forces the churches have taken the lead in counteracting the interdependence of metropolitan life crystallizing and perpetuating the stratification of peoples giving form to the struggle for social homogeneity in a world of heterogeneous peoples
since american life is committed above all to productivity and a higher standard of economic life the countervailing forces of residential and religious exclusiveness have fought a desperate rearguard action against the expanding interdependence of the metropolis
consumer communities have suffered at the hands of the productive interests
negroes puerto ricans and rural newcomers are slowly making their way into the cities
soon they will fight their way into the lower middle-class suburbs and the churches will experience the same decay and rebuilding cycle which has characterized their history for a century
the identification of the basic unit of religious organization the parish or congregation with a residential area is self-defeating in a modern metropolis for it simply means the closing of an iron trap on the outreach of the christian fellowship and the transmutation of mission to co-optation
mission to the metropolis contradicts survival of the congregation in the residential community because the middle classes are fighting metropolitan interdependence with residential exclusion
this interpretation of the role of residence in the economy of middle-class culture could lead to various projections for the churches
it could be argued that any fellowship which centers in residential neighborhoods is doomed to become an expression of the panic for stable identity among the middle classes
it could be argued that only such neighborhoods can sustain religious activity since worship presupposes some local stabilities
whatever projection one makes the striking fact about congregational and parochial life is the extent to which it is a vehicle of the social identity of middle-class people
attention will be given in the next chapter to the style of association in the denominational churches
this style is characteristically an expression of the communal style of the middle classes
the keynotes of this style are activism and emphasis on achievements in gaining self-esteem
these values give direction to the life of the middle-class man or woman dictating the methods of child rearing determining the pattern of community participation setting the style for the psychiatric treatment of middle-class illness and informing the congregational life of the major denominations
fellowship by likeness and mission by friendly contact form the iron cage of denominational religion
its contents are another matter for they reveal the kinds of interests pursued by the congregation
what goes on in the cage will occupy our attention under the rubric of the organization church
an understanding of the new role of residential association in an industrial society serves to illuminate the forces which have fashioned the iron cage of conformity which imprisons the churches in their suburban captivity
the perplexing question still remains as to why the middle classes turn to the churches as a vehicle of social identity when their clubs and charities should fill the same need
with capital largely squandered there seemed to them no other course to pursue
the directors sold directly to concessionaires who had to make their profits above the high prices asked by the company
these concessionaires traded where they wished and generally dealt with the indians through engages who might be habitants voyageurs or even soldiers
the concessionaires also had to pay a tax of one-tenth on the goods they traded and all pelts were to be taken to company stores and shipped to france in company ships
the company disposed of the pelts but with what profit the records do show
in accord with its penurious policy the company failed to furnish presents to hold the loyalty of the principal indians
the lavish use of presents had been effective in expanding the indian trade of new france and louisiana in the previous century and the change in liberality aroused resentment in the minds of the red men
traders from the english colonies were far more generous and indian loyalty turned to them
protests from governors and intendants passed unheeded and the parsimonious policy of the company probably let loose indian insurrections that brought ruin to the company
in #### the king sent three commissioners to louisiana with full powers to do all that was necessary to protect the colony
they ordered the raising of troops and obtained ##,### livres with which to build forts
they adopted a program by which louisiana was divided into five districts
in each of these there was to be a strong military post and a trading depot to supply the smaller trading houses
for southeastern louisiana mobile was the principal post and it was to furnish supplies for trade to the north and east in the region threatened by british traders
mobile was to be the anchor of a chain of posts extending northward to the sources of the tennessee river
fort toulouse on the alabama river had been erected in #### for trade with the alabamas and choctaws but money was available for only one other new post near the present nashville tennessee and this was soon abandoned
west of the mobile district was the lower mississippi district of which new orleans was headquarters
dependent upon it were posts on the lower mississippi and the region westward to the frontiers of new spain
on the middle mississippi a principal post was to be located near the mouth of the arkansas
it was hoped that to this post would flow a large quantity of furs from the west principally down the arkansas river
on the ohio or wabash was to be built another post at the fork of two great rivers
other posts would be established up the ohio and wabash to protect communication with canada
on the upper mississippi the illinois post was to be established near kaskaskia and dependent posts were to be built on the missouri where there are mines in abundance
each of the five principal posts was to have a director responsible to a director-general at new orleans
an elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way
concessionaires were to be under the supervision of the directors
engages must be loyal to the concessionaires and must serve until the term provided in the engagement was ended
the habitants were to be encouraged to trade and were to dispose of their pelts to the concessionaires
only two principal storehouses were actually established one at mobile the other at new orleans
new orleans supplied the goods for the trade on the mississippi and west of that river and on the ohio and wabash
mobile was also supplied by new orleans with goods for the mobile district
the power that bienville exercised during his first administration cannot be determined
regulations for the indian trade were made by the conseil superieure de la louisiane and bienville apparently did have control of that body
the conseil even treated the serious matter of british aggression as its business and on its own authority sent to disaffected savages merchandise suitable for the peltry trade
it decided also that the purely secular efforts of bienville were insufficient and sent missionaries to win the savages from the heathen carolinians
during the first administration of bienville the peltry trade of the mobile district was a lucrative source of revenue
the alabamas brought in annually ##,### to ##,### deerskins and the choctaws and chickasaws brought the total up to ##,### pelts
these deerskins were the raw material for the manufacture of leather and were the only articles which the tribes of this district had to exchange for european goods
during his first administration bienville succeeded in keeping carolina traders out of the alabama country and the choctaw country
the director of the post at mobile kept an adequate amount of french goods of a kind to which they were accustomed to supply the indian needs
the alabama and tombigbee rivers furnished a highway by which goods could be moved quickly and cheaply
de la laude commander of the alabama post had the friendship of the natives and was able to make them look upon the british as poor competitors
diron d'artaguette the most prominent trader in the district was energetic and resourceful but his methods often aroused the ire of the french governors
he became after a time commander of a post on the alabama river but his operations extended from mobile throughout the district and he finally obtained a monopoly of the indian trade
the chickasaws were the principal source of trouble in the mobile district
their territory lay to the north near the sources of the alabama the tombigbee the tennessee and cumberland rivers and was easily accessible to traders among the near-by cherokees
in #### some chickasaws massacred the french traders among them and did make peace for four years
venturesome traders however continued to come to them from mobile and to obtain a considerable number of pelts for the french markets
british traders from south carolina incited the indians against the french and there developed french and british factions in the tribe
the chickasaws finally were the occasion for the most disastrous wars during the french control of louisiana
to hold them was an essential part of french policy for they controlled the upper termini of the routes from the north to mobile
they threatened constantly to give the british a hold on this region from whence they could move easily down the rivers to the french settlements near the gulf
bienville realized that if the french were to hold the southeastern tribes against the enticements of british goods french traders must be able to offer a supply as abundant as the carolinians and at reasonable prices
his urgings brought some results
the company of the indies promised to send over a supply of indian trading goods and to price them more cheaply in terms of deerskins
but it coupled with this a requirement that indians must bring their pelts to mobile and thus save all costs of transportation into and out of the indian country
the insistence of bienville upon giving liberal prices to the indians in order to drive back the carolina traders was probably a factor that led to his recall in ####
for two years his friend and cousin boisbriant remained as acting governor and could do little to stem the anglican advance
although he incited a few friendly indians to pillage the invaders and even kill some of them the carolina advance continued
the company was impressed with some ideas of the danger from carolina and when perier came over as governor in #### he was given special instructions regarding the trade of the mobile district
but the company of the indies holding to its program of economy made no arrangements to furnish better goods at attractive prices
to the directors the problem appeared a matter of intrigue or diplomacy
perier attempted to understand the problem by sending agents to inquire among the indians
these agents were to ascertain the difference between english and french goods and the prices charged the indians
they were to conciliate the unfriendly savages and wherever possible to incite the natives to pillage the traders from carolina
they were to promise fine presents to the loyal red men as well as an abundant supply of trading goods at better prices than the opposition was offering
perier 's intrigues gained some successes
the savages divided into two factions
one was british and the other french
so hostile did these factions become that among the choctaws civil war broke out
perier 's efforts however were on the whole ineffective in winning back the tribes of the mobile district and he decided to send troops into the troubled country
he asked the government for two hundred soldiers who were to be specifically assigned to arrest english traders and disloyal indians
in spite of the company 's restrictions he planned to build new posts in the territory
he asked also for more supplies to trade at a low price for the indians' pelts
no help came from the crown and perier in desperation gave a monopoly of the indian trade in the district to d'artaguette
d'artaguette went vigorously to work and gave credit to many hunters
but they brought back few pelts to pay their debts and soon french trade in the region was at an end
perier finally in one last bid in #### cut the price of goods to an advance of ## per cent above the cost in france
the indians were impressed and held to the carolina traders who swarmed over the country almost to the mississippi
with the loss of the mobile trade which ended all profits from louisiana the natchez indians revolted
they destroyed a trading house and pillaged the goods and harassed french shipping on the mississippi
the war to subdue them taxed the resources of the colony and piled up enormous debts
in january #### the company asked the crown to relieve it of the government of the colony
it stated that it had lost ##,###,### livres in its operations and apparently blamed its poor success largely on the indian trade
it offered to surrender its right to exclusive trade but asked an indemnity
the king accepted the surrender and fixed the compensation of the company at #,###,### livres
thenceforth the commerce of louisiana was free to all frenchmen
company rule in louisiana left the colony without fortifications arms munitions or supplies
the difficulties of trade had ruined many voyageurs and numbers of them had gone to live with the natives and rear half-blood families
others left the country and there was no one familiar with the indian trade
if this trade should be resumed the habitants who had come to be farmers or artisans and soldiers discharged from the army must be hardened to the severe life of coureurs de bois
this was a slow and difficult course and french trade suffered from the many mistakes of the new group of traders
these men were without capital or experience
perier and salmon the intendant wished either to entrust the trade to an association of merchants or to have the crown furnish goods on credit to individuals who would repay their debts with pelts
bienville who returned to succeed perier in #### objected that the merchants would accept the responsibility of managing a trade in which they could see no hope of profits
he reported too that among the habitants there were none of probity and ability sufficient to justify entrusting them with the king 's goods
he did find some to trust however and he employed the king 's soldiers to trade
with no company to interfere he kept close control over all the traders
in order to compete with english traders bienville radically changed the price schedule
the king should expect no profit and an advance of only ## per cent above the cost in france which would cover the expense of transportation and handling was all he charged the traders
they would be pleased to have it published back home that they planned a frolic in paris or hong kong at the treasury 's expense
they would be particularly displeased with the state department if it were the source of such reports
few things are more perilous for the state department than a displeased congressman
the reason for this bears explaining for those who may wonder why state spends so much of its diplomatic energy on congress when the russians are so available
first the state department is unique among government agencies for its lack of public supporters
the farmers may be aroused if congress cuts into the agriculture department 's budget
businessmen will rise if congress attacks the commerce department
labor restrains undue brutality toward the labor department
the chamber of commerce assaults upon the treasury
a kaleidoscope of pressure groups make it unpleasant for the congressman who becomes ugly toward the department of health education and welfare
the congressman 's patriotism is always involved when he turns upon the defense department
tampering with the post office may infuriate every voter who can write
with all these agencies the congressman must constantly check the political wind and trim his sails accordingly
no such political restraint subdues his blood when he gazes upon the state department in anger
in many sections he may even reap applause from press and public for giving it a good lesson
after all the money dispensed by state goes to the farmer the laborer or the businessman but to foreigners
only do these foreigners vote for american congressmen
they are also probably ungrateful for uncle 's sam 's bounty
and are the state department men who dispense this largesse merely crackpots and do-gooders who have never met a payroll
will the righteous congressman be cheered at the polls if he reminds them to get right with america and if he saves the taxpayer some money by spoiling a few of their schemes
the chances are excellent that he will
the result is that the state department 's perpetual position before congress is the resigned pose of the whipping boy who expects to be kicked whenever the master has had a dyspeptic outing with his wife
people in this position do offend the master by relating his peccadilloes to the newspapers
state keeps the junketeering list a secret
the department expects and receives no thanks from congress for its discretion
congress is a harsh master
state is expected to arrange the touring cicero 's foreign itinerary
its embassies are expected to supply him with reams of local money to pay his way
embassy workers are expected to entertain him according to his whim frequently with their savings for the children 's college tuition
but come the next session of congress state can expect only that its summer guest will bite its hand when it goes to the capitol asking money for diplomatic entertaining expenses abroad or for living expenses for its diplomats
the congressman who in paris may have stuffed his wallet with enough franc notes to paper the roof of notre-dame will systematically scream that a $### increase in entertainment allowance for a second secretary is tantamount to debauchery of the treasury
in the matter of money state 's most unrelenting watchdog during the eisenhower years was representative john j. rooney of brooklyn who controlled the purse for diplomatic administrative expenses
diplomats stayed up nights thinking of ways to attain peaceful coexistence with nikita khrushchev but with john rooney
in the most confidential whispers ambassadors told of techniques they had tried to bring rooney around friendly persuasion groveling abasement pressure subtly exerted through other powerful congressmen tales of heartbreak and penury among a threadbare diplomatic corps
rooney remained untouched
the trouble explained loy henderson then deputy undersecretary for administration is that when we get into an argument with him about this thing it always turns out that rooney knows more about our budget than we do
one year the department collected a file of case histories to document its argument that men in the field were paying the government 's entertainment bills out of personal income
news of the project reached the press
next day reports went through the department that rooney had been outraged by what he considered a patent attempt to put public pressure on him for increased entertainment allowances and had sworn an oath that that year expense allowances would rise a dollar
the department 's constant fight with the house for money is a polite minuet compared with its periodic bloody engagements with the senate
armed with constitutional power to negate the executive 's foreign policy the senate carries a big stick and is easily provoked to use it on the state department 's back or on the head of the secretary of state
with its power to investigate the senate can paralyze the secretary by keeping him in a state of perpetual testimony before committees as it did with dean acheson
john foster dulles escaped by keeping his personal show on the road and because lyndon johnson who was then operating the senate refused to let it become an inquisition
during dulles 's first two years in office while republicans ran the senate the department was at the mercy of men who had thirsted for its blood since ####
an internal police operation managed by scott mcleod a former f.b.i. man installed as security officer upon congressional insistence was part of the vengeance
so was the attack upon charles e. bohlen when eisenhower appointed him ambassador to moscow
the principal mauler however was senator joseph mccarthy
where acheson had fought a gallant losing battle for the department dulles fed the crocodile with his subordinates
fretting privately but eschewing public defense of his terrorized bureaucrats dulles remained serene and detached while the hatchet men had their way
in view of eisenhower 's reluctance to concede that anything was amiss in the terror it is doubtful that heroic intervention by dulles could have produced anything but disaster for him and the country 's foreign policy
in any event the example of acheson 's trampling by the senate did encourage dulles to provoke it
he elected to get along
during this dark chapter in state department history men who had offered foreign-policy ideas later proven wrong by events filled the tumbrels sent up to capitol hill
their old errors of judgment were equated in the curious logic of the time with present treasonous intent
their successors absorbing the lesson made it a point to have few ideas
this in turn brought a new fashion in senatorial criticism as the democrats took control
in the new style the department was berated as intellectually barren and unable to produce the vital ideas needed to outwit the russians
for three or four years in the mid-#### 's this complaint was heard rumbling up from the senate floor whenever there was a dull legislative afternoon
it became smart to say that the fault was with dulles because he would countenance thinking done by anyone but himself
an equally tenable thesis is that the dearth of new thought was created by the senate 's own penchant for crucifying anyone whose ideas seem unorthodox to the next generation
getting along with foreigners
there are ninety-eight foreign embassies and legations in washington
they range from the soviet embassy on sixteenth street a gray shuttered pile suggesting a funeral-accessories display house to what congressman rooney has called that monstrosity on thirty-fourth street the modern cement-and-glass chancery of the belgians
here is the world of the chauffeured limousine and the gossip reporter of caviar on stale crackers and the warm martini of the poseur the spy the party crasher and the patriot of the rented tails the double cross and the tired lothario
into its chanceries each day pour reports from ministries around the earth and an endless stream of home-office instructions on how to handle uncle sam in an infinite variety of contingencies
here are hatched plans for getting a share of the american bounty the secret of the anti-missile missile or an invitation to dinner
out of it each week go hundreds of thousands of words purporting to inform home ministries about what is really happening inside washington
some like the british and the french maintain an elaborate system of personal contacts and have experts constantly studying special areas of the american scene
other embassies cable home the new york times without changing a comma
each has its peculiar style
the soviet embassy is popularly regarded as russian espionage headquarters
when ambassador mikhail menshikov took it over in #### from georgi zaroubin he made a determined effort to change this idea
menshikov hit washington with a tv announcer 's grin and a hearty handclasp
to everyone 's astonishment he seemed no more like the run-of-the-mine russian ambassador than george babbitt was like fyodor pavlovitch karamazov
where his predecessors had glowered menshikov smiled
where they had affected the bleak social style of embalmers' assistants menshikov went abroad gorgeous in white tie and tails
overnight he became the most available man in washington
speeches by the soviet ambassador became the vogue as he obliged rural maryland rotarians and national press club alike
in senator joseph mccarthy 's phrase it was the most unheard-of thing ever heard of
a newspaperman who met him at a reception swore that he asked menshikov what should we call you
and that menshikov replied just call me mike
smilin' mike was the sobriquet washington gave him
his english was usable and he used it fearlessly
toasting in champagne one night at the embassy he hoisted his glass to a senator 's wife and gaily cried up your bottom
for a few giddy months that coincided with one of moscow 's smiling moods he was the sensation of washington
at the state department hard-bitten russian experts complained that the capitol was out of its wits
newspaper punditry was inspired to remind everyone that judas too had been able to smile
the menshikov interlude ended as larks with the russians usually end
finding peaceful coexistence temporarily unsuitable because of domestic politics moscow resumed scowling and smilin' mike dropped quietly out of the press except for an occasional story reporting that he had been stoned somewhere in the middle west
the most inscrutable embassies are the arabs' and the most inscrutable of the arabs are the saudi arabians
when king saud visited washington the overwhelming question consuming the press was the size of his family
rumor had it that his children numbered in the hundreds
the state department was little help on this or on much else about saudi arabia
a reporter who consulted a middle east information officer for routine vital statistics got nowhere until the state department man produced from his bottom desk drawer a brochure published by the arabian-american oil company
this is where i get my information from he confided
but bring it right back
it 's the only copy i've got
the size of saud 's family was still being debated when the king appeared for his first meeting with eisenhower
when it ended a dusky sheik in desert robes flowed into hagerty 's office to report on the interview
the massed reporters brushed aside the customary bromides about saudi-american friendship to bore in on the central question
how many children did the king have
twenty-one replied the sheik
and how many of these were sons
twenty-five the sheik replied
do you mean to tell us a reporter asked that the king has twenty-one children twenty-five of whom are sons
the sheik smiled and murmured that is precisely correct
the egyptians are noted for elusiveness of language
when dag hammarskjold was negotiating the middle east peace after israel 's #### invasion of egypt he soon found himself speaking the mysterious phrases of cairo a language as anarchic as casey stengel 's
the reports of president nasser 's pledges which hammarskjold was relaying from cairo to washington became increasingly incomprehensible to other diplomats including the israeli foreign minister mrs. golda meir
finally he reported that nasser was ready to make a concrete commitment in return for israeli concessions
the deep water is used by many people but it is always clean for the washing is done outside
i know now why our japanese friends were surprised when they walked into our bathroom
of course most toilets are eastern style at floor level but even when they are raised to chair height they are actually outside toilets inside
a few newer homes have western flush toilets but even with running water they are usually eastern style
the next day i visited international christian college which has developed since the war under the leadership of people who were interned and who know japan well
they are trying to demonstrate some different ways of teaching and learning
the library has open shelves even in the unbound periodical stockroom
spiritual life is cultivated but students do need to be christian
they have an enviable record of being able to place in employment ###% of their graduates
in the afternoon miss hosaka and her mother invited me to go with them and young mrs. kodama to see the famous spring dances of the geisha dancers
mrs. hosaka is one of the japanese women one reads about beautiful artistically talented an artful manager of her big household four boys and four girls and yet looking like a pampered gentle japanese woman
she was a real experience
the dances were as beautiful as anything i have ever seen they rival the new york rockettes for scenery and precision as well as imagination
because don was leaving the next day i spent the evening with him at asia center
the following morning mr. morikawa called for me and we went to visit schools kindergarten middle-school elementary school and high school mr. yoshimoto 's school
there is much more freedom in the schools here than i expected some think too much
there is a great deal of thought being given to the question of moral education in the schools
with the loss of the emperor diety in japan the people are left in confusion with no god or moral teachings that have strength
the older parents continued to teach their children traditional principles but the younger people who have lost all faith and convictions are now parents
there seems to be no purpose in life that is sure no certain guiding principles to give stability
as a result money is spent quickly and freely with no thought of its value
gambling is everywhere especially among students
parents indulge their children
the government has recognized the dilemma and is beginning to devise some moral education for the schools but the teachers often have no firm conviction and are confused
i was told that it is quite likely that japanese soldiers would fight again for why should they
it will be painful but interesting to see what kind of a god these people will create or what strong convictions they will develop
in the evening the former oregon state science teachers met for dinner at the new tokyo restaurant where i had my first raw fish and found it good
they suggested several new foods and usually i found them good except the sweets which i think i could learn to like
six of the science teachers were present and we had great fun
after a day at nikko mrs. kodama put me on the train for kyoto
my instructions were that mr. nishimo would meet me at the hotel but instead he and three others were at the station with a very warm welcome
my hotel rooms on the trip were arranged by masu and the japan travel bureau and were more elegant than i would have chosen but it was fun for once to be elegant i did explain to the students however that this was my usual style for their salaries are very small and it seemed out of place for me to be housed so well
they understood and teased me a bit about it
i think i would have been much disappointed in japan if i had seen kyoto nara and hiroshima
kyoto is the ancient capital of japan and still its cultural center
it along with nara was untouched by the war and is now a beautiful example of the loveliness of prewar japan
here i was accompanied by mrs. okamoto fumio 's mother her son mr. washizu a prospective student with whom i have been corresponding for more than a year and mr. nishima one of the science teachers
i arrived at #:## a.m. and by #:## a.m. i had finished breakfast and was on my way to see what they had planned
we walked miles and saw various shrines and gardens
we visited the okamoto home where for the first time i saw the famous tea ceremony
at #:## p.m. we went to the kyoto spring dances at the place where these beautiful dances originated
they were even better than those of tokyo more spectacular and more imaginative
after a supper of unagi rice with eel eel which is raised in an ice-cold pond at the foot of mt. fuji i returned to my beautiful room to sleep as hard as possible to be ready for another busy day
we started at # a.m. to visit the kyoto university where mr. washizu is attending
i was amazed at the very poor hospital facilities accompanying the medical school
they apologized for the condition including dirt and flies and i was a little at a loss to know what to say
there seemed to be no excuse
i don't have the answer yet
we had tea at mr. washizu 's home where i learned that he too comes from a very wealthy family
his grandfather is a buddhist priest
and he being the eldest was supposed to be a priest but he chose to do differently and one of his brothers is to become the priest
this is a significant fact in japan for only a few years ago he would have had no choice
in his big home live four families and thirty people so it needs to be big
also there are housed here some priceless historical treasures from ### to ### years old paintings lacquer brocade etc.
he had displayed more of them than usual so that i could enjoy them
about ### of the most important items he had already given to the museum
the house itself is ### years old with all the craftsmanship of older less-hurried times
nara , osaka , and hiroshima
mr. nishima went with me on the train to nara
we passed his house and school on the way
in nara i stayed at the hotel where the prince and princess had stayed on their honeymoon
a new red carpet had been laid for their coming but i walked on it too
here mr. yoneda met us after a three-hour train trip from the town where he teaches
even though we had walked miles in kyoto that day we started out again to see nara at night
in the evening both of the men went with me on the train ## miles to osaka to put me on the train for hiroshima
again the plan was for me to go alone but they wouldn't let me
at osaka mr. yoneda had to leave us to get the train to his home but mr. nishima and i had an hour and a half before train time to see osaka at night
it is the second largest city in japan with about four million people
one spot in osaka i shall always remember the bridge where we stood to watch the reflections of the elaborate neon signs in the still waters of the river
in the midst of a great busy city people take time to enjoy the beauty of natural reflection of artificial light
my train arrived in hiroshima at the awful hour of #:## a.m.
i had planned to go to the hotel by taxi and sleep a little after which mr. uno would arrive and pilot me around
but there he was at the train with an oregon state pennant in his hand
i know now why the students insisted that i go to hiroshima even when i told them i didn't want to
they knew that i was still grieving over the tragic event and they felt that if i could see the recovery and the spirit of the people who hold no grudge but who also regret pearl harbor i would be happier and would understand better a new japan
there were no words to say this but there was no need
the teachers of mr. uno 's school gave me a small gift to thank me for coming
hiroshima is a better city than it was before in the minds of the people i met was a strong determination for peace and understanding
i was grateful for their insight into my need for this experience
a better world may yet come out of hiroshima
on arriving in tokyo later we were met by masu who took us immediately to her university the japanese women 's university
this day was open house for parents day and the girls were busy preparing exhibits and arranging tea tables
everything was in an exciting turmoil full of anticipation and fun
it was thrilling to see the effect of an american-trained teacher on japanese students in a class in home planning
our masu is one of the very few architects in japan who is trying to plan homes around family functions and women 's needs
i am told the time will soon come when women will find it necessary to do most of their own work and even now it is important to have conveniences for the use of servants
many of the features of the homes are the latest modern devices in american homes but an interesting blend of cultures finds us using japanese artfulness in our own western architecture at the same time that the japanese are adopting western utility patterns
at this women 's university we find a monument to a courageous family who believed that japanese women also should be educated
even today there are some doubts about the value of education for japanese women but this university continues to grow and to send its students out into the community
active alumnae have built a fine building on the campus where members can come and stay for a few days or longer and where they can have their social gatherings and professional meetings
as far as i am concerned there is continuous piling up of evidence that the creative fresh ideas which are needed in the world are going to be found by educated women unafraid to break traditions
masu is also teaching in a municipally-sponsored school for japanese widows in tokyo
here the women learn to keep house as maids
they become skilled in cooking and cleaning and in receiving guests
they learn how to take care of children and sick members of the family
they have model kitchens a sick room with a model patient in bed and a nursery with a life-like doll
although the training is only for one month it is intensive and thorough
graduates of this maid 's school are much in demand and can always find work immediately
occasionally they return for additional training
masu 's home economics training comes into play as she designs cupboards along modern functional lines for the storage of cleaning materials
masu also uses the training she got in an american home where she learned to polish furniture clean corners and work effectively in keeping a shiny house
her education in the united states just in a classroom but also in an american house with an american housekeeper stands her in good stead
university of tokyo
after a fine luncheon in the cafeteria the kitchen of which masu had planned mr. washizu and i left to meet representatives of the usis for a visit to the university of tokyo
here again it was vacation time and there were many things i could see but i was able to visit with a professor who is famous in japanese circles and be guided through the grounds by his assistant
the achievement of the desegregation of certain lunch counters only by wise action by local community leaders but by voluntary action following consultation between attorney general rogers and the heads of certain national chain stores should of course be applauded
but for it to be just to attain this same result by means of the force of a boycott throughout the nation would require the verification of facts contrary to those assumed in the foregoing case
the suppositions in the previous illustration might be sufficiently altered by establishing a connection between general company practice and local practice in the south and by establishing such direct connection between the practice and the economic well-being of stores located in new york and general company policy
then the boycott would be secondary but a primary one
it would be directed against the actual location of the unjust policy which for love 's sake and for the sake of justice must be removed and indivisible from this to the economic injury of the people directly and objectively a part of this policy
perhaps this would be sufficient to justify an economic boycott of an entire national chain in order by threatening potential injury to its entire economy to effect an alteration of the policy of its local stores in the matter of segregation
such a general boycott might still be a blunt or indiscriminating instrument and therefore of questionable justification
action located where the evil is concentrated will prove most decisive and is most clearly legitimate
moreover prudence alone would indicate that unless the local customs are already ready to fall when pushed the results of direct economic action everywhere upon national chain stores will likely be simply to give undue advantage to local and state stores which conform to these customs leading to greater decentralization and local autonomy within the company or even as the final self-defeat of an unjust application of economic pressure to correct injustice to its going out of business in certain sections of the country as for that matter the quakers who once had many meetings in the pre-civil war south largely went out of business in that part of the country over the slavery issue never to recover a large number of southern adherents
in any case anyone who fails to make significant distinction between primary and secondary applications of economic pressure would in principle already have justified that use of economic boycott as a means which broke out a few years ago or was skillfully organized by white citizens' councils in the entire state of mississippi against every local philco dealer in that state in protest against a philco-sponsored program over a national tv network on which was presented a drama showing it seemed a high yellow gal smooching with a white man
it is true of course that the end or objective of this action was different
but since this is a world in which people disagree about ends and goals and concerning justice and injustice and since in a situation where direct action and economic pressure are called for the justice of the matter has either been clearly defined by law or the law is effectively present there has to be a morality of means applied in every case in which people take it upon themselves to use economic pressures or other forms of force
the need that we give unqualified approval to any but a limited use of economic pressure directed against the actual doers of injustice is clear also in light of the fact that white citizens' councils seem resolved to maintain segregation mainly by the use of these same means and ordinarily by physical violence
an unlimited use of economic pressures for diametrically opposite causes could devastate the pre-conditions of any fellow humanity as surely as this would be destroyed by the use of more obviously brutal means
the end or aim of the action of course is also important especially where it is alone a matter of changing community customs but of the use of deadly economic power to intimidate a person from stepping forward to claim his legal rights e.g. against negroes who register to vote in fayette county tennessee at the present moment
here the recourse is in steps to give economic sustenance to those being despoiled and to legal remedies
this however is sufficient to show that more or less non-violent resistance and economic conflict if both sides are strong enough can be war of all against all no less than if other means are used
it is also sufficient to show the christian and any other champion of justice that he needs to make sure only that his cause is just but also that his conduct is just i.e. that if economic pressure has to be resorted to this be applied directly against those persons directly in the way of some salutary change in business or institutional practices while if injury fall upon others it fall upon them indirectly and secondarily however inevitably and by deliberate intent and direct action against them
it is clear that non-violent resistance is a mode of action in need of justification and limitation in christian morality like any other form of resistance
the language used itself often makes very clear that this is only another form of struggle for victory perhaps to be chosen above all others
one of the sit-in leaders has said nobody from the top of heaven to the bottom of hell can stop the march to freedom
everybody in the world today might as well make up their minds to march with freedom or freedom is going to march over them
the present writer certainly agrees with that statement and would also affirm this in the order of justice
however it is also a christian insight to know that unless charity interpenetrates justice it is likely to be freedom that marches forward
and when charity interpenetrates man 's struggle for justice and freedom it does simply surround this with a sentimental good will
it also definitely fashions conduct in the way explained above and this means far more than in the choice of non-violent means
r. b. gregg has written that non-violence and good will of the victim act like the lack of physical opposition by the user of physical jiu-jitsu to cause the attacker to lose his moral balance
he suddenly and unexpectedly loses the moral support which the usual violent resistance of most victims would render him
and again that the object of non-violent resistance is partly analogous to this object of war namely to demoralize the opponent to break his will to destroy his confidence enthusiasm and hope
in another respect it is dissimilar for non-violent resistance demoralizes the opponent only to re-establish in him a new morale that is firmer because it is based on sounder values
a trial of strength however is made quite inevitable by virtue of the fact that anyone engaging in non-violent resistance will be convinced that his action is based on sounder values than those of his opponent
and in warfare with any means men commonly disagree over the justice of the cause
this makes necessary a morality of means and principles governing the conduct of resistance whenever this is thought to be justified
the question then is whether sufficient discrimination in the use of even non-violent means of coercion is to be found in the fact that such conduct demoralizes and overcomes the opponent while re-moralizing and re-establishing him
here it is relevant to remember that men commonly regard some causes as more important than their lives
and to them it will seem insignificant that it is proposed to defeat such causes non-violently
a technique by which it is proposed to enter with compulsion into the very heart of a man and determine his values may often in fact seem the more unlimited aggression
among christian groups the mennonites have commonly been aware more than others of the fact that the nature of divine charity raises decisively the question of the christian use of all forms of pressure
since the will and word of god are for them concentrated in christ-like love it seems clear to them that non-violent resistance is quite another thing
the primary objective of non-violence writes the outstanding mennonite ethicist is peace or obedience to the divine will but rather certain desired social changes for personal or class or national advantage
without agreeing with every phrase in this statement we must certainly assert the great difference between christian love and any form of resistance and then go on beyond the mennonite position and affirm that christian love-in-action must first justify and then determine the moral principles limiting resistance
these principles we have now set forth
economy in the use of power needs only to be asserted but clearly specified
and when this is done it will be found that the principles governing christian resistance cut across the distinction between violent and non-violent means and apply to both alike justifying either on occasion and always limiting either action
economy in the use of power means more than inflicting a barely intolerable pressure upon an opponent and upon the injustice opposed
that would amount to calculating the means and justifying them wholly in terms of their effectiveness in reaching desired goals
there must also be additional and more fundamental discrimination in the use of means of resistance violent or non-violent
the justification in christian conscience of the use of any mode of resistance also lays down its limitation in the distinction between the persons against whom pressure is primarily directed those upon whom it may be permitted also to fall and those who may never be directly repressed for the sake even of achieving some great good
in these terms the economic withdrawal of the negroes of nashville tennessee from trading in the center city for example was clearly justified since these distinctions do require that only people subjectively guilty be singled out
we may now take up for consideration a hard case which seems to require either no action employing economic pressure or else action that would seem to violate the principles set forth above
there may be instances in which if economic pressure is to be undertaken at all this would have to be applied without discrimination against a whole people
an excellent article was published recently in the journal of the church peace union by a south african journalist on the inhuman economic conditions of the blacks in south africa amounting to virtual slavery and the economic complicity of both the government and the people of the united states in these conditions
billions of american dollars only from capital investors but also from the pockets of u.s. taxpayers this author states are being poured into south africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression the persecution and the almost diabolical exploitation of ## million people the color of whose skins happens to be white
both the conditions and the complicity are documented in considerable detail
this leads to the conclusion that the fact is inescapable that america does have a say in whether or apartheid shall continue
our leadership in a wide economic boycott of south africa would be only in accord it seems with the moral conscience of america to be denied because we also as a people have widespread injustice in the relations of the races in our own country but also in accord with our law u.s. code title ## section #### which forbids the importation of goods made by forced or convict labor
only should this provision be enforced but other economic and political actions might be taken which this author believes must surely be supported by every american who values the freedom that has been won for him and whose conscience is so dominated by the lines in his account books that he can willingly and knowingly contribute to the enslavement of another nation
northern liberals are the chief supporters of civil rights and of integration
they have also led the nation in the direction of a welfare state
and both in their objectives of non-discrimination and of social progress they have had ranged against them the southerners who are called bourbons
the name presumably derives from the french royal house which never learned and never forgot
since bourbon whiskey though of kentucky origin is at least as much favored by liberals in the north as by conservatives in the south
the nature of the opposition between liberals and bourbons is too little understood in the north
the race problem has tended to obscure other less emotional issues which may fundamentally be even more divisive
it is these other differences between north and south other that is than those which concern discrimination or social welfare which i chiefly discuss herein
i write about northern liberals from considerable personal experience
a southerner married to a new englander i have lived for many years in a connecticut commuting town with a high percentage of artists writers publicity men and business executives of egghead tastes
most of them are democrats and nearly all consider themselves and are viewed as liberals
this is puzzling to an outsider conscious of the classic tradition of liberalism because it is clear that these democrats who are left-of-center are at opposite poles from the liberal jefferson who held that the best government was the least government
yet paradoxically my liberal friends continue to view jefferson as one of their patron saints
when i question them as to what they mean by concepts like liberty and democracy i find that they fall into two categories the simpler ones who have simply accepted the shibboleths of their faith without analysis
and the intelligent cynical ones who scornfully reply that these things don't count any more in the world of to-day
i am naive they say to make use of such words
i take this to mean that the intelligent and therefore necessarily cynical
liberal considers that the need for a national economy with controls that will assure his conception of social justice is so great that individual and local liberties as well as democratic processes may have to yield before it
this seems like an attitude favoring a sort of totalitarian bureaucracy which under a president of the same stamp would try to coerce an uncooperative congress or supreme court
as for states' rights they have never counted in the thinking of my liberal friends except as irritations of a minor and immoral nature which exist now only as anachronisms
the american liberal may in the world of to-day have a strong case
but he presents it publicly so enmeshed in hypocrisy that it is an honest one
why in the first place call himself a liberal if he is against laissez-faire and favors an authoritarian central government with womb-to-tomb controls over everybody
if he attaches little importance to personal liberty why make this known to the world
and if he is so scornful of the rights of states why advocate a different sort of constitution that he could more sincerely support
i am concerned here however with the northern liberal 's attitude toward the south
it appears to be one of intense dislike which he makes little effort to conceal even in the presence of southern friends
his assumption seems to be that any such friends being tolerable humans must be more liberal than most southerners and therefore at least partly in sympathy with his views
time 's editor thomas griffith in his book the waist-high culture wrote most of what was different about it the deep south i found myself unsympathetic to
this for the liberals i know would be an understatement
theirs is no mere lack of sympathy but something closer to the passionate hatred that was directed against fascism
i do think that my experience would be typical for southerners living in the north
in business circles usually conservative this sort of atmosphere would hardly be found
but in our case and neither my wife nor i have extreme views on integration nor are we given to emotional outbursts the situation has ruined one or two valued friendships and come close to wrecking several more
in fact it has caused us to give serious thought to moving our residence south because it is easy for the most objective southerner to sit calmly by when his host is telling a roomful of people that the only way to deal with southerners who oppose integration is to send in troops and shoot the bastards down
accounts have been published of northern liberals in the south up against segregationist prejudice especially in state-supported universities where pressure may be strong to uphold the majority view
but these accounts do show that northerners have been subjected to embarrassment or provocation by yankee-hatred displayed in social gatherings
from my wife 's experience and other sources this seems to be rarely encountered in educated circles
the strong feeling is certainly there
but there is a leavening of liberalism among college graduates throughout the south especially among those who studied in the north
and social relations arising out of business ties impose courtesy if sympathy toward resident and visiting northerners
also among the latter a large percentage soon acquire the prevalent southern attitude on most social problems
there are of course many souths
but for this discussion the most important division is between those who have been reconstructed and those who haven't
my definition of this much abused adjective is that a reconstructed rebel is one who is glad that the north won the war
nobody knows how many southerners there are in this category
i suspect that there are far more unreconstructed ones than the north likes to believe
i never heard of a poll being taken on the question
no doubt such a thing would be considered unpatriotic
prior to #### i imagine that a majority of southerners would have voted against the confederacy
since the supreme court 's decision of that year this is more doubtful
and if a poll had been taken immediately following the dispatch of troops to little rock i believe the majority would have been for the old south
belief in the traditional way of life persists much more in the older states than in the new ones
probably a larger percentage of virginians and south carolinians remain unreconstructed than elsewhere with georgia north carolina and alabama following along after them
old attitudes are held more tenaciously in the tidewater than the piedmont
so that a line running down the length of the south marking the upper limits of tidewater would roughly divide the old south from the new but with of course important minority enclaves
the long-settled areas of states like virginia and south carolina developed the ante-bellum culture to its richest flowering and there the memory is more precious and the consciousness of loss the greater
also we should even to-day discount the fact that a region such as the coastal lowlands centering on charleston had closer ties with england and the west indies than with the north even after independence
the social and psychological consequences of this continue to affect the area
in certain respects defeat increased the persistent anglophilia of the old south
poor where they had once been rich humbled where they had been arrogant having no longer any hope of sharing in the leadership of the nation the rebels who would surrender in spirit drew comfort from the sympathy they felt extended to them by the mother country
and no doubt many people in states like the carolinas and georgia which were among the most tory in sentiment in the eighteenth century bitterly regretted the revolt against the crown
among bourbons the racial issue may have less to do with their remaining unreconstructed than other factors
all southerners agree that slavery had to go
but many historians maintain that except for northern meddling it would have ended in states like virginia years before it did
southern resentment has been over the method of its ending the invasion and reconstruction
their fears now are of miscegenation and negro political control in many counties
but apart from racial problems the old unreconstructed south to use the moderate words favored by mr. thomas griffith finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the north
and this in effect means most of modern america
it is hard to see how the situation could be otherwise
and therein i feel many northerners delude themselves about the south
for one thing this is a subject often discussed or analyzed
there seems to be almost a conspiracy of silence veiling it
i suppose the reason is a kind of wishful thinking don't talk about the final stages of reconstruction and they will take care of themselves
or else the north really believes that all southerners except a few quaint old characters have come around to realizing the errors of their past and are now at heart sharers of the american dream like everybody else
if the circumstances are faced frankly it is reasonable to expect this to be true
the situation of the south since #### has been unique in the western world
regardless of rights and wrongs a population and an area appropriate to a pre-world-war- # great power have been following conquest ruled against their will by a neighboring people and have had imposed upon them social and economic controls they dislike
and the great majority of these people are of anglo-saxon or celtic descent
this is the only case in modern history of a people of britannic origin submitting without continued struggle to what they view as foreign domination
the fact is due mainly to international wars both hot and cold
in every war of the united states since the civil war the south was more belligerent than the rest of the country
so instead of being tests of the south 's loyalty the spanish war the two world wars and the korean war all served to overcome old grievances and cement reunion
and there is no section of the nation more ardent than the south in the cold war against communism
had the situation been reversed had for instance england been the enemy in #### because of issues of concern chiefly to new england there is little doubt that large numbers of southerners would have happily put on their old confederate uniforms to fight as allies of britain
it is extraordinary that a people as proud and warlike as southerners should have been as docile as they have
the north should thank its stars that such has been the case
but at the same time it should draw false inferences therefrom
the two main charges levelled against the bourbons by liberals is that they are racists and social reactionaries
there is much truth in both these charges and many bourbons deny them
whatever their faults they are hypocrites
most of them sincerely believe that the anglo-saxon is the best race in the world and that it should remain pure
many northeners believe this too but few of them will say so publicly
the bourbon economic philosophy moreover is very different from that of northern conservatives
but those among the bourbons who remain unreconstructed go much further than this
they believe that if the south had been let alone it would have produced a civilization superior to that of modern america
as it is they consider that the north is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism that in spite of its high standard of living the american way has been proved inferior to the english and scandinavian ways although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter
the south 's antipathy to northern civilization includes such charges as poor manners harsh accents lack of appreciation of the arts of living like gastronomy and the use of leisure
their own easier slower tempo is especially dear to southerners
and i have heard many say that they are content to earn a half or a third as much as they could up north because they so much prefer the quieter habits of their home town
in the past the duties of the state as sir henry maine noted long ago were only two in number internal order and external security
by prevailing over other claimants for the loyalties of men the nation-state maintained an adequate measure of certainty and order within its territorial borders
outside those limits it asserted as against other states a position of sovereign equality and as against the inferior peoples of the non-western world a position of dominance
it became the sole subject of international law a term which it is pertinent to remember was coined by bentham a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what western nations could do in the world arena
that corpus of law was a reflection of the power system in existence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
speaking generally it furthered and still tends to further the interests of the western powers
the enormous changes in world politics have however thrown it into confusion so much so that it is safe to say that all international law is now in need of reexamination and clarification in light of the social conditions of the present era
beyond the two basic tasks mentioned above no attention was paid by statesman or scholar to an idea of state responsibility either internally or externally
this was particularly true in the world arena which was an anarchical battleground characterized by strife and avaricious competition for colonial empires
that any sort of duty was owed by his nation to other nations would have astonished a nineteenth-century statesman
his duty was to his sovereign and to his nation and an extension to peoples beyond the territorial boundaries was to be contemplated
thus to cite but one example the pax britannica of the nineteenth century whether with the british navy ruling the seas or with the city of london ruling world finance was strictly national in motivation however much other nations e.g. the united states may have incidentally benefited
at the same time all suggestions that some sort of societal responsibility existed for the welfare of the people within the territorial state was strongly resisted
social darwinism was able to stave off the incipient socialist movement until well into the present century
however in recent decades for what doubtless are multiple reasons an unannounced but nonetheless readily observable shift has occurred in both facets of national activity
a concept of responsibility is in process of articulation and establishment
already firmly implanted internally it is a growing factor in external matters
a little more than twenty years ago the american people turned an important corner
in what has aptly been called a constitutional revolution the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature the night-watchman state to one with affirmative duties to perform
the positive state came into existence
for lawyers reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the supreme court in that transformation the manner in which its decisions altered in the switch in time that saved nine president roosevelt 's ill-starred but in effect victorious court-packing plan the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation
of greater importance however is the content of those programs which have had and are having enormous consequences for the american people
labor relations have been transformed income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms and all the many facets of the american version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom
a national consensus of near unanimity exists that these governmental efforts are desirable as well as necessary
ratified in the republican party victory in #### the positive state is now evidenced by political campaigns being waged on whether but on how much social legislation there should be
the general acceptance of the idea of governmental i.e. societal responsibility for the economic well-being of the american people is surely one of the two most significant watersheds in american constitutional history
the other of course was the civil war the conflict which a century ago insured national unity over fragmentation
a third one of at least equal and perhaps even greater importance is now being traversed american immersion and involvement in world affairs
internal national responsibility now a truism need be documented
nevertheless it may be helpful to cite one example that of employment for as will be shown below it cuts across both facets of the new concept
thirty years ago while the nation was wallowing in economic depression the prevailing philosophy of government was to stand aside and allow natural forces to operate and cure the distress
that guiding principle of the hoover administration fell to the siege guns of the new deal
less than a score of years later congress enacted the employment act of #### by which the national government assumed the responsibility of taking action to insure conditions of maximum employment
hands-off the economy was replaced by conscious guidance through planning the economic side of the constitutional revolution
in #### the first important legislative victory of the kennedy administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a state's-responsibility proposal provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus
the american people have indeed come a long way in the brief interval between #### and ####
internal national responsibility is a societal response to the impact of the industrial revolution
reduced to its simplest terms it is an assumption of a collective duty to compensate for the inability of individuals to cope with the rigors of the era
national responsibility for individual welfare is a concept limited to the united states or even to the western nations
a measure of its widespread acceptance may be derived from a statement of the international congress of jurists in ####
meeting in new delhi under the auspices of the international commission of jurists a body of lawyers from the free world the congress redefined and expanded the traditional rule of law to include affirmative governmental duties
it is noteworthy that the majority of the delegates to the congress were from the less developed former colonial nations
the rule of law historically a principle according everyone his day in court before an impartial tribunal was broadened substantively by making it a responsibility of government to promote individual welfare
recognizing that the rule of law is a dynamic concept which should be employed only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society the congress asserted that it also included the responsibility to establish social economic educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized
the idea of national responsibility thus has become a common feature of the nations of the non-soviet world
for better or for worse we all now live in welfare states the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being
whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation 's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish
the hypothesis ventured here is that it does and that evidence is accumulating validating that proposition
the content is the same however rather than individual security it is the security and continuing existence of an ideological group those in the free world that is basic
external national responsibility involves a burgeoning requirement that the leaders of the western nations so guide their decisions as to further the viability of other friendly nations
if internal responsibility suggests acceptance of the socialist ideal of equality then external responsibility implies adherence to principles of ideological supranationalism
reference to two other concepts nationalism and sovereignty may help to reveal the contours of the new principle
in its beginnings the nation-state had to struggle to assert itself internally against feudal groups and externally against the power and influence of such other claimants for loyalty as the church
the breakup of the holy roman empire and the downfall of feudalism led more than two centuries ago to the surge of nationalism
since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the united states as an independent entity it is perhaps natural for americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order something permanent and unchanging
the concept of nationalism is the political principle that epitomizes and glorifies the territorial state as the characteristic type of socal structure
but it is more than that
for it includes the emotional ties that bind men to their homeland and the complex motivations that hold a large group of people together as a unit
today as new nations rise from the former colonial empires nationalism is one of the hurricane forces loose in the world
almost febrile in intensity the principle has become worldwide in application unfortunately at the very time that nationalist fervors can wreak greatest harm
historically however the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the western civilizational group
by subduing disparate lesser groups the nation has to some degree at least broadened the capacity for individual liberty
within their confines moreover technological and industrial growth has proceeded at an accelerated pace thus increasing the cornucopia from which material wants can be satisfied
while the pattern is uneven some having gained more than others nationalism has in fact served the western peoples well
whether historical nationalism helped the peoples of the remainder of the world and whether today 's nationalism in the former colonial areas has equally beneficial aspects are other questions
it is one of the ironic quirks of history that the viability and usefulness of nationalism and the territorial state are rapidly dissipating at precisely the time that the nation-state attained its highest number approximately ###
but it is more than irony one of the main reasons why nationalism is no longer a tenable concept is because it has spread throughout the planet
in other words nationalism worked well enough when it had limited application both as to geography and as to population
it becomes a perilous anachronism when adopted on a world-wide basis
complementing the political principle of nationalism is the legal principle of sovereignty
the former receives its legitimacy from the latter
operating side by side together they helped shore up the nation-state
while sovereignty has roots in antiquity in its present usage it is essentially modern
jean bodin writing in the sixteenth century may have been the seminal thinker but it was the vastly influential john austin who set out the main lines of the concept as now understood
austin 's nineteenth-century view of law and sovereignty still dominates much of today 's legal and political thinking
to him law is the command of the sovereign the english monarch who personifies the power of the nation while sovereignty is the power to make law i.e. to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations
these fundamental ideas the indivisibility of sovereignty and its dual internal-external aspects still remain the core of that concept of ultimate political power
the nation-state then exemplifies the principle of nationalism and exercises sovereignty supreme power over domestic affairs and independence from outside control
in fact however both principles have always been nebulous and loosely defined
high-level abstractions are always difficult to pin down with precision
that is particularly true of sovereignty when it is applied to democratic societies in which popular sovereignty is said to exist and in federal nations in which the jobs of government are split
nevertheless nationalism and sovereignty are reputed in the accepted wisdom to describe the modern world
is there a different reality behind the facade
does the surface hide a quite different picture
the short answer to those questions is yes
both concepts are undergoing alteration
to some degree they are being supplanted by a concept of national responsibility
as evidence to support that view consider the following illustrative instances
can thermonuclear war be set off by accident
what steps have been taken to guard against the one sort of mishap that could trigger the destruction of continents
are we as safe as we should be from such a disaster
is anything being done to increase our margin of safety
will the danger increase or decrease
i have just asked these questions in the pentagon in the white house in offices of key scientists across the country and aboard the submarines that prowl for months underwater with neat rows of green launch tubes which contain polaris missiles and which are affectionately known as sherwood forest
i asked the same questions inside the launch-control rooms of an atlas missile base in wyoming where officers who wear sidearms are manning the commit buttons that could start a war accidentally or by design and in the command centers where other pistol-packing men could give orders to push such buttons
to the men in the instrument-jammed bomber cockpits submarine compartments and the antiseptic windowless rooms that would be the foxholes of tomorrow 's impersonal intercontinental wars the questions seem farfetched
there is unceasing pressure but its sources are immediate
readiness exercises are almost continuous
each could be the real thing
in the command centers there are special clocks ready to tick off the minutes elapsed since e hour
e stands for execution the moment a go order would unleash an american nuclear strike
there is little time for the men in the command centers to reflect about the implications of these clocks
they are preoccupied riding herd on control panels switches flashing colored lights on pale green or gray consoles that look like business machines
they know little about their machinery beyond mechanical details
accidental war is so sensitive a subject that most of the people who could become directly involved in one are told just enough so they can perform their portions of incredibly complex tasks
among the policy makers generals physicists psychologists and others charged with controlling the actions of the button pushers and their hardware the answers to my questions varied partly according to a man 's flair for what the professionals in this field call scenarios
as an air force psychiatrist put it you can't have dry runs on this one
the experts are thus forced to hypothesize sequences of events that have never occurred probably never will but possibly might
only one rule prevailed in my conversations with these men the more highly placed they are that is the more they know the more concerned they have become
already accidental war is a silent guest at the discussions within the kennedy administration about the urgency of disarmament and nearly all other questions of national security
only recently new holes were discovered in our safety measures and a search is now on for more
work is under way to see whether new restraining devices should be installed on all nuclear weapons
meanwhile the experts speak of wars triggered by false pre-emption escalation unauthorized behavior and other terms that will be discussed in this report
they inhabit a secret world centered on go codes and gold phones
their conversations were almost invariably accompanied by the same gestures arms and pointed forefingers darting toward each other in arclike semicircular motions
one arm represented our bombers and missiles the other arm theirs
yet implicit in each movement was the death of millions perhaps hundreds of millions perhaps you and me and the experts
these men are callous
it is their job to think about the unthinkable
unanimously they believe that the world would become a safer place if more of us and more russians and communist chinese too thought about accidental war
the first systematic thinking about this pandora 's box within pandora 's boxes was done four years ago by fred ikle a frail meek-mannered swiss-born sociologist
he was and is with the rand corporation a nonprofit pool of thinkers financed by the u.s. air force
his investigations made him the paul revere of accidental war and safety procedures were enormously increased
in recent weeks as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the kennedy administration basic united states strategy has been modified and large new sums allocated to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible
the chain starts at bmews ballistic missile early warning system in thule greenland
its radar screens would register soviet missiles shortly after they are launched against the united states
bmews intelligence is simultaneously flashed to norad north american air defense command in colorado springs colorado for interpretation
to the sac command and control post forty-five feet below the ground at offutt air force base near omaha nebraska
to the joint war room of the joint chiefs of staff in the pentagon and to the president
telephones teletypes several kinds of radio systems and in some cases television link all vital points
alternate locations exist for all key command centers
for last-ditch emergencies sac has alternate command posts on kc-### jet tankers
multiple circuits routings and frequencies make the chain as unbreakable as possible
the same principle of redundancy applies to all communications on these special networks
and no messages can be transmitted on these circuits until senders and receivers authenticate in advance by special codes that the messages actually come from their purported sources
additional codes can be used to challenge and counterchallenge the authentications
only the president is permitted to authorize the use of nuclear weapons
that 's the law
but what if somebody decides to break it
the president cannot personally remove the safety devices from every nuclear trigger
he makes the momentous decision
hundreds of men are required to pass the word to the button pushers and to push the buttons
what if one or more of them turn irrational or suddenly coolly decide to clobber the russians
what if the president himself in the language of the military goes ape
or singlehandedly decided to reverse national policy and hit the soviets without provocation
nobody can be absolutely certain of the answers
however the system is designed ingeniously and hopefully so that no one man could initiate a thermonuclear war
even the president cannot pick up his telephone and give a go order
even he does know the one signal for a nuclear strike the go code
in an emergency he would receive available intelligence on the gold-phone circuit
a system of gold actually yellow phones connects him with the offices and action stations of the secretary of defense the joint chiefs of staff the sac commander and other key men
all can be connected with the gold circuit from their homes
all could help the president make his decision
the talk would be in code but neither would it ramble
vital questions would be quickly answered according to a preprepared agenda
officers who participate in the continual practice drills assured me that the president 's decision could be made and announced on the gold circuit within minutes after the first flash from aj
if communications work his decision would be instantly known in all command posts that would originate the actual go order
for these centers too are on the gold circuit
they include the navy 's atlantic command at norfolk virginia which is in contact with the polaris subs
nato headquarters in europe
air force forward headquarters in europe and in the pacific which control tactical fighters on ships and land bases
and sac which controls long-range bombers and atlas missiles
let us look in on one of these nerve centers sac at omaha and see what must still happen before a wing of b-## bombers could drop their aj
in a word plenty
the key man almost certainly would be col. william w. wisman sac 's senior controller
he or his deputy or one of their seven assistants all full colonels mans the heart of the command post twenty-four hours a day
it is a quiet but impressive room ### feet long thirty-nine feet wide twenty-one feet high
movable panels of floor-to-ceiling maps and charts are crammed with intelligence information
and bill wisman forty-three a farmer 's son from beallsville ohio is a quiet but impressive man
his eyes are steady anchors of the deepest brown
his movements and speech are precise clear and quick
no question ruffles him or causes him to hesitate
wisman who has had the chief controller 's job for four years calls the signals for a team operating three rows of dull-gray consoles studded with lights switches and buttons
at least a dozen men some armed are never far away from him
in front of him is a gold phone
in emergencies the sac commander gen. thomas power or his deputies and their staff would occupy a balcony that stretches across the length of the room above wisman and his staff
at general power 's seat in the balcony there is also a gold phone
general power would participate in the decision making
wisman below would listen in and act
his consoles can give him instant contact with more than seventy bases around the world and with every sac aircraft
he need only pick up one of the two red telephone receivers at his extreme left right next to the big red button marked alert
there are two receivers in case one should be dropped and damaged
but wisman too does know the go code
he must take it from the red box
in point of fact this is a beige box with a bright red door about one and a half feet square and hung from the wall about six feet from the door to wisman 's right
the box is internally wired so the door can never be opened without setting off a screeching klaxon it 's real obnoxious
now we must become vague for we are approaching one of the nation 's most guarded secrets
the codes in the red box there are several of them covering various contingencies are contained in a sealed x-ray-proof unique device
they are supplied a batch at a time by a secret source and are continually changed by wisman or his staff at random intervals
but even the contents of wisman 's box cannot start a war
they are mere fragments just one portion of preprepared messages
what these fragments are and how they activate the go order may be revealed
the pieces must be placed in the context of the prepared messages by wisman 's staff
in addition to the authentication and acknowledgment procedures which precede and follow the sending of the go messages again in special codes each message also contains an internal authenticator another specific signal to convince the recipient that he is getting the real thing
i asked wisman what would happen if he broke out the go codes and tried to start transmitting one
i'd wind up full of bullet holes he said and there was no question that he was talking about bullets fired by his coworkers
now let us imagine a wing of b-## 's on alert near their positive control or fail-safe points the spots on the map many miles from soviet territory beyond which they are forbidden to fly without specific orders to proceed to their targets
they too have fragments of the go code with them
as wisman put it they have separate pieces of the pie and we have the whole pie
once we send out the whole pie they can put their pieces into it
unless we send out the whole pie their pieces mean nothing
why does wisman 's ever-changing code always mesh with the fragments in possession of the button pushers
the answer is a cryptographic secret
at any rate three men out of a six-man b-## crew are required to copy down wisman 's go-to-war message
each must match wisman 's pie with the fragment that he carries with him
all three must compare notes and agree to go
after that it requires several minutes of concentrated work including six separate and deliberate actions by a minimum of three men sitting at three separate stations in a bomber each with another man beside him to help for an armed bomb to be released
unless all gadgets are properly operated and the wires and seals from the handles removed first no damage can be done
suddenly however their posture changed and the game ended
they went as rigid as black statuary six figures lean and tall and angular went still
their heads were in the air sniffing
they all swung at the same instant in the same direction
they saw it before i did even with my binoculars
it was nothing more than a tiny distant rain squall a dull gray sheet which reached from a layer of clouds to the earth
in the ### degrees of horizon it obscured only a degree no more
a white man would have seen it
the aborigines fastened upon it with a concentration beyond pathos
watching they waited until the squall thickened and began to move in a long drifting slant across the dry burning land
at once the whole band set off at a lope
they were chasing a rain cloud
they went after the squall as mercilessly as a wolf pack after an abandoned cow
i followed them in the jeep and now they did care
the games were over this was life
occasionally for no reason that i could see they would suddenly alter the angle of their trot
sometimes i guessed it was because the rain squall had changed direction
sometimes it was to skirt a gulley
their gait is impossible to convey in words
it has nothing of the proud stride of the trained runner about it it is a lope it is done with style or verve
it is the gait of the human who must run to live arms dangling legs barely swinging over the ground head hung down and only occasionally swinging up to see the target a loose motion that is just short of stumbling and yet is wonderfully graceful
it is a barely controlled skimming of the ground
they ran for three hours
finally avoiding hummocks and seeking low ground they intercepted the rain squall
for ten minutes they ran beneath the squall raising their arms and for the first time shouting and capering
then the wind died and the rain squall held steady
they were studying the ground
suddenly one of them shouted ran a few feet bent forward and put his mouth to the ground
he had found a depression with rain water in it
he bent down a black cranelike figure and put his mouth to the ground
with a lordly and generous gesture the discoverer stood up and beckoned to the closest of his fellows
the other trotted over and swooped at the tiny puddle
in an instant he had sucked it dry
the aborigine lives on the cruelest land i have ever seen
which does mean that it is ugly
part of it is of course
there are thousands of square miles of salt pan which are hideous
they are huge areas which have been swept by winds for so many centuries that there is no soil left but only deep bare ridges fifty or sixty yards apart with ravines between them thirty or forty feet deep and the only thing that moves is a scuttling layer of sand
such stretches have an inhuman moonlike quality
but much of the land which the aborigine wanders looks as if it should be hospitable
it is softened by the saltbush and the bluebush has a peaceful quality the hills roll softly
the malignancy of such a landscape has been beautifully described by the australian charles bean
he tells of three men who started out on a trip across a single paddock a ten-by-ten-mile square owned by a sheep grazer
they went well-equipped with everything except knowledge of the outback country
the countryside looked like a beautiful open park with gentle slopes and soft gray tree-clumps
nothing appalling or horrible rushed upon these men
only there happened nothing
there might have been a pool of cool water behind any of these tree-clumps only there was
it might have rained any time
only it did
there might have been a fence or a house just over the next rise
only there was
they lay with the birds hopping from branch to branch above them and the bright sky peeping down at them
no one came
the white men died
and countless others like them have died
even today range riders will come upon mummified bodies of men who attempted nothing more difficult than a twenty-mile hike and slowly lost direction were tortured by the heat driven mad by the constant and unfulfilled promise of the landscape and who finally died
the aborigine is deceived
he knows that the land is hard and pitiless
he knows that the economy of life in the outback is awful
there is no room for error or waste
any organism that falters or misperceives the signals or weakens is done
i do know if such a way of life can come to be a self-conscious challenge but i suspect that it can
perhaps this is what gives the aborigine his odd air of dignity
the family at the boulder
seeing an aborigine today is a difficult thing
many of them have drifted into the cities and towns and seaports
others are confined to vast reservations and only does the australian government justifiably wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive shunning camps coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch which is very low indeed
i persuaded an australian friend who had lived outback for years to take me to see some aborigines living in the bush
it was a difficult and ambiguous kind of negotiation even though the rancher was said to be expert in his knowledge of the aborigines and their language
finally however the arrangements were made and we drove out into the bush in a land rover
we followed the asphalt road for a few miles and then swung off onto a smaller road which was nothing more than two tire marks on the earth
the rancher went a mile down this road and then when he reached a big red boulder swung off the road
at once he started to glance toward the instrument panel
it took me a moment to realize what was odd about that panel there was a gimbaled compass welded to it which rocked gently back and forth as the land rover bounced about
the rancher was navigating his way across the flatland
do you always navigate like this
damned right he said
once i get out on the flat i do
some chaps that know an area well can make their way by landmarks a tree here a wash here a boulder there
but if you don't know the place like the palm of your hand you'd better use a compass and the speedometer
two miles northeast then five miles southwest that sort of thing
he was right
the landscape kept repeating itself
i would try to memorize landmarks and saw in a half-hour that it was hopeless
finally we approached the bivouac of the aborigines
they were camped beside a large column-shaped boulder a man his lubra and two children
the sun was yet high and all of them were in the small area of shade cast by the boulder
there was also a dog a dingo dog
its ribs showed it was a yellow nondescript color it suffered from a variety of sores hair had scabbed off its body in patches
it lay with its head on its paws and only its eyes moving watching us carefully
it struck me as a very bright and very malnourished dog
no one patted the dog
it was a pet
it was a worker
the buggers love shade the rancher said
i suppose because it saves them some loss of body water
they'll move around that rock all day following the shade
during the hottest part of the day of course the sun comes straight down and there isn't any shade
we drove close to the boulder stopped the land rover and walked over toward the family
the man was leaning against the rock
he gazed away from us as we approached
he was over six feet tall and very thin
his legs were narrow and very long
every bone and muscle in his body showed but he did give the appearance of starving
he had long black hair and a wispy beard
the ridges over his eyes were huge and his eyelids were half shut
there was something about his face that disturbed me and it took several seconds to realize what
it was merely that flies were crawling over his face but his narrowed eyelids did blink when the flies crawled into his eye sockets
a fly would crawl down the bulging forehead into the socket of the eye walk along the man 's lashes and across the wet surface of the eyeball and the eye did blink
the australian and i both were wearing insect repellent and were badly bothered by insects but my eyes watered as we stood watching the aborigine
i turned to look at the lubra
she remained squatting on her heels all the time we were there
like the man she was entirely naked
her long thin arms moved in a slow rhythmical gesture over the family possessions which were placed in front of her
there were two rubbing sticks for making fire two stones shaped roughly like knives a woven-root container which held a few pounds of dried worms and the dead body of some rodent
there was also a long wooden spear and a woomera a spear-throwing device which gives the spear an enormous velocity and high accuracy
there was also a boomerang elaborately carved
everything was burnished with sweat and grease so that all of the objects seemed to have been carved from the same material and to be ageless
the two children both boys wandered around the australian and me for a few moments and then returned to their work
they squatted on their heels with their heads bent far forward their eyes only a few inches from the ground
they had located the runway of a colony of ants and as the ants came out of the ground the boys picked them up one at a time and pinched them dead
the tiny bodies dropped onto a dry leaf made a pile as big as a small apple
the odor here was more powerful than that which surrounded the town aborigines
the smell at first was more surprising than unpleasant
it was also subtly familiar for it was the odor of the human body but multiplied innumerable times because of the fact that the aborigines never bathed
one 's impulse is to say that the smell was a stink and unpleasant
but that is a cliche and a dishonest one
the smell is sexual but so powerfully so that a civilized nose must deny it
their skin was covered with a thin coating of sweat and dirt which had almost the consistency of a second skin
they roll at night in ashes to keep warm and their second skin has a light dusty cast to it
in spots such as the elbows and knees the second skin is worn off and i realized the aborigines were much darker than they appeared
as if the coating of sweat dirt and ashes were a cosmetic
the boys had beautiful dark eyes and unlike their father they brushed constantly at the flies and blinked their eyes
that smell is something eh mate
the australian asked
they swear that every person smells different and every family smells different from every other
at the corroborees when they get to dancing and sweating you'll see them rubbing up against a man who 's supposed to have a specially good smell
idje here and he nodded at the man is said to have great odor
the stink is all the same to me but i really think they can make one another out blindfolded
here idje you fella like tabac
he said sharply
idje still stared over our shoulders at the horizon
the australian stopped trying to talk a pidgin i could understand and spoke strange words from deep in his chest
it was a fortunate time in which to build for the seventeenth century was a great period in persian art
the architects the tile and carpet makers the potters painters calligraphers and metalsmiths worked through abbas 's reign and those of his successors to enrich the city
travelers entering from the desert were confounded by what must have seemed an illusion a great garden filled with nightingales and roses cut by canals and terraced promenades studded with water tanks of turquoise tile in which were reflected the glistening blue curves of a hundred domes
at the heart of all of this was the square which one such traveler declared to be as spacious as pleasant and aromatick a market as any in the universe
in time isfahan came to be known as half the world isfahan nisf-i-jahan
in the early eighteenth century this fantastic city then the size of london started to decline
the afghans invaded
the safavids fell from power
the capital went elsewhere
the desert encroached
isfahan became more of a legend than a place and now it is for many people simply a name to which they attach their notions of old persia and sometimes of the east
they think of it as a kind of spooky museum in which they may half see and half imagine the old splendor
those who actually get there find that it isn't spooky at all but as brilliant as a tile in sunlight
but even for them it remains a museum or perhaps it would be more accurate to say a tomb a tomb in which persia lies well preserved but indeed dead
everyone is ready to grant the persians their history but almost no one is willing to acknowledge their present
it seems that for persia and especially for this city there are only two times the glorious past and the corrupt depressing sterile present
the one apparent connection between the two is a score of buildings which somehow or other have survived and which naturally enough are called historical monuments
however just as all the buildings have fallen and flowed back to their original mud so the values which wanted them and saw that they were built have all disappeared
the values and talents which made the tile and the dome the rug the poem and the miniature continue in certain social institutions which rise above the ordinary life of this city as the great buildings rise above blank walls and dirty lanes
often too the social institutions are housed in these pavilions and palaces and bridges for these great structures are simply historical monuments
they are the places where persians live
the promenade for example continues to take place on the chahar bagh a mile-long garden of plane and poplar trees that now serves as the city 's principal street
it takes place as well along the terraces and through the arcades of the khaju bridge and also in the gardens of the square
on fridays the day when many persians relax with poetry talk and a samovar people do it is true stream into chehel sotun a pavilion and garden built by shah abbas # in the seventeenth century but they do retire into hundreds of pavilions throughout the city and up the river valley which are smaller more humble copies of the former
and of course religious life continues to center in the more famous mosques and commercial life very much a social institution in the bazaar
those three other great activities of the persians the bath the teahouse and the zur khaneh the latter a kind of club in which a leader and a group of men in an octagonal pit move through a rite of calisthenics dance chanted poetry and music do take place in buildings to which entrance tickets are sold but some of them occupy splendid examples of persian domestic architecture long domed chalk-white rooms with daises of turquoise tile their end walls cut through to the orchards and the sky by open arches
but more important and the thing which the casual traveler and the blind sojourner often do see is that these places and activities are often the settings in which persians exercise their extraordinary aesthetic sensibilities
water air fruit poetry music the human form these things are important to persians and they experience them with an intense and discriminating awareness
i should like by the way to make it clear that i am using the word persians carelessly
i don't mean a few aesthetes who play about with sensations like a young prince in a miniature dabbling his hand in a pool
these things are important to almost all persians and perhaps most important to the most ordinary
the men crying love poems in an orchard on any summer 's night are as often as the lutihaw mustachioed toughs who spend most of their lives in and out of the local prisons brothels and teahouses
a few months ago it was a fairly typical landlord who in the dead of night lugged me up a mountainside to drink from a spring famous in the neighborhood for its clarity and flavor
long ago an acquaintance a slick-headed water rat of a lad up from the maw of the city stood on the balcony puffing his first cigarette in weeks
the air he said was just right
a cigarette would taste particularly good
i really didn't know what he meant
it was a nice day granted
but he knew
he sniffed the air and licked it on his lip and knew as a vintner knows a vintage
the natural world then plus poetry and some kinds of art receives from the most ordinary of persians a great deal of attention
the line of an eyebrow the color of the skin a ghazal from hafiz the purity of spring water the long afternoon among the boughs which crowd the upper story of a pavilion these things are noticed judged and valued
nowhere in isfahan is this rich aesthetic life of the persians shown so well as during the promenade at the khaju bridge
there has probably always been a bridge of some sort at the southeastern corner of the city
for one thing there is a natural belt of rock across the river bed
for another it was here that one of the old caravan routes came in
it was to provide a safe and spacious crossing for these caravans and also to make a pleasance for the city that shah abbas # in about #### built of sun-baked brick tile and stone the present bridge
it is a splendid structure
from upstream it looks like a long arcaded box laid across the river
from downstream where the water level is much lower it is a high elaborately facaded pavilion
the top story contains more than thirty alcoves separated from each other by spandrels of blue and yellow tile
at either end and in the center there are bays which contain nine greater alcoves as frescoed and capacious as church apses
here in the old days when they had come to see the moon or displays of fireworks sat the king and his court while priests soldiers and other members of the party lounged in the smaller alcoves between
below twenty vaults tunnel through the understructure of the bridge
these are traversed by another line of vaults and thus rooms arched on all four sides are formed
down through the axis of the bridge there is a long diminishing vista like a visual echo of piers and arches while the vaults fronting upstream and down frame the sunset and sunrise the mountains and river pools
here on the hottest day it is cool beneath the stone and fresh from the water flowing in the sluices at the bottom of the vaults
on the downstream or pavilion side these vaults give out onto terraces twice as wide as the bridge itself
from the terraces eighteen in all broad flights of steps descend into the water or onto still more terraces barely above the level of the river
out of water brick and tile they have made far more than just a bridge
on spring and summer evenings people leave their shops and houses and walk up through the lanes of the city to the bridge
it is a great spectacle
the bridge itself rises up from the river light-flared and enormous like the outdoor set for an epic opera
crowds press along the terraces down the steps in and out of the arcades massing against it as though it were a fortress under siege
all kinds come to walk in the promenade merchants from the bazaar bickering over a deal
a bakhtiari khan in a cap and hacking jacket
dervishes who stand with the stillness of the blind their eyes filmed with rheum and visions
the old kajar princes arriving in their ancient limousines
students civil servants beggars musicians hawkers and clowns
families go out to the edge of the terraces to sit on carpets around a samovar
below people line the steps as though on bleachers to watch the sky and river
above in the tiled prosceniums of the alcoves boys sing the ghazals of hafiz and saadi while at the very bottom in the vaults the toughs and blades of the city hoot and bang their drums drink arak play dice and dance
here in an evening persians enjoy many of the things which are important to them poetry water the moon a beautiful face
to a stranger their delight in these things may seem paradoxical for persians chase the golden calf as much as any people
many of them moreover are beginning to complain about the scarcity of western amusements and to ridicule the old life of the bazaar merchant the mullah and the peasant
nonetheless they take time out much time from the game of grab and these new western experiments to go to the gardens and riverbanks
above all they will stop in the middle of anything anywhere to hear or quote some poetry
poetry in persian life is far more than a common ground on which in a society deeply fissured by antagonisms all may stand
it contains in fact their whole outlook on life
and it is expressed at least to their taste in a perfect form
poetry for a persian is nothing less than truth and beauty
in most western cultures today these twins have been sent away to the libraries and museums
in persia where practically speaking there are no museums or libraries or for that matter hardly any books the twins run free
it is perhaps difficult to conceive but imagine that tonight on london bridge the teddy boys of the east end will gather to sing marlowe herrick shakespeare and perhaps some lyrics of their own
that at any rate is what happens at the khaju bridge
boys and men go along the riverbank or to the alcoves in the top arcade
here in these little rooms or stages arched open to the sky and river they choose a few lines out of the hundreds they may know and sing them according to one of the modes into which persian music is divided
each mode is believed to have a specific attribute one inducing pleasure another generosity another love and so on to include all of the emotions
the singer simply matches the poem to a mode
for example the mode of bravery to this anonymous folk poem they brought me news that spring is in the plains and ahmad 's blood the crimson tulip stains
go tell his aged mother that her son fought with a thousand foes and he was one
or the mode of love to this fragment by a recent poet know ye fair folk who dwell on earth or shall hereafter come to birth that here with dust upon his eyes iraj the sweet-tongued singer lies
in this true lover 's tomb interred a world of love lies sepulchred
these songs practically all persian music for that matter are limited to a range of two octaves
yet within this limitation there is an astonishing variety design as intricate as that in the carpet or miniature with the melodic line like the painted or woven line often flowing into an arabesque
die frist ist um und wiederum verstrichen sind sieben jahr the maestro quoted the flying dutchman as he told of his career and wanderings explaining that the number seven had significantly recurred in his life several times
the music director of the pittsburgh symphony orchestra william steinberg has molded his group into a prominent musical organization which is his life
when he added to his pittsburgh commitments the directorship of the london philharmonic orchestra in #### he conducted one hundred fifty concerts within nine months commuting between the two cities
this schedule became too strenuous even for the energetic and conscientious mr. steinberg
his london contract was rescinded and now he explains cheerfully as a bright smile lightens his intense mobile face i conduct only one hundred and twenty concerts
our meeting took place in may #### during one of the maestro 's stop-overs in new york before he left for europe
as we began to converse in the lounge of his fifth avenue hotel his restlessness and sensitivity to light and sound became immediately apparent
seeking an obscure dark relatively quiet corner in the airy room otherwise suffused with afternoon sunshine he asked if the soft background music could be turned off
unfortunately it was muzak which automatically is piped into the public rooms and which nolens volens had to be endured
as he talked about himself time and again stuffing and dragging on his pipe steinberg began to relax and the initial hurried feeling grew faint and was dispelled
did he come from a musical family
yes though professional musicians they were a music-loving family
in his native cologne where his mother taught him to play the piano he was able to read notes before he learned the alphabet
she even devised a system of colors whereby the boy could easily distinguish the different note values
when he started school at the age of five-and-a-half he could understand why the alphabet begins with the letter a instead of c as in the scale
because like many other children he intensely disliked practicing czerny etudes he composed his own studies
when he was eight he began violin lessons
soon he was playing in the cologne municipal orchestra and during world war # when musicians were scarce he joined the opera orchestra as well
steinberg claims that these early years of orchestra participation were of invaluable help to his career
by observing the conductor he says with a twinkle in his eyes i learned how to conduct
the musician ran away from school when he was fifteen but this escapade did save him from the gymnasium
simultaneously he pursued his musical studies at the conservatory receiving sound training in counterpoint and harmony as well in the violin and piano
his professional career began when he was twenty
he became otto klemperer 's personal assistant at the cologne opera and a year later was promoted to the position of regular conductor
wasn't this an unusually young age to fill such a responsible post
yes the maestro assented
had he always wished to be a conductor
no originally he had hoped to become a concert pianist and had even performed as such
however when he assumed the duties of a conductor he relinquished his career as a pianist
five years were spent with the cologne opera after which he was called to prague by alexander von zemlinsky teacher of arnold schonberg and erich korngold
in #### he succeeded zemlinsky as opera director of the german theater at prague
during his tenure he also fulfilled guest engagements at the berlin state opera
two years later he became director of the frankfurt opera where he remained until he lost this position in #### through the rise of the hitler regime
during these years the youthful conductor had contributed greatly to the high level of musical life in germany
he had presented the first german performances of puccini 's manon lescaut and de falla 's la vida breve
the frankfurt years were particularly noteworthy for his performance of berg 's wozzek soon after the berlin premiere under erich kleiber and the world premiere of schonberg 's von heute auf morgen
at the outset of his career steinberg had dedicated himself to the advancement of contemporary music by vowing to do a schonberg work every year
in frankfurt too he directed the museum and opera house concerts which in addition to the standard repertoire featured novelties like erdmann 's piano concerto and mahler 's sixth symphony
because of the political upheaval in germany in the #### 's steinberg was forced to restrict his activities to the jewish community
through the frankfurt jewish kulturbund he began to give sonata recitals in synagogues with cellist emanuel feuermann
as more and more jewish musicians lost their jobs with professional organizations steinberg united them into the frankfurt kulturbund orchestra which also gave guest performances in other german cities
in #### he accepted the leadership of the berlin kulturbund
in the fall of that year the best musicians of the berlin and frankfurt kulturbund orchestras joined under the combined efforts of bronislaw hubermann and steinberg to become the palestine orchestra now known as the israel philharmonic orchestra with steinberg as founder-conductor
in #### at the insistence of arturo toscanini steinberg left germany for the united states by way of switzerland
after he had spent the first three years in new york as associate conductor at toscanini 's invitation of the nbc orchestra he made numerous guest appearances throughout the united states and latin america
in #### he became conductor of the buffalo philharmonic
seven years later he was asked to become director of the pittsburgh symphony
since #### he has also conducted regularly at the san francisco opera where he made his debut with a memorable performance of verdi 's falstaff
in recent years he has traveled widely in europe conducting in italy france austria and switzerland
he returned to germany for the first time in #### where he has since conducted in cologne frankfurt and berlin
where in europe was he going now
first of all to italy for a short vacation forte dei marmi a place he loves
since it is far from viareggio he will visit puccini 's house as he never fails to do to pay his respects to the memory of the composer of la boheme which he considers one of puccini 's masterpieces
steinberg spoke with warmth and enthusiasm about italy rome is my second home
i consider it the center of the world and make it a point to be there once a year
he will conduct two concerts at the accademia di santa cecilia as well as concerts in munich and cologne
then i return to the united states for engagements at the hollywood bowl and in philadelphia he added
the forthcoming season in pittsburgh also promises to be of unusual interest
there will be premieres of new works made possible through ford foundation commissions carlisle floyd 's mystery with phyllis curtin as soprano soloist
other world premieres will be gardner read 's third symphony and burle marx 's samba concertante
and next year we will do also a ford commission a piano concerto by elliott carter with jacob lateiner as soloist
of course i shall conduct mahler and bruckner works in the coming season as usual
we'll play bruckner 's fifth symphony in the original version and mahler 's seventh the least accessible known and played of mahler 's works
my pittsburghers have become real addicts to mahler and bruckner
he added that he also stresses the works of these favorite masters on tour especially mahler 's first and fourth symphonies and das lied von der erde and bruckner 's sixth which is rarely played and seventh
bruckner 's eighth he refers to as my travel symphony
he recalled that in california after a critic had attacked him for still trying to sell bruckner to the americans the public 's response at the next concert was a standing ovation
now that bruno walter is virtually in retirement and my dear friend dimitri mitropoulos is no longer with us i am probably the only one with the possible exception of leonard bernstein who has this special affinity for and champions the works of bruckner and mahler
since he introduces so much modern music i could resist asking how he felt about it
there was always and at all times a contemporary music and it expresses the era in which it was created
but i usually stick to the old phrase ich habe ein amt aber keine meinung i hold an office but i do feel entitled to have an opinion
i consider it to be my job to expose the public to what is being written today
with all his musical activities did he have the time and inclination to do anything else
he had just paid a brief visit to the frick collection to admire his favorite paintings by rembrandt and franz hals
he was enthusiastic over the newly acquired claude lorrain but reminisced with pleasure over a poussin exhibit he had been able to see in paris a year ago
and how did he feel about modern art
again steinberg was cautious and replied with a smile that he was exposed to it enough to hazard comments
as my wife puts it he said again with a twinkle in his eyes all you know is your music
but after all you never learned anything else
what did he do for relaxation
like his late colleague mitropoulos he reads mystery stories in particular sir arthur conan doyle
he cited heine and stendhal as favorites in literature
but his prime interest apart from music he insisted seriously was his family his wife daughter and son
at the moment he was excited about his son 's having received the prix de rome in archaeology and was looking forward to being present this summer at the excavation of an etruscan tomb
both children are musical and my wife is a music lover of unfailing instinct and judgement
is the attitude of german youth comparable to that of the angry young men of england
was the topic for a round-table discussion at the bayerische rundfunk in munich
i was chairman the only youthful participant
since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts i added to my opening statement a sentence in which i claimed that german youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry
i was far from convinced of the truth of my statement but could think of anything that might evoke responses more quickly
it is easy for you to talk
countered a twenty year old law student you travel around the world
we would like to do that too
but you want a job guaranteed when you return i continued my attack
you must have some security said a young clerk
when i mentioned that for my first long voyage i did even have the money for the return fare but had trusted to luck that i would earn a sufficient amount the young people looked at me doubtingly
one girl expressed what was obviously in their minds
would you advise us to act the same way
you might have failed
i think it is rather foolhardy to trust to luck
others mentioned that i might have had to ask friends or even strangers for help and that to be stranded in a foreign country without sufficient funds did contribute to international understanding
the debate needed no additional controversy and soon i could ask each individually what he expected from life what his hopes were and what his fears
though the four boys and two girls the youngest nineteen years of age the oldest twenty-four came from varying backgrounds and had different professional and personal interests there was surprising agreement among them
what they wished for most was security
what they feared most was war or political instability in their own country
the ideal home they agreed would be a small private house or a city apartment of four to five rooms just enough for a family consisting of husband wife and two children
no one wanted a larger family or no children and none hoped for a castle or said that living in less settled circumstances would be satisfactory
all expressed interest in world affairs but no one offered to make any sacrifices to satisfy this interest
once again as in the days of the founding fathers america faces a stern test
that test as president kennedy forthrightly depicted it in his state of the union message will determine whether a nation organized and governed such as ours can endure
it is well then that in this hour both of national peril and of national opportunity we can take counsel with the men who made the nation
incapable of self-delusion the founding fathers found the crisis of their time to be equally grave and yet they had confidence that america would surmount it and that a republic of free peoples would prosper and serve as an example to a world aching for liberty
seven founders george washington benjamin franklin john adams thomas jefferson alexander hamilton james madison and john jay determined the destinies of the new nation
in certain respects their task was incomparably greater than ours today for there was nobody before them to show them the way
as madison commented to jefferson in #### we are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us
our successors will have an easier task
they thought of themselves to use jefferson 's words as the argonauts who had lived in the heroic age
accordingly they took special pains to preserve their papers as essential sources for posterity
their writings assume more than dramatic or patriotic interest because of their conviction that the struggle in which they were involved was neither selfish nor parochial but rather as washington in his last wartime circular reminded his fellow countrymen that with our fate will the destiny of unborn millions be involved
strong men with strong opinions frank to the point of being refreshingly indiscreet the founding seven were essentially congenial minds and their agreements with each other were more consequential than their differences
even though in most cases the completion of the definitive editions of their writings is still years off enough documentation has already been assembled to warrant drawing a new composite profile of the leadership which performed the heroic dual feats of winning american independence and founding a new nation
before merging them into a common profile it is well to remember that their separate careers were extraordinary
certainly no other seven american statesmen from any later period achieved so much in so concentrated a span of years
eldest of the seven benjamin franklin a new englander transplanted to philadelphia wrote the most dazzling success story in our history
the young printer 's apprentice achieved greatness in a half-dozen different fields as editor and publisher scientist inventor philanthropist and statesman
author of the albany plan of union which had it been adopted might have avoided the revolution he fought the colonists' front-line battles in london negotiated the treaty of alliance with france and the peace that ended the war headed the state government of pennsylvania and exercised an important moderating influence at the federal convention
on a military mission for his native virginia the youthful george washington touched off the french and indian war then guarded his colony 's frontier as head of its militia
commanding the continental army for six long years of the revolution he was the indispensable factor in the ultimate victory
retiring to his beloved mount vernon he returned to preside over the federal convention and was the only man in history to be unanimously elected president
during his two terms the constitution was tested and found workable strong national policies were inaugurated and the traditions and powers of the presidential office firmly fixed
john adams fashioned much of pre-revolutionary radical ideology wrote the constitution of his home state of massachusetts negotiated with franklin and jay the peace with britain and served as our first vice president and our second president
his political opponent and lifetime friend thomas jefferson achieved immortality through his authorship of the declaration of independence but equally notable were the legal and constitutional reforms he instituted in his native virginia his role as father of our territorial system and his acquisition of the louisiana territory during his first term as president
during the greater part of jefferson 's career he enjoyed the close collaboration of a fellow virginian james madison eight years his junior
the active sponsor of jefferson 's measure for religious liberty in virginia madison played the most influential single role in the drafting of the constitution and in securing its ratification in virginia founded the first political party in american history and as jefferson 's secretary of state and his successor in the presidency guided the nation through the troubled years of our second war with britain
if franklin was an authentic genius then alexander hamilton with his exceptional precocity consuming energy and high ambition was a political prodigy
his revolutionary pamphlets published when he was only ## quickly brought him to the attention of the patriot leaders
principal author of the federalist he swung new york over from opposition to the constitution to ratification almost single-handedly
his collaboration with washington begun when he was the general 's aide during the revolution was resumed when he entered the first cabinet as secretary of the treasury
his bold fiscal program and his broad interpretation of the constitution stand as durable contributions
less dazzling than hamilton less eloquent than jefferson john jay commands an equally high rank among the founding fathers
he served as president of the continental congress
he played the leading role in negotiating the treaty with great britain that ended the revolution and directed america 's foreign affairs throughout the confederation period
as first chief justice his strong nationalist opinions anticipated john marshall
he ended his public career as a two-term governor of new york
these seven founders constituted an intellectual and social elite the most respectable and disinterested leadership any revolution ever confessed
their social status was achieved in some cases by birth as with washington jefferson and jay
in others by business and professional acumen as with franklin and adams or in hamilton 's case by an influential marriage
unlike so many of the power-starved intellectuals in underdeveloped nations of our own day they commanded both prestige and influence before the revolution started
as different physically as the tall angular jefferson was from the chubby rotund adams the seven were striking individualists
ardent opinionated even obstinate they were amazingly articulate wrote their own copy and were masters of phrasemaking
capable of enduring friendships they were also stout controversialists who could write with a drop of vitriol on their pens
john adams dismissed john dickinson who voted against the declaration of independence as a certain great fortune and piddling genius
washington castigated his critic general conway as being capable of all the meanness of intrigue to gratify the absurd resentment of disappointed vanity
and hamilton who felt it a religious duty to oppose aaron burr 's political ambitions would have been a better actuarial risk had he shown more literary restraint
the seven founders were completely dedicated to the public service
madison once remarked my life has been so much a public one a comment which fits the careers of the other six
franklin retired from editing and publishing at the age of ## and for the next forty-two years devoted himself to public scientific and philanthropic interests
washington never had a chance to work for an extended stretch at the occupation he loved best plantation management
he served as commander in chief during the revolution without compensation
john adams took to heart the advice given him by his legal mentor jeremiah gridley to pursue the study of the law rather than the gain of it
in taking account of seventeen years of law practice adams concluded that no lawyer in america ever did so much business as i did and for so little profit
when the revolution broke out he along with jefferson and jay abandoned his career at the bar with considerable financial sacrifice
hamilton poorest of the seven gave up a brilliant law practice to enter washington 's cabinet
while he was handling the multi-million-dollar funding operations of the government he had to resort to borrowing small sums from friends
if you can conveniently let me have twenty dollars he wrote one friend in #### when he was secretary of the treasury
to support his large family hamilton went back to the law after each spell of public service
talleyrand passed his new york law office one night on the way to a party
hamilton was bent over his desk drafting a legal paper by the light of a candle
the frenchman was astonished
i have just come from viewing a man who had made the fortune of his country but now is working all night in order to support his family he reflected
all seven combined ardent devotion to the cause of revolution with a profound respect for legality
john adams asserted in the continental congress' declaration of rights that the demands of the colonies were in accordance with their charters the british constitution and the common law and jefferson appealed in the declaration of independence to the tribunal of the world for support of a revolution justified by the laws of nature and of nature 's god
they fought hard but they were forgiving to former foes and sought to prevent vindictive legislatures from confiscating tory property in violation of the treaty of ####
this sense of moderation and fairness is superbly exemplified in an exchange of letters between john jay and a tory refugee peter van schaack
jay had participated in the decision that exiled his old friend van schaack
yet when at war 's end the ex-tory made the first move to resume correspondence jay wrote him from paris where he was negotiating the peace settlement
as an independent american i considered all who were for us and you amongst the rest as against us yet be assured that john jay never ceased to be the friend of peter van schaack
the latter in turn assured him that were i arraigned at the bar and you my judge i should expect to stand or fall only by the merits of my cause
all seven recognized that independence was but the first step toward building a nation
we have now a national character to establish washington wrote in ####
think continentally hamilton counseled the young nation
this new force love of country super-imposed upon if displacing affectionate ties to one 's own state was epitomized by washington
his first inaugural address speaks of my country whose voice i can never hear but with veneration and love
all sought the fruition of that nationalism in a federal government with substantial powers
save jefferson all participated in the framing or ratification of the federal constitution
they supported it as a perfect instrument but as the best obtainable
historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the seventeen nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government with hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and jefferson and madison upholding the latter position
the state 's rights position was formulated by jefferson and madison in the kentucky and virginia resolves but in their later careers as heads of state the two proved themselves better hamiltonians than jeffersonians
in purchasing louisiana jefferson had to adopt hamilton 's broad construction of the constitution and so did madison in advocating the rechartering of hamilton 's bank which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception and in adopting a hamiltonian protective tariff
indeed the old jeffersonians were far more atune to the hamilton-oriented whigs than they were to the jacksonian democrats
when in #### the south carolina nullifiers adopted the principle of state interposition which madison had advanced in his old virginia resolve they elicited no encouragement from that senior statesman
in his political testament advice to my country penned just before his death madison expressed the wish that the union of the states be cherished and perpetuated
let the open enemy to it be regarded as a pandora with her box opened
and the disguised one as the serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into paradise
tobacco road is dead .
long live tobacco road .
nostalgic yankee readers of erskine caldwell are today informed by proud georgians that tobacco road is buried beneath a four-lane super highway over which travel each day suburbanite businessmen more concerned with the dow-jones average than with the cotton crop
thus we are compelled to face the urbanization of the south an urbanization which despite its dramatic and overwhelming effects upon the southern culture has been utterly ignored by the bulk of southern writers
indeed it seems that only in today 's southern fiction does tobacco road with all the traditional trimmings of sowbelly and cornbread and mint juleps continue to live but only as a weary overexploited phantom
those writers known collectively as the southern school have received accolades from even those critics least prone to eulogize
according to many critics in fact the south has led the north in literature since the civil war both quantitatively and qualitatively
such writers as william faulkner and robert penn warren have led the field of somewhat less important writers in a sort of post-bellum renaissance
it is interesting however that despite this strong upsurge in southern writing almost none of the writers has forsaken the firmly entrenched concept of the white-suited big-daddy colonel sipping a mint julep as he silently recounts the revenue from the season 's cotton and tobacco crops
of the stereotyped negro servants chanting hymns as they plow the fields
of these and a host of other antiquated legends that deny the south its progressive leaps of the past century
this is to say that the south is no longer agrarian
such a statement would be the rankest form of oversimplification
but the south is and has been for the past century engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which oddly enough is reflected in its literature
in #### the south was only ##% urban
in #### it had become ##.#% urban
in a mere half-century the south has more than tripled its urban status
there is a new south emerging a south losing the folksy traditions of an agrarian society with the rapidity of an avalanche especially within recent decades
as the new south snowballs toward further urbanization it becomes more and more homogeneous with the north a tendency which willard thorp terms yankeefication as evidenced in such cities as charlotte birmingham and houston
it is said that even at the present stage of southern urbanization such a city as atlanta is distinctly unlike columbus or trenton
undoubtedly even the old southern stalwart richmond has felt the new wind william styron mentions in his latest novel an avenue named for bankhead mcgruder a civil war general now renamed in typical california fashion buena vista terrace
the effects of television and other mass media are erasing regional dialects and localisms with a startling force
as for progress the backward south can boast of baton rouge which increased its population between #### and #### by two hundred and sixty-two percent to ###,### the second largest growth of the period for all cities over ##,###
the field then is ripe for new southerners to step to the fore and write of this twentieth-century phenomenon the southern yankeefication the new urban economy the city-dweller the pains of transition the labor problems
the list is obviously endless
but these sources have been tapped
truman capote is still reveling in southern gothicism exaggerating the old southern legends into something beautiful and grotesque but as unreal as or even more unreal than yesterday
william styron while facing the changing economy with a certain uneasy reluctance insists he is to be classified as a southern writer and yet includes traditional southern concepts in everything he publishes
even the great god faulkner the south 's one probable contender for literary immortality has little concerned himself with these matters
such are simply within his bounded province
where are the writers to treat these changes
has the agrarian tradition become such an addiction that the switch to urbanism is somehow dreaded or unwanted
perhaps present writers hypnotically cling to the older order because they consider it useful and reliable through repeated testings over the decades
lacking the pioneer spirit necessary to write of a new economy these writers seem to be contenting themselves with an old one that is now as defunct as confederate money
an example of the changes which have crept over the southern region may be seen in the southern negro 's quest for a position in the white-dominated society a problem that has been reflected in regional fiction especially since ####
today the negro must discover his role in an industrialized south which indicates that the racial aspect of the southern dilemma hasn't changed radically but rather has gradually come to be reflected in this new context this new coat of paint
the negro faces as much if more difficulty in fitting himself into an urban economy as he did in an agrarian one
this represents a gradual change in an ever-present social problem
but there have been abrupt changes as well the sit-ins the picket lines the bus strikes all of these were unheard-of even ten years ago
today 's evidence such as the fact that only three southern states south carolina alabama and mississippi still openly defy integration would have astounded many of yesterday 's southerners into speechlessness
other examples of gradual changes that have affected the negro have been his moving up row by row in the buses
his requesting and often getting higher wages better working conditions better schools changes that were slowly emerging even before the supreme court decision of ####
then came this decision which sped the process of gaining equality or perhaps hindered it
only historical evolution will determine which an abrupt change
since #### the negro 's desire for social justice has led to an ironically anarchical rebellion
he has frequently refused to move from white lunch counters refused to obey local laws which he considers unjust while in other cases he has appealed to federal laws
this bold self-assertion after decades of humble subservience is indeed a twentieth-century phenomenon an abrupt change in the southern way of existence
a new order is thrusting itself into being
a new south is emerging after the post-bellum years of hesitation uncertainty and lack of action from the negro in defining his new role in the amorphously defined socio-political organizations of the white man
the modern negro has made a decisive debut into southern fiction
it is clear that while most writers enjoy picturing the negro as a woolly-headed humble old agrarian who mutters yassuhs and sho' nufs with blissful deference to his white employer or in old south terms massuh this stereotype is doomed to become in reality as obsolete as caldwell 's lester
while there may still be many faulknerian lucas beauchamps scattered through the rural south such men appear to be a vanishing breed
writers openly admit that the negro is easier to write than the white man
but they obviously mean by this a negro personality but a negro type
presenting an individualized negro character it would seem is one of the most difficult assignments a southern writer could tackle
and the success of such an endeavor is as suggested above glaringly rare
just as the negro situation points up the gradual and abrupt changes affecting southern life it also points up the non-representation of urbanism in southern literature
the book concerned with the negro 's role in an urban society is rare indeed
recently only keith wheeler 's novel peaceable lane has openly faced the problem
all but the most rabid of confederate flag wavers admit that the old southern tradition is defunct in actuality and sigh that its passing was accompanied by the disappearance of many genteel and aristocratic traditions of the reputedly languid ante-bellum way of life
many earlier writers mourning the demise of the old order tended to romanticize and exaggerate this gracious old south imagery creating such lasting impressions as margaret mitchell 's tara plantation
modern writers who are supposed to keep their fingers firmly upon the pulse of their subjects insist upon drawing out this legend prolonging its burial when it well deserves a rest after the overexploitation of the past century
perhaps these writers have been too deeply moved by this romanticizing
but they can hardly deny that exaggerated or the old panorama is dead
as john t. westbrook says in his article twilight of southern regionalism southwest review winter #### the miasmal mausoleum where an old south already too minutely autopsied in prose and poetry should be left to rest in peace forever dead and let us fervently hope forever done with
westbrook further bemoans the southern writers' creation of an unreal image of their homeland which is too readily assimilated by both foreign readers and visiting yankees our northerner is suspicious of all this crass evidence of urbanization presented to his senses
it bewilders and befuddles him
he is too deeply steeped in william faulkner and robert penn warren
the fumes of progress are in his nose and the bright steel of industry towers before his eyes but his heart is away in yoknapatawpha county with razorback hogs and night riders
on this trip to the south he wants above all else to sniff the effluvium of backwoods-and-sand-hill subhumanity and to see at least one barn burn at midnight
obviously such a northern tourist 's purpose is somewhat akin to a child 's experience with disneyland he wants to see a world of make-believe
in the meantime while the south has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious yankee southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region 's progress
willard thorp in his new book american writing in the twentieth century observes quite validly it seems certain subjects are conspicuously absent or have been only lightly touched
no southern novelist has done for atlanta or birmingham what herrick dreiser and farrell did for chicago or dos passos did for new york
there are almost no fictional treatments of the industrialized south
a single southern author major or minor has made the urban problems of an urban south his primary source material
faulkner for one appears to be safe from the accusing fingers of all assailants in this regard
faulkner culminates the southern legend perhaps more masterfully than it has ever been or could ever be done
he has made it his and his it remains irrevocably
he treats it with a mythological universal application
as his disciples boast even though his emphasis is elsewhere faulkner does show his awareness of the changing order of the south quite keenly as can be proven by a quick recalling of his sartoris and snopes families
even two decades ago in go down moses faulkner was looking to the more urban future with a glimmer of hope that through its youth and its new way of life the south might be reborn and the curse of slavery erased from its soil
yet his concern even here is with a slowly changing socio-economic order in general and he never deals with such specific aspects of this change as the urban and industrial impact
faulkner traces in his vast and overpowering saga of yoknapatawpha county the gradual changes which seep into the south building layer upon layer of minute subtle innovation which eventually tend largely to hide the old way
thus faulkner reminds us and wisely that the new south has gradually evolved out of the old south and consequently its agrarian roots persist
yet he presents a realm of source material which may well serve other writers if himself the problems with which a new south must grapple in groping through a blind adolescence into the maturity of urbanization
with new mechanization the modern farmer must perform the work of six men a machine stands between the agrarian and his soil
the thousands of city migrants who desert the farms yearly must readjust with even greater stress and tension the sacred wilderness is gradually surrendering to suburbs and research parks and industrial areas
another element to concern the choreographer is that of the visual devices of the theatre
most avant-garde creators true to their interest in the self-sufficiency of pure movement have tended to dress their dancers in simple lines and solid colors often black and to give them a bare cyclorama for a setting
but robert rauschenberg the neo-dadaist artist has collaborated with several of them
he has designed a matching backdrop and costumes of points of color on white for mr. cunningham 's summerspace so that dancers and background merge into a shimmering unity
for mr. taylor 's images and reflections she made some diaphanous tents that alternately hide and reveal the performer and a girl 's cape lined with grass
mr. nikolais has made a distinctive contribution to the arts of costume and decor
in fact he calls his productions dance-theatre works of motion shape light and sound
to raise the dancer out of his personal pedestrian self mr. nikolais has experimented with relating him to a larger environmental orbit
he began with masks to make the dancer identify himself with the creature he appeared to be
he went on to use objects hoops poles capes which he employed as extensions of the body of the dancer who moved with them
the depersonalization continued as the dancer was further metamorphosed by the play of lights upon his figure
in each case the object the color even the percussive sounds of the electronic score were designed to become part of the theatrical being of the performer
the dancer who never loosens her hold on a parasol begins to feel that it is part of herself
or clad from head to toe in fabric stretched over a series of hoops the performer may well lose his sense of self in being a finial
as the dancer is depersonalized his accouterments are animized and the combined elements give birth to a new being
from this being come new movement ideas that utilize dancer and property as a single unit
thus the avant-garde choreographers have extended the scope of materials available for dance composition
but since they have rejected both narrative and emotional continuity how are they to unify the impressive array of materials at their disposal
some look deliberately to devices used by creators in the other arts and apply corresponding methods to their own work
others less consciously but quite probably influenced by the trends of the times experiment with approaches that parallel those of the contemporary poet painter and musician
an approach that has appealed to some choreographers is reminiscent of charles olson 's statement of the process of projective verse one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception
the creator trusts his intuition to lead him along a path that has internal validity because it mirrors the reality of his experience
he disdains external restrictions conventional syntax traditional metre
the unit of form is determined subjectively the heart by the way of the breath to the line
the test of form is fidelity to the experience a gauge also accepted by the abstract expressionist painters
an earlier but still influential school of painting surrealism had suggested the way of dealing with the dream experience that event in which seemingly incongruous objects are linked together through the curious associations of the subconscious
the resulting picture might appear a maze of restless confusions and contradictions but it is more true to life than a portrait of an artificially contrived order
the contemporary painter tends to depict the concrete objects of his experience but their essences as revealed in abstractions of their lines colors masses and energies
he is still concerned however with a personal event
he accepts the accidents of his brushwork because they provide evidence of the vitality of the experience of creation
the work must be true to both the physical and the spiritual character of the experience
some painters have less interest in the experience of the moment with its attendant urgencies and ambiguities than in looking beyond the flux of particular impressions to a higher more serene level of truth
rather than putting their trust in ephemeral sensations they seek form in the stable relationships of pure design which symbolize an order more real than the disorder of the perceptual world
the concept remains subjective
but in this approach it is the artist 's ultimate insight rather than his immediate impressions that gives form to the work
others look to more objective devices of order
the musician employing the serial technique of composition establishes a mathematical system of rotations that once set in motion determines the sequence of pitches and even of rhythms and intensities
the composer may reverse or invert the order of his original set of intervals or rhythms or dynamic changes
he may even alter the pattern by applying a scheme of random numbers
but he cannot order his elements by will either rational or inspired
the system works as an impersonal mechanism
musicians who use the chance method also exclude subjective control of formal development
again the composer must select his own materials
but a tossing of coins with perhaps the added safeguard of reference to the oracles of the i ching the chinese book of changes dictates the handling of the chosen materials
avant-garde choreographers seeking new forms of continuity for their new vocabulary of movements have turned to similar approaches
some let dances take their form from the experience of creation
according to katherine litz the becoming the process of realization is the dance
the process stipulates that the choreographer sense the quality of the initial movement he has discovered and that he feel the rightness of the quality that is to follow it
the sequence may involve a sharp contrast for example a quiet meditative sway of the body succeeded by a violent leap
or it may involve more subtle distinctions the sway may be gradually minimized or enlarged its rhythmic emphasis may be slightly modified or it may be transferred to become a movement of only the arms or the head
even the least alteration will change the quality
an exploration of these possible relationships constitutes the process of creation and thereby gives form to the dance
the approach to the depiction of the experience of creation may be analytic as it is for miss litz or spontaneous as it is for merle marsicano
she too is concerned with the becoming the process of realization but she does think in terms of subtle variations of spatial or temporal patterns
the design is determined emotionally i must reach into myself for the spring that will send me catapulting recklessly into the chaos of event with which the dance confronts me
looking back miss marsicano feels that her ideas may have been influenced by those of jackson pollock
at one time she felt impelled to make dances that moved all over the stage much as pollock 's paintings move violently over the full extent of the canvas
but her conscious need was to break away from constricting patterns of form a need to let the experience shape itself
midi garth also believes in subjective continuity that begins with the feeling engendered by an initial movement
it may be a free front-back swing of the leg leading to a sideways swing of the arm that develops into a turn and the sensation of taking off from the ground
this became a dance called prelude to flight
a pervading quality of free lyricism and a building from turns close to the ground towards jumps into the air gives the work its central focus
alwin nikolais objects to art as an outpouring of personal emotion
he seeks to make his dancers more godlike by relating them to the impersonal elements of shape light color and sound
if his dancers are sometimes made to look as if they might be creatures from mars this is consistent with his intention of placing them in the orbit of another world a world in which they are freed of their pedestrian identities
it is through the metamorphosed dancer that the germ of form is discovered
in his recognition of his impersonal self the dancer moves and this self in the first revealed stroke of its existence states the theme from which all else must follow
the theme may be the formation of a shape from which other shapes evolve
it may be a reaction to a percussive sound the following movements constituting further reactions
it may establish the relation of the figure of the dancer to light and color in which case changes in the light or color will set off a kaleidescope of visual designs
unconcerned with the practical function of his actions the dancer is engrossed exclusively in their motional content
movements unfold freely because they are uninhibited by emotional bias or purposive drive
but the metamorphosis must come first
though he is also concerned with freeing dance from pedestrian modes of activity merce cunningham has selected a very different method for achieving his aim
he rejects all subjectively motivated continuity any line of action related to the concept of cause and effect
he bases his approach on the belief that anything can follow anything
an order can be chanced rather than chosen and this approach produces an experience that is free and discovered rather than bound and remembered
thus there is freshness only in the individual movements of the dance but in the shape of their continuity as well
chance he finds enables him to create a world beyond imagination
he cites with pleasure the comment of a lady who exclaimed after a concert why it 's extremely interesting
but i would never have thought of it myself
the sequence of movements in a cunningham dance is unlike any sequence to be seen in life
at one side of the stage a dancer jumps excitedly
nearby another sits motionless while still another is twirling an umbrella
a man and a girl happen to meet
they look straight at the audience at each other
he lifts her puts her down and walks off neither pleased nor disturbed as if nothing had happened
if one dancer slaps another the victim may do a pirouette sit down or offer his assailant a fork and spoon
events occur without apparent reason
their consequences are irrelevant or there are no consequences at all
the sequence is determined by chance and mr. cunningham makes use of any one of several chance devices
he may toss coins
he may take slips of paper from a grab bag
the answers derived by these means may determine only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed
the other variables include the dancer who is to perform the movement and the length of time he is to take in its performance
the only factors that are personally set by the choreographer are the movements themselves the number of the dancers and the approximate total duration of the dance
the approximate is important because even after the order of the work has been established by the chance method the result is inviolable
each performance may be different
if a work is divided into several large segments a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance
and any sequence can only change its positions in the work but can even be eliminated from it altogether
mr. cunningham tries to cheat the chance method
he adheres to its dictates as faithfully as he can
however there is always the possibility that chance will make demands the dancers find impossible to execute
then the choreographer must arbitrate
he must rearrange matters so that two performers do bump into each other
he must construct transitions so that a dancer who is told to lie prone one second and to leap wildly the next will have some physical preparation for the leap
the north and the south were in greater agreement on sovereignty through all their dispute about it than were the founding fathers
the truth in their conflicting concepts was expounded by statesmen of the calibre of webster and calhoun and defended in the end by leaders of the nobility of lincoln and lee
the people everywhere had grown meanwhile in devotion to basic democratic principles in understanding of and belief in the federal balance and in love of their union
repeated efforts beginning with the missouri compromise of #### were made by such master moderates as clay and douglas to resolve the difference peacefully by compromise rather than clear thought and timely action
even so confusion in this period gained such strength from compromise and other factors that it led to the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century
nothing can show more than this the immensity of the danger to democratic peoples that lies in even relatively slight deviation from their true concept of sovereignty
the present issue in atlantica whether to transform an alliance of sovereign nations into a federal union of sovereign citizens resembles the american one of ####-## rather than the one that was resolved by civil war
and so i would only touch upon it now much as i have long wanted to write a book about it
i think it is essential however to pinpoint here the difference between the two concepts of sovereignty that went to war in #### if only to see better how imperative is our need today to clarify completely our far worse confusion on this subject
the difference came down to this the southern states insisted that the united states was in last analysis what its name implied a union of states
to their leaders the constitution was a compact made by the people of sovereign states who therefore retained the right to secede from it
this right of the state its upholders contended was essential to maintain the federal balance and protect the liberty of the people from the danger of centralizing power in the union government
the champions of the union maintained that the constitution had formed fundamentally the united people of america that it was a compact among sovereign citizens rather than states and that therefore the states had no right to secede though the citizens could
writing to speed on august ## #### lincoln made the latter point clear
in homely terms whose timeliness is startling today he thus declared his own right to secede
we began by declaring that all men are created equal
we now practically read it all men are created equal except negroes
when the know-nothings get control it will read all men are created equal except negroes and foreigners and catholics
when it comes to this i shall prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty to russia for instance where despotism can be taken pure without the base alloy of hypocrisy his emphasis
when the southern states exercised their right to secede they formed what they officially styled the confederate states of america
dictionaries as we have seen still cite this government along with the articles of confederation of #### as an example of a confederacy
the fact is that the southern confederacy differed from the earlier one almost as much as the federal constitution did
the confederate constitution copied much of the federal constitution verbatim and most of the rest in substance
it operated on by and for the people individually just as did the federal constitution
it made substantially the same division of power between the central and state governments and among the executive legislative and judicial branches
the difference between confederacy and federal union in ####
many believe and understandably that the great difference between the constitution of the southern confederacy and the federal constitution was that the former recognized the right of each state to secede
but though each of its members had asserted this right against the union the final constitution which the confederacy signed on march ## nearly a month before hostilities began included no explicit provision authorizing a state to secede
its drafters discussed this vital point but left it out of their constitution
their president jefferson davis interpreted their constitution to mean that it admits of no coerced association but this remained so doubtful that there were frequent demands that the right to secede be put into the constitution
the constitution of the southern confederation differed from that of the federal union only in two important respects it openly defiantly recognized slavery an institution which the southerners of #### even though they continued it found so impossible to reconcile with freedom that they carefully avoided mentioning the word in the federal constitution
they recognized that slavery was a moral issue and merely an economic interest and that to recognize it explicitly in their constitution would be in explosive contradiction to the concept of sovereignty they had set forth in the declaration of #### that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among them are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness
the other important difference between the two constitutions was that the president of the confederacy held office for six instead of four years and was limited to one term
these are however differences in federal structure
the only important differences from that standpoint between the two constitutions lies in their preambles
the one of #### made clear that in making their government the people were acting through their states whereas the preamble of ####-## expressed as clearly as language can the opposite concept that they were acting directly as citizens
here are the two preambles federal constitution , ####
we the people of the united states in order to form a more perfect union establish justice insure domestic tranquility provide for the common defence promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of america
confederate constitution , ####
we the people of the confederate states each state acting in its sovereign and independent character in order to form a permanent federal government establish justice insure domestic tranquility and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and the guidance of almighty god do ordain and establish this constitution for the confederate states of america
one is tempted to say that on the difference between the concepts of sovereignty in these two preambles the worst war of the nineteenth century was fought
but though the southern states when drafting a constitution to unite themselves narrowed the difference to this fine point by omitting to assert the right to secede the fact remained that by seceding from the union they had already acted on the concept that it was composed primarily of sovereign states
if the union conceded this to them the same right must be conceded to each remaining state whenever it saw fit to secede this would destroy the federal balance between it and the states and in the end sacrifice to the sovereignty of the states all the liberty the citizens had gained by their union
lincoln saw that the act of secession made the issue for the union a vital one whether it was a union of sovereign citizens that should continue to live or an association of sovereign states that must fall prey either to anarchy or despotism
much as he abhorred slavery lincoln was always willing to concede to each slave state the right to decide independently whether to continue or end it
though his election was interpreted by many southerners as the forerunner of a dangerous shift in the federal balance in favor of the union lincoln himself proposed no such change in the rights the constitution gave the states
after the war began he long refused to permit emancipation of the slaves by union action even in the border states that stayed with the union
he issued his emancipation proclamation only when he felt that necessity left him no other way to save the union
in his message of december # #### he put his purpose and his policy in these words which i would call the lincoln law of liberty-and-union in giving freedom to the slave we assure freedom to the free
what lincoln could concede was that the states rather than the people were sovereign in the union
he fought to the end to preserve it as a government of the people by the people for the people
the truth on each side won in the civil war
the fact that the americans who upheld the sovereignty of their states did this in order to keep many of their people more securely in slavery the antithesis of individual liberty made the conflict grimmer and the greater
out of this ordeal the citizen emerged in the south as in the north as america 's true sovereign in a new birth of freedom as lincoln promised
but before this came about ###,### americans had given their lives in battle for the two concepts of the sovereign rights of men and of states
on their decisive battlefield lincoln did distinguish between them when he paid tribute to the brave men living and dead who fought here
he understood that both sides were at fault and he reached the height of saying so explicitly in his second inaugural
to my knowledge lincoln remains the only head of state and commander-in-chief who while fighting a fearful war whose issue was in doubt proved man enough to say this publicly to give his foe the benefit of the fact that in all human truth there is some error and in all our error some truth
so great a man could but understand too that the thing that moves men to sacrifice their lives is the error of their thought which their opponents see and attack but the truth which the latter do see any more than they see the error which mars the truth they themselves defend
it is much less difficult now than in lincoln 's day to see that on both sides sovereign americans had given their lives in the civil war to maintain the balance between the powers they had delegated to the states and to their union
they differed in the balance they believed essential to the sovereignty of the citizen but the supreme sacrifice each made served to maintain a still more fundamental truth that individual life liberty and happiness depend on a right balance between the two and on the limitation of sovereignty in all its aspects which this involves
the ###,### americans who gave the last full measure of devotion to prevent disunion preserved individual freedom in the united states from the dangers of anarchy inherent in confederations which throughout history have proved fatal in the end to all associations composed primarily of sovereign states and to the liberties of their people
but the fact that ##,### other americans gave the same measure of devotion to an opposing concept served liberty-and-union in other essential ways
its appeal from ballots to bullets at fort sumter ended by costing the southerners their right to have slaves a right that was even less compatible with the sovereignty of man
the very fact that they came so near to winning by the wrong method war led directly to their losing both the war and the wrong thing they fought for since it forced lincoln to free their slaves as a military measure
there was a divine justice in one wrong thus undoing another
there was also a lesson one that has served ever since to keep americans in their conflicts with one another from turning from the ballot to the bullet
yet though the southern states lost the worst errors in their case they did lose the truth they fought for
the lives so many of them gave to forestall what they believed would be a fatal encroachment by the union on the powers reserved to their states have continued ever since to safeguard all americans against freedom 's other foe
as cells coalesced into organisms they built new unnatural and internally controlled environments to cope even more successfully with the entropy-increasing properties of the external world
the useful suggestion of professor david hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments
one wonders about its applicability to people
will advances in human sciences help us build social structures and governments which will enable us to cope with people as effectively as the primitive combination of protein and nucleic acid built a structure of molecules which enabled it to adapt to a sea of molecular interaction
the answer is of course yes
for the family is the simplest example of just such a unit composed of people which gives us both some immunity from and a way of dealing with other people
social invention did have to await social theory any more than use of the warmth of a fire had to await lavoisier or the buoyant protection of a boat the formulations of archimedes
but it has been during the last two centuries during the scientific revolution that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides
we have ample light when the sun sets
the temperature of our homes is independent of the seasons
we fly through the air although gravity pulls us down
the range of our voice ignores distance
at what stage are social sciences then
is the future of psychology akin to the rich future of physics at the time of newton
there is a haunting resemblance between the notion of cause in copernicus and in freud
and it is certainly no slight to either of them to compare both their achievements and their impact
political theoretical understanding although almost at a standstill during this century did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man
consitutional government popular vote trial by jury public education labor unions cooperatives communes socialized ownership world courts and the veto power in world councils are but a few examples
most of these with horrible exceptions were conceived as is a ship as an attempt to quell the ocean of mankind nor to deny its force but as a means to survive and enjoy it
the most effective political inventions seem to make maximum use of natural harbors and are aware that restraining breakwaters can play only a minor part in the whole scheme
just as present technology had to await the explanations of physics so one might expect that social invention will follow growing sociological understanding
we are desperately in the need of such invention for man is still very much at the mercy of man
in fact the accumulation of the hardware of destruction is day by day increasing our fear of each other
i want therefore to discuss a second and quite different fruit of science the connection between scientific understanding and fear
there are certainly large areas of understanding in the human sciences which in themselves and even without political invention can help to dispel our present fears
lucretius has remarked the reason why all mortals are so gripped by fear is that they see all sorts of things happening in the earth and sky with no discernable cause and these they attribute to the will of god
perhaps things were even worse then
it is difficult to reconstruct the primeval fears of man
we get some clue from a few remembrances of childhood and from the circumstance that we are probably much more afraid of people now than man ever was
we are now afraid of atomic bombs in the same way that people once feared comets
the bombs are as harmless as an automobile in a garage
we are worried about what people may do with them that some crazy fool may push the button
i am certainly adequately trained to describe or enlarge on human fears but there are certain features of the fears dispelled by scientific explanations that stand out quite clearly
they are in general those fears that once seemed to have been amenable to prayer or ritual
they include both individual fears and collective ones
they arise in situations in which one believes that what happens depends only on the external world but also on the precise pattern of behavior of the individual or group
often it is recognized that all the details of the pattern may be essential to the outcome but because the pattern was empirically determined and developed through theoretical understanding one is never quite certain which behavior elements are effective and the whole pattern becomes ritualized
yet often fear persists because even with the most rigid ritual one is never quite free from the uneasy feeling that one might make some mistake or that in every previous execution one had been unaware of the really decisive act
to say that science had reduced many such fears merely reiterates the obvious and frequent statement that science eliminated much of magic and superstition
but a somewhat more detailed analysis of this process may be illuminating
the frequently postulated antique worry that the daylight hours might dwindle to complete darkness apparently gave rise to a ritual and celebration which we still recognize
it is curious that even centuries of repetition of the yearly cycle did induce a sufficient degree of confidence to allow people to abandon the ceremonies of the winter solstice
this and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually first with the ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then more firmly with the newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions
this understanding provides a very simple example of the fact that one can eliminate fear without instituting any controls
in fact although we have dispelled the fear we have necessarily assured ourselves that there are no dangers
there is still the remote possibility of planetoid collision
a meteor could fall on san francisco
solar activities could presumably bring long periods of flood or drought
our understanding of the solar system has taught us to replace our former elaborate rituals with the appropriate action which in this case amounts to doing nothing
yet we no longer feel uneasy
this almost trivial example is nevertheless suggestive for there are some elements in common between the antique fear that the days would get shorter and shorter and our present fear of war
we in our country think of war as an external threat which if it occurs will be primarily of our own doing
and yet we obviously also believe that the avoidance of the disaster depends in some obscure or at least uncertain way on the details of how we behave
what elements of our behavior are decisive
our weapons production our world prestige our ideas of democracy our actions of trust or stubbornness or secrecy or espionage
we have staved off a war and since our behavior has involved all these elements we can only keep adding to our ritual without daring to abandon any part of it since we have the slightest notion which parts are effective
i think that we are here also talking of the kind of fear that a young boy has for a group of boys who are approaching at night along the streets of a large city
if an automobile were approaching him he would know what was required of him even though he might be able to act quickly enough
with the group of boys it is different
he does know whether to look up or look aside to put his hands in his pockets or to clench them at his side to cross the street or to continue on the same side
when confronted with a drunk or an insane person i have no notion of what any one of them might do to me or to himself or to others
i believe that what i do has some effect on his actions and i have learned in a way to commune with drunks but certainly my actions seem to resemble more nearly the performance of a rain dance than the carrying out of an experiment in physics
i am usually filled with an uneasiness that through some unwitting slip all hell may break loose
our inability to explain why certain people are fond of us frequently induces the same kind of ritual and malaise
we are forced in our behavior towards others to adopt empirically successful patterns in toto because we have such a minimal understanding of their essential elements
our collective policies group and national are similarly based on voodoo but here we often lack even the empirically successful rituals and are still engaged in determing them
we use terms from our personal experience with individuals such as trust cheat and get tough
we talk about national character in the same way that copernicus talked of the compulsions of celestial bodies to move in circles
we perform elaborate international exhortations and ceremonies with virtually no understanding of social cause and effect
small wonder then that we fear
the achievements which dispelled our fears of the cosmos took place three centuries ago
what additional roles has the scientific understanding of the ##th and ##th centuries played
in the physical sciences these achievements concern electricity chemistry and atomic physics
in the life sciences there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease in the mechanisms of heredity and in bio- and physiological chemistry
the major effect of these advances appears to lie in the part they have played in the industrial revolution and in the tools which scientific understanding has given us to build and manipulate a more protective environment
in addition our way of dealing directly with natural phenomena has also changed
even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking but where some explanations are possible as with lightning and weather and earthquakes the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated
apparently the population as a whole eventually acquires enough confidence in the explanations of the scientists to modify its procedures and its fears
how and why this process occurs would provide an interesting separate subject for study
in some areas the progress is slower than in others
in agriculture for example despite the advances in biology elaborate rituals tend to persist along with a continued sense of the imminence of some natural disaster
in child care the opposite extreme prevails
procedures change rapidly and parental confidence probably exceeds anything warranted by established psychological theory
there are many domains in which understanding has brought about widespread and quite appropriate reduction in ritual and fear
much of the former extreme uneasiness associated with visions and hallucinations and with death has disappeared
the persistent horror of having a malformed child has i believe been reduced because we have gained any control over this misfortune but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it
in fact the recent warnings about the use of x-rays have introduced fears and ambiguities of action which now require more detailed understanding and thus in this instance science has momentarily aggravated our fears
in fact insofar as science generates any fear it stems so much from scientific prowess and gadgets but from the fact that new unanswered questions arise which until they are understood create uncertainty
perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease
the situation with regard to our attitude and control of disease contains close analogies to problems confronting us with respect to people
the fear of disease was formerly very much the kind of fear i have tried to describe
nothing like godot he arrived before the hour
his letter had suggested we meet at my hotel at noon on sunday and i came into the lobby as the clock struck twelve
he was waiting
my wish to meet samuel beckett had been prompted by simple curiosity and interest in his work
american newspaper reviewers like to call his plays nihilistic
they find deep pessimism in them
even so astute a commentator as harold clurman of the nation has said that waiting for godot is the concentrate of the contemporary european mood of despair
but to me beckett 's writing had seemed permeated with love for human beings and with a kind of humor that i could reconcile neither with despair nor with nihilism
could it be that my own eyes and ears had deceived me
is his a literature of defeat irrelevant to the social crises we face
or is it relevant because it teaches us something useful to know about ourselves
i knew that a conversation with the author would settle such questions because a man is the same as his writing in the last analysis the questions had to be settled by the work itself
nevertheless i was curious
my curiosity was sharpened a day or two before the interview by a conversation i had with a well-informed teacher of literature a jesuit father at a conference on religious drama near paris
when beckett 's name came into the discussion the priest grew loud and told me that beckett hates life
that i thought is at least one thing i can find out when we meet
beckett 's appearance is rough-hewn irish
the features of his face are distinct but fine
they look as if they had been sculptured with an unsharpened chisel
unruly hair goes straight up from his forehead standing so high that the top falls gently over as if to show that it really is hair and bristle
one might say it combines the man
own pride and humility
for he has the pride that comes of self-acceptance and the humility perhaps of the same genesis to impose himself upon another
his light blue eyes set deep within the face are actively and continually looking
he seems by some unconscious division of labor to have given them that one function and no other leaving communication to the rest of the face
the mouth frequently breaks into a disarming smile
the voice is light in timbre with a rough edge that corresponds to his visage
the irish accent is as one would expect combined with slight inflections from the french
his tweed suit was a baggy gray and green
he wore a brown knit sports shirt with no tie
we walked down the rue de l'arcade thence along beside the madeleine and across to a sidewalk cafe opposite that church
the conversation that ensued may have been engrossing but it could hardly be called world-shattering
for one thing the world that beckett sees is already shattered
his talk turns to what he calls the mess or sometimes this buzzing confusion
i reconstruct his sentences from notes made immediately after our conversation
what appears here is shorter than what he actually said but very close to his own words
the confusion is my invention
we cannot listen to a conversation for five minutes without being acutely aware of the confusion
it is all around us and our only chance now is to let it in
the only chance of renovation is to open our eyes and see the mess
it is a mess you can make sense of
i suggested that one must let it in because it is the truth but beckett did take to the word truth
what is more true than anything else
to swim is true and to sink is true
one is more true than the other
one cannot speak anymore of being one must speak only of the mess
when heidegger and sartre speak of a contrast between being and existence they may be right i don't know but their language is too philosophical for me
i am a philosopher
one can only speak of what is in front of him and that now is simply the mess
then he began to speak about the tension in art between the mess and form
until recently art has withstood the pressure of chaotic things
it has held them at bay
it realized that to admit them was to jeopardize form
how could the mess be admitted because it appears to be the very opposite of form and therefore destructive of the very thing that art holds itself to be
but now we can keep it out no longer because we have come into a time when it invades our experience at every moment
it is there and it must be allowed in
i granted this might be so but found the result to be even more attention to form than was the case previously
how i asked could chaos be admitted to chaos
would that be the end of thinking and the end of art
if we look at recent art we find it preoccupied with form
beckett 's own work is an example
plays more highly formalized than waiting for godot endgame and krapp 's last tape would be hard to find
what i am saying does mean that there will henceforth be no form in art
it only means that there will be new form and that this form will be of such a type that it admits the chaos and does try to say that the chaos is really something else
the form and the chaos remain separate
the latter is reduced to the former
that is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates
to find a form that accommodates the mess that is the task of the artist now
yet i responded could similar things be said about the art of the past
is it characteristic of the greatest art that it confronts us with something we cannot clarify demanding that the viewer respond to it in his own never-predictable way
what is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory
isn't all art ambiguous
this he said and gestured toward the madeleine
the classical lines of the church which napoleon thought of as a temple of glory dominated all the scene where we sat
the boulevard de la madeleine the boulevard malesherbes and the rue royale ran to it with graceful flattery bearing tidings of the age of reason
this is clear
this does allow the mystery to invade us
with classical art all is settled
but it is different at chartres
there is the unexplainable and there art raises questions that it does attempt to answer
i asked about the battle between life and death in his plays
didi and gogo hover on the edge of suicide
hamm 's world is death and clov may or may get out of it to join the living child outside
is this life-death question a part of the chaos
if life and death did both present themselves to us there would be no inscrutability
if there were only darkness all would be clear
it is because there is only darkness but also light that our situation becomes inexplicable
take augustine 's doctrine of grace given and grace withheld have you pondered the dramatic qualities in this theology
two thieves are crucified with christ one saved and the other damned
how can we make sense of this division
in classical drama such problems do arise
the destiny of racine 's phedre is sealed from the beginning she will proceed into the dark
as she goes she herself will be illuminated
at the beginning of the play she has partial illumination and at the end she has complete illumination but there has been no question but that she moves toward the dark
that is the play
within this notion clarity is possible but for us who are neither greek nor jansenist there is such clarity
the question would also be removed if we believed in the contrary total salvation
but where we have both dark and light we have also the inexplicable
the key word in my plays is perhaps
given a theological lead i asked what he thinks about those who find a religious significance to his plays
well really there is none at all
i have no religious feeling
once i had a religious emotion
it was at my first communion
my mother was deeply religious
so was my brother
he knelt down at his bed as long as he could kneel
my father had none
the family was protestant but for me it was only irksome and i let it go
my brother and mother got no value from their religion when they died
at the moment of crisis it had no more depth than an old school tie
irish catholicism is attractive but it is deeper
when you pass a church on an irish bus all the hands flurry in the sign of the cross
one day the dogs of ireland will do that too and perhaps also the pigs
but do the plays deal with the same facets of experience religion must also deal with
yes for they deal with distress
some people object to this in my writing
at a party an english intellectual so-called asked me why i write always about distress
as if it were perverse to do so
he wanted to know if my father had beaten me or my mother had run away from home to give me an unhappy childhood
i told him no that i had had a very happy childhood
then he thought me more perverse than ever
i left the party as soon as possible and got into a taxi
on the glass partition between me and the driver were three signs one asked for help for the blind another help for orphans and the third for relief for the war refugees
one does have to look for distress
it is screaming at you even in the taxis of london
lunch was over and we walked back to the hotel with the light and dark of paris screaming at us
the personal quality of samuel beckett is similar to qualities i had found in the plays
he says nothing that compresses experience within a closed pattern
perhaps stands in place of commitment
at the same time he is plainly sympathetic clearly friendly
if there were only the mess all would be clear
but there is also compassion
as a christian i know i do stand where beckett stands but i do see much of what he sees
as a writer on the theater i have paid close attention to the plays
harold clurman is right to say that waiting for godot is a reflection he calls it a distorted reflection of the impasse and disarray of europe 's present politics ethic and common way of life
yet it is only europe the play refers to
waiting for godot sells even better in america than in france
the consciousness it mirrors may have come earlier to europe than to america but it is the consciousness that most mature societies arrive at when their successes in technological and economic systematization propel them into a time of examining the not-strictly-practical ends of culture
america is now joining europe in this mature phase of development
whether any of us remain in it long will depend on what happens as a result of the technological and economic revolutions now going on in the countries of asia and africa and also of course on how long the cold war remains cold
even hemingway for all his efforts to formulate a naturalistic morality in the sun also rises and a farewell to arms never maintained that sex was all
hemingway 's fiction is supported by a moral backbone and in its search for ultimate meaning hints at a religious dimension
and d. h. lawrence in fantasia of the unconscious protested vehemently against the overestimation of the sexual motive
though sex in some form or other enters into all human activity and it was a good thing that freud emphasized this aspect of human nature it is fantastic to explain everything in terms of sex
all is sex declared lawrence
man is confined to one outlet for his vital energy
the creative urge for example transcends the body and the self
but for the beat generation all is sex
nothing is more revealing of the way of life and literary aspirations of this group than their attitude toward sex
for the beatnik like the hipster is in opposition to a society that is based on the repression of the sex instinct
he has elevated sex eros or libido but pure spontaneous uninhibited sex to the rank of the godhead
it is astarte ishtar venus yahwe dionysus christ the mysterious and divine orgone energy flowing through the body of the universe
jazz is sex marijuana is a stimulus to sex the beat tempo is adjusted to the orgiastic release of the sexual impulse
lawrence lipton in the holy barbarians stresses that for the beat generation sex is more than a source of pleasure
it is a mystique and their private language is rich in the multivalent ambiguities of sexual reference so that they dwell in a sexualized universe of discourse
the singular uncompromising force of their revolt against the cult of restraint is illustrated by their refusal to dance in a public place
the dance is but a disguised ritual for the expression of ungratified sexual desire
for this reason too their language is more forthright and earthy
the beatniks crave a sexual experience in which their whole being participates
it is therefore surprising that they resist the lure of marriage and the trap of domesticity for like cats they are determined to tame their sexual energy
they withdraw to the underground of the slums where they can defy the precepts of legalized propriety
unlike the heroes and flappers of the lost generation they disdain the art of necking and petting
that is reserved for the squares
if they avoid the use of the pungent outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo
it is sacred
as lipton the prophet of the beat generation declares in the sexual act the beat are filled with mana the divine power
this is far from the vulgar leering sexuality of the middle-class square in heat
this is the holy grail these knights of the orgasm pursue this is the irresistible cosmic urge to which they respond
if wilhelm reich is the moses who has led them out of the egypt of sexual slavery dylan thomas is the poet who offers them the dionysian dialectic of justification for their indulgence in liquor marijuana sex and jazz
in addition they have been converted to zen buddhism with its glorification of all that is natural and mysteriously alive the sense that everything in the world is flowing
thus paradoxically the beat writers resort to religious metaphors they are in search of mana the spiritual the numinous but anything connected with formal religion
what they are after is the beatific vision
and zen buddhism though it is extremely difficult to understand how these internal contradictions are reconciled helps them in their struggle to achieve personal salvation through sexual release
the style of life chosen by the beat generation the rhythm and ritual they have adopted as uniquely their own is designed to enhance the value of the sexual experience
jazz is good only because it promotes wholeness but because of its decided sexual effect
jazz is the musical language of sex the vocabulary of the orgasm
indeed it is maintained that the sexual element in jazz by freeing the listener of his inhibitions can have therapeutic value
that is why the argument runs the squares are so fearful of jazz and yet perversely fascinated by it
instead of giving themselves spontaneously to the orgiastic release that jazz can give them they undergo psychoanalysis or flirt with mysticism or turn to prostitutes for satisfaction
thus jazz is transmuted into something holy the sacred road to integration of being
jazz like sex is a mystique
it is a substitute for sex but a dynamic expression of the creative impulse in unfettered man
the mystique of sex combined with marijuana and jazz is intended to provide a design for living
those who are sexually liberated can become creatively alive and free their instincts put at the service of the imagination
righteous in their denunciation of all that makes for death the beat prophets bid all men become cool cats
let them learn to swing freely to let go to become authentically themselves and then perhaps civilization will be saved
the beatnik seceding from a society that is fatally afflicted with a deathward drive is concerned with his personal salvation in the living present
if he is the child of nothingness if he is the predestined victim of an age of atomic wars then he will consult only his own organic needs and go beyond good and evil
he will curb his instinctual desires but release the energy within him that makes him feel truly and fully alive even if it is only for this brief moment before the apocalypse of annihilation explodes on earth
that is why the members of the beat generation proudly assume the title of the holy barbarians
they will destroy the shrines temples museums and churches of the state that is the implacable enemy of the life they believe in
apart from the categorical imperative they derive from the metaphysics of the orgasm the only affirmation they are capable of making is that art is their only refuge
their writing born of their experiments in marijuana and untrammeled sexuality reflects the extremity of their existential alienation
the mind has betrayed them reason is the foe of life
they will trust only their physical sensations the wisdom of the body the holy promptings of the unconscious
with lyrical intensity they reveal what they hate but their faith in love inspired by the revolutionary rhythms of jazz culminates in the climax of the orgasm
their work mirrors the mentality of the psychopath rootless and irresponsible
their rebellion against authoritarian society is far removed from the violence of revolt characteristic of the juvenile delinquent
and the life they lead is undisciplined and for the most part unproductive even though they make a fetish of devoting themselves to some creative pursuit writing painting music
they are non-conformists on principle
when they express themselves it is incandescent hatred that shines forth the rage of repudiation the ecstasy of negation
it is sex that obsesses them sex that is at the basis of their aesthetic creed
what they discuss with dialectical seriousness is the degree to which sex can inspire the muse
monogamy is the vice from which the abjectly fearful middle class continue to suffer whereas the beatnik has the courage to break out of that prison of respectability
one girl describes her past her succession of broken marriages the abortions she has had and finally confesses that she loves sex and sees no reason why she must justify her passion
if it is an honest feeling then why should she yield to it
most often she says it 's the monogamous relationship that is dishonest
there is nothing holy in wedlock
this girl soon drops the bourgeois pyschiatrist who disapproves of her life
she finds married life stifling and every prolonged sex relationship unbearably monotonous
this confession serves to make clear in part what is behind this sexual revolution the craving for sensation for its own sake the need for change for new experiences
boredom is death
in the realm of physical sensations sex reigns supreme
hence the beatniks sustain themselves on marijuana jazz free swinging poetry exhausting themselves in orgies of sex
some of them are driven over the borderline of sanity and lose contact with reality
one beat poet composes a poem lines on a tijuana john which contains a few happy hints for survival
the new fact the initiates of this cult have to learn is that they must move toward simplicity
the professed mission of this disaffiliated generation is to find a new way of life which they can express in poetry and fiction but what they produce is unfortunately disordered nourished solely on the hysteria of negation
who are the creative representatives of this movement
nymphomaniacs junkies homosexuals drug addicts lesbians alcoholics the weak the frustrated the irresolute the despairing the derelicts and outcasts of society
they embrace independent poverty usually with a shack-up partner who will help support them
they are full of contempt for the institution of matrimony
their previous legalized marriages do count for they hold the laws of the state null and void
they feel they are leagued against a hostile persecutory world faced with the concerted malevolent opposition of squares and their hirelings the police
this is the rhetoric of righteousness the beatniks use in defending their way of life their search for wholeness though their actual existence fails to reach these religious heights
one beatnik got the woman he was living with so involved in drugs and self-analysis and all-night sessions of sex that she was beginning to crack up
what obsessions had she picked up during these long nights of talk
sex as the creative principle of the universe the secret of primitive religion the life of myth
everything in the final analysis reduced itself to sexual symbolism
in his chapter on the loveways of the beat generation lipton spares the reader none of the sordid details
no one asks questions about the free union of the sexes in west venice so long as the partners share the negative attitudes of the group
the women who come to west venice having forsaken radicalism are interested in living only for the moment in being constantly on the move
others who are attracted to this mecca of the beat generation are homosexuals heroin addicts and smalltime hoodlums
those who are sexual deviants are naturally drawn to join the beatniks
since the homosexuals widely use marijuana they do have to be initiated
part of the ritual of sex is the use of marijuana
as lipton puts it the eros is felt in the magic circle of marijuana with far greater force as a unifying principle in human relationships than at any other time except perhaps in the mutual metaphysical orgasms
the magic circle is in fact a symbol of and preparation for the metaphysical orgasm
under the influence of marijuana the beatnik comes alive within and experiences a wonderfully enhanced sense of self as if he had discovered the open sesame to the universe of being
carried high on this charge he composes magical poetry that captures the organic rhythms of life in words
if he thus achieves a lyrical dreamlike drugged intensity he pays the price for his indulgence by producing work allen ginsberg 's howl is a striking example of this tendency that is disoriented dionysian but without depth and without apollonian control
for drugs are in themselves no royal road to creativity
how is the beat poet to achieve unity of form when he is at the same time engaged in a systematic derangement of senses
if love reflects the nature of man as ortega y gasset believes if the person in love betrays decisively what he is by his behavior in love then the writers of the beat generation are creating a new literary genre
there were fences in the old days when we were children
across the front of a yard and down the side they were iron either spiked along the top or arched in half circles
alley fences were made of solid boards higher than one 's head but so high as the golden glow in a corner or the hollyhocks that grew in a line against them
side fences were hidden beneath lilacs and hundred-leaf roses
front fences were covered with virginia creeper or trumpet vines or honeysuckle
square corner- and gate posts were an open-work pattern of cast-iron foliage
they were topped by steeples complete in every detail high-pitched roof pinnacle and narrow gable
on these posts the gates swung open with a squeak and shut with a metallic clang
the only extended view possible to anyone less tall than the fences was that obtained from an upper bough of the apple tree
the primary quality of that view seems now to have been its quietness but that cannot at the time have impressed us
what one actually remembers is its greenness
from high in the tree the whole block lay within range of the eye but the ground was almost nowhere visible
one looked down on a sea of leaves a breaking wave of flower
every path from back door to barn was covered by a grape-arbor and every yard had its fruit trees
in the center of any open space remaining our grandfathers had planted syringa and sweet-shrub snowball rose-of-sharon and balm-of-gilead
from above one could only occasionally catch a glimpse of life on the floor of this green sea a neighbor 's gingham skirt flashing into sight for an instant on the path beneath her grape-arbor or the movement of hands above a clothesline and the flutter of garments hung there half-way down the block
that was one epoch the apple-tree epoch
another had ended before it began
time is a queer thing and memory a queerer
the tricks that time plays with memory and memory with time are queerest of all
from maturity one looks back at the succession of years counts them and makes them many yet cannot feel length in the number however large
in a stream that turns a mill-wheel there is a lot of water
the mill-pond is quiet its surface dark and shadowed and there does seem to be much water in it
time in the sum is nothing
and yet a year to a child is an eternity and in the memory that phase of one 's being a certain mental landscape will seem to have endured without beginning and without end
the part of the mind that preserves dates and events may remonstrate it could have been like that for only a little while
but true memory does count nor add it holds fast to things that were and they are outside of time
once then for how many years or how few does matter my world was bound round by fences when i was too small to reach the apple tree bough to twist my knee over it and pull myself up
that world was in scale with my own smallness
i have no picture in my mind of the garden as a whole that i could see but certain aspects of certain corners linger in the memory wind-blown frost-bitten white chrysanthemums beneath a window with their brittle brown leaves and their sharp scent of november
ripe pears lying in long grass to be turned over by a dusty-slippered foot cautiously lest bees still worked in the ragged brown-edged holes
hot-colored verbenas in the corner between the dining-room wall and the side porch where we passed on our way to the pump with the half-gourd tied to it as a cup by my grandmother for our childish pleasure in drinking from it
it was mother who planted the verbenas
i think that my grandmother was an impassioned gardener she was too indulgent a lover of dogs and grandchildren
my great-grandmother i have been told made her garden her great pride
she cherished rare and delicate plants like oleanders in tubs and wall-flowers and lemon verbenas in pots that had to be wintered in the cellar
she filled the waste spots of the yard with common things like the garden heliotrope in a corner by the woodshed and the plantain lilies along the west side of the house
these my grandmother left in their places they are still there more persistent and longer-lived than the generations of man and planted others like them that flourished without careful tending
three of these only were protected from us by stern commandment the roses whose petals might be collected until they had fallen to be made into perfume or rose-tea to drink
the peonies whose tight sticky buds would be blighted by the laying on of a finger although they were apparently harmed by the ants that crawled over them
and the poppies
i have more than once sat cross-legged in the grass through a long summer morning and watched without touching while a poppy bud higher than my head slowly but visibly pushed off its cap unfolded and shook out like a banner in the sun its flaming vermilion petals
other flowers we might gather as we pleased myrtle and white violets from beneath the lilacs
the lilacs themselves that bloomed so prodigally but for the most part beyond our reach
hollyhock blossoms that turned upside down make pink-petticoated ladies
and the little dark blue larkspur that scattered its seed everywhere
more potent a charm to bring back that time of life than this record of a few pictures and a few remembered facts would be a catalogue of the minutiae which are of the very stuff of the mind intrinsic because they were known in the beginning by the eye alone but by the hand that held them
flowers stones and small creatures living and dead
pale yellow snapdragons that by pinching could be made to bite
seed-pods of the balsams that snapped like fire-crackers at a touch
red-and-yellow columbines whose round-tipped spurs were picked off and eaten for the honey in them
morning-glory buds which could be so grasped and squeezed that they burst like a blown-up paper bag
bright flowers from the trumpet vine that made gloves on the ends of ten waggling fingers
fuzzy caterpillars snails with their sensitive horns struggling grasshoppers held by their long hind legs and commanded to spit tobacco spit
dead fledgling birds their squashed-looking nakedness and the odor of decay that clung to the hand when they had been buried in our graveyard in front of the purple flags
and the cast shell of a locust straw-colored and transparent weighing nothing fragile but entire with eyes like bubbles and a gaping slit down its back
every morning early in the summer we searched the trunks of the trees as high as we could reach for the locust shells carefully detached their hooked claws from the bark where they hung and stabled them a weird faery herd in an angle between the high roots of the tulip tree where no grass grew in the dense shade
we collected lucky stones all the creamy translucent pebbles worn smooth and round that we could find in the driveway
when these had been pocketed we could still spend a morning cracking open other pebbles for our delight in seeing how much prettier they were inside than their dull exteriors indicated
we showed them to each other and said would you have guessed
squatting on our haunches beside the flat stone we broke them on we were safe behind the high closed gates at the end of the drive safe from interruption and the observation and possible amusement of the passers-by
thus shielded we played many foolish games in comfortable unselfconsciousness
even when the fences became a part of the game when a vine-embowered gate-post was the sleeping beauty 's enchanted castle or when rapunzel let down her golden hair from beneath the crocketed spire even then we paid little heed to those who went by on the path outside
we enjoyed a paradoxical freedom when we were still too young for school
in the heat of the summer the garden solitudes were ours alone
our elders stayed in the dark house or sat fanning on the front porch
they never troubled themselves about us while we were playing because the fence formed such a definite boundary and don't go outside the gate was a command so impossible of misinterpretation
we were however entirely unacquainted with the varying aspects of the street
we were forbidden to swing on the gates lest they sag on their hinges in a poor-white-trash way but we could stand on them when they were latched rest our chins on the top and stare and stare committing to memory quite unintentionally all the details that lay before our eyes
the street that is full now of traffic and parked cars then and for many years drowsed on an august afternoon in the shade of the curbside trees and silence was a weight almost palpable in the air
every slight sound that rose against that pressure fell away again crushed beneath it
a hay-wagon moved slowly along the gutter the top of it swept by the low boughs of the maple trees and loose straws were left hanging tangled among the leaves
a wheel squeaked on a hub was still and squeaked again
if a child watched its progress he whispered hay hay load of hay make a wish and turn away and then stared rigidly in the opposite direction until the sound of the horses' feet returned no more
when the hay wagon had gone and an interval passed a huckster 's cart might turn the corner
the horse walked the reins were slack the huckster rode with bowed shoulders his forearms across his knees
sleepily as if half-reluctant to break the silence he lifted his voice rhu-beb-ni-ice nice fresh rhu-beb today
the lazy sing-song was spaced in time like the drone of a bumble-bee
no one seemed to hear him no one heeded
the horse plodded on and he repeated his call
it became so monotonous as to seem a part of the quietness
after his passage the street was empty again
the sun moved slant-wise across the sky and down
the trees' shadows circled from street to sidewalk from sidewalk to lawn
at four-o'clock or four-thirty the coming of the newsboy marked the end of the day
he tossed a paper toward every front door and housewives came down to their steps to pick them up and read what their neighbors had been doing
the streets of any county town were like this on any sunshiny afternoon in summer
they were like this fifty-odd years ago and yesterday
but the fences were still in place fifty-odd years ago and when we stood on the gate to look over the sidewalk under our eyes was cement but two rows of paving stones with grass between and on both sides
the curb was a line of stone laid edgewise in the dirt and tilted this way and that by frost in the ground or the roots of trees
opposite every gate was a hitching post or a stone carriage-step set with a rusty iron ring for tying a horse
the street was unpaved and rose steeply toward the center
it was mud in wet weather and dust ankle-deep in dry and could be crossed only at the corner where there were stepping stones
it had a bucolic atmosphere that it has lost long since
the hoofmarks of cattle and the prints of bare feet in the mud or in the dust were as numerous as the traces of shod horses
cows were kept in backyard barns boys were hired to drive them to and from the pasture on the edge of town and familiar to the ear morning and evening were the boys' coaxing voices the thud of hooves and the thwack of a stick on cowhide
it is worth dwelling in some detail on the crisis of this story because it brings together a number of characteristic elements and makes of them a curious riddling compound obscurely but centrally significant for mann 's work
the wife amra and her lover are both savagely portrayed she as incarnate sensuality voluptuous and indolent possibly a mischief maker with a kind of luxurious cunning to set against her apparent simplicity her birdlike brain
lautner for his part belonged to the present-day race of small artists who do demand the utmost of themselves and the bitter description of the type includes such epithets as wretched little poseurs the devastating indictment they do know how to be wretched decently and in order and the somewhat extreme prophecy so far fulfilled they will be destroyed
the trick these two play upon jacoby reveals their want simply of decency but of imagination as well
his appearance as lizzy evokes amusement but horror in the audience
it is a spectacle absolutely painful an epiphany of the suffering flesh unredeemed by spirit untouched by any spirit other than abasement and humiliation
at the same time the multiple transvestitism involved the fat man as girl and as baby as coquette pretending to be a baby touches for a moment horrifyingly upon the secret sources of a life like jacoby 's upon the sinister dreams which form the sources of any human life
the music which lautner has composed for this episode is for the most part rather pretty and perfectly banal
but it is characteristic of him we are told his little artifice to be able to introduce into a fairly vulgar and humorous piece of hackwork a sudden phrase of genuine creative art
and this occurs now at the refrain of jacoby 's song at the point in fact of the name lizzy
a modulation described as almost a stroke of genius
a miracle a revelation it was like a curtain suddenly torn away to reveal something nude
it is this modulation which reveals to jacoby his own frightful abjection and simultaneously his wife 's infidelity
by the same means he perceives this fact as having communicated itself to the audience
he collapses and dies
in the work of every artist i suppose there may be found one or more moments which strike the student as absolutely decisive ultimately emblematic of what it is all about
less strikingly so for being mysterious as though some deeply hidden constatation of thoughts were enciphered in a single image a single moment
the horrifying humor the specifically sexual embarrassment of the joke gone wrong the monstrous image of the fat man dressed up as a whore dressing up as a baby
the epiphany of that quivering flesh
the bringing together around it of the secret liaison between indolent mindless sensuality and sharp shrewd talent cleverness with an occasional touch of genius which however does know how to attack the problem of suffering
the miraculous way in which music revelation and death are associated in a single instant all this seems a triumph of art a rather desperate art in itself
beyond itself also it evokes numerous and distant resonances from the entire body of mann 's work
when i try to work out my reasons for feeling that this passage is of critical significance i come up with the following ideas which i shall express very briefly here and revert to in a later essay
love is the crucial dilemma of experience for mann 's heroes
the dramatic construction of his stories characteristically turns on a situation in which someone is simultaneously compelled and forbidden to love
the release the freedom involved in loving another is either terribly difficult or else absolutely impossible
and the motion toward it brings disaster
this prohibition on love has an especially poignant relation to art
it is particularly the artist tonio kroger aschenbach leverkuhn who suffers from it
the specific analogy to the dilemma of love is the problem of the breakthrough in the realm of art
again the sufferings and disasters produced by any transgression against the commandment to love are almost invariably associated in one way or another with childhood with the figure of a child
finally the theatrical and perversely erotic notions of dressing up cosmetics disguise and especially change of costume or singularity of costume as with cipolla are characteristically associated with the catastrophes of mann 's stories
we shall return to these statements and deal with them more fully as the evidence for them accumulates
for the present it is enough to note that in the grotesque figure of jacoby at the moment of his collapse all these elements come together in prophetic parody
professionally a lawyer that is to say associated with dignity reserve discipline with much that is essentially middle-class he is compelled by an impossible love to exhibit himself dressed up disguised that is paradoxically revealed as a child and worse as a whore masquerading as a child
that this abandonment takes place on a stage during an artistic performance is enough to associate jacoby with art and to bring down upon him the punishment for art
that is he is suspect guilty punishable as is anyone in mann 's stories who produces illusion and this is true even though the constant elements of the artist-nature technique magic guilt and suffering are divided in this story between jacoby and lautner
it appears that the dominant tendency of mann 's early tales however pictorial or even picturesque the surface is already toward the symbolic the emblematic the expressionistic
in a certain perfectly definite way the method and the theme of his stories are one and the same
something of this can be learned from the way to the churchyard #### an anecdote about an old failure whose fit of anger at a passing cyclist causes him to die of a stroke or seizure
there is no more plot than that
only slightly more perhaps than a newspaper account of such an incident would give
the artistic interest then lies in what the encounter may be made to represent in the power of some central significance to draw the details into relevance and meaningfulness
the first sentence with its platitudinous irony announces an emblematic intent the way to the churchyard ran along beside the highroad ran beside it all the way to the end
that is to say to the churchyard
and the action is consistently presented with regard for this distinction
the highroad one might say at first belongs to life while the way to the churchyard belongs to death
but that is too simple and won't hold up
as the first sentence suggests both roads belong to death in the end
but the highroad according to the description of its traffic belongs to life as it is lived in unawareness of death while the way to the churchyard belongs to some other sort of life a suffering form an existence wholly comprised in the awareness of death
thus on the highroad a troop of soldiers marched in their own dust and sang while on the footpath one man walks alone
this man 's isolation is merely momentary it is permanent
he is a widower his three children are dead he has no one left on earth
also he is a drunk and has lost his job on that account
his name is praisegod piepsam and he is rather fully described as to his clothing and physiognomy in a way which relates him to a sinister type in the author 's repertory he is a forerunner of those enigmatic strangers in death in venice for example who represent some combination of cadaver exotic and psychopomp
this strange person quarrels with a cyclist because the latter is using the path rather than the highroad
the cyclist a sufficiently commonplace young fellow is named but identified simply as life that and a license number which piepsam uses in addressing him
life points out that everybody uses this path and starts to ride on
piepsam tries to stop him by force receives a push in the chest from life and is left standing in impotent and growing rage while a crowd begins to gather
his rage assumes a religious form
that is on the basis of his own sinfulness and abject wretchedness piepsam becomes a prophet who in his ecstasy and in the name of god imprecates doom on life only the cyclist now but the audience the world as well all you light-headed breed
this passion brings on a fit which proves fatal
then an ambulance comes along and they drive praisegod piepsam away
this is simple enough but several more points of interest may be mentioned as relevant
the season between spring and summer belongs to life in its carefree aspect
piepsam 's fatal rage arises only because he cannot stop the cyclist but also because god will stop him
as piepsam says to the crowd in his last moments his justice is of this world
life is further characterized in antithesis to piepsam as animal the image of a dog which appears at several places is first given as the criterion of amiable irrelevant interest aroused by life considered simply as a spectacle a dog in a wagon is admirable a pleasure to contemplate
another wagon has no dog and therefore is devoid of interest
piepsam calls the cyclist cur and puppy among other things and at the crisis of his fit a little fox-terrier stands before him and howls into his face
the ambulance is drawn by two charming little horses
piepsam is certainly religious in any conventional sense
his religiousness is intimately or dialectically connected with his sinfulness
the two may in fact be identical
his unsuccessful strivings to give up drink are represented as religious strivings
he keeps a bottle in a wardrobe at home and before this wardrobe praisegod piepsam had before now gone literally on his knees and in his wrestlings had bitten his tongue and still in the end capitulated
the cyclist by contrast blond and blue-eyed is simply unreflective unproblematic life blithe and carefree
he made no claims to belong to the great and mighty of this earth
piepsam is grotesque a disturbing parody
his end is ridiculous and trivial
he is a man raving mad on the way to the churchyard
but he is more interesting than the others the ones who come from the highroad to watch him more interesting than life considered as a cyclist
and if i have gone into so much detail about so small a work that is because it is also so typical a work representing the germinal form of a conflict which remains essential in mann 's writing the crude sketch of piepsam contains in its critical destructive and self-destructive tendencies much that is enlarged and illuminated in the figures of for instance naphta and leverkuhn
in method as well as in theme this little anecdote with its details selected as much for expressiveness and allegory as for realism anticipates a kind of musical composition as well as a kind of fictional composition in which as leverkuhn says there shall be nothing unthematic
it resembles too pictures such as durer and bruegel did in which all that looks at first to be solely pictorial proves on inspection to be also literary the representation of a proverb for example or a deadly sin
gladius dei #### resembles the way to the churchyard in its representation of a conflict between light and dark between life and a spirit of criticism negation melancholy but it goes considerably further in characterizing the elements of this conflict
the monk savonarola brought over from the renaissance and placed against the background of munich at the turn of the century protests against the luxurious works displayed in the art-shop of m. bluthenzweig
in particular against a madonna portrayed in a voluptuous style and modeled according to gossip upon the painter 's mistress
hieronymus like piepsam makes his protest quite in vain and his rejection though fatal is ridiculous and humiliating
he is simply thrown out of the shop by the porter
on the street outside hieronymus envisions a holocaust of the vanities of this world such a burning of artistic and erotic productions as his namesake actually brought to pass in florence and prophetically he issues his curse gladius dei super terram cito et velociter
the reality to which they respond is rationally empty and their art is an imitation of the inescapable powerfulness of this unknown and empty world
their artistic rationale is given to the witness of unreason
these polar concerns imitation vs. formalism reflect a philosophical and religious situation which has been developing over a long period of time
the breakdown of classical structures of meaning in all realms of western culture has given rise to several generations of artists who have documented the disintegrative processes
thus the image of man has suffered complete fragmentation in personal and spiritual qualities and complete objectification in sub-human and quasi-mechanistic powers
the image of the world tends to reflect the hostility and indifference of man or else to dissolve into empty spaces and overwhelming mystery
the image of god has simply disappeared
all such imitations of negative quality have given rise to a compensatory response in the form of a heroic and highly individualistic humanism if man can neither know nor love reality as it is he can at least invent an artistic reality which is its own world and which can speak to man of purely personal and subjective qualities capable of being known and worthy of being loved
the person of the artist becomes a final bastion of meaning in a world rendered meaningless by the march of events and the decay of classical religious and philosophical systems
whatever pole of this contrast one emphasizes and whatever the tension between these two approaches to understanding the artistic imagination it will be readily seen that they are mutually exclusive that they belong together
without the decay of a sense of objective reference except as the imitation of mystery the stress on subjective invention would never have been stimulated into being
and although these insights into the nature of art may be in themselves insufficient for a thoroughgoing philosophy of art their peculiar authenticity in this day and age requires that they be taken seriously and gives promise that from their very substance new and valid chapters in the philosophy of art may be written
for better or worse we cannot regard imitation in the arts in the simple mode of classical rationalism or detached realism
a broader concept of imitation is needed one which acknowledges that true invention is important that the artist 's creativity in part transcends the non-artistic causal factors out of which it arises
on the other hand we cannot regard artistic invention as pure uncaused and unrelated to the times in which it occurs
we need a doctrine of imitation to save us from the solipsism and futility of pure formalism
accordingly it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation which i shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation and a new theory of invention which i shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter
the mimetic imagination in the arts
the word mimesis imitation is usually associated with plato and aristotle
for plato imitation is twice removed from reality being a poor copy of physical appearance which in itself is a poor copy of ideal essence
all artistic and mythological representations therefore are imitations of imitations and are completely superseded by the truth value of dialectic the proper use of the inquiring intellect
in plato 's judgment the arts play a meaningful role in society only in the education of the young prior to the full development of their intellectual powers
presupposed in plato 's system is a doctrine of levels of insight in which a certain kind of detached understanding is alone capable of penetrating to the most sublime wisdom
aristotle also tended to stratify all aspects of human nature and activity into levels of excellence and like plato he put the pure and unimpassioned intellect on the top level
the poetics in affirming that all human arts are modes of imitation gives a more serious role to artistic mimesis than did plato
but aristotle kept the principle of levels and even augmented it by describing in the poetics what kinds of character and action must be imitated if the play is to be a vehicle of serious and important human truths
for both plato and aristotle artistic mimesis in contrast to the power of dialectic is relatively incapable of expressing the character of fundamental reality
the central concern of erich auerbach 's impressive volume called mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation based upon a recognition of levels of truth to a christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved
following the theme of incarnation in the gospels the christian artist and critic sees in the most commonplace and ordinary events figures of divine power and reality
here artistic realism involves the audience in an impassioned participation in events whose overtones and implications are transcendent
artistic mimesis under christian influence records the involvement of all persons however humble in a divine drama
the artist unlike the philosopher is a removed observer aiming at neutral and rarified high levels of abstraction
he is the conveyor of a sacred reality by which he has been grasped
i have chosen to use the word mimesis in its christian rather than its classic implications and to discover in the concrete forms of both art and myth powers of theological expression which as in the christian mind are the direct consequence of involvement in historical experience which are reserved as in the greek mind only to moments of theoretical reflection
in the first instance mimesis is here used to mean the recalling of experience in terms of vivid images rather than in terms of abstract ideas or conventional designations
by image is meant only a visual presentation but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith
this is the primary function of the imagination operating in the absence of the original experiential stimulus by which the images were first appropriated
mimesis is the nearest possible thing to the actual re-living of experience in which the imagining person recovers through images something of the force and depth characteristic of experience itself
the images themselves like their counterparts in experience are neutral qualities to be surveyed dispassionately
they are fields of force exerting a unique influence on the sensibilities and a unique relatedness to one another
they bring an inextricable component of value within themselves with attractions and repulsions native to their own quality
as in experience one is seized by given entities and their interrelations and is forced to respond in value feelings to them so one is similarly seized in the mimetic presentation of images
mimesis here is to be confused with literalism or realism in the conventional sense
a word taken in its dictionary meaning a photographic image of a recognizable object the mere picturing of a scene tends to lose experiential vividness and to connote such conventional abstractions as to invite neutral reception without the incitement of value feelings
similarly experience itself can be conventionalized so that people react to certain preconceived clues for behavior without awareness of the vitality of their experiential field
a truly vivid imagination moves beyond the conventional recollection to a sense of immediacy
the mimetic character of the imaginative consciousness tends to express itself in the presentation of artistic forms and materials
when words can be used in a more fresh and primitive way so that they strike with the force of sights and sounds when tones of sound and colors of paint and the carven shape all strike the sensibilities with an undeniable force of data in and of themselves compelling the observer into an attitude of attention all this imitates the way experience itself in its deepest character strikes upon the door of consciousness and clamors for entrance
these are like the initial ways in which the world forces itself upon the self and thrusts the self into decision and choice
the presence of genuine mimesis in art is marked by the persistence with which the work demands attention and compels valuation even though it is but vaguely understood
underlying these conceptions of mimesis are certain presuppositions concerning the nature of primary human experience which require some exposition before the main argument can proceed
experience is seen as it is in classical rationalism as presenting us initially with clear and distinct objects simply located in space and registering their character movements and changes on the tabula rasa of an uninvolved intellect
neither is primary experience understood according to the attitude of modern empiricism in which nothing is thought to be received other than signals of sensory qualities producing their responses in the appropriate sense organs
primary feelings of the world come neither as a collection of clearly known objects houses trees implements etc. nor a collection of isolated and neutral sensory qualities
in contrast to all this primary data are data of a self involved in environing processes and powers
the most primitive feelings are rudimentary value feelings both positive and negative a desire to appropriate this or that part of the environment into oneself
a desire to avoid and repel this or that other part
these desires presuppose a sense of causally efficacious powers in which one is involved some working for one 's good others threatening ill
gone is the tabula rasa of the mind
in its place is a passionate consciousness grasped and molded to feelings of positive or negative values even as the actions of one 's life are determined by constellations of process in which one is caught
the principal defender of this view of primary experience as causal efficacy is alfred north whitehead
our most elemental and unavoidable impressions he says are those of being involved in a large arena of powers which have a longer past than our own which are interrelated in a vast movement through the present toward the future
we feel the quality of these powers initially as in some degree wholesome or threatening
later abstractive and rational processes may indicate errors of judgment in these apprehensions of value but the apprehensions themselves are the primary stuff of experience
it takes a great deal of abstraction to free oneself from the primitive impression of larger unities of power and influence and to view one 's world simply as a collection of sense data arranged in such and such sequence and pattern devoid of all power to move the feelings and actions except in so far as they present themselves for inspection
whitehead is here questioning david hume 's understanding of the nature of experience
he is questioning also every epistemology which stems from hume 's presupposition that experience is merely sense data in abstraction from causal efficacy and that causal efficacy is something intellectually imputed to the world directly perceived
what hume calls sensation is what whitehead calls perception in the mode of presentational immediacy which is a sophisticated abstraction from perception in the mode of causal efficacy
as long as perception is seen as composed only of isolated sense data most of the quality and interconnectedness of existence loses its objectivity becomes an invention of consciousness and the result is a philosophical scepticism
whitehead contends that the human way of understanding existence as a unity of interlocking and interdependent processes which constitute each other and which cause each other to be and to be is possible only because the basic form of such an understanding for all its vagueness and tendency to mistake the detail is initially given in the way man feels the world
in this respect experience is broader and full of a richer variety of potential meanings than the mind of man or any of his arts or culture are capable of making clear and distinct
a chief characteristic of experience in the mode of causal efficacy is one of derivation from the past
both i and my feelings come up out of a chain of events that fan out into the past into sources that are ultimately very unlike the entity which i now am
after only eighteen years of non-interference there were already indications of melioration though in a slight degree to be sure
there were more indications by the mid-twentieth century
i leave it to the statisticians to say what they were but i noticed several a few years ago during an automobile ride from memphis to hattiesburg
in town after town my companion pointed out the negro school and the white school and in every instance the former made a better appearance it was newer for one thing
it really looked as if a change of the sort predicted by booker t. washington had been going on
but with the renewal of interference in #### as with its beginning in #### the improvement was impaired
for over a hundred years southerners have felt that the north was picking on them
it 's infuriating this feeling that one is being picked on continually constantly
by what right of superior virtue southerners ask do the people of the north do this
the traditional strategy of the south has been to expose the vices of the north to demonstrate that the north possessed no superior virtue to show the world that as james 's christopher newman said to his adversaries however bad i may be you're quite the people to say it
in the pre-civil war years the south argued that the slave was less humanely treated than the factory worker of the north
at the present time the counter-attack takes the line that there 's no more of the true spirit of integration in the north than in the south
the line is a pretty good one
people talk about the law of the land
the expression has become quite a cliche
but people can't be made to integrate socialize the two are inseparable by southern standards by law
i was having lunch long ago apologies to n. v. peale with three distinguished historians one specializing in the european middle ages one in american history and one in the far east and i asked them if they could name instances where the general mores had been radically changed with deliberate speed majestic instancy francis thompson 's words for the hound of heaven 's pursuit by judicial fiat
they didn't seem to be able to think of any
a virginia judge a while back cited a roman jurist to the effect that ten years might be a reasonable length of time for such a change
but i suspect that the old roman was referring to change made under military occupation the sort of change which tacitus was talking about when he said they make a desert and call it peace solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant
moreover the law of the land is irrevocable
it can be changed
it has been many times
mr. justice taney 's dred scott decision in #### was unpopular in the north and soon became a dead letter
prohibition was the law of the land but it was unpopular how many of us oldsters took up drinking in prohibition days drinking was so gay so fashionable especially in the sophisticated northeast
and was repealed
the cliche loses its talismanic virtue in the light of a little history
the declaration of independence says that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed
the phrase consent of the governed needs a hard look
how do we define it
is the consent of the governed a numerical majority
calhoun dealt with this question in his disquisition on government
to guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority calhoun developed his theory of concurrent majority which he said by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government a negative on the others prevents all partial or local legislation
who will say that our country is even now a homogeneous community
that regional peculiarities do still exist
that the court order does unequally affect the southern region
who will deny that in a vast portion of the south the federal action is incompatible with the jeffersonian concept of the consent of the governed
circumstances alter cases
a friend of mine in new mexico said the court order had caused no particular trouble out there that all had gone as merry as a marriage bell
he seemed a little surprised that it should have caused any particular trouble anywhere
i murmured something about a possible difference between new mexico 's history and mississippi 's
one can meet with aloofness almost anywhere the thidiu viewpoint it doesn't affect us
southern liberals there are a good many especially if they're rich often exhibit blithe insouciance
the trouble here is that it 's almost too easy to take the high moral ground when it doesn't cost you anything
you've already sent your daughter to miss x 's select academy for girls and your son to mr. y 's select academy for boys and you can be as liberal as you please with strict impunity
if there 's no suitable academy in your own neighborhood there 's always new england
new england academies welcome fugitives from the provinces south as well as west
they may even enroll a colored student or two for show though he usually turns out to be from thailand or any place other than the american south
it would be interesting to know how much integration there is in the famous fashionable colleges and prep schools of new england
a recent newspaper report said there were five negroes in the #### graduating class of nearly one thousand at yale
that is about one-half of one per cent which looks pretty tokenish to me especially in an institution which professes to be national
i must confess that i prefer the liberal who is personally affected who is willing to send his own children to a mixed school as proof of his faith
i leave out of account the question of the best interests of the children the question of what their best interests really are
i'm talking about the grand manner of the liberal north and south who is affected personally
if these people were denied a voice do they have a moral right to a voice
what voices would be left
who is involved willy nilly
well after everybody has followed the new england pattern of segregating one 's children into private schools only the poor folks are left
and it is precisely in this poorer economic class that one finds and has always found the most racial friction
a dear respected friend of mine who like myself grew up in the south and has spent many years in new england said to me long ago i can't forgive new england for rejecting all complicity
being a teacher of american literature i remembered whittier 's massachusetts to virginia where he said but that one dark loathsome burden ye must stagger with alone and reap the bitter harvest which ye yourselves have sown
there is a legend hawthorne records it in his english notebooks
and one finds it again in thomas nelson page to the effect that the mayflower on its second voyage brought a cargo of negro slaves
whether historically a fact or the legend has a certain symbolic value
complicity is an embarrassing word
it is something which most of us try to get out from under
like the cowboy in stephen crane 's blue hotel we run around crying well i didn't do anything did i
robert penn warren puts it this way in brother to dragons the recognition of complicity is the beginning of innocence where innocence i think means about the same thing as redemption
a man must be able to say father i have sinned or there is no hope for him
lincoln understood this better than most when he said in his second inaugural that god gives to both north and south this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came
he also spoke of the wealth piled by the bondsman 's two hundred and fifty years in unrequited toil
lincoln was historian and economist enough to know that a substantial portion of this wealth had accumulated in the hands of the descendants of new englanders engaged in the slave trade
after how many generations is such wealth mounting all the while through the manipulations of high finance purified of taint
it is a question which new englanders long ago put out of their minds
but didn't they get off too easy
the slaves never shared in their profits while they did share in a very real sense in the profits of the slave-owners they were fed clothed doctored and so forth
they were the beneficiaries of responsible paternalistic care
emerson platonist idealist doctrinaire sounded a high transcendental note in his boston hymn delivered in #### in the boston music hall amidst thundering applause pay ransom to the owner and fill the bag to the brim
who is the owner
the slave is owner and ever was
it is the abstractionism the unrealism of the pure idealist
it ignores the sordid financial aspects quite conveniently too for his audience who could indulge in moral indignation without visible or even conscious discomfort their money from the transaction having been put away long ago in a good antiseptic brokerage
like pilate they had washed their hands
but can one really
can god be mocked ever in the long run
new englanders were a bit sensitive on the subject of their complicity in negro slavery at the time of the drafting of the declaration of independence as jefferson explained in his autobiography
the clause reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of africa was struck out in complaisance to south carolina and georgia who had never attempted to restrain the importation of slaves and who on the contrary still wished to continue it
our northern brethren also i believe felt a little tender under those censures
for though their people had very few slaves themselves yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of them to others
but that was a long time ago
the new england conscience became desensitized
george w. cable naturalized new englander writing in #### from paradise road northampton lovely symbolic name agitated continuously the southern question
it was nice to be able to isolate it
new england as everyone knows has long been schoolmaster to the nation
there one finds concentrated in a comparatively small area the chief universities colleges and preparatory schools of the united states
why should this be so
it is true that new england more than any other section was dedicated to education from the start
but i think that something more than this is involved
how did it happen for example that the state university that great symbol of american democracy failed to flourish in new england as it did in other parts of the country
isn't it a bit odd that the three states of southern new england massachusetts connecticut and rhode island have had state institutions of university status only in the very recent past these institutions having previously been a & m colleges
was it supposed perchance that a & m vocational training that is was quite sufficient for the immigrant class which flooded that part of the new england world in the post-civil war period the immigrants having been brought in from southern europe to work in the mills to make up for the labor shortage caused by migration to the west
is it ironical that roger williams 's state rhode island should have been the very last of the forty-eight to establish a state university
the state universities of maine new hampshire and vermont are older and more respectable
they had less immigration to contend with
a yale historian writing a few years ago in the yale review said we in new england have long since segregated our children
he was referring only to the general college situation but more especially to the preparatory schools
and what a galaxy of those adorns that fair land
i don't propose to go into their history but i have one or two surmises
one is that they were established or gained eminence under pressure provided by these same immigrants from whom the old families wished to segregate their children
in the early days of a homogeneous population the public school was quite satisfactory
among the recipients of the nobel prize for literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of english
of these there are surely few that would be more rewarding discoveries than verner von heidenstam the swedish poet and novelist who received the award in #### and whose centennial was celebrated two years ago
equally a master of prose and verse he recreates the glory of sweden in the past and continues it into the present
in the following sketch we shall present a brief outline of his life and let him as much as possible speak for himself
heidenstam was born in #### of a prosperous family
on his father 's side he was of german descent on his mother 's he came of the old swedish nobility
the family estate was situated near vadstena on lake vattern in south central sweden
it is a lonely rather desolate region but full of legendary and historic associations
as a boy in a local school he was shy and solitary absorbed in his fondness for nature and his visions of sweden 's ancient glory
he liked to fancy himself as a chieftain and to dress for the part
being somewhat delicate in health at the age of sixteen he was sent to southern europe for which he at once developed a passion so that he spent nearly all of the following ten years abroad at first in italy then in greece egypt asia minor and palestine
in one of his summers at home he married to the great disapproval of his father who objected because of his extreme youth
deciding to become a painter he entered the studio of gerome in paris where he enjoyed the life of the artists but soon found that whatever talent he might have did lie in that direction
he gives us an account of this in his lively and humorous poem the happy artists
i scanned the world through printed symbol swart and through the beggar 's rags i strove to see the inner man
i looked unceasingly with my cold mind and with my burning heart
in this final line we have the key to his nature
few writers have better understood their deepest selves
heidenstam could never be satisfied by surface
it may however be noted that his gift for color and imagery must have been greatly stimulated by his stay in paris
the first result of heidenstam 's long sojourn abroad was a volume of poems pilgrimage and wander-years vallfart och vandringsar published in ####
it was a brilliant debut so much so indeed that it aroused a new vitality in the younger poets as did byron 's childe harold
professor fredrik book sweden 's foremost critic of the period acclaims it as follows in this we have the verse of a painter
strongly colorful plastic racy vivid
in a bold sometimes careless form there is nothing academic
all is seen and felt and experienced the observation is sharp and the imagination lively
the young poet-painter reproduces the french life of the streets
he tells stories of the thousand and one nights and conjures up before us the bazaars of damascus
in the care-free indolence of the east he sees the last reflection of the old happy existence and for that reason he loves it
and yet amid all the gay hedonism in pilgrimage and wander-years is a cycle of short poems thoughts in loneliness filled with brooding melancholy and sombre longing
of the longer pieces of the volume none is so memorable as nameless and immortal which at once took rank among the finest poems ever written in the swedish language
it celebrates the unknown architect who designed the temple of neptune at paestum next to the parthenon the noblest example of grecian classic style now in existence
on the eve of his return to their native naxos he speaks with his wife of the masterpiece which rises before them in its completed perfection
the supreme object of their lives is now fulfilled says the wife her husband has achieved immortality
so he answers it is the architect but the temple that is immortal
the man 's true reputation is his work
the short poems grouped at the end of the volume as thoughts in loneliness is as professor book indicated in sharp contrast with the others
it consists of fragmentary personal revelations such as the spark there is a spark dwells deep within my soul
to get it out into the daylight 's glow is my life 's aim both first and last the whole
it slips away it burns and tortures me
that little spark is all the wealth i know that little spark is my life 's misery
a dominant motive is the poet 's longing for his homeland and its boyhood associations men-folk but the fields where i would stray the stones where as a child i used to play
he is utterly disappointed in himself and in the desultory life he has been leading
what he really wants is to find a sacred cause to which he can honestly devote himself
this restless individualism found its answer when he returned to live nearly all the rest of his life in sweden
his cause was to commemorate the glory of her past and to incite her people to perpetuate it in the present
he did however find himself at once
his next major work completed in #### was a long fantastic epic in prose entitled hans alienus which professor book describes as a monument on the grave of his carefree and indolent youth
the hero who is himself is represented as a pilgrim in the storied lands of the east a sort of faustus type who to quote from professor book again even in the pleasure gardens of sardanapalus can cease from his painful search after the meaning of life
he is driven back by his yearning to the wintry homeland of his fathers in the forest of tiveden
from this time on heidenstam proceeded to find his deeper self
by the death of his father in #### he had come into possession of the family estate and had re-assumed its traditions
he did however settle back into acquiescence with things as they were
like his friend and contemporary august strindberg he had little patience with collective mediocrity
he saw sweden as a country of smug and narrow provincialism indifferent to the heroic spirit of its former glory
strindberg 's remedy for this condition was to tear down the old structures and build anew from the ground up
heidenstam 's conception on the contrary was to revive the present by the memories of the past
whether in prose or poetry all of heidenstam 's later work was concerned with sweden
with the first of a group of historical novels the charles men karolinerna published in ####-# he achieved the masterpiece of his career
in scope and power it can only be compared to tolstoy 's war and peace
about one-third as long it is less intimate and detailed but better coordinated more concise and more dramatic
though it centers around the brilliant and enigmatic figure of charles ## the true hero is finally the king himself
hence the title of the book referring to the soldiers and subjects of the king
on the fatal battlefield of poltava to quote from the novel the wreath he twined for himself slipped down upon his people
the charles men consists of a connected narrative but of a group of short stories each depicting a special phase of the general subject
somewhat uneven in interest for an average reader eight or ten of these are among the finest of their kind in literature
they comprise a great variety of scene and interest grim episodes of war idyllic interludes superb canvases of world-shaking events and delightfully humorous sketches of odd characters
the general effect is tragic
almost nothing is said of charles' spectacular victories the central theme being the heroic loyalty of the swedish people to their idolized king in misfortune and defeat
to carry out this exalted conception the author has combined the vivid realism and imaginative power we have noticed in his early poetry and carried them out on a grand scale
his peculiar gift as had been suggested before is his intensity
george meredith has said that fervor is the core of style
of few authors is this more true than of heidenstam
the charles men has a tremendous range of characters of common folk even more than of major figures
the career of charles ## is obviously very similar to that of napoleon
his ideal was alexander of macedon as napoleon 's was julius caesar
his purpose however was to establish an empire but to assert the principle of divine justice
each aspired to be a god in human form but with each it was a different kind of god
each failed catastrophically in an invasion of russia and each brought ruin on the country that worshipped him
each is still glorified as a national hero
the first half of the charles men ending on the climax of the battle of poltava in #### is more dramatically coherent than the second
after the collapse of that desperate and ill-fated campaign the character of the king degenerated for a time into a futility that was merely pitiable but often ridiculous
like napoleon he was the worst of losers
there are however some wonderful chapters at the beginning of the second part concerning the reactions of the swedes in adversity
then more than ever before did they show their fortitude and patient cheerfulness
this comes out in when the bells ring which describes the rallying of the peasants in southern sweden to repel an invasion by the danes
in the king 's ride charles breaks out of a long period of petulance and inertia regains his old self escapes from turkey and finally reaches his own land after an absence of eighteen years
he finds it in utter misery and desolation
all his people ask for is no more war
but he plunges into yet another this time with norway and is killed in an assault on the fortress of fredrikshall being only thirty-six years of age when he died
he had become king at fifteen
then suddenly there was a tremendous revulsion of popular feeling
from being a hated tyrant and madman he was now the symbol of all that was noblest and best in the history of sweden
this is brought out in the next to last chapter of the book a hero 's funeral written in the form of an impassioned prose poem
slowly the procession of warriors and statesmen passes through the snow beside the black water and into the brilliantly lighted cathedral the shrine of so many precious memories
the guns are fired the hymns are sung and the body of charles is carried down to the vault and laid beside the tombs of his ancestors
as he had longed to be he became the echo of a saga
heidenstam wrote four other works of fiction about earlier figures revered in swedish memory
excellent in their way they lack the wide appeal of the charles men and need detain us here
it is different with his volume the swedes and their chieftains svenskarna och deras hovdingar a history intended for the general reader and particularly suited for high school students
admirably written it is a perfect introduction to swedish history for readers of other countries
some of the earlier episodes have touches of the supernatural as suited to the legendary background
these are suggestive of selma lagerlof
especially touching is the chapter the little sister about a king 's daughter who became a nun in the convent of st. birgitta
the record teems with romance and adventure
gustaf vasa is a superb example and charles ## the conqueror of denmark hardly less so
of gustavus adolphus and charles ## it is unnecessary to speak
today the private detective will also investigate insurance claims or handle divorce cases but his primary function remains what it has always been to assist those who have money in their unending struggle with those who have
it is from this unpromising background that the fictional private detective was recruited
the mythological private eye differs from his counterpart in real life in two essential ways
on the one hand he does work for a large agency but is almost always self-employed
as a free-lance investigator the fictional detective is responsible to no one but himself and his client
for this reason he appears as an independent and self-reliant figure whose rugged individualism need be pressed into the mold of a # to # routine
on the other hand the fictional detective does break strikes or handle divorce cases
no client would ever think of asking him to do such things
whatever his original assignment the fictional private eye ends up by investigating and solving a crime usually a murder
operating as a one man police force in fact if in name he is at once more independent and more dedicated than the police themselves
he catches criminals merely because he is paid to do so frequently he does receive a fee at all but because he enjoys his work because he firmly believes that murder must be punished
thus the fictional detective is much more than a simple businessman
he is first and foremost a defender of public morals a servant of society
it is this curious blend of rugged individualism and public service which accounts for the great appeal of the mythological detective
by virtue of his self-reliance his individualism and his freedom from external restraint the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost
at the same time because the personal code of the detective coincides with the legal dictates of his society because he likes to catch criminals he is in middle class eyes a virtuous man
in this way the private detective gets the best of two possible worlds
he is an individualist but an anarchist
he is a public servant but a cop
in short the fictional private eye is a specialized version of adam smith 's ideal entrepreneur the man whose private ambitions must always and everywhere promote the public welfare
in the mystery story as in the wealth of nations individualism and the social good are two sides of the same benevolent coin
there is only one catch to this idyllic arrangement adam smith was wrong
only did the ideal entrepreneur produce the greatest good for the greatest number he ended by destroying himself by giving birth to monopoly capitalism
the rise of the giant corporations in western europe and the united states dates from the period ####-####
now although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as balzac dickens and poe it was until the closing decades of the ##th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction
sherlock holmes the ancestor of all private eyes was born during the ####s
thus the transformation of adam smith 's ideal entrepreneur into a mythological detective coincides closely with the decline of the real entrepreneur in economic life
driven from the marketplace by the course of history our hero disguises himself as a private detective
the birth of the myth compensates for the death of the ideal
even on the fictional level however the contradictions which give rise to the mystery story are fully resolved
the individualism and public service of the private detective both stem from his dedication to a personal code of conduct he enforces the law without being told to do so
the private eye is therefore a moral man
but his morality rests upon that of his society
the basic premise of all mystery stories is that the distinction between good and bad coincides with the distinction between legal and illegal
unfortunately this assumption does always hold good
as capitalism in the ##th century has become increasingly dependent upon force and violence for its survival the private detective is placed in a serious dilemma
if he is good he may be legal
if he is legal he may be good
it is the gradual unfolding and deepening of this contradiction which creates the inner dialectic of the evolution of the mystery story
with the advent of sir arthur conan doyle 's sherlock holmes the development of the modern private detective begins
sherlock holmes is merely an individualist
he is very close to being a mental case
a brief list of the great detective 's little idiosyncrasies would provide dr. freud with ample food for thought
holmes is addicted to the use of cocaine and other refreshing stimulants
he is prone to semi-catatonic trances induced by the playing of the vioiln
he is a recluse an incredible egotist a confirmed misogynist
holmes rebels against the social conventions of his day on moral but rather on aesthetic grounds
his eccentricity begins as a defense against boredom
it was in order to avoid the stuffy routine of middle class life that holmes became a detective in the first place
as he informs watson my life is spent in one long effort to escape from the commonplaces of existence
these little problems help me to do so
holmes is a public servant to be sure
but the society which he serves bores him to tears
the curious relationship between holmes and scotland yard provides an important clue to the deeper significance of his eccentric behavior
although he is perfectly willing to cooperate with scotland yard holmes has nothing but contempt for the intelligence and mentality of the police
they for their part are convinced that holmes is too unorthodox and theoretical to make a good detective
why do the police find holmes unorthodox
on the face of it it is because he employs deductive techniques alien to official police routine
another more interesting explanation is hinted at by watson when he observes on several occasions that holmes would have made a magnificent criminal
the great detective modestly agrees
watson 's insight is verified by the mysterious link between holmes and his arch-opponent dr. moriarty
the two men resemble each other closely in their cunning their egotism their relentlessness
the first series of sherlock holmes adventures ends with holmes and moriarty grappling together on the edge of a cliff
they are presumed to have plunged to a common grave in this fatal embrace
linked to holmes even in death moriarty represents the alter-ego of the great detective the image of what our hero might have become were he a public servant
just as holmes the eccentric stands behind holmes the detective so holmes the potential criminal lurks behind both
in the modern english whodunnit this insinuation of latent criminality in the detective himself has almost entirely disappeared
hercule poirot and lord peter whimsey the respective creations of agatha christie and dorothy sayers have retained holmes' egotism but his zest for life and eccentric habits
poirot and his counterparts are perfectly respectable people
it is true that they are also extremely dull
their dedication to the status quo has been affirmed at the expense of the fascinating but dangerous individualism of a sherlock holmes
the latter 's real descendents were unable to take root in england
they fled from the victorian parlor and made their way across the stormy atlantic
in the american hardboiled detective story of the '##s and '##s the spirit of the mad genius from baker street lives on
like holmes the american private eye rejects the social conventions of his time
but unlike holmes he feels his society to be merely dull but also corrupt
surrounded by crime and violence everywhere the hardboiled private eye can retain his purity only through a life of self-imposed isolation
his alienation is far more acute than holmes'
he is an eccentric but rather an outcast
with rex stout 's nero wolfe alienation is represented on a purely physical plane
wolfe refuses to ever leave his own house and spends most of his time drinking beer and playing with orchids
more profound and more disturbing however is the moral isolation of raymond chandler 's philip marlowe
in a society where everything is for sale marlowe is the only man who cannot be bought
his tough honesty condemns him to a solitary and difficult existence
beaten bruised and exhausted he pursues the elusive killer through the demi-monde of high society and low morals always alone always despised
in the end he gets his man but no one seems to care
virtue is its own and only reward
a similar tone of underlying futility and despair pervades the spy thrillers of eric ambler and dominates the most famous of all american mystery stories dashiell hammett 's the maltese falcon
sam spade joins forces with a band of adventurers in search of a priceless jeweled statue of a falcon
but when the bird is found at last it turns out to be a fake
now the detective must save his own skin by informing on the girl he loves who is also the real murderer
for sam spade neither crime nor virtue pays
moreover it is increasingly difficult to distinguish between the two
because the private eye intends to save society in spite of himself he invariably finds himself in trouble with the police
the latter are either too stupid to catch the killer or too corrupt to care
in either case they do appreciate the private detective 's zeal
perry mason and hamilton burger nero wolfe and inspector cramer spend more time fighting each other than they do in looking for the criminal
frequently enough the police are themselves in league with the killer
dashiell hammett 's red harvest provides a classic example of this theme
but even when the police are honest they do trust the private eye
he is like phillip marlowe too alienated to be reliable
finally in the maltese falcon among others the clash between detective and police is carried to its logical conclusion sam spade becomes the chief murder suspect
in order to exonerate himself he is compelled to find the real criminal who happens to be his girl friend
what was only a vague suspicion in the case of sherlock holmes now appears as a direct accusation the private eye is in danger of turning into his opposite
it is the growing contradiction between individualism and public service in the mystery story which creates this fatal dilemma
by upholding his own personal code of behavior the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption
that society responds by condemning the private eye as a threat to the status quo a potential criminal
if the detective insists upon retaining his personal standards he must now do so in conscious defiance of his society
he must in short cease to be a detective and become a rebel
on the other hand if he wishes to continue in his chosen profession he must abandon his own code and sacrifice his precious individualism
dashiell hammett resolved this contradiction by ceasing to write mystery stories and turning to other pursuits
his successors have adopted the opposite alternative
in order to save the mystery story they have converted the private detective into an organization man
the first of two possible variations on this theme is symbolized by mickey spillane 's mike hammer
at first glance this hero seems to be more rather than less of an individualist than any of his predecessors
for hammer nothing is forbidden
he kills when he pleases takes his women where he finds them and always acts as judge jury and executioner rolled into one
it will be shown that the objectives of the cooperative people in an organization determine the type of network required because the type of network functions according to the characteristics of the messages enumerated in table #
great stress is placed on the role that the monitoring of information sending plays in maintaining the effectiveness of the network
by monitoring we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers
as a word of caution we should be aware that in actual practice no message is purely one of the four types question command statement or exclamation
for example suppose a man wearing a $### watch driving a #### rolls royce stops to ask a man on the sidewalk what time is it
this sentence would have most of the characteristics of a question but it has some of the characteristics of a statement because the questioner has conveyed the fact that he has no faith in his own timepiece or the one attached to his car
if the man on the sidewalk is surprised at this question it has served as an exclamation
also since the man questioned feels a strong compulsion to answer and thereby avoid the consequences of being thought queer the question has assumed some measurable properties of a command
however for convenience we will stick to the idea that information can be classified according to table #
on this basis certain extreme kinds of networks will be discussed for illustrative purposes
networks illustrating some special types of organization
the cocktail party
presumably a cocktail party is expected to fulfill the host 's desire to get together a number of people who are inadequately acquainted and thereby arrange for bringing the level of acquaintance up to adequacy for future cooperative endeavors
the party is usually in a room small enough so that all guests are within sight and hearing of one another
the information is furnished by each of the guests is sent by oral broadcasting over the air waves and is received by the ears
since the air is a continuum the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points the people in the net
as shown in figure # there is a connection for communication between every pair of points
this and other qualifications make the cocktail party the most complete and most chaotic communication system ever dreamed up
all four types of message listed in table # are permitted although decorum and cocktail tradition require holding the commands to a minimum while exclamations having complimentary intonations are more than customarily encouraged
the completeness of the connections provide that for n people there are af lines of communication between the pairs which can become a large number #,### for a party of fifty guests
looking at the diagram we see that af connection lines come in to each member
thus the cocktail party would appear to be the ideal system but there is one weakness
in spite of the dreams of the host for oneness in the group the af incoming messages for each guest overload his receiving system beyond comprehension if n exceeds about six
the crowd consequently breaks up into temporary groups ranging in size from two to six with a half-life for the cluster ranging from three to twenty minutes
for the occasion on which everyone already knows everyone else and the host wishes them to meet one or a few honored newcomers then the open house system is advantageous because the honored guests are fixed connective points and the drifting guests make and break connections at the door
the rural community
we consider a rural community as an assemblage of inhabited dwellings whose configuration is determined by the location and size of the arable land sites necessary for family subsistence
we assume for this illustration that the size of the land plots is so great that the distance between dwellings is greater than the voice can carry and that most of the communication is between nearest neighbors only as shown in figure #
information beyond nearest neighbor is carried second- third- and fourth-hand as a distortable rumor
in figure # the points in the network are designated by a letter accompanied by a number
the numbers indicate the number of nearest neighbors
it will be noted that point f has seven nearest neighbors h and e have six and p has only one while the remaining points have intermediate numbers
in any social system in which communications have an importance comparable with that of production and other human factors a point like f in figure # would other things being equal be the dwelling place for the community leader while e and h would house the next most important citizens
a point like p gets information directly from n but all information beyond n is indirectly relayed through n
the dweller at p is last to hear about a new cure the slowest to announce to his neighbors his urgent distresses the one who goes the farthest to trade and the one with the greatest difficulty of all in putting over an idea or getting people to join him in a cooperative effort
since the hazards of poor communication are so great p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes a mine or a sugar maple camp
location theorists have given these matters much consideration
the networks for military communications are one of the best examples of networks which only must be changed with the changes in objectives but also must be changed with the addition of new machines of war
they also furnish proof that in modern war message sending must be monitored
without monitoring a military hookup becomes a noisy party
the need for monitoring became greater when radio was adopted for military signaling
alexander the great who used runners as message carriers did have to worry about having every officer in his command hear what he said and having hundreds of them comment at once
as time has passed and science has progressed the speed of military vehicles has increased the range of missiles has been extended the use of target-hunting noses on the projectiles has been adopted and the range and breadth of message sending has increased
next to the old problem of the slowness of decision making network structure seems to be paramount and without monitoring no network has value
on the parade ground the net may be similar to that shown in figure #
the monitoring is the highest and most restrictive of any organization in existence
no questions statements or explanations are permitted only commands
commands go only from an officer to the man of nearest lower rank
the same command is repeated as many times as there are levels in rank from general to corporal
all orders originate with the officer of highest rank and terminate with action of the men in the ranks
even the officer in charge be it a captain for small display or a general is restrained by monitoring
this is done for simplicity of commands and to bring the hidden redundancy up to where misunderstanding has almost zero possibility
the commands are specified by the military regulations
are few in number briefly worded all different in sound
and are combinable into sequences which permit any marching maneuver that could be desired on a parade ground
this monitoring is necessary because on a parade ground everyone can hear too much and without monitoring a confused social event would develop
with troops dispersed on fields of battle rather than on the parade ground it may seem that a certain amount of monitoring is automatically enforced by the lines of communication
years ago this was true but with the replacement of wires or runners by radio and radar and perhaps television these restrictions have disappeared and now again too much is heard
in contrast to cocktail parties military organizations even in the field are more formal
in the extreme and oversimplified example suggested in figure # the organization is more easily understood and more predictable in behavior
a military organization has an objective chosen by the higher command
this objective is adhered to throughout the duration of the action
the connective system or network is tailored to meet the requirements of the objective and it is therefore surprising that a military body acting as a single coordinated unit has a different communication network than a factory a college or a rural village
the assumptions upon which the example shown in figure # is based are a one man can direct about six subordinates if the subordinates are chosen carefully so that they do need too much personal coaching indoctrinating etc.
b a message runs too great a risk of being distorted if it is to be relayed more than about six consecutive times
c decisions of a general kind are made by the central command
and d all action of a physical kind pertinent to the mission is relegated to the line of men on the lower rank
these assumptions lead to an organization with one man at the top six directly under him six under each of these and so on until there are six levels of personnel
the number of people acting as one body by this scheme gives a surprisingly large army of ##,### men
this organizational network would be of no avail if there were no regulations pertaining to the types of message sent
of types of message listed in table # commands and statements are the only ones sent through the vertical network shown in figure #
a further regulation is that commands always go down unaccompanied by statements and statements always go up unaccompanied by commands
questions and particularly exclamations are usually channeled along informal horizontal lines indicated in figure # and seldom are carried beyond the nearest neighbor
it will readily be seen that in this suggested network materially different from some of the networks in vogue today greater emphasis on monitoring is implied than is usually put into practice
furthermore the network in figure # is only the basic net through which other networks pertaining to logistics and the like are interlaced
discussed here are some military problems of modern times such as undersea warfare where the surveillance sending transmitting and receiving are all so inadequate that networks and decision making are the bottlenecks
such problems are of extreme interest as well as importance and are so much like fighting in a rain forest or guerrilla warfare at night in tall grass that we might have to re-examine primitive conflicts for what they could teach
a team for useful research
this is an unsolved problem which probably has never been seriously investigated although one frequently hears the comment that we have insufficient specialists of the kind who can compete with the germans or swiss for example in precision machinery and mathematics or the finns in geochemistry
we hear equally fervent concern over the belief that we have enough generalists who can see the over-all picture and combine our national skills and knowledge for useful purposes
this problem of the optimum balance in the relative numbers of generalists and specialists can be investigated on a communicative network basis
since the difficulty of drawing the net is great we will merely discuss it
first we realize that a pure specialist does exist
but for practical purposes we have people who can be considered as such
for example there are persons who are in physical science in the field of mineralogy trained in crystallography who use only x-rays applying only the powder technique of x-ray diffraction to clay minerals only and who have spent the last fifteen years concentrating on the montmorillonites
or persons in the social sciences in the field of anthropology studying the lung capacity of seven andean indians
so we see that a specialist is a man who knows more and more about less and less as he develops as contrasted to the generalist who knows less and less about more and more
american democratic thought pointed up the relation between the protestant movement in this country and the development of a social religion which he called the american democratic faith
those familiar with his work will remember that he placed the incipience of the democratic faith at around ####
and he describes it as a balanced polarity between the notions of the free individual and what he called the fundamental law
i want to say more about gabriel 's so-called fundamental law
but first i want to quote him on the relationship that he found between religion and politics in this country and what happened to it
he points out that from the time of jackson on through world war # evangelical protestantism was a dominant influence in the social and political life of america
he terms this early enthusiasm romantic christianity and concludes that its similarity to democratic beliefs of that day is so great that the doctrine of liberty seems but a secular version of its counterpart in evangelical protestantism
let me quote him even more fully for his analysis is important to my theme
he says beside the protestant philosophy of progress as expressed in radical or conservative millenarianism should be placed the doctrine of the democratic faith which affirmed it to be the duty of the destiny of the united states to assist in the creation of a better world by keeping lighted the beacon of democracy
he specifies in the middle period of the nineteenth century it was colored by christian supernaturalism in the twentieth century it was affected by naturalism
but in every period it has been humanism
and let me add utopianism also
some fourteen or fifteen years ago in an essay i called the leader follows where
i used his polarity to illustrate what i thought had happened to us in that form of liberalism we call progressivism
it seemed to me that the liberals had scrapped the balanced polarity and reposed both liberty and the fundamental law in the common man
that is to say gabriel 's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more
it is a weakness of gabriel 's analysis that he never seems to realize that his so-called fundamental law had already been cut loose from its foundations when it was adapted to democracy
and with progressivism the religion of humanity was replacing what gabriel called christian supernaturalism
and the common man was developing mythic power or charisma on his own
during the decade that followed the common man as that piece put it grew uncomfortable as the voice of god and fled from behind saint woodrow wilson only to learn from science to his shocked relief that after all there was no god he had to speak for and that he was just an animal anyhow that there was a chemical formula for him and that too much couldn't be expected of him
the socialism implicit in the slogan of the roosevelt revolution freedom from want and fear seems a far cry from the individualism of the first amendment to the constitution or of the jacksonian frontier
what had happened to the common man
french egalitarianism had had only nominal influence in this country before the days of popularism
the riotous onrush of industrialism after the war for southern independence and the general secular drift to the religion of humanity however prepared the way for a reception of the french revolution 's socialistic offspring of one sort of another
the first of which to find important place in our federal government was the graduated income tax under wilson
moreover the centralization of our economy during the ####s the dislocations of the depression the common ethos of materialism everywhere all contributed in various ways to the face-lifting that replaced mike fink and the great gatsby with the anonymous physiognomy of the little people
however it is important to trace the philosophy of the french revolution to its sources to understand the common democratic origin of individualism and socialism and the influence of the latter on the former
that john locke 's philosophy of the social contract fathered the american revolution with its declaration of independence i believe we generally accept
yet after rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the general will the same philosophy it may be said became the idea source of the french revolution also
the importance of rousseau 's twist has always been clear to us however
this notion of the general will gave rise to the commune of paris in the revolution and later brought napoleon to dictatorship
and it is clearly argued by lord percy of newcastle in his remarkable long essay the heresy of democracy and in a more general way by voegelin in his new science of politics that this same rousseauan idea descending through european democracy is the source of marx 's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat
this is important to understanding the position that doctrinaire liberals found themselves in after world war # and our great democratic victory that brought no peace
the long road that had taken liberals in this country into the social religion of democracy into a worship of man led logically to the marxist dream of a classless society under a socialist state
and the ussr existed as the revolutionary experiment in radical socialism the ultimate exemplar
and by the time the war ended liberal leadership in this country was spiritually marxist
we will recall that the still confident liberals of the truman administration gathered with other western utopians in san francisco to set up the legal framework finally and at last to rationalize war to rationalize want and fear out of the world the united nations
we of the liberal-led world got all set for peace and rehabilitation
then suddenly we found ourselves in the middle of another fight an irrational an indecent an undeclared and immoral war with our strongest and some had thought noblest ally
during the next five years the leaders of the fair deal reluctantly backed down from the optimistic expectations of the new deal
during the next five years liberal leaders in the united states sank in the cumulative confusion attendant upon and manifested in a negative policy of containment and the bitterest irony enforced and enforceable only by threat of a weapon that we felt the greatest distaste for but could abandon the atom bomb
in #### it will be remembered the g.o.p. without positive program campaigned on the popular disillusionment with liberal leadership and won overwhelmingly
all of this i know is recent history familiar to you
but i have been at some pains to review it as the drama of the common man to point up what happened to him under eisenhower 's leadership
a perceptive journalist sam lubell has phrased it in the title of one of his books as the revolt of the moderates
he opens his discourse however with a review of the eisenhower inaugural festivities at which a sympathetic press had assembled its massive talents all primed to catch some revelation of the emerging new age
the show was colorful indeed exuberant but the press for all its assiduity could detect no note of a fateful rendezvous with destiny
lubell offers his book as an explanation of why there was no clue
and i select this sentence as its pertinent summation in essence the drama of his eisenhower 's presidency can be described as the ordeal of a nation turned conservative and struggling thus far with but limited and precarious success to give effective voice and force to that conservatism
i will assume that we are all aware of the continuing struggle with its limited and precarious success toward conservatism
it has moved on various levels it has been clamorous and confused
obviously there has been no agreement on what american conservatism is or rather what it should be
for it was neglected to say nascent when the struggle began
i saw a piece the other day assailing william buckley author of man and god at yale and publisher of the national review as no conservative at all but an old liberal
i would agree with this view
but i'm here to define conservatism
what i am here to do is to report on the gyrations of the struggle a struggle that amounts to self-redefinition to see if we can predict its future course
one of the obvious conclusions we can make on the basis of the last election i suppose is that we the majority were dissatisfied with eisenhower conservatism
though to be sure we gave kennedy no very positive approval in the margin of his preferment
this is however symptomatic of our national malaise
but before i try to diagnose it i would offer other evidence
i will mention two volumes of specific comment on this malaise that appeared last year
the earlier of them was an unofficial enterprise sponsored by life magazine under the title of the national purpose
the contributors to this testament were all well-known a former democratic candidate for president a new deal poet the magazine 's chief editorial writer two newspaper columnists head of a national broadcasting company a popular protestant evangelist etc.
what i want to point out here is that all of them are ex-liberals or modified liberals with perhaps one exception
i suppose we might classify billy graham as an old liberal
and i would further note that they all with one exception again sang in one key or another the same song
its refrain was let us return to the individualistic democracy of our forefathers for our salvation
adlai stevenson expressed some reservations about this return
others invoked technology and common sense
only walter lippman envisioned the possibility of our having outlived most of what we used to regard as the program of our national purposes
but the most notable thing about the incantation of these ex-liberals was that the one-time shibboleth of socialism was conspicuously absent
the second specific comment was the report of eisenhower 's commission on national goals titled goals for americans
they perhaps gave the pitch of their position in the preface where it was said that eisenhower requested that the commission be administered by the american assembly of columbia university because it was non-partisan
the commission seems to represent the viewpoint of what i would call the unconscious liberal but unconscious enough to invoke the now taboo symbolism of socialism
and here again we hear the same refrain mentioned above the paramount goal of the united states set long ago was to guard the rights of the individual ensure his development enlarge his opportunity
this group is secularist and their program tends to be technological
but it is the need to undertake these testaments that i would submit here as symptom of the common man 's malaise
and let me add murray 's new book as another symptom of it particularly so in view of the attention time magazine gave it when it came out recently
father murray goes back to the declaration of independence too though i may add with considerably more historical perception
i will reserve discussion of it for a moment however to return to president kennedy
as symptomatic of the common man 's malaise he is most significant a liberal and a catholic elected by the skin of his teeth
does that suggest to you an uncertain and uneasy to say confused state of the public mind
what is the common man 's complaint
let 's take a panoramic look back over the course we have come
has that way been lit always by the lamp of liberalism up until the turning back under eisenhower
and the basic character of that liberalism has been spiritual rather than economic
ralph gabriel gave it the name of protestant philosophy of progress
but there 's a subjective side to that utopian outlook
does our society have a runaway uncontrollable growth of technology which may end our civilization or a normal healthy growth
here there may be an analogy with cancer we can detect cancers by their rapidly accelerating growth determinable only when related to the more normal rate of healthy growth
should the accelerating growth of technology then warn us
noting such evidence is the first step
and almost the only cure is early detection and removal
one way to determine whether we have so dangerous a technology would be to check the strength of our society 's organs to see if their functioning is as healthy as before
so an objective look at our present procedures may move us to consider seriously this possibly analogous situation
in any event whether society may have cancer or merely a virus infection the disease we shall find is political economical social and even medical
have our physical abilities already deteriorated because of the more sedentary lives we are now living
hence the prime issue as i see it is whether a democratic or free society can master technology for the benefit of mankind or whether technology will rule and develop its own society compatible with its own needs as a force of nature
we are already committed to establishing man 's supremacy over nature and everywhere on earth merely in the limited social-political-economical context we are fond of today
otherwise we go on endlessly trying to draw the line color and other as to which kind of man we wish to see dominate
we have proved so able to solve technological problems that to contend we cannot realize a universal goal in the immediate future is to be extremely shortsighted if nothing else
we must believe we have the ability to affect our own destinies otherwise why try anything
so in these pages the term technology is used to include any and all means which could amplify project or augment man 's control over himself and over other men
naturally this includes all communication forms e.g. languages or any social political economic or religious structures employed for such control
properly mindful of all the cultures in existence today throughout the world we must employ these resources without war or violent revolution
if we were creating a wholly new society we could insist that our social political economic and philosophic institutions foster rather than hamper man
but we cannot start off with a clean slate
so we must first analyze our present institutions with respect to the effect of each on man 's major needs
asked which institution most needs correction i would say the corporation as it exists in america today
at first glance this appears strange of all people was america founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring undeveloped societies abroad
but hear harrison e. salisbury former moscow correspondent of the new york times and author of to moscow and beyond
in a book review of the soviet cultural offensive he says long before the state department organized its bureaucracy into an east-west contacts staff in order to wage a cultural counter-offensive within soviet borders the sharp cutting-edge of american culture had carved its mark across the russian steppes as when the enterprising promoters of porgy and bess overrode the state department to carry the contemporary cultural warfare behind the enemy lines
they were diplomats or jazz musicians or even organizers of reading-rooms and photo-montage displays but rugged capitalist entrepreneurs like henry ford hugh cooper thomas campbell the international harvester co. and david w. griffith
their kind created an american culture superior to any in the world an industrial and technological culture which penetrated russia as it did almost every corner of the earth without a nickel from the federal treasury or a single governmental specialist to contrive directives or program a series of consultations of interested agencies
this favorable image of america in the minds of russian men and women is still there despite years of energetic anti-american propaganda
corporations now outmoded
perhaps the public 's present attitude toward business stems from the fact that the rugged capitalist entrepreneur no more exists in america
in his stead is a milquetoast version known as the corporation
but even if we cannot see the repulsive characteristics in this new image of america foreigners can
and our loss of prestige abroad is the direct result
no amount of ballyhoo will cover up the sordid facts
if we want respect from ourselves or others we will have to earn it
first let us realize that whatever good this set-up achieved in earlier times now the corporation per se cannot take economic leadership
businesses must develop as a result of the ideas energies and ambitions of an individual having purpose and comprehensive ability within one mind
when we forced individuals to assume the corporate structure by means of taxes and other legal statutes we adopted what i would term pseudo-capitalism and so took a major step toward socialism
the biggest loss of course was the individual 's lessened desire and ability to give his services to the growth of his company and our economy
socialism i grant has a definite place in our society
but let us complain of the evils of capitalism by referring to a form that is truly capitalistic
some forms of capitalism do indeed work superb organizations a credit to any society
but the pseudo-capitalism which dictates our whole economy as well as our politics and social life will stand close scrutiny
its pretense to operate in the public interest is little more than a sham
it serves only its own stockholders and poorly at that
as a creative enterprise its abilities are primarily in swallowing creative enterprises developed outside its own organization an ability made possible by us and almost mandatory
as to benefits to employees it is notorious for its callous disregard except where it depends on them for services
the corporation in america is in reality our form of socialism vying in a sense with the other socialistic form that has emerged within governmental bureaucracy
but while the corporation has all the disadvantages of the socialist form of organization so cumbersome it cannot constructively do much of anything compatible with its need to perpetuate itself and maintain its status quo unluckily it does have the desirable aspect of socialism the motivation to operate for the benefit of society as a whole
so we are faced with a vast network of amorphous entities perpetuating themselves in whatever manner they can without regard to the needs of society controlling society and forcing upon it a regime representing only the corporation 's needs for survival
the corporation has a limited specific place in our society
ideally speaking it should be allowed to operate only where the public has a great stake in the continuity of supply or services and where the actions of a single proprietor are secondary to the needs of society
examples are in public utilities making military aircraft and accessories or where the investment and risk for a proprietorship would be too great for a much needed project impossible to achieve by any means other than the corporate form e.g. constructing major airports or dams
thus if corporations are to run away with us they must become quasi-governmental institutions subject to public control and needs
in all other areas private initiative of the proprietorship type should be urged to produce the desired goods and services
avoiding runaway technology can be done only by assuring a humane society
and for this human beings must be firmly in control of the economics on which our society rests
such genuine human leadership the proprietorship can offer corporations cannot
it can project long-range goals for itself
corporations react violently to short-range stimuli e.g. quarterly and annual dividend reports
proprietorships can establish a unity and integrity of control
corporations being more amorphous cannot
proprietorships can establish a meaningful identity representing a human personality and thus establish sincere relationships with customers and community
corporations are apt by nature to be impersonal inhumane shortsighted and almost exclusively profit-motivated a picture they could scarcely afford to present to the public
the proprietor is able to create a leadership impossible in the corporate structure with its board of directors and stockholders
leadership is lacking in our society because it has no legitimate place to develop
men continuously at the head of growing enterprises can acquire experiences of the most varied complicated and trying type so that at maturation they have developed the competence and willingness to accept the personal responsibility so sorely needed now
hence government must establish greater controls upon corporations so that their activities promote what is deemed essential to the national interest
proprietorships should get the tax advantages now accruing to corporations e.g. the chance to accumulate capital so vital for growth
corporations should pay added taxes to be used for educational purposes necessarily of the formal type
the right to leave legacies should be substantially reduced and ultimately eliminated
to perpetuate wealth control led by small groups of individuals who played no role in its creation prevents those with real initiative from coming to the fore and is basically anti-democratic
when the proprietor dies the establishment should become a corporation until it is either acquired by another proprietor or the government decides to drop it
strikes should be declared illegal against corporations because disagreements would have to be settled by government representatives acting as controllers of the corporation whose responsibility to the state would now be defined against proprietorship because employees and proprietors must be completely interdependent as they are each a part of the whole
strikes threatening the security of the proprietorship if internally motivated prevent a healthy relationship
certainly external forces should be applied arbitrarily out of mere power available to do so
if we cannot stop warfare in our own economic system how can we expect to abolish it internationally
one kind of proprietorship
these proposals would go far toward creating the economic atmosphere favoring growth of the individual who in turn would help us to cope with runaway technology
individual human strength is needed to pit against an inhuman condition
the battle is easy
we are tempted to blame others for our problems rather than look them straight in the face and realize they are of our own making and possible of solution only by ourselves with the help of desperately needed enlightened competent leaders
persons developed in today 's corporations cannot hope to serve here a judgment based on experiences of my own in business and in activities outside
in my own company in effect a partnership although legally a corporation i have been able to do many things for my employees which normal corporations of comparable size and nature would have been unable to do
also i am convinced that if my company were a sole proprietorship instead of a partnership i would have been even abler to solve long-range problems for myself and my fellow-employees
any abilities i may have were achieved in their present shape from experience in sharing in the growth and control of my business coupled with raising my family
this combined experience on a foundation of very average i assure you intelligence and background has helped me do things many well-informed people would bet heavily against
perhaps a list of some of the practices of my company will help here
the company grew out of efforts by two completely inexperienced men in their late twenties neither having a formal education applicable to or experience in manufacturing or selling our type of articles
from an initial investment of $#,### in #### it has grown with no additional capital investment to a present value estimated by some as exceeding $##,###,### we don't disclose financial figures to the public
its growth continues steadily on a par with past growth
and no limitation is in evidence
our pin-curl clips and self-locking nuts achieved dominance in just a few years time despite substantial well established competition
during the last years of woodrow wilson 's administration a red scare developed in our country
many americans reacted irrationally to the challenge of russia and turned to the repression of ideas by force
postmaster general burleson set about to protect the american people against radical propaganda that might be spread through the mails
attorney general palmer made a series of raids that sent more than #,### so-called radicals to the jails in direct violation of their constitutional rights
then many years later the un-american activities committee under the leadership of martin dies pilloried hundreds of decent patriotic citizens
anyone who tried to remedy some of the most glaring defects in our form of democracy was denounced as a traitorous red whose real purpose was the destruction of our government
this hysteria reached its height under the leadership of senator joseph mccarthy
demagogues of this sort found communist bogeys lurking behind any new idea that would run counter to stereotyped notions
new ideas were dangerous and must be repressed no matter how
those who would suppress dangerous thoughts credit ideas with high potency
they give strict interpretation to william james' statement that every idea that enters the mind tends to express itself
they seem to believe that a person will act automatically as soon as he contacts something new
hence the only defensible procedure is to repress any and every notion unless it gives evidence that it is perfectly safe
despite this danger however we are informed on every hand that ideas machines are our finest tools
they are priceless even though they cannot be recorded on a ledger page
they are the most valuable of commodities and the most salable for their demand far exceeds supply
so all-important are ideas we are told that persons successful in business and happy in social life usually fall into two classes those who invent new ideas of their own and those who borrow beg or steal from others
seemingly with an unrestricted flow of ideas all will be well and we are even assured that an idea a day will keep the sheriff away
that however may also bring the police if the thinking does meet with social approval
criminals as well as model citizens exercise their minds
merely having a mental image of some sort is the all-important consideration
of course there must be clarity a single distinct impression is more valuable than many fuzzy ones
but clarity is enough
the writer took a class of college students to the state hospital for the mentally ill in st. joseph missouri
an inmate a former university professor expounded to us logically and clearly that someone was pilfering his thoughts
he appealed to us to bring his case to the attention of the authorities that justice might be done
despite the clarity of his presentation his idea was of einsteinian calibre
true ideas are important perhaps life 's most precious treasures
but have we gone overboard in stressing their significance
have we actually developed idea worship
ideas we must have and we seek them everywhere
we scour literature for them
here we find stored the wisdom of great minds
but are all these works worthy of consideration
can they stand rigid scrutiny
shakespeare 's wit and wisdom his profound insight into human nature have stood the test of centuries
but was he infallible in all things
what of his treatment of the jew in the merchant of venice
shakespeare gives us a vivid picture of shylock but probably he never saw a jew unless in some of his travels
the jews had been banished from england in #### and were permitted to return before #### when shakespeare had been dead for thirty-nine years
if any had escaped expulsion by hiding they certainly would frequent the market-place
shakespeare did usually invent the incidents in his plays but borrowed them from old stories ballads and plays wove them together and then breathed into them his spark of life
rather than from a first-hand study of jewish people his delineation of shylock stems from a collection of italian stories il pecorone published in #### although written almost two centuries earlier
he could learn at second hand from books but could thus capture the real jewish spirit
harris j. griston in shaking the dust from shakespeare ### writes there is a word spoken by shylock which one would expect from a real jew
he took the story of the pound of flesh and had to fasten it on someone
the jew was the safest victim
no jew was on hand to boycott his financially struggling theater
it would have been unwise policy for instance to apply the pound-of-flesh characterization to the thrifty scotchman
just as now anyone may hurl insults at a citizen of mars or even of tikopia and no senatorial investigation will result
who cares about them
shakespeare does tell us that shylock was an aberrant individual
he sets him forth as being typical of the group
he tells of his jewish heart a shylockian heart
but a jewish heart
this would make anyone crafty and cruel capable of fiendish revenge
there is no justification for such misrepresentation
if living jews were unavailable for study the bible was at hand
reading the old testament would have shown the dramatist that the ideas attributed to shylock were abhorrent to the jews
are we better off for having shakespeare 's idea of shylock
studying the merchant of venice in high school and college has given many young people their notions about jews
does this help the non-jew to understand this group
thomas de torquemada inquisitor-general of the spanish inquisition put many persons to death
his name became synonymous with cold-blooded cruelty
would we gain by keeping alive his memory and besmirching today 's roman catholics by saying he had a catholic heart
let his bones and his memory rest in the fifteenth century where they belong
he is out of place in our times
shakespeare 's shylock too is of dubious value in the modern world
ideas in and of themselves are necessarily the greatest good
a successful businessman recently prefaced his address to a luncheon group with the statement that all economists should be sent to the hospitals for the mentally deranged where they and their theories might rot together
will his words come to be treasured and quoted through the years
frequently we are given assurance that automatically all ideas will be sifted and resifted and in the end only the good ones will survive
but is that like going to a chemistry laboratory and blindly pouring out liquids and powders from an array of bottles and then after stirring expecting a new wonder drug inevitably to result
what of the efficiency of this natural instrument of free discussion
is there some magic in it that assures results
when peter b. kyne pride of palomar ## informed us in #### that we had an instinctive dislike for the japanese did the heated debates of the californians settle the truth or falsity of the proposition
the leopard 's spots came from the pen of thomas dixon in #### and in this he announced an unchangeable law
if a child had a single drop of negro blood he would revert to the ancestral line which except as slaves under a superior race had made one step of progress in #,### years
that doctrine has been accepted by many but has it produced good results
in the same vein a certain short-story plot has been overworked
the son and heir of a prominent family marries a girl who has tell-tale shadows on the half-moons of her finger nails
in time she presents her aristocratic husband with a coal-black child
is the world better for having this idea thrust upon it
will argument and debate decide its truth or falsity
for answers to such questions we must turn to the anthropologists the biologists the historians the psychologists and the sociologists
long ago they consigned the notions of kyne and dixon to the scrap heap
false ideas surfeit another sector of our life
for several generations much fiction has appeared dealing with the steprelationship
the stepmother almost without exception has been presented as a cruel ogress
children conditioned by this mistaken notion have feared stepmothers while adults by their antagonistic attitudes have made the role of the substitute parents a difficult one
debate is likely to resolve the tensions and make the lot of the stepchild a happier one
research on the other hand has shown many stepmothers to be eminently successful some far better than the real mothers
helen deutsch informed us the psychology of women vol. # ### that in all cultures the term stepmother automatically evokes deprecatory implications a conclusion accepted by many
will mere debate on that proposition even though it be free and untrammeled remove the dross and leave a residue of refined gold
that is questionable to say the least
research into several cultures has proven her position to be a mistaken one
most assuredly ideas are invaluable
but ideas just for the sake of having them are enough
in the #### 's cures for the depression literally flooded washington
for a time the president received hundreds of them every day most of them worthless
ideas need to be tested and merely by argument and debate
when some question arises in the medical field concerning cancer for instance we do turn to free and open discussion as in a political campaign
we have recourse to the scientifically-trained specialist in the laboratory
the merits of the salk anti-polio vaccine were established on the forensic platform or in newspaper editorials but in the laboratory and by tests in the field on thousands of children
our presidential campaigns provide much debate and argument
but is the result new barnsful of tested knowledge on the basis of which we can with confidence solve our domestic and international problems
man we are told is endowed with reason and is capable of distinguishing good from bad
but what a super-herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy
we are reminded however that freedom of thought and discussion the unfettered exchange of ideas is basic under our form of government
assuredly in our political campaigns there is freedom to think to examine any and all issues and to speak without restraint
no holds are barred
but have the results been heartening
may we state with confidence that in such an exhibition a republic will find its greatest security
we must forget to be sure that free discussion and debate have produced beneficial results
in truth we can say that this broke the power of senator joseph mccarthy who was finally exposed in full light to the american people
if he had been liquidated in some way he would have become a martyr a rallying point for people who shared his ideas
debate in the political arena can be productive of good
but it is a clumsy and wasteful process it can produce negative results but much that is positive
debate rid us of mccarthy but did give us much that is positive
it did something to clear the ground but it erected no striking new structure
it did even provide the architect 's plan for anything new
in the field of the natural sciences scientifically verified data are quite readily available and any discussion can be shortened with good results
in the field of the social sciences a considerable fund of tested knowledge has been accumulated that can be used to good advantage
by no means would we discourage the production of ideas they provide raw materials with which to work
they provide stimulations that lead to further production
we would establish no censorship
the president 's personality would have opened that office to him
and for the first time a representative of the highest office in the land would have been liable to the charge that he had attempted to make it a successorship by inheritance
it is testimony to the deep respect in which mr. eisenhower was held by members of all parties that the moral considerations raised by his approach to the matter were explicitly to be broached
these began to be apparent in a press conference held during the second illness in order that the consulting specialists might clarify the president 's condition for the nation
and if howard rutstein felt impelled thereafter to formulate the ethics of the medical profession his article in the atlantic monthly accomplished a good deal more
it forced us to fix the responsibility for the position in which all medical commentators had been placed
the discussion of professional ethics inevitably reminded us that in the historical perspective the president 's decision will finally clarify itself as a moral rather than a medical problem
because the responsibility for resolving the issue lay with the president rather than with his doctors nothing raises more surely for us the difficulties simple goodness faces in dealing with complex moral problems under political pressure
for the president had dealt with the matter humbly in what he conceived as the democratic way
but the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man rather than a group of men whether a group of doctors a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion or the masses of the voters
any attempt to reconcile this statement of the central issue in the campaign of #### with the nature of the man who could conceive it as the central issue will at least resolve our confusions about the chaotic and misleading results of the earnestness of both doctors and president in a situation which should never have arisen
it was a response to the conflict between political pressure and the moral intuition which resulted in attempts at prediction
in no other situation would a group of doctors struggling competently to improve the life expectancy of a man beloved by the world be subjected to such merciless and persistent questioning and before they were prepared to demonstrate the kind of verbal precision which alone can clarify for mankind the problems it faces
and though we can look back now and see their errors we can look back also to the ultimate error
it recurred in the press conferences the president 's remarks about his running developed a singular tone one which we find in few statements made by public individuals on such a matter
the press conference became a stage which betrayed the drift of his private thinking rather than his convictions
he commented thoughtfully a reporter told us that it was too important for the individual how he ends up
he gave us a simile to explain his admission that even at the worst period of his second illness it never occurred to him there was any renewed question about his running as in the battle of the bulge he had no fears about the outcome until he read the american newspapers
yet the attitude that the fate of the presidency demands in such a situation is quite distinct from the simple courage that can proceed with battles to be fought regardless of the consequences
in this case others should have had to raise the doubts and fears
the presidency demands an incisive awareness of the larger implications of the death of any incumbent
it is of the utmost importance to the people of america and of the world how their governing president ends up during the four years of his term
only when that term is ended and he is a private citizen again can he be permitted the freedom and the courage to discount the dangers of his death
ironically enough in this instance such personal virtues were a luxury
at the national and international level then what is the highest kind of morality for the private citizen represents an instance of political immorality
and we had the uneasy sense that the cleavage between the moral and the political progressed amid the events which concern us
for the tone of the editorials which greeted mr. eisenhower 's original announcement of his running had been strangely disquieting
neither the vibrant enthusiasm which bespeaks a people 's intuitive sense of the fitness of things at climactic moments nor the vital argumentation betraying its sense that something significant has transpired was in evidence
nothing testifies more clearly to that cleavage than the peculiar editorial page appearing in a july issue of life magazine the issue which also carried the second announcement of the candidacy
the double editorial on two aspects of the u.s. spirit was subtly calculated to suggest a moral sanction for gambles great as well as small reflecting popular approval of this questionable attitude toward the highest office in the land
the moral creed and the will to risk live happily together if we do examine where the line is to be drawn
i may possibly be a greater risk than is the normal person of my age the president had said on february ##th of the election year ignoring the fact that no one of his age had ever lived out another term
my doctors assure me that this increased percentage of risk is great
but by the time the risk was doubled events had dismissed from his mind both increased percentages and a previously stated intention of considering carefully anything more serious than a bout of influenza
only infrequently did the situation color his thinking
ironically no president we have had would have regretted more than president eisenhower the possibility to which his own words in the press conference held at the beginning of august testified that unable as he was himself to say his running was best for the country unconsciously he had placed his party before his nation
so it is that we relive his opening statement in the first television address with the dramatic immediacy of the present
no consideration of risk urges itself upon him now for this is what the mind does with the ideas on which it has properly focussed
yet with a mind less shallow if less sharp than some of the fortune-happy syndicates which back him he feels what he cannot formulate
and we watch him amid the overtones which suggest he could never in any conscience urge a risk upon the voters
moving as he is into the phase of the campaign which demands conviction of him he adopts a position that is morally indefensible
he ascribes to the mercy of god the peace which this personal matter the assurance that he can physically sustain the burden of the office longer than any individual in the history of our nation has been able to do has brought him
what is simply an opinion formed in defiance of the laws of human probability whether or it is later confirmed has become by september of the election year a firm conviction
as a means of silencing a discussion which ought to have taken place the statement is an effective one we sympathize with the universal confusion which gives rise to such convictions
but it is also the climax to one of the absorbing chapters in our current political history
in assigning to god the responsibility which he learned could rest with his doctors eisenhower gave evidence of that weakening of the moral intuition which was to characterize his administration in the years to follow
in any other man this reassurance to the electorate would have caused us a profound moral shock
about this man we had to think twice
we knew that it was as reassurance the ironic fruit of a deeply moral nature
but the fact remains that even the unconscious acceptance of himself as a man of destiny divinely protected must be censored in any man who evades the responsibility for his major decisions and thus for imposing his will on the people
and in the context of drifting personal utterances we have examined there was occasional evidence of the origin of all such evasions
when the possibility that he had given reconsideration to so weighty a decision seemed to disconcert his questioners mr. eisenhower was known to make his characteristic statement to the press that he was going to talk about the matter any more
thinking had stopped
it was to be resumed
the portrait that had developed fragmentarily but consistently was the portrait of a man to whom serious thinking is alien enough that the making of a decision inhibits when it does forestall any ability to review the decision in the light of new evidence
this does mean that the decision to run for office should inevitably have been revoked
instead it means that the thinking in which decision issues has the power to determine the morality of the decision as in this instance the pressure for renewed practical or legislative attention to the constitutional problems the decision had uncovered might have done
drifting through a third illness apparently without any provision for the handling of a major national emergency other than a talk with the vice-president eisenhower revealed the singularly static quality of his thinking
despite three warnings no sense of moral urgency impelled him to distinguish his situation and thus his responsibilities from wilson 's
by contrast the energetic reaction of the leader to the full demands his decision imposes upon him strengthens the moral intuition and gives us the measure of the man
only by means of an intensive preoccupation with the detailed considerations following from any decision can he ensure attention to the practical details to be dealt with if the implications of immorality in the major decision are effectively to be checked
in the incessant struggle with recalcitrant political fact he learns to focus the essence of a problem in the significant detail and to articulate the distinctions which clarify the detail as significant with what is sometimes astounding rapidity
like lincoln he can distinguish his relation to god from the constitutional responsibilities a questionable decision exacts of him
like roosevelt he can distinguish an attitude toward a russian leader he may share with a host of americans from the responsibilities diplomatic convention may impose upon him
he chooses to subordinate one to the other sometimes reluctantly accepting criticism for the lesser immoralities facts breed
the very nature of a choice so grounded in distinction and fact leads to the valid convictions which become force of will in the manifest leader
the capacity for making the distinctions of which diplomacy is compact and the facility with language which can render them into validity in the eyes of other men are the leader 's means for transforming the moral intuition into moral leadership
the making of distinctions like the perception of the great distinctions made is an inordinately difficult business
lincoln 's slow progress towards the several marking his achievement is even now unrecognizable as such and loosely interpreted as the alternation of inconsistency with vision
but because it is the function of the mind to turn the one into the other by means of the capacities with which words endow it we do unwisely examine the type of distinction in the sphere of politics on which decisions hang
only recently and perhaps because a television debate can so effectively dramatize president kennedy 's extraordinary mastery of detail have the abilities on which the capacity for making distinctions depend begun to be clearly discernible at the level of politics
in his recent evaluation of kennedy 's potentialities for leadership walter lippmann has cited the precision of his mind his immense command of factual detail and his instinct for the crucial point as impressive in the extreme
and it is surely clear that the first of these is the result of the way in which the individual 's command of language interacts with the other two
for this change is a change from one positive position to another but a change from order and truth to disorder and negation
the liberal-conservative division we might observe in passing is of itself directly involved in a private interest conflict nor even in struggle between ruling groups
rather it is rooted in a difference of response to the threat of social disintegration
the division is between those who wish to preserve what they have and those who want change
rather it is a division established by two absolutely different ways of thought with regard to man 's life in society
these ways are absolutely irreconcilable because they offer two different recipes for man 's redemption from chaos
the civilizational crisis the third type of change raises the question what are we to do
on the most primitive level
for the answer cannot be derived from any socially cohesive element in the disrupting community
there is no socially existential answer to the question
for the truth formerly experienced by the community no longer has existential status in the community nor does any answer elaborated by philosophers or theoriticians
in this phase of change no idea has social acceptance and so none has ontological status in the community
an interregnum ensues in which men but ideas compete for existence
if we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke
the first two types of change occur within the inward and immanent structure of the society
the first involves a simple shift of interests in the society
the second involves something deeper but its characteristic form focuses on a shift in policy for the community in the truth on which the community rests
thus in both types attention is focused on the community itself and its phenomenological life
the third type however wrenches attention from the life of action and interests in the community and focuses it on the ground of being on which the community depends for its existence
voegelin has analyzed this experience in the case of the stable healthy community
there the community faced with the need to formulate policy on the level of absolute justice can find the answer to its problem in the absolute truth which it holds as partially experienced
this however cannot be done by a community whose very experience of truth is confused and incoherent it has no absolute standard and consequently cannot distinguish the absolute from the contingent
it has lost its ground of being and floats in a mist of appearances
relativism and equality are its characteristic diseases
precisely at the moment when it has lost its vision the mind of the community turns out from itself in a search for the ontological standard whereby it can measure itself
for paradigmatic history breaks rather than unfolds precisely when the movement is from order to disorder and from one order to a new order
the liberal-conservative split to define it further derives from a basic difference concerning the existential status of standard sought and about the spiritual experience that leads to its identification
when disruptive change has penetrated to the third level of social order the process of disruption rapidly reaches a point of no return
indeed it is probable that this point is reached the moment the third level of change begins
at that point we reach the closed historical situation the situation in which man is no longer free to return to a status quo ante
at that point men become aware of the mystery of history called variously fate or destiny or providence and feel themselves caught helplessly in the writhing of a disrupted society
the reasons for this experience are rooted in the metaphysical characteristics of such a change
of all forms of being society or community has the greatest element of determinability
its ontological status is itself most tenuous because apart from individual men who are its matter tradition the form of society exists only as a shared perception of truth
the ontological status of society thus is constituted by the psychological status of society 's members
the content of that psychological status determines ultimately the content of civilization
those social civilizational factors rooted in the human spirit of the group ultimately cease to exist
civilization itself tradition falls out of existence when the human spirit itself becomes confused
civilization is what man has made of himself
its massive contours are rooted in the simple need of man since he is always incomplete to complete himself
it is enough for man to be an ontological esse
he needs existential completion he needs that is to move in the direction of completion
and the direction of that movement is determined by his perception of the truth about himself
he must consequently exist as a self-perceived substantive developing agent or he does exist as man
thus it is no mystical intuition but an analyzable conception to say that man and his tradition can fall out of existence
this happens at the moment man loses the perception of moral substance in himself of a nature that in maritain 's words is perceived as a locus of intelligible necessities
an existentialist is a man who perceives himself only as esse as existence without substance
thus human perception and human volition is the immanent cause of all social change and this most truly when the change reaches the civilizational level
thus with regard to the loss of tradition in the change from order to disorder the metaphysics of change works itself out as a disruption of the individual soul a change in which man continues as an objective ontological existent but no longer as a man
further change is a form of motion it occurs as the act of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency and has yet reached the terminus of the change
with regard to the change we are examining the question is at what point does the change become irreversible
a number of considerations suggest that this occurs early in the process
change involves the displacement of form
this means that the inception of change itself can begin only when the factors conducive to change have already become more powerful than those anchoring the existent form in being
if the existent form is to be retained new factors that reinforce it must be introduced into the situation
in the case of social decay form is displaced simply by the process of dissolution with no form at the terminus of the process
now in the mere fact of the beginning of such displacement we have prima-facie evidence of the ontological weakness of the fading form
and when we consider the tenuous hold tradition has on existence any weakening of that hold constitutes a crisis of existence
the retention of a tradition confronted with such a crisis necessitates the introduction of new spiritual forces into the situation
however the crisis occurs precisely as a weakening of spiritual forces
it would seem therefore that in a civilizational crisis man cannot save himself
the emergence of the crisis itself would seem to constitute a warranty for the victory of disorder
and it would seem that history is a witness to this truth
as a further characterization of the liberal conservative split we may observe that it involves differences in the formula for escaping inevitabilities in history
these differences in turn derive from prior differences concerning the friendly or hostile character of change
anxiety and deep insecurity are the characteristic responses evoked by the crisis in tradition
to experience them it is necessary for a people to be actively aware of what is happening to it
the process of erosion need only undermine the tradition and a series of consequences begin unfolding within the individual while in institutions a quiet but deep transformation of processes occurs
within the individual the reaction has been called various names all however pointing to the same basic experience
weil identifies it as being rootless guardini as being placeless riesman as being lonely
others call it alienation and mean by that no simple economic experience as marx does but a deep spiritual sense of dislocation
within institutions there is a marked decline of the process of persuasion and the substitution of a force-fear process which masquerades as the earlier one of persuasion
we note the use of rhetoric as a weapon the manipulation of the masses by propaganda the mobilization of effort and resources
within this context of spontaneous and unanalyzed responses to the experience of civilizational crisis two basic organizations of response are observable reaction and ideological progressivism
these responses are explicable in terms of characteristics inherent in the crisis
both are predictably destined to fail
the response of reaction is dominated by a concern for what is vanishing
its essence lies in its attempt to recover previous order through the repression of disruptive forces
to this end political authority is called upon to exercise its negative and coercive powers
the implicit assumption of this response is that history is reversible
seemingly order is perceived as a kind of subsistent entity now covered by adventitious accretions
the problem is to remove the accretions and thereby uncover the order that was always there
such a response of course misses the point that in crisis order is going out of existence
moreover its posture of stubborn but simple resistance is doomed to failure because of the metaphysical weakness of the existent form of order once the activation of change has reached visible proportions
the most reaction can achieve is stasis and a stasis that can be maintained only by the expenditure of an effort which ultimately exhausts itself
despite the hopelessness of the response it is explicable in terms of the crisis of tradition itself
since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class
their great error is to mingle the responses typical of each of the three types of change
since civilizational change is the most difficult to perceive and analyze it seldom is given adequate attention
and the anxiety it generates is misinterpreted as anxiety over private interest and threatened social status
the basic truth in the reactionary response is to be found in its realistic assumption of the primacy of the real over the ideational
but this truth is distorted by its extreme application the assumption of the separate existence of tradition
the reactionary misses the point that tradition exists ontologically only in the form of psychological-intellectual relations
reactionary theories for this reason usually assume some form of organismic theory
in its defensive formulations the theory will attack conscious change on the grounds of the independent existence of the community
in its dynamic form it visualizes the community as the embodiment of an ontological force the race for instance which unfolds in history
in both cases the individual tends to be treated as an instrument of the organic reality
when the reactionary response is thus bolstered by an intellectual defense the characteristics of that defense are explicable only in terms of the basic attitudes of unanalyzed reaction
reaction is rooted in a perception of tradition as a whole
it is a total situation that is defended the good old days
there is no selectivity
even the questionable features of the past are defended
the point is that the reactionary for whatever motive perceives himself to have been part or a partner of something that extended beyond himself something which consequently he was able to accept or reject on the basis of subjective preference
the reactionary is confused about the existential status of a decaying tradition but he does perceive the unity tradition had when it was healthy
all of which brings up another problem in the use of psychoanalytic insight in a literary work
is the oedipus complex the clinical syndrome material for a tragedy
if we remove ourselves for a moment from our time and our infatuation with mental disease isn't there something absurd about a hero in a novel who is defeated by his infantile neurosis
i am making a clinical judgment here for such personal tragedies are real and are commonplace in the analyst 's consulting room but literature makes a different claim upon our sympathies than tragedy in life
a man in a novel who is defeated in his childhood and condemned by unconscious forces within him to tiredly repeat his earliest failure in love only makes us a little weary of man
his tragedy seems unworthy and trivial
now we can argue that the irresistible fate of oedipus rex was nothing more than the irresistible unconscious longings of oedipus projected outward but this externalization of unconscious conflict makes all the difference between a story and a clinical case history
we can also argue that the three brothers karamazov and smerdyakov were the external representatives of an internal conflict within one man dostoevsky a conflict having to do with father-murder and the wish to possess the father 's woman
but a novel in which one man karamazov explored the divisions within his personality would scarcely merit publication in the psychoanalytic quarterly
it is a mistake to look upon the oedipus of oedipus complex as a literary descendant of oedipus rex
whatever the psychological truth in the oedipus myth an oedipus who is drawn to his fate by irresistible external forces can carry the symbol of humanity and its archaic crime and the incest that is unknowing renews the mystery of the eternal dream of childhood and absorbs us in the secret
but a modern oedipus who is doomed because he cannot oppose his own childhood is only pathetic and for renouncing the mystery in favor of psychological truth he gives up the claim on our sympathies
i am suggesting that a case-history approach to the oedipus complex is a blind alley for a storyteller
the best gifts of the novelist will be wasted on the reader who is insulated against any surprises the novelist may have in store for him
incest is still a durable theme but if it wants to get written about it will have to find ways to surprise the emotions and there is no better way to do this than that of concealment and symbolic representation
and the best way to conceal and disguise the elements of an incest story is to set out to write an incest story
which brings to mind another lawrence story and some interesting comparisons in the treatment of the oedipal theme
the rocking horse winner is also a story about a boy 's love for his mother
if i now risk some comparisons with sons and lovers let it be clear that i am comparing the two works or judging their merits
i am only singling out differences in treatment of a theme and the resultant effects
the rocking horse winner is a fantasy with extraordinary power to disturb the reader but we do know why
it is the story of the hopeless love of a little boy for his cold and vain mother
there are ghostly scenes in which the little boy on his rocking horse rocks madly toward the climax that will magically give him the name of the winning horse
the child grows rich on his winnings and conspires with his uncle to make secret gifts of his money to his mother
the story ends in the child 's illness and delirium brought on by the feverish compulsion to ride his horse to win for his mother
the child dies with his mourning mother at his bedside
i had read the story many times without asking myself why it affected me or caring why it did
but on one occasion when i encountered a similar fantasy in a little boy who was my patient i began to understand the uncanny effects of this story
it was of course a little boy 's fantasy of winning his mother to himself and replacing the father who could give her the things she wanted a classical oedipal fantasy if you like but if it were only this the story would be banal
why does the story affect us
how does the rocking exert its uncanny effect upon the reader
the rocking is actually felt in the story a terrible and ominous rhythm that prophesies the tragedy
the rocking i realized is the single element in the story that carries the erotic message the unspoken and unconscious undercurrent that would mar the innocence of a child 's fantasy and disturb the effects of the work if it were made explicit
the rocking has the ambiguous function of keeping the erotic undercurrent silent and making it present
it conceals and yet is suggestive
a perfect symbol
and if we understand the rocking as an erotic symbol we can also see how well it serves as the symbol of impending tragedy
for this love of the boy for his mother is a hopeless and forbidden love doomed by its nature
we are also struck by the fact that this story of a boy 's love for his mother does offend while the incestuous love of the man paul morel sometimes repels
it 's easy to see why
this love belongs to childhood
we accord it its place there and in lawrence 's treatment we are given the innocent fantasy of a child in fact the form in which oedipal love is expressed in childhood
and when the child dies in lawrence 's story in a delirium that is somehow brought on by his mania to win and to make his mother rich the manifest absurdity of such a disease and such a death does enter into our thoughts at all
we have so completely entered the child 's fantasy that his illness and his death are the plausible and the necessary conclusion
i am sure that none of the effects of this story were consciously employed by lawrence to describe an oedipal fantasy in childhood
it is most probable that freud and the oedipus complex never entered his head in the writing of this story
he was simply writing a story that wanted to be told and in the writing a childhood fantasy of his own emerged
he would have cared why it emerged he only wanted to capture a memory to play with it again in his imagination and somehow to fix and hold in the story the disturbing emotions that accompanied the fantasy
in our own time we have seen that the novelist 's debt to psychoanalysis has increased but that the novel itself has profited much from this marriage
ortega 's hope that modern psychology might yet bring forth a last flowering of the novel has only been partially fulfilled
the young writer seems intimidated by psychological knowledge
he has lost confidence in his own eyes and in the validity of his own psychological insights
he borrows the insights of psychology to improve his impaired vision but cannot bring to his work the distinctive vision that should be a novelist 's own
he has been seduced by the marvels of the unconscious and has lost interest in studying the surfaces of character
if many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior that the ego is still the executive agency of personality and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego
the novelist who has been badly baptized in psychoanalysis often gives us the impression that since all men must have an oedipus complex all men must have the same faces
i have argued that oedipus of the oedipus complex has a doubtful future as a tragic figure in literature
but a writer who has a taste for irony and who sees incest in all its modern dimensions can let his imagination work on the disturbing joke in the incest myth the joke that strikes right at the center of man 's humanness
moral dread is seen as the other face of desire and here psychoanalysis delivers to the writer a magnificent irony and a moral problem of great complexity
there is probably some significance in the fact that two of the best incest stories i have encountered in recent years are burlesques of the incest myth
the ancient types are reassembled in gloom and foreboding to be irresistibly drawn to their destinies but the myth fails before the modern truth
the oracle speaks false and the dream speaks true
in both the farmer 's tale in ralph ellison 's invisible man and in thomas mann 's the holy sinner the incest hero rises above the myth by accepting the wish as motive
the heroic act is the casting off of pretense
thomas mann wrote the holy sinner in ####
it was conceived as a leave-taking a kind of melancholy gathering-in of the myths of the west bevor die nacht sinkt eine lange nacht vielleicht und ein tiefes vergessen
he chose a medieval legend of incest gregorius vom stein and freely borrowed and parodied other myths of the west mixing themes language peoples and times in a master myth in which the old forms continually renew themselves as in his previous treatment of joseph
but the holy sinner is simply a retelling of old stories for an old man 's entertainment
mann understood better than most men the incest comedy at the center of the myth and the psychological truth in which dread is shown as the other face as longing was for him just the kind of deep and complicated joke he liked to tell
and when he retold the legend of gregorius he interpolated a modern version in which the medieval players speak contemporary thoughts in archaic language
while they move through the pageantry of the ancient incest myth and cover themselves through not-knowing they reveal the unconscious motive in seeking each other and in the last scene make an extraordinary confession of guilt in the twentieth-century manner
grigorss is the child of an incestuous union between a royal brother and sister the twins sibylla and wiligis
he is born in secrecy after the death of his father and cast adrift soon after birth
the infant is discovered by a fisherman who brings him home to rear him
an ivory tablet in the infant 's cask recounts the story of his sinful origins and is preserved for the child by the monks of a monastery in the fishing village
grigorss at seventeen learns his story and goes forth as a knight to uncover his origins
his sailing vessel is guided by fate to the shores of his own country at a time when sibylla 's domain is overrun by the armies of one of her rejected suitors
grigorss overcomes the suitor in battle delivers the city from its oppressors and marries sibylla who had fallen in love with the beautiful knight the moment she saw him
sibylla is pregnant with their second child when she finds the ivory tablet concealed by her husband and the identities of mother and son are revealed
grigorss goes off to do penance on a rock for seventeen years
at the end of this period two pious christians in rome receive the revelation which leads them to seek the next pope on the rock
grigorss comes to rome and becomes a great and beloved pope
in the last pages of the book sibylla comes to rome to seek an audience with the great pope and to give her confession
mother and son recognize each other and in mann 's version of this legend make a remarkable confession of guilt to each other the confession of unconscious motive and unconscious knowledge of their true identities from the time they had first set eyes on each other
in recollection he has said natural or man-made objects kept coming into my head but i would suppress them sternly
moreover he organized the movement of his forms within his rigorously shaped space into highly complex equilibriums
and used gradations of color value as well as sharply contrasting elementary colors
the worthy mondrian seeing these pictures said in a tone of kindly reproof but you are really an artist of the naturalistic tradition
helion did realize it at the time but it was true
his monumental abstraction made up of smooth metallic non-objects acting upon each other with great tension won helion much acclaim during the 'thirties
the play of novel lighting effects also entered into these compositions whose controlled power and varied activity made them well worth meditating
as helion 's work showed more and more nostalgia for the world of man and nature the pure abstractionists expressed some disapproval
but leger arp lipchitz and alexander calder at the time gave him their blessing
his canvases nowadays bore titles frankly declaring them to be figures in space or blue figure or pink figure
and they had vaguely heads and feet
exhibited in shows in london in #### and in new york the following year the new more elaborated abstracts were much favored in the circles of the modernists as three-dimentional dramas of great intellectual coherence
at this period the thirty-year old helion was ranked as one of the mature leaders of the modern movement according to herbert read and in the direct line of descent from cezanne seurat gris and leger
in america meyer schapiro observed that unlike the mondrian school helion sought a return path to the fullness of nature within the framework of abstract art
it is notable that at this time he was writing with admiration of cimabue 's and poussin 's way of filling space
abstract art was still the right path for him
but he held instead of continuing as an art of reduction it must grow must make a place for the contributions of the raphaels and poussins as well as for those of the early cubists and mondrian
later helion wrote of this phase for years i built for myself a subtle instrument of relationships colors and forms without a name
i played on it my secret songs unexplained passionate and peaceful
but his own work was evolving further
the extreme limitations he sensed in all current abstract art made that seem to him increasingly arid and cold
he was engaged in constant experiments that searched for new directions
where would it all lead
he himself did know as he said in ####
but he was afraid of the future he would in fact welcome a way back to social integration a functional art of some kind
during the #### 's the abstractionists the german bauhaus group of industrial designers and the new architects all had the dream of some well ordered utopia or welfare state in which their neat and logical constructions might find their proper place
but whereas the postwar american abstractionists seem to helion to be determined to escape from the real world or simply to rebel against it the ordered abstractions which he and his associates of the #### 's were painting embodied the hope of improving things
we were possessed by visions of a new civilization to come very pure and elevated he has said in fact some ideal form of socialism such as we had dreamed of since the war of ####-####
instead of this the #### 's witnessed a tragic economic depression the rise of fascist dictators in europe the wasting civil war in spain
very much the political man helion felt himself deeply affected by the increasingly pessimistic atmosphere of france and all europe whose foundations seemed to him more and more shaky
in #### he decided to migrate to america
the rooseveltian america was a haven of liberalism and progress and seemed to him to constitute the last best hope for civilization
helion also hoped that america 's mastery of technology and industrial efficiency would be accompanied by the production of new and beautiful art works
i arrived in the united states with the idea of establishing myself there more or less permanently and finding inspiration for new compositions
in new york he was well received by what was then only a small brave band of non-figurative artists including alexander calder george k. l. morris de kooning holty and a few others
after a year in a studio on sheridan square having married an american girl who was a native of virginia helion moved to a village in the blue ridge mountains where he produced some of the most imposing of his abstract canvases
the darkening world scene at the time of the munich pact continued to trouble his mind even in his remote virginia studio
fear possessed me and the certainty of war he has related
i truly smelled blood death heaps of corpses everywhere
in haste he labored to finish some last abstract paintings a three-panel frieze with a flying figure and a fallen figure
a double-figure which went to the chicago art institute and is considered by him the most successful of his abstracts
and in early #### a fallen figure of very ominous character which concluded his abstract phase
i knew i was carrying on with abstraction to its very end for me he said of the two years' output in virginia
with those paintings of big constructions crashing down he felt he could stop
they were in effect his last testament to non-objective art
he had taken out first papers for american citizenship
but after war came to europe he decided to return to france arriving there in january ####
i hated the war he said but thought i ought to go because i was perhaps one of those who hadn't done enough to prevent it
in june #### sergeant helion with a company of reserve troops waiting to go into battle was sketching the hills south of the loire river when the war suddenly rolled in upon him
its first apparition was a long gloomy column of refugees riding in farm wagons or pushing prams
his company then carried out a confused retreating movement until it was surrounded by the germans a few days before france capitulated
after a sort of death march during four days without food helion and his comrades were shipped by cattle-car to a labor camp at an estate farm in east germany
a year later they were removed to a stalag in the harbor of stettin
at the time of his capture helion had on his person a sketchbook he had bought at woolworth 's in new york
when he was stripped deloused and numbered by his guards his much-thumbed sketchbook was seized and thrown on a pile of prisoners' goods to be confiscated
it was then i knew that they were making war against man the individual within
who questioned things when given orders
at stettin the university-educated artist who had studied german was chosen to serve as interpreter and clerk in the office of the stalag commander
in secret he also acted as a member of the prisoners' central committee which plotted sabotage planned a few escapes and maintained a hidden control over the wretched french slave-laborers
in the stalag helion came to know and love his comrades most of them plain folk who in their extremity showed true courage and ran great risks to help each other
how much they esteemed him is shown by the fact that their underground committee selected him as one of the few who would be helped to escape
in the prison camp 's black market civilian clothes were quietly bought and forged papers were devised for him
during long weeks the plan for his flight was rehearsed
every morning contingents of prisoners would be sent out to labor in nearby factories
one evening while a volley-ball game was being played in the yard among the prisoners remaining there a simulated melee was staged just as the gates were opened to admit other prisoners returning from work
as helion wrote afterward
their sentry followed
four hands were stretched toward me by my comrades behind me
marquet held my briefcase
finot held a wallet with my money and papers
moineau and david held nothing but their fingers
they felt rough and kind and warm
at this moment the volley-ball hit the ground
duclos ran toward desprez with fists raised
the guards all rushed up to intervene
shedding his prison cloak helion shot through the gates now clad in civilian garments and with the passport of a flemish worker
riding trains hitching hikes on trucks across germany slipping through guarded frontiers with the help of secret guides he eventually reached vichy france and by the winter of #### was back in virginia
to escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind
only loathing of captivity but a faith a hope that is even stronger
i left behind me brave men whom captivity had robbed of all hope
they too loved their families longed for their villages yet lacked the faith that drove one to dare the fearful chance of escape
it was a time of revelations for him
even the most rational of men under great stress may be transported by a new faith and behave like mystics
helion knew that he owed his freedom as much to the self-sacrifice of his fellow-men in arbeitskommando ## stettin as to his own fierce will and love of life
after that he declared to return to freedom was to fall to one 's knees before the real world and adore it
in prison he had been able to sketch nothing but figures from life his guards his companions in misery
now all his desires centered on rediscovering and singing of the prosaic and yet beautiful world of men and objects so long barred from me by a barbed wire fence
and he added during the many months in prison camp all abstract images vanished from my mind
before leaving for america he happened to see his old friend jean arp and confided to him his new resolutions
arp protested but it is impossible
everything in the way of representation has already been done by the old masters
helion however clung to the belief that in escaping from the stalag i had also escaped from abstraction
while convalescing in his virginia home he wrote a book recording his prison experiences and escape entitled they shall not have me published originally in helion 's english by dutton & co. of new york in #### the book was received by the press as a work of astonishing literary power and one of the most realistic accounts of world war # from the french side
it was very widely read too
and the author who seemed the embodiment of france 's rising spirit of resistance to her conquerors was much complimented for his daring military action
but when he showed his new figurative pictures to his artist friends of the abstract camp they paid him no compliments and drew long faces
between #### and #### helion had a series of one-man shows at the paul rosenberg gallery in new york and in paris of his new realistic pictures
they reincarnated the figures of human beings banished from his canvases since the #### 's
these new pictures focussed on the familiar and commonplace objects that he had heard the men in his prison camp talking about as the things they missed most hence associated with the sense of lost freedom the cafe at the corner the newspaper kiosk the girls in doorways and windows along the street the golden-crusted french bread they lacked the cigarettes denied them
one of the pictures was of a man with hat drawn over his face ceremoniously lighting a cigarette
others were of men doffing their hats to each other carrying umbrellas with pomp reading newspapers or simply showing loaves of bread spread out
important as was mr. o'donnell 's essay his thesis is so restricting as to deny faulkner the stature which he obviously has
he and also mr. cowley and mr. warren have fallen to the temptation which besets many of us to read into our authors nathaniel hawthorne for example and herman melville protests against modernism material progress and science which are genuine protests of our own but may have been theirs
faulkner 's total works today and in fact those of his works which existed in #### when mr. cowley made his comment or in #### when mr. o'donnell wrote his essay reveal no such simple attitude toward the south
if he is a traditionalist he is an eclectic traditionalist
if he condemns the recent or the present he condemns the past with no less force
if he sees the heroic in a sartoris or a sutpen he sees also and he shows the blind and the mean and he sees the compson family disintegrating from within
if the barn-burner 's family produces a flem snopes who personifies commercialism and materialism in hyperbolic crassness the compson family produces a jason compson #
faulkner is a most untraditional traditionalist
others writing on faulkner have found the phrase traditional moralist either inadequate or misleading
among them are frederick j. hoffman william van o'connor and mrs. olga vickery
they have indicated the direction but they have been explicit enough i believe in pointing out faulkner 's independence his questioning if indeed challenging the southern tradition
faulkner 's is the mind of the apologist which mr. o'donnell implies that it is
he is one to remain more comfortably and unquestioningly within a body of social cultural or literary traditions than he was within the traditions or possibly the regulations governing his tenure in the post office at oxford mississippi thirty-five years ago
that is to deny that he has been aware of traditions of course that he is steeped in them in fact or that he has dealt with them in his books
it is to say rather i believe that he has brought to bear on the history the traditions and the lore of his region a critical skeptical mind the same mind which has made of him an inveterate experimenter in literary form and technique
he has employed from his section rich immediate materials which in a loose sense can be termed southern
the fact that he has cast over those materials the light of a skeptical mind does make him any the less southern i rather think for the south has been no more solid than other regions except in the political and related areas where patronage and force and intimidation and fear may produce a surface uniformity
some of us might be inclined to argue in fact that an independence of mind and action and an intolerance of regimentation either mental or physical are particularly southern traits
there is no necessity i suppose to assert that mr. faulkner is southern
it would be easy to discover a more thoroughly southern pedigree than that of his family
and after all he has lived comfortably at both oxford mississippi and charlottesville virginia
the young william faulkner in new orleans in the #### 's impressed the novelist hamilton basso as obviously conscious of being a southerner and there is no evidence that since then he has ever considered himself any less so
besides showing no inclination apparently to absent himself from his native region even for short periods and in addition writing a shelf of books set in the region he has handled in those books an astonishingly complete list of matters which have been important in the south during the past hundred years
it is more difficult with faulkner than with most authors to say what is the extent and what is the source of his knowledge
his own testimony is that he has read very little in the history of the south implying that what he knows of that history has come to him orally and that he knows the world around him primarily from his own unassisted observation
his denials of extensive reading notwithstanding it is no doubt safe to assume that he has spent time schooling himself in southern history and that he has gained some acquaintance with the chief literary authors who have lived in the south or have written about the south
to believe otherwise would be unrealistic
but in looking at faulkner against his background in mississippi and the south it is important to lose the broader perspective
his earliest work reflected heavy influences from english and continental writers
evidence is plentiful that early and later also he has been indebted to the gothic romancers who deal in extravagant horror to the symbolists writing at the end of the preceding century and in particular to the stream-of-consciousness novelists henry james and james joyce among them
his repeated experimentation with the techniques of fiction testifies to an independence of mind and an originality of approach but it also shows him touching at many points the stream of literary development back of him
my intention therefore is to say that faulkner 's awareness has been confined within the borders of the south but rather that he has looked at his world as a southerner and that presumably his outlook is southern
the ingredients of faulkner 's novels and stories are by no means new with him and most of the problems he takes up have had the attention of authors before him
a useful comment on his relation to his region may be made i think by noting briefly how in handling southern materials and southern problems he has deviated from the pattern set by other southern authors while remaining faithful to the essential character of the region
the planter aristocracy has appeared in literature at least since john pendleton kennedy published swallow-barn in #### and in his genial portrait of frank meriwether presiding over his plantation dominion initiated the most persistent tradition of southern literature
the thoroughgoing idealization of the planter society did come however until after the civil war when southern writers were eager to defend a way of life which had been destroyed
as they looked with nostalgia to a society which had been swept away they were probably no more than half-conscious that they painted in colors which had never existed
their books found no less willing readers outside than inside the south even while memories of the war were still sharp
the tradition reached its apex perhaps in the works of thomas nelson page toward the end of the century and reappeared undiminished as late as #### in the best-selling novel so red the rose by stark young
although faulkner was the heir in his own family to this tradition he did have stark young 's inclination to romanticize and sentimentalize the planter society
the myth of the southern plantation has had only a tangential relation with actuality as francis pendleton gaines showed forty years ago and i suspect it has had a far narrower acceptance as something real than has generally been supposed
faulkner has found it useful but he has employed it with his habitual independence of mind and skeptical outlook
without saying or seeming to say that in portraying the sartoris and the compson families faulkner 's chief concern is social criticism we can say nevertheless that through those families he dramatizes his comment on the planter dynasties as they have existed since the decades before the civil war
it may be that in this comment he has broken from the conventional pattern more violently than in any other regard for the treatment in his books is far removed from even the genial irony of ellen glasgow who was the only important novelist before him to challenge the conventional picture of planter society
faulkner 's low-class characters had but few counterparts in earlier southern novels dealing with plantation life
they have an ancestry extending back however at least to #### when william byrd described the lubberlanders he encountered in the back country of virginia and north carolina
the chief literary antecedents of the snopes clan appeared in the realistic humorous writing which originated in the south and the southwest in the three decades before the civil war
these narratives of coarse action and crude language appeared first in local newspapers as a rule and later found their way between book covers though rarely into the planters' libraries beside the morocco-bound volumes of horace mr. addison mr. pope and sir walter scott
there is evidence to suggest in fact that many authors of the humorous sketches were prompted to write them or to make them as indelicate as they are by way of protesting against the artificial refinements which had come to dominate the polite letters of the south
william gilmore simms sturdy realist that he was pleaded for a natural robustness such as he found in his favorites the great elizabethans to vivify the pale writings being produced around him
simms admired the raucous tales emanating from the backwoods but he had himself social affiliations which would allow him to approve them fully
augustus baldwin longstreet a preacher and a college and university president in four southern states published the earliest of these backwoods sketches and in the character ransy sniffle in the accounts of sharp horse-trading and eye-gouging physical combat and in the shockingly unliterary speech of his characters he set an example followed by many after him
others who wrote of low characters and low life included thomas bangs thorpe creator of the big bear of arkansas and tom owen the bee-hunter
johnson jones hooper whose character simon suggs bears a close kinship to flem snopes in both his willingness to take cruel advantage of all and sundry and the sharpness with which he habitually carried out his will
and george washington harris whose tennessee hillbilly character sut lovingood perpetrated more unmalicious mischief and more unintended pain than any other character in literature
it would be profitable i believe to read these realistic humorists alongside faulkner 's works the thought being that he necessarily read them and owed anything to them directly but rather that they dealt a hundred years ago with a class of people and a type of life which have continued down to our time to faulkner 's time
such a comparison reminds us that in employing low characters in his works faulkner is recording actuality in the south and moreover is following a long-established literary precedent
such characters with their low existence and often low morality produce humorous effects in his novels and tales as they did in the writing of longstreet and hooper and harris but it need be added that he gives them far subtler and more intricate functions than they had in the earlier writers
nor is there need to add that among them are some of the most highly individualized and most successful of his characters
one of the early humorists already mentioned thomas bangs thorpe can be used to illustrate another point where faulkner touches authentic southern materials and also earlier literary treatment of those materials
thorpe came to louisiana from the east as a young man prepared to find in the new country the setting of romantic adventure and idealized beauty
but thorpe saw also the hardships of pioneer existence the cultural poverty of the frontier settlements and the slack morality which abounded in the new regions
as a consequence of the tensions thus produced in his thoughts and feelings he wrote on the one hand sketches of idealized hunting trips and on the other an anecdote of the village of hardscrabble arkansas where no one had ever seen a piano
and he wrote also the masterpiece of frontier humor the big bear of arkansas in which earthy realism is placed alongside the exaggeration of the backwoods tall-tale and the awe with which man contemplates the grandeur and the mysteries of nature
some years ago julian huxley proposed to an audience made up of members of the british association for the advancement of science that man 's supernormal or extra-sensory faculties are now in the same case as were his mathematical faculties during the ice age
as a humanist dr. huxley interests himself in the possibilities of human development and one thing we can say about this suggestion which comes from a leading zoologist is that so far as he is concerned the scientific outlook places no rigid limitation upon the idea of future human evolution
this text from dr. huxley is sometimes used by enthusiasts to indicate that they have the permission of the scientists to press the case for a wonderful unfoldment of psychic powers in human beings
there may be a case of this sort but it is one we wish to argue here
even if people do in a far distant future begin to read one another 's minds there will still be the question of whether what you find in another man 's mind is especially worth reading worth more that is than what you can read in good books
even if men eventually find themselves able to look through walls and around corners one may question whether this will help them to live better lives
there would be side-conclusions to be drawn of course
such capacities are impressive evidence pointing to a conception of the human being which does appear in the accounts of biologists and organic evolutionists
but the basic puzzles of existence would still be puzzling and we should still have to work out the sort of problems we plan to discuss in this article
all we want from dr. huxley 's statement is the feeling that this is an open world in the view of the best scientific opinion with practically no directional commitments as to what may happen next and no important confinements with respect to what may be possible
it seems quite obvious that all the really difficult tasks of human beings arise from the fact that man is one but many
each man that is is both one and many
he is a dreamer of the good society with a plan to put into effect and he is an individual craftsman with something to make for himself and the people of his time
he is a parent with a child to nurture here and now and he is an educator who worries about the children half way round the world
he is a utopian with a stake in tomorrow and he is a vulnerable human made captive by the circumstances of today
he can sacrifice himself for tomorrow and he can sacrifice tomorrow for himself
he is a craig 's wife who agonizes about tobacco ash on the living room rug and he is a forgetful genius who goes boating with the town baker when dignitaries from the local university have come to call
he is the stern guardian of the status quo who has raised the utilitarian structures of the age and he is the revolutionary poet with a gun in his hand who writes a tragic apologetic to posterity for the men he has killed
what will be the final symmetry of the good society
for what do the utopians labor
here on a desk is a stack of pamphlets representing the efforts of some of the best men of the day to penetrate these questions
the pamphlets are about law the corporation forms of government the idea of freedom the defense of liberty the various lethargies which overtake our major institutions the gap between traditional social ideals and the working mechanisms that have been set in motion for their realization
the thing that is notable in all these discussions is the lack of ideological ardor
there is another kind of ardor a quiet sure devotion to the fundamental decencies of human life but no angry utopian contentions
actually you could wish for some passion now and then but when you look around the world and see the little volcanos of current history which partisan social passions have wrought you are glad that in these pamphlets there is at least some civilized calm
you could also say that in these pamphlets is a relieving quality of maturity
there is essential pleasantness in reading the writing of men who are angry who can contend without quarreling
this is the good kind of sophistication and with all our problems and crises this kind of sophistication has flowered in the united states during recent years
a characteristic expression of such concern and inquiry is found in joseph p. lyford 's introduction to the agreeable autocracies a recent paperback study of the institutions of modern democratic society
mr. lyford gives voice to a temper that represents we think an achieved plateau of reflective thinking
after casting about for a way of describing this spirit we decided that it would be better to use mr. lyford 's introduction as an illustration
at one time it seemed as if the soviet union had done us a favor by providing a striking example of how to behave towards other peoples and other nations
as things turned out however we have profited greatly from the lesson instead of persistently following a national program of our own we have often been satisfied to be against whatever soviet policy seemed to be at the moment
such activity may or may have irritated the kremlin but it has frequently condemned america to an unnatural defensiveness that has undermined our effort to give leadership to the free world
the defensiveness has been exaggerated by another bad habit our tendency to rate the goodness or badness of other nations by the extent to which they applaud the slogans we circulate about ourselves
since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government
shocked at the response to our proclamations we grow more defensive and worse we lose our sense of humor and proportion
mr. nehru is subjected to stern lectures on neutralism by our department of state and an american president observes sourly that sweden would be a little less neurotic if it were a little more capitalistic
one thing you can say about mr. lyford is that he does suffer from any insecurity as an american
those who are insecure fear to be candid in self-examination
only the strong look squarely at weakness
the maturity in this point of view lies in its recognition that no basic problem is ever solved without being clearly understood
mr. lyford continues
even if the self portrait we distribute for popular consumption were accurate it would be dangerous to present it as a picture of the ideal society
we would be ignoring the special circumstances of other countries
the picture is the more treacherous when it misrepresents the facts of american life
the discrepancy between what we commonly profess and what we practice or tolerate is great and it does escape the notice of others
if our sincerity is granted and it is granted the discrepancy can only be explained by the fact that we have come to believe hearsay and legend about ourselves in preference to an understanding gained by earnest self-examination
what is more the legends have become so sacrosanct that the very habit of self-examination or self-criticism smells of low treason and men who practice it are defeatists and unpatriotic scoundrels
although we continue to pay our conversational devotions to free private enterprise individual initiative the democratic way government of the people competition of the marketplace etc. we live rather comfortably in a society in which economic competition is diminishing in large areas bureaucracy is corroding representative government technology is weakening the citizen 's confidence in his own power to make decisions and the threat of war is driving him economically and physically into the ground
the interesting thing about mr. lyford 's approach and the approach of the contributors to the agreeable autocracies oceana publications #### to the situation of american civilization is that it is concerned with comprehending the psychological relationships which are having a decisive effect on american life
in an ideological argument the participants tend to thump the table
they are determined to prove something
the new spirit so well illustrated by mr. lyford 's work is wholly free of this anxiety
the problem is rather to find out what is actually happening and this is especially difficult for the reason that we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present sometimes by the very agencies our educational system our mass media our statesmen on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves
the introduction continues
we experience a vague uneasiness about events a suspicion that our political and economic institutions like the genie in the bottle have escaped confinement and that we have lost the power to recall them
we feel uncomfortable at being bossed by a corporation or a union or a television set but until we have some knowledge about these phenomena and what they are doing to us we can hardly learn to control them
it does appear that we will be delivered from our situation by articles on the national purpose
the agreeable autocracies is an attempt to explore some of the institutions which both reflect and determine the character of the free society today
the men who speculate on these institutions have for the most part come to at least one common conclusion that many of the great enterprises and associations around which our democracy is formed are in themselves autocratic in nature and possessed of power which can be used to frustrate the citizen who is trying to assert his individuality in the modern world
these institutions which mr. lyford names agreeable autocracies where did they come from
of one thing we can be sure they were sketched out by the revolutionary theorists of the eighteenth century who formulated the political principles and originally shaped the political institutions of what we term the free society
no doubt there are historians who can explain to a great extent what happened to the plans and projects of the eighteenth century
going back over this ground and analyzing the composition of forces which have created the present scene is one of the tasks undertaken by the center for the study of democratic institutions in santa barbara
but however we come finally to explain and account for the present the truth we are trying to expose right now is that the makers of constitutions and the designers of institutions find it difficult if impossible to anticipate the behavior of the host of all their enterprises
the host is the flowing life of the human race
this life has its own currents and rhythms its own multiple cycles and adaptations
on occasion it produces extraordinary novelties
should rousseau have been able to leave room in his social theory for the advent of television atomic energy and ibm machines
how would thomas jefferson feel after reading factories in the field
they tell us sir that we are free because we have in one hand a ballot and in the other a stock certificate
with these we shape our destiny and own private property and that sir makes ours the best of all possible societies
the reality of the situation however is described by mr. lyford
many of us may even be secretly relieved at having a plausible excuse to delegate ancient civic responsibilities to a new bureaucracy of experts
thus the member of an industrial union comes to regard his officers as business agents who may proceed without interference or recall
the stockholder delivers his proxy
and the citizen narrows his political participation to the mere act of voting if he votes at all
copernicus did question it ptolemy could
given the conceptual context within which ancient thought thrived how could anyone have questioned this principle
the reasons for this are partly observational partly philosophical and reinforced by other aesthetic and cultural factors
first the observational reasons
the obvious natural fact to ancient thinkers was the diurnal rotation of the heavens
only did constellations like draco cepheus and cassiopeia spin circles around the pole but stars which were circumpolar rose and set at the same place on the horizon each night
nor did a constellation 's stars vary in brightness during the course of their nocturnal flights
the conclusion the distances of the constellations did vary and their paths were circular
moreover the sun 's path over earth described a segment of a great circle
this was clear from the contour of the shadow traced by a gnomon before and after noon
as early as the #th century b.c. the earth was seen to be spherical
ships disappear hull-first over the horizon
approaching shore their masts appeared first
earth being at the center of the universe would have the same shape as the latter
so e.g. did aristotle argue although this may be an observational reason in favor of circularity
the discoid shapes of sun and moon were also felt to indicate the shape of celestial things
in light of all this one would require special reasons for saying that the paths of the heavenly bodies were other than circular
why for example should the ancients have supposed the diurnal rotation of the heavens to be elliptical
there were no reasons for such suppositions then
this conjoined with the considerations above made the circular motions of heavenly bodies appear an almost directly observed fact
additional philosophical considerations advanced notably by aristotle supported further the circularity principle
by distinguishing superlunary celestial and sublunary terrestrial existence and reinforcing this with the four-element physics of empedocles aristotle came to speak of the stars as perfect bodies which moved in only a perfect way viz. in a perfect circle
now what is perfect motion
it must apparently be motion without termini
because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would e.g. for aristotle be incomplete
circular motion however since it is eternal and perfectly continuous lacks termini
it is never motion towards something
only imcomplete imperfect things move towards what they lack
perfect complete entities if they move at all do move towards what they lack
they move only in accordance with what is in their natures
thus circular motion is itself one of the essential characteristics of completely perfect celestial existence
to return now to the four-element physics a mixture of muddy frothy water will when standing in a jar separate out with earth at the bottom water on top and the air on top of that
a candle alight in the air directs its flame and smoke upwards
this gives a clue to the cosmical order of elements
thus earth has fallen to the center of the universe
it is covered partly with water air is atop of that
pure fire the stars is in the heavens
when combined with the metaphysical notion that pure forms of this universe are best appreciated when least embodied in a material substratum it becomes clear that while earth will be dross on a scale of material-formal ratios celestial bodies will be of a subtle quickened ethereal existence in whose embodiment pure form will be the dominant component and matter will be absent or remain subsidiary
the stars constitute an order of existence different from what we encounter on earth
this is clear when one distinguishes the types of motion appropriate to both regions
a projectile shot up from earth returns rectlinearly to its natural place of rest
but the natural condition for the heavenly bodies is neither rest nor rectilinear motion
being less encumbered by material embodiments they partake more of what is divine
their motion will be eternal and perfect
let us re-examine the publicized contrasts between ptolemaic and copernican astronomy
bluntly there never was a ptolemaic system of astronomy
copernicus' achievement was to have invented systematic astronomy
the almagest and the hypotheses outline ptolemy 's conception of his own task as the provision of computational tables independent calculating devices for the prediction of future planetary perturbations
indeed in the halma edition of theon 's presentation of the hypotheses there is a chart setting out under six distinct headings otherwise unrelated diagrams for describing the planetary motions
no attempt is made by ptolemy to weld into a single scheme a-la-aristotle these independent predicting-machines
they all have this in common the earth is situated near the center of the deferent
but that one should superimpose all these charts run a pin through the common point and then scale each planetary deferent larger and smaller to keep the epicycles from bumping this is contrary to any intention ptolemy ever expresses
he might even suppose the planets to move at infinity
ptolemy 's problem is to forecast where against the inverted bowl of night some particular light will be found at future times
his problem concerns longitudes latitudes and angular velocities
the distances of these points of light is a problem he cannot master beyond crude conjectures as to the orderings of the planetary orbits viewed outward from earth
but none of this has prevented scientists philosophers and even historians of science from speaking of the ptolemaic system in contrast to the copernican
this is a mistake
it is engendered by confounding the aristotelian cosmology in the almagest with the geocentric astronomy
ptolemy recurrently denies that he could ever explain planetary motion
this is what necessitates the nonsystematic character of his astronomy
so when textbooks like that of baker set out drawings of the ptolemaic system complete with earth in the center and the seven heavenly bodies epicyclically arranged on their several deferents we have nothing but a misleading ##th-century idea of what never existed historically
it is the chief merit in copernicus' work that all his planetary calculations are interdependent
he cannot e.g. compute the retrograde arc traveled by mars without also making suppositions about the earth 's own motion
he cannot describe eclipses without entertaining some form of a three-body problem
in ptolemaic terms however eclipses and retrograde motion were phenomena simpliciter to be explained directly as possible resultants of epicyclical combinations
in a systematic astronomy like that of copernicus retrogradations become part of the conceptual structure of the system
they are no longer a puzzling aspect of intricately variable local planetary motions
another contrast stressed when discussing ptolemaic vs. copernican astronomy turns on the idea of simplicity
it is often stated that copernican astronomy is simpler than ptolemaic
some even say that this is the reason for the ultimate acceptance of the former
thus margenau remarks a large number of unrelated epicycles was needed to explain the observations but otherwise the ptolemaic system served well and with quantitative precision
copernicus by placing the sun at the center of the planetary universe was able to reduce the number of epicycles from eighty-three to seventeen
historical records indicate that copernicus was unaware of the fundamental aspects of his so-called revolution unaware perhaps of its historical importance he rested content with having produced a simpler scheme for prediction
as an illustration of the principle of simplicity the heliocentric discovery has a peculiar appeal because it allows simplicity to be arithmetized
it involves a reduction in the number of epicycles from eighty-three to seventeen
without careful qualification this can be misleading
if in any one calculation ptolemy had had to invoke ## epicycles all at once while copernicus never required more than one third this number then in the sense obvious to margenau ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than copernican
but no single planetary problem ever required of ptolemy more than six epicycles at one time
this of course results from the non-systematic cellular character of ptolemaic theory
calculations within the copernican framework always raised questions about planetary configurations
these could be met only by considering the dynamical elements of several planets at one time
this is more ambitious than ptolemy is ever required to be when he faces his isolated problems
thus in no ordinary sense of simplicity is the ptolemaic theory simpler than the copernican
the latter required juggling several elements simultaneously
this was simpler but much more difficult than exercises within ptolemy 's astronomy
analogously anyone who argues that einstein 's theory of gravitation is simpler than newton 's must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists while the former can be managed with difficulty only by accomplished experts
in a sense einstein 's theory is simpler than newton 's and there is a corresponding sense in which copernicus' theory is simpler than ptolemy 's
but simplicity here refers to systematic simplicity
the number of primitive ideas in systematically-simple theories is reduced to a minimum
the axioms required to make the theoretical machinery operate are set out tersely and powerfully so that all permissible operations within the theory can be traced rigorously back to these axioms rules and primitive notions
this characterizes euclid 's formulation of geometry but ptolemy 's astronomy
there are in the almagest no rules for determining in advance whether a new epicycle will be required for dealing with abberations in lunar solar or planetary behavior
the strongest appeal of the copernican formulation consisted in just this ideally the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic rules of the theory
the lower-level hypotheses are never ad hoc never introduced ex post facto just to sweep up within the theory some recalcitrant datum
copernicus to an extent unachieved by ptolemy approximated to euclid 's vision
de revolutionibus is just a collection of facts and techniques
it is an organized system of these things
solving astronomical problems requires for copernicus a random search of unrelated tables but a regular employment of the rules defining the entire discipline
hence noting the simplicity achieved in copernicus' formulation does provide another reason for the acceptance of de revolutionibus another reason beyond its systematic superiority
it provides exactly the same reason
#### a.d. is often venerated as the birthday of the scientific revolution
it is really the funeral day of scholastic science
granted the cosmological philosophical and cultural reverberations initiated by the de revolutionibus were felt with increasing violence during the ### years to follow
but considered within technical astronomy a different pattern can be traced
in what does the dissatisfaction of copernicus-the-astronomer consist
what in the almagest draws his fire
geocentricism per se
the formal displacement of the geocentric principle far from being copernicus' primary concern was introduced only to resolve what seemed to him intolerable in orthodox astronomy namely the unphysical triplication of centric reference-points one center from which the planet 's distances were calculated another around which planetary velocities were computed and still a third center the earth from which the observations originated
this arrangement was for copernicus literally monstrous with the ptolemaists it is as though an artist were to gather the hands feet head and other members for his images from divers models each part excellently drawn but related to a single body
and since they in no way match each other the result would be a monster rather than a man
copernicus required a systematically integrated physically intelligible astronomy
his objective was essentially to repair those aspects of orthodox astronomy responsible for its deficiencies in achieving these ends
that such deficiencies existed within ptolemy 's theory was discovered de novo by copernicus
the critical rigorous examinations of nicholas of cusa and nicholas of oresme provided the context a late medieval context for nicholas copernicus' own work
the latter looked backward upon inherited deficiencies
without abandoning too much copernicus sought to make orthodox astronomy systematically and mechanically acceptable
he did think himself to be firing the first shot of an intellectual revolution
henrietta 's feeling of identity with sara sullam was crowned by her discovery of the coincidence that sara 's epitaph in the jewish cemetery in venice referred to her as the sulamite
into the texture of this tapestry of history and human drama henrietta as every artist delights to do wove strands of her own intuitive insights into human nature and especially in the remarkable story of the attraction and conflict between two so disparate and fervent characters as this pair into the relations of men and women in their relations she was the giver and he the receiver nay the demander
his feeling always exacted sacrifices from her
one is so accustomed to think of men as the privileged who need but ask and receive and women as submissive and yielding that our sympathies are usually enlisted on the side of the man whose love is returned and we condemn the woman as a coquette
the very firmness of her convictions and logical clearness of her arguments captivated and stimulated him to make greater efforts
usually this is most exasperating to men who expect every woman to verify their preconceived notions concerning her sex and when she does immediately condemn her as eccentric and unwomanly
she had the opportunity that few clever women can resist of showing her superiority in argument over a man
women themselves have come to look upon matters in the same light as the outside world and scarcely find any wrong in submitting to the importunities of a stronger will even when their affections are withheld
she was exposing herself to temptation which it is best to avoid where it can consistently be done
one who invites such trials of character is either foolhardy overconfident or too simple and childlike in faith in mankind to see the danger
in any case but the last such a course is sure to avenge itself upon the individual
the moral powers no more than the physical and mental can bear overstraining
and in the last case a bitter disappointment but too often meets the confiding nature
henrietta was discovering in the process of writing as the born writer does merely a channel for the discharge of accumulated information but a stimulus to the development of the creative powers of observation insight and intuition
dr. isaacs was so pleased with the quality of her biographical study of sara sullam that he considered submitting it to the century magazine or harper 's but he decided that its jewish subject probably would interest them and published it in the messenger so our readers will be benefited instead
under her father 's influence it did occur to henrietta that she might write on subjects outside the jewish field but she did begin writing for other anglo-jewish papers and thus increased her output and her audience
and she wrote the libretto for an oratorio on the subject of judas maccabeus performed at the hanukkah festival which came in december
by her eighteenth birthday her bent for writing was so evident that papa and mamma gave her a life of dickens as a spur to her aspiration
another source of intellectual stimulus was opened to her at that time by the founding of johns hopkins university within walking distance of home
it was established in a couple of buildings in the shopping district with only a few professors but all eminent men and a few hundred eager students housed in nearby dwellings
in september '## thomas huxley darwin 's famous disciple came from england to speak in a crowded auditorium at the formal opening of the university
and although it was a school for men only it afforded henrietta an opportunity to attend its public lectures
in the following year her father undertook to give a course in hebrew theology to johns hopkins students and this brought to the szold house a group of bright young jews who had come to baltimore to study and who enjoyed being fed and mothered by mamma and entertained by henrietta and rachel who played and sang for them in the upstairs sitting room on sunday evenings
from philadelphia came cyrus adler and joseph jastrow
adler judge sulzberger 's nephew came to study assyriology
a smart shrewd and ambitious young man well connected and with a knack for getting in the good graces of important people he was bound to go far
joseph jastrow the younger son of the distinguished rabbi marcus jastrow was a friendly round-faced fellow with a little mustache whose field was psychology and who was also a punster and a jolly tease
his father was a good friend of rabbi szold and joe lived with the szolds for a while
both these youths who greatly admired henrietta were somewhat younger than she as were also the neighboring friedenwald boys who were then studying medicine
and bright though they all were they could possibly compete for her interest with papa whose mind although he never tried to dazzle or patronize lesser lights with it naturally eclipsed theirs and made them seem to her even younger than they were
besides miss henrietta as she was generally known since she had put up her hair with a chignon in the back had little time to spare them from her teaching and writing
so cyrus adler became interested in her friend racie friedenwald and joe jastrow the only young man who when he wrote had the temerity to address her as henrietta and signed himself joe fell in love with pretty sister rachel
henrietta however was at that time engaged in a lengthy correspondence with joe 's older and more serious brother morris who was just about her own age and whom she had got to know well during trips to philadelphia with papa when he substituted for rabbi jastrow at rodeph shalom temple there during its rabbi 's absence in europe
young morris who while attending the university of pennsylvania also taught and edited a paper found time to write henrietta twenty-page letters on everything that engaged his interest from the acting of sarah bernhardt in philadelphia to his reactions to the comments of sulamith on the jewish reform movement being promulgated by the hebrew union college in cincinnati
unlike his younger brother joe he never presumed to address her more familiarly than as my dear friend although he praised and envied the elegance and purity of her style
and when he complained of the lack of time for all he wanted to do henrietta advised him to rise at five in the morning as she and papa did
one thing papa had taught henrietta was how to handle a young man as high-spirited and opinionated as herself
she could resist the opportunity of showing her superiority in argument over a man which she had remarked as one of the feminine follies of sara sullam
and in her forthright way henrietta who in her story of sara had indicated her own unwillingness to think of men as the privileged and women as submissive and yielding felt obliged to defend vigorously any statement of hers to which morris jastrow took the slightest exception he objected to her stand on the corbin affair as well as on the radical reforms of dr. wise of hebrew union college until once in sheer desperation he wrote that he had given up hope they would ever agree on anything
but that did prevent him from writing more long letters or from coming to spend his christmas vacations with the hospitable lively szolds in their pleasant house on lombard street
####s little women
we've got father and mother and each other said beth on the first page of louisa alcott 's little women
and i do think that families are the most beautiful things in all the world burst out jo some five hundred pages later in that popular story of the march family which had first appeared when henrietta was eight
and the szold family as it developed bore a striking resemblance to the marches
mr. march like benjamin szold was a clergyman although of an indeterminate denomination
and marmee march like sophie szold was the competent manager of her brood of girls of whom the marches had only four to the szolds' five
but the march girls had their counterparts in the szold girls
henrietta could easily identify herself with jo march although jo was the eldest sister
neither was henrietta hoydenish like jo who frankly wished she were a boy and had deliberately shortened her name which like henrietta 's was the feminine form of a boy 's name
but both were high-spirited and vivacious both had tempers to control both loved languages especially english and german both were good teachers and wrote for publication
each was her mother 's assistant and confidante
and each stood out conspicuously in the family picture
bertha szold was more like meg the eldest march girl who learned that a woman 's happiest kingdom is home her highest honor the art of ruling it as a queen but a wise wife and mother
bertha blue-eyed like mamma was from the start her mother 's daughter destined for her mother 's role in life
sadie like beth march suffered ill health got rheumatic fever and had to be careful of her heart but that never dampened her spirits
when her right hand was incapacitated by the rheumatism sadie learned to write with her left hand
she wrote gay plays about the girls for family entertainments like oh what fun
a comedy in three acts in which under personages henrietta appeared as a schoolmarm and bertha who was only a trifle less brilliant in high school than henrietta had been appeared as dummkopf
sadie studied piano
played chopin in the soiree musicale of mr. guthrie 's pupils
and she recited hector 's farewell to andromache most movingly to the special delight of rabbi jastrow at his home in germantown near philadelphia where the szold girls took turns visiting between the visits of the jastrow boys at the szolds' in baltimore
adele like amy the youngest of the marches was the rebellious mischievous rather calculating and ambitious one
for rachel conceded to be the prettiest of the szold girls and she did make a pretty picture sitting in the grape-arbor strumming her guitar and singing in her silvery tones there was no particular march counterpart
but both groups were so closely knit that despite individual differences the family life in both cases was remarkably similar in atmosphere if entirely in content the one being definitely jewish and the other vaguely christian
the szolds like the marches enjoyed and loved living together even in troubled times
and as in the march home any young man who called on the szolds found himself confronted with a phalanx of femininity which made it rather difficult to direct his particular attention to any one of them
this included mamma jolly generous and pretty with whom they all fell in love just as papa had first fallen in love with her mamma before he chose her
and when a young man like morris jastrow had enjoyed the szold hospitality he felt obliged to send his respects and his gifts merely to henrietta in whom he was really interested but to all the szold girls and mamma
and just as laurie lawrence was first attracted to bright jo march who found him immature by her high standards and then had to content himself with her younger sister amy so joe jastrow who had also been writing henrietta before he came to johns hopkins had to content himself with her younger sister pretty rachel
and like jo march who saw her sisters meg and amy involved in lovering before herself henrietta saw her sisters rachel and sadie drawn outside their family circle by the attraction of suitors rachel by joe jastrow and sadie by max lobl a young businessman who would write her romantic descriptions of his trips by steamboat down the mississippi
this time he was making no mistake
olgivanna in her country the nickname was a respectful form of address was only attractive but shrewd durable sensible and smart
no wonder wright was enchanted no two better suited people ever met
almost from that day until his death olgivanna was to stay at his side
but the years that immediately followed were to be extraordinarily trying both for wright and his montenegrin lady
it must be granted that the flouting of convention no matter how well intentioned one may be is sure to lead to trouble or at least to the discomfort that goes with social disapproval
even so many of the things that happened to wright and olgivanna seem inordinately severe
their afflictions centered on one maddening difficulty miriam held up the divorce proceedings that she herself had asked for
reporters began to trail miriam everywhere and to encourage her to make appalling statements about wright and his doings
flocks of writs attachments and unpleasant legal papers of every sort began to fly through the air
the distracted miriam would agree to a settlement through her legal representative then change her mind and make another attack on wright as a person
at last her lawyer arthur d. cloud gave up the case because she turned down three successive settlements he arranged
cloud made an interesting statement in parting from his client i wanted to be a lawyer and mrs. wright wanted me to be an avenging angel
so i got out
mrs. wright is without funds
the first thing to do is get her some money by a temporary but definite adjustment pending a final disposition of the case
but every time i suggested this to her mrs. wright turned it down and demanded that i go out and punish mr. wright
i am an attorney an instrument of vengeance
miriam noel disregarded the free advice of her departing counselor and appointed a heavy-faced young man named harold jackson to take his place
there were three years of this strange warfare
and during the unhappy time miriam often would charge that wright and olgivanna were misdemeanants against the public order of wisconsin
yet somehow when officers were prodded into visiting taliesin to execute the warrants they would find neither wright nor olgivanna at home
this showed that common sense had died out at the county and village level though why the unhappy and obviously unbalanced woman was restrained remains a puzzle
the misery of miriam 's bitterness can be felt today by anyone who studies the case it was hopeless agonizing and destructive with miriam herself bearing the heaviest burden of shame and pain
to get an idea of the embarrassment and chagrin that was heaped upon wright and olgivanna we should bear in mind that the raids were sometimes led by miriam in person
one of the most distressing of these scenes occurred at spring green toward the end of the open warfare on a beautiful day in june
at this time miriam noel appeared urging on constable henry pengally whose name showed him to be a descendant of the welsh settlers in the neighborhood
a troop of reporters brought up the rear
miriam was stopped at the taliesin gate and william weston now the estate foreman came out to parley
he said that mr. wright was in and so could be arrested on something called a peace warrant that miriam was waving in the air
miriam now ordered pengally to break down the gate but he said he really couldn't go that far
at this point mrs. frances cupply one of wright 's handsome daughters by his first wife came from the house and tried to calm miriam as she tore down a no visitors sign and smashed the glass pane on another sign with a rock
miriam noel wright said here i am at my own home locked out so i must stand in the road
then she rounded on weston and cried you always did wright 's dirty work
when i take over taliesin the first thing i'll do is fire you
madame noel i think you had better go said mrs. cupply
and i think you had better leave replied miriam
turning to the reporters she asked did you hear her
i think you had better leave
and this is my own home
in the silence that followed miriam walked close to mrs. cupply who drew back a step on her side of the gate
then with staring eyes and lips drawn thin miriam said to the young woman you are ugly uglier than you used to be and you were always very ugly
you are even uglier than mr. wright
the animosity expressed by such a scene had the penetrating quality of a natural force
and it gave miriam noel a fund of energy like that of a person inspired to complete some great and universal work of art
as if to make certain that wright would be unable to pay any settlement at all miriam wrote to prospective clients denouncing him
she also went to washington and appealed to senator george william norris of nebraska the fighting liberal from whose office a sympathetic but cautious harrumphing was heard
then after overtures to accept a settlement and go through with a divorce miriam gave a ghastly echo of mrs. micawber by suddenly stating i will never leave mr. wright
under this kind of pressure it is surprising that wright would make sweeping statements to the newspapers
miriam had yet goaded him into mentioning her directly but one can feel the generalized anger in wright 's remarks to reporters when he was asked one morning on arrival in chicago what he thought of the city as a whole
first wright said he was choked by the smoke which fortunately kept him from seeing the dreadful town
but surely michigan avenue was handsome
that isn't a boulevard it 's a racetrack
cried wright showing that automobiles were considered to be a danger as early as the #### 's
this is a horrible way to live wright went on
you are being strangled by traffic
he was then asked for a solution of the difficulty and began to talk trenchant sense though private anguish showed through in the vehemence of his manner
take a gigantic knife and sweep it over the loop wright said
cut off every building at the seventh floor
spread everything out
you don't need concentration
if you cut down these horrible buildings you'll have no more traffic jams
you'll have trees again
you'll have some joy in the life of this city
after all that 's the job of the architect to give the world a little joy
little enough joy was afforded wright in the spring of #### when another destructive fire broke out at taliesin
the first news stories had it that this blaze was started by a bolt of lightning as though miriam could call down fire from heaven like a prophet of the old testament
a storm did take place that night and fortunately enough it included a cloudburst that helped put out the flames
later accounts blamed defective wiring for starting the fire
at any rate heat grew so intense in the main part of the house that it melted the window panes and fused the k'ang-si pottery to cinders
wright set his loss at $###,### a figure perhaps justified by the unique character of the house that had been ruined and the faultless taste that had gone into the selection of the prints and other things that were destroyed
in spite of the disaster wright completed during this period plans for the lake tahoe resort in which he suggested the shapes of american indian tepees a project of great and appropriate charm that came to nothing
amid a shortage of profitable work the memory of albert johnson 's $##,### stood out in lonely grandeur the money had quickly melted away
a series of conferences with friends and bankers began about this time
and the question before these meetings was here is a man of international reputation and proved earning power
how can he be financed so that he can find the work he ought to do
while this was under consideration dauntless as ever wright set about the building of taliesin #
as he made plans for the new taliesin wright also got on paper his conception of a cathedral of steel and glass to house a congregation of all faiths and the idea for a planetarium with a sloping ramp
years were to pass before these plans came off the paper and wright was justified in thinking as the projects failed that much of what he had to show his country and the world would never be seen except by visitors to taliesin
and now there was some question as to his continued residence there
billy koch who had once worked for wright as a chauffeur gave a deposition for miriam 's use that he had seen olgivanna living at taliesin
this might put wright in such a bad light before a court that miriam would be awarded taliesin
nor was she moved by a letter from wright pointing out that if he was compelled to spend money on useless lawyer 's bills useless hotel bills and useless doctor 's bills he could more quickly provide miriam with a suitable home either in los angeles or paris as she preferred
miriam sniffed at this and complained that wright had said unkind things about her to reporters
his reply was everything that has been printed derogatory to you purporting to have come from me was a betrayal and nothing yet has been printed which i have sanctioned
what irritated miriam was that wright had told the papers about a reasonable offer he had made which he considered she would accept when she tires of publicity
from her california headquarters miriam fired back i shall never divorce mr. wright to permit him to marry olga milanoff
then miriam varied the senseless psychological warfare by suddenly withdrawing a suit for separate maintenance that had been pending and asking for divorce on the grounds of cruelty with the understanding that wright would contest it
the bank of wisconsin sent a representative to the judge 's chambers in madison to give information on wright 's ability to meet the terms
he said that the architect might reasonably be expected to carry his financial burdens if all harrassment could be brought to an end and that the bank would accept a mortgage on taliesin to help bring this about
miriam said that she must be assured that that other woman olga will be in luxury while i am scraping along
this exhausted wright 's patience and in consequence he talked freely to reporters in a madison hotel suite
volstead laws speed laws divorce laws he said as they now stand demoralize the individual make liars and law breakers of us in one way or another and tend to make our experiment in democracy absurd
if mrs. wright doesn't accept the terms in the morning i'll go either to tokyo or to holland to do what i can
i realize in taking this stand just what it means to me and mine
here wright gave a slight sigh of weariness and continued it means more long years lived across the social grain of the life of our people making shift to live in the face of popular disrespect and misunderstanding as i best can for myself and those dependent upon me
next day word came that miriam was going through with the divorce
but wright stayed in the united states
his mentioning of japan and holland had been merely the expression of wishful thinking
no matter what troubles might betide him this most american of artists knew in his heart he could function properly outside his native land
in a few weeks miriam made another sortie at taliesin but was repulsed at the locked and guarded gates
more likely you simply told yourself as you handed us the book that it mattered little what we incanted providing we underwent the discipline of incantation
for pride 's sake i will say that the coy and leering vade mecum of those verses insinuated itself into my soul
besides that particular message does no more than weakly echo the roar in all fresh blood
but what you could know of course was how smoothly the victorian fitzgerald was to lead into an american fitzgerald of my own vintage under whose banner we adolescents were to come if of age then into a bright taut semblance of it
i do suppose you ever heard of f. scott fitzgerald living or dead and moreover i do suppose that even if you had his legend would have seemed to you to warrant more than a cluck of disapproval
neither his appetites his exacerbations nor his despair were kin to yours
he might have been the man in the moon for all you could have understood him
but he was no man in the moon to me
although his tender nights were the ones i dreamed of nor was it for yachts sports cars tall drinks and swimming pools nor yet for money or what money buys that i burned i too was burning and watching myself burn
the flame was simply of a different kind
it was symbolized at least for those of us who recognized ourselves in the image by that self-consuming elegiac candle of edna st. vincent millay 's that candle which from the quatrain where she ensconced it became a beacon to us but which in point of fact would have had to be as tall as a funeral taper to last even the evening let alone the night
one should of course pluck the head off a flower and expect its perfume to linger on
yet this passion for passion now that i look back on it with passion spent seems somewhat overblown and operatic though as a diva miss millay perfectly controlled her notes
only what else was she singing but the old song of songs that most ancient of tunes that nature plays with such unfailing response upon young nerves
perhaps this is so little
perhaps the mere fact that by plucking on the nerves nature can awaken in the most ordinary of us temporarily anyway the sleeping poet and in poets can discover their immortality is the most remarkable of all the remarkable phenomena to which we can attest
one can see it as humiliating that an extra hormone casually fed into our chemistry may induce us to lay down our lives for a lover or a friend
one can take it as no more than another veil torn from the mystery of the soul
but it could also be looked at from the other end of the spectrum
one could see this chemical determinant as in itself a miracle
in any case miss millay 's sweet-throated bitterness her variations on the theme that the world was only well lost for love but even well lost for lost love her constant and wonderfully tragic posture so unlike that of fitzgerald since it required no scenery or props drew from the me that i was when i fell upon her verses an overwhelming yea
but all this i am well aware is the bel canto of love and although i have always liked to think that it was to the bel canto and to that alone that i listened i know well enough that it was
if i am to speak the whole truth about my knowledge of love i will have to stop trying to emulate the transcendant nightingale
there is another side of love more nearly symbolized by the croak of the mating capercailzie or better still perhaps by the mute antics of the slug
whether you experienced the passion of desire i have of course no way of knowing nor indeed have i wished with even the most fleeting fragment of a wish to know for the fact that one constitutes by one 's mere existence so to speak the proof of some sort of passion makes any speculation upon this part of one 's parents' experience more immodest more scandalizing more deeply unwelcome than an obscenity from a stranger
i recoil from the very thought
at the same time i am aware that my recoil could be interpreted by readers of the tea leaves at the bottom of my psyche as an incestuous sign since theirs is a science of paradox if one hates they say it is because one loves
if one bullies they say it is because one is afraid
if one shuns they say it is because one desires
and according to them whatever one fancies one feels what one feels in fact is the opposite
well normally abnormal or normally normal neurotic or merely fastidious do the tea-leaf readers by the way allow psyches to have moral taste
i have never wanted to know what you knew of passion
you probably would remember since you never seemed to remember even the same moments as i much less their intensity one sunny midday on fifth avenue when you had set out with me for some final shopping less than a week before the wedding you staged for me with such reluctance at the farm
i can see us now
we had been walking quite briskly for despite your being so small and me so tall your stride in those days could easily match mine
we had stopped before a shop window to assess its autumnal display when you suddenly turned to me looking up from beneath one of your wrong hats and with your nervous ahem
said there are things i must tell you about this man you are marrying which he does know himself
if you had screamed right there in the street where we stood i could have felt more fear
with scarcely a mumble of excuse i fled
i fled however from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom in the sense you meant the word things which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which i had already insisted upon finding out for myself despite i may now say the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle yes on principle and in cold blood because i was resolved as a modern woman to be a mollycoddle waiting for life but to seize life by the throat
i had developed too foolproof a facade to be afraid of self-betrayal
what i fled from was my fear of what unwittingly you might betray without meaning to about my father and yourself
but i can see from this latest trick of memory how much more arbitrary and influential it is than the will
while my memory holds with relentless tenacity as i cannot too often stress to my wrongs when it comes to my shames it gestures and jokes and toys with chronology like a prestidigitator in the hope of distracting me from them
just as i was about to enlarge upon my discovery of the underside of the leaf of love memory displeased at being asked to yield its unsavory secrets dashed ahead of me calling back over its shoulder skip it
cut it out
but i will skip it or cut it out
it is my intention in this narrative to picture myself as a helpless victim moored to the rock of experience and left to the buffetings of chance
if to be innocent is to be helpless then i had been as are we all helpless at the start
but the time came when i was no longer innocent and therefore no longer helpless
helpless in that sense i can never be again
however i confess my hope that i will be innocent again with a pristine accidental innocence but rather with an innocence achieved by the slow cutting away of the flesh to reach the bone
for innocence of all the graces of the spirit is i believe the one most to be prayed for
although it is constantly made to look foolish too simple to come in out of the rain people say who have found in the innocent an impediment it does mind looking foolish because it is concerned with how it looks
it assumes that things are as they seem when they seem best and when they seem worst it overlooks them
to innocence a word given is a word that will be kept
instinctively innocence does unto others as it expects to be done by
but when these expectations are once too often ground into the dust innocence can falter since its strength is according to the strength of him who possesses it
the innocence of which i speak is i know incorruptible
but i insist upon believing that even when it is lost it may like paradise be regained
however it was of innocence in general that i was speaking but of perhaps the frailest and surely the least important side of it which is innocence in romantic love
here if anywhere it is wholly incontrovertible
to you for instance the word innocence in this connotation probably retained its biblical or should i say technical sense and therefore i suppose i must make myself quite clear by saying that i lost or rather handed over what you would have considered to be my innocence two weeks before i was legally entitled and in fact by oath required to hand it over along with what other goods and bads i had
but to me innocence is far less tangible
i had long since begun to lose my general innocence when i lost my trust in you but this special innocence i lost before ever i loved through my discovery that one could tremble with desire and even experience a flaming delight that had nothing nothing whatever to do with friendship or liking let alone with love
i knew this knowledge to be corrupting at the time i acquired it
today these many years later after all the temptations resisted or yielded to the weasel satisfactions and the engulfing dissatisfactions since endured i call it corrupting still
you i could swear to it remained innocent in this sense until the end
yours but mine was an age in which innocence was fostered and carefully if perhaps altogether innocently preserved
you had grown up at a time when the most distinguishing mark of a lady was the noli me tangere writ plain across her face
moreover because of the particular blot on your family escutcheon through what may only have been one unbridled moment on your grandmother 's part and because you had the lean-to kitchen and trundle bed of your childhood to outgrow what you obviously most desired with both your conscious and unconscious person what you bent your whole will sensibility and intelligence upon was to be a lady
before being daughter wife or mother before being cultured a word now bereft both socially and politically of the sheen you children of frontiersmen bestowed on it before being sorry for the poor progressive about public health and prettily if somewhat imprecisely humanitarian indeed first and foremost you were a lady
there was of course more to the portrait of a lady you carried in your mind 's eye than the sine qua non of her virtue
a lady you made clear to me both by precept and example never raised her voice or slumped in her chair never failed in social tact in heaven for instance would mention st. john the baptist 's head never pouted or withdrew or scandalized in company never reminded others of her physical presence by unseemly sound or gesture never indulged in public scenes or private confidences never spoke of money save in terms of alleviating suffering never gossiped or maligned never stressed but always minimized the hopelessness of anything from sin to death itself
with each song he gave verbal footnotes
the songs sandburg sang often reminded listeners of songs of a kindred character they knew entirely or in fragments
often these listeners would refer sandburg to persons who had similar ballads or ditties
in due time sandburg was a walking thesaurus of american folk music
after he had finished the first two volumes of his lincoln sandburg went to work assembling a book of songs out of hobo and childhood days and from the memory of songs others had taught him
he rummaged found composers and arrangers collaborated on the main design and outline of harmonization with musicians ballad singers and musicologists
the result was a collection of ### songs ballads ditties brought together from all regions of america more than one hundred never before published the american songbag
each song or ditty was prefaced by an author 's note which indicated the origin and meaning of the song as well as special interest the song had musical arrangement and most of the chorus and verses
the book published in #### has been selling steadily ever since
as sandburg said at the time it is as ancient as the medieval european ballads brought to the appalachian mountains it is as modern as skyscrapers the volstead act and the latest oil well gusher
schopenhauer never learned
sandburg is in constant demand as an entertainer
two things contribute to his popularity
first carl respects his audience and prepares his speeches carefully
even when he is called upon for impromptu remarks he has notes written on the back of handy envelopes
he has his own system of shorthand devised by abbreviations humility will be humly with will be w and that will be tt
the second reason for his popularity is his complete spontaneity with the guitar
it is a mistake however to imagine that sandburg uses the guitar as a prop
he is no dextrous-fingered college boy but rather a dedicated humble and bashful apostle of this instrument
at age seventy-four he became what he shyly terms a pupil of andres segovia the great guitarist of the western world
it is easy to become segovia 's pupil
one needs high talent
segovia has written about carl
his fingers labor heavily on the strings and he asked for my help in disciplining them
i found that this precocious grown-up boy of ## deserved to be taught
there has long existed a brotherly affection between us thus i accepted him as my pupil
just as in the case of every prodigy child we must watch for the efficacy of my teaching to show up in the future if he should master all the strenuous exercises i inflicted on him
to play the guitar as he aspires will devour his three-fold energy as a historian a poet and a singer
one cause of schopenhauer 's pessimism was the fact that he failed to learn the guitar
i am certain that carl sandburg will fall into the same sad philosophy
the heart of this great poet constantly bubbles forth a generous joy of life with or without the guitar
the public 's identification of carl sandburg and the guitar is no happenstance
nor does carl reject this identity
he is proud of having segovia for a friend and dedicated a poem to him titled the guitar
carl says it is the greatest poem ever written to the guitar because he has never heard of any other poem to that subtle instrument
a portable companion always ready to go where you go a small friend weighing less than a freshborn infant to be shared with few or many just two of you in sweet meditation
the new york herald tribune 's photographer ira rosenberg tells an anecdote about the time he wanted to take a picture of carl playing a guitar
carl hadn't brought his along
mr. rosenberg suggested that they go out and find one
preferably said carl one battered and worn such as might be found in a pawnshop
they went to the pawnshop of joseph miller of #### sixth avenue
mr. miller was in the shop the herald tribune story related but was reluctant to have anybody 's picture taken inside because his business was too confidential for pictures
but after introductions he asked carl sandburg
well you can pose inside
he wanted mr. sandburg to pose with one of the guitars he had displayed behind glass in the center of his shop but the poet eyed this somewhat distastefully
kalamazoo guitars he said used by radio hillbilly singers
he chose one from mr. miller 's window a plain guitar with no fancy polish
while the picture was taken mr. miller 's disposition to be generous to mr. sandburg increased to the point where he advised i won't even charge you the one dollar rental fee
a knowledgeable celebrity
when someone in the audience rose and asked how does it feel to be a celebrity carl said a celebrity is a fellow who eats celery with celerity
this has always been carl 's attitude
lloyd lewis wrote that when he first knew carl in #### sandburg was making $##.## a week writing features for the day book and eating sparse luncheons in one-arm restaurants
he walked home at night for two miles beyond the end of a suburban trolley
when fame came it changed sandburg only slightly
lewis remembered another newspaperman asking carl have your ideas changed any since you got all these comforts
carl thought the question over slowly and answered i know a starving man who is fed never remembers all the pangs of his starvation i know that
that was all he said lewis reports
that was all he had to say
in answer to a new york times query on what is fame thoughts on fame october ## #### carl said fame is a figment of a pigment
it comes and goes
it changes with every generation
there never were two fames alike
one fame is precious and luminous
another is a bubble of a bauble
ah did you once see shelley plain
the impression you get from carl sandburg 's home is one of laughter and happiness
and the laughter and the happiness are even more pronounced when no company is present
carl has been married to paula for fifty-three years and he has made a single major decision without careful consideration and thorough discussion with his wife
through all these years mrs. sandburg has pointedly avoided the limelight
she has shared her husband 's greatness but only within the confines of their home
it is a dedication which began the moment she met carl
mrs. sandburg received a phi beta kappa key from the university of chicago and she was busy writing and teaching when she met sandburg
you are the peoples' poet was her appraisal in #### and she stopped teaching and writing to devote herself to the fulfillment of her husband 's career
she has rarely been photographed with him and except for carl 's seventy-fifth anniversary celebration in chicago in #### she has attended the dozens of banquets functions public appearances and dinners honoring him all of this upon her insistence
even now i will intrude upon her except to state a few bare facts
the only way to describe paula sandburg is to say she is beautiful in a grecian sense
her clothes her hair everything about her is both graceful and simple
she has small broad capable hands and an enormous energy
she is only a trained mathematician and classicist but a good architect
she designed and supervised the building of the harbert michigan house most of which was constructed by one local carpenter who carried the heavy beams singly upon his shoulder
as the sandburg goat herd increased she also designed the barn alterations to accommodate them
when erosion threatened the foundation of their home in harbert paula sandburg planted grapevines and arranged the snow fences which helped hold the sands away
she was born lilian steichen her parents immigrants from luxemburg
her mother called her paus'l a luxemburg endearment meaning pussycat
some of the children of the family could pronounce this name and called her paula a soubriquet carl liked so much she has been paula ever since
but neither was lilian her baptismal name
her parents pious roman catholics christened her mary anne elizabeth magdalene steichen
my mother read a book right after i was born and there was a lilian in the book she loved and i became lilian and eventually i became paula
lilian steichen was an exceptional student
this family of luxemburg immigrants in fact produced two exceptional children
paula 's older brother is edward steichen a talented artist and for the past half-century one of the world 's eminent photographers
two years ago the photography editor of vogue magazine titled his article about steichen the world 's greatest photographer
by the time lilian had been graduated from public school her parents were doing quite well
her mother was a good manager and established a millinery business in milwaukee
but her father was enthusiastic about sending young paula to high school
this is no place for a young girl he said
the parents compromised however on a convent school and paula went to ursuline academy in london ontario
she was pious too once kneeling through the night from holy thursday to good friday despite the protest of the nuns that this was too much for a young girl
she knelt out of reverence for having read the meditations of st. augustine
she read everything else she could get her hands on including an article she thinks it was in the atlantic monthly by mark twain on white slavery
paula was saddened about what was happening to little girls and vowed to kneel no more in chapel
she had come to a decision
if there was ever a thought in her mind she might devote her life to religion it was now dispelled
i felt that i must devote myself to the outside world
she passed the entrance examinations to the university of illinois but during the year at urbana felt more important events transpired at the university of chicago
and besides thorstein veblen was one of the chicago professors
at the university of chicago she studied whitman and shelley and became a socialist
socialist leaders in milwaukee recognized her worth only because of her dedication but because of her fluency in german french and luxemburg
she once gave a german recitation before a convention of german-language teachers in milwaukee
carl and paula met in milwaukee in #### during paula 's christmas holiday visit to her parents
carl was still charles a. sandburg
he legitimized paula for lilian steichen and it was paula who insisted on carl for charles
victor berger the panjandrum of wisconsin socialism and member of congress had asked paula steichen to translate some of his german editorials into english
carl who was stationed in appleton wisconsin organizing for the social democrats was in berger 's office and made it his business to escort paula to the streetcar
she left the next day for her teaching job at princeton illinois
after graduation from the university of chicago paula taught for two years in the normal school at valley city north dakota then two years at princeton illinois township high school
by the time the streetcar pulled away he had fallen in love with paula
a letter awaited her at princeton
paula says that even though carl 's letters usually began dear miss steichen there was an understanding from the beginning that they would become husband and wife
paula generously lent me one of carl 's love letters dated february ## #### hotel athearn oshkosh wisconsin
dear miss steichen it is a very good letter you send me softens the intensity of this guerilla warfare i am carrying on up here
never until in this work of s-d organization have i realized and felt the attitude and experience of a teacher
the united states is always ready to participate with the soviet union in serious discussion of these or any other subjects that may lead to peace with justice
certainly it is necessary to repeat that the united states has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation
by the same token we reject any soviet attempt to impose its system on us or other peoples by force or subversion
now this concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort
for a moment do we forget that our own fate is firmly fastened to that of these countries
we will act in any way which would jeopardize our solemn commitments to them
we and our friends are of course concerned with self-defense
growing out of this concern is the realization that all people of the free world have a great stake in the progress in freedom of the uncommitted and newly emerging nations
these peoples desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must by our neglect be forced to seek help from and finally become virtual satellites of those who proclaim their hostility to freedom
but they must have technical and investment assistance
this is a problem to be solved by america alone but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help
in recent years america 's partners and friends in western europe and japan have made great economic progress
the international economy of #### is markedly different from that of the early postwar years
no longer is the united states the only major industrial country capable of providing substantial amounts of the resources so urgently needed in the newly developed countries
to remain secure and prosperous themselves wealthy nations must extend the kind of co-operation to the less fortunate members that will inspire hope confidence and progress
a rich nation can for a time without noticeable damage to itself pursue a course of self-indulgence making its single goal the material ease and comfort of its own citizens thus repudiating its own spiritual and material stake in a peaceful and prosperous society of nations
but the enmities it will incur the isolation into which it will descend and the internal moral and spiritual softness that will be engendered will in the long term bring it to economic and political disaster
america did become great through softness and self-indulgence
her miraculous progress in material achievements flows from other qualities far more worthy and substantial adherence to principles and methods consonant with our religious philosophy
a satisfaction in hard work
the readiness to sacrifice for worthwhile causes
the courage to meet every challenge
the intellectual honesty and capacity to recognize the true path of her own best interests
to us and to every nation of the free world rich or poor these qualities are necessary today as never before if we are to march together to greater security prosperity and peace
i believe that the industrial countries are ready to participate actively in supplementing the efforts of the developing nations to achieve progress
the immediate need for this kind of co-operation is underscored by the strain in this nation 's international balance of payments
our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas to finance private investment and to provide assistance to the less developed nations
in #### our deficit in balance of payments approached four billion dollars
continuing deficits of anything like this magnitude would over time impair our own economic growth and check the forward progress of the free world
we must meet this situation by promoting a rising volume of exports and world trade
further we must induce all industrialized nations of the free world to work together to help lift the scourge of poverty from less fortunate
this co-operation in this matter will provide both for the necessary sharing of this burden and in bringing about still further increases in mutually profitable trade
new nations and others struggling with the problems of development will progress only regardless of any outside help if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and use their own resources to fulfill it
moreover progress in a national transformation can be only gradually earned
there is no easy and quick way to follow from the oxcart to the jet plane
but just as we drew on europe for assistance in our earlier years so now do these new and emerging nations that do have this faith and determination deserve help
respecting their need one of the major focal points of our concern is the south-asian region
here in two nations alone are almost five hundred million people all working and working hard to raise their standards and in doing so to make of themselves a strong bulwark against the spread of an ideology that would destroy liberty
i cannot express to you the depth of my conviction that in our own and free world interest we must co-operate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions as expressed in their different multi-year plans
through the world bank and other instrumentalities as well as through individual action by every nation in position to help we must squarely face this titanic challenge
i shall continue to urge the american people in the interests of their own security prosperity and peace to make sure that their own part of this great project be amply and cheerfully supported
free world decisions in this matter may spell the difference between world disaster and world progress in freedom
other countries some of which i visited last month have similar needs
a common meeting ground is desirable for those nations which are prepared to assist in the development effort
during the past year i have discussed this matter with the leaders of several western nations
because of its wealth of experience the organization for european economic cooperation could help with the initial studies needed
the goal is to enlist all available economic resources in the industrialized free world especially private investment capital
by extending this help we hope to make possible the enthusiastic enrollment of these nations under freedom 's banner
no more startling contrast to a system of sullen satellites could be imagined
if we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security and freedom
otherwise the outlook could be dark indeed
we face indeed what may be a turning point in history and we must act decisively and wisely
as a nation we can successfully pursue these objectives only from a position of broadly based strength
no matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction
until tangible and mutually enforceable arms reduction measures are worked out we will weaken the means of defending our institutions
america possesses an enormous defense power
it is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should become so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support
it is world-wide knowledge that any power which might be tempted today to attack the united states by surprise even though we might sustain great losses would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction
but i once again assure all peoples and all nations that the united states except in defense will never turn loose this destructive power
during the past year our long-range striking power unmatched today in manned bombers has taken on new strength as the atlas intercontinental ballistic missile has entered the operational inventory
in fourteen recent test launchings at ranges of five thousand miles atlas has been striking on an average within two miles of the target
this is less than the length of a jet runway well within the circle of destruction
incidentally there was an atlas firing last night
from all reports so far received its performance conformed to the high standards i have just described
such performance is a great tribute to american scientists and engineers who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these long-range ballistic missiles where america had none before
this year moreover growing numbers of nuclear powered submarines will enter our active forces some to be armed with polaris missiles
these remarkable ships and weapons ranging the oceans will be capable of accurate fire on targets virtually anywhere on earth
to meet situations of less than general nuclear war we continue to maintain our carrier forces our many service units abroad our always ready army strategic forces and marine corps divisions and the civilian components
the continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process
it is scheduled to go forward at a rate which will steadily add to our strength
the deployment of a portion of these forces beyond our shores on land and sea is persuasive demonstration of our determination to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with our allies for collective security
moreover i have directed that steps be taken to program on a longer range basis our military assistance to these allies
this is necessary for a sounder collective defense system
next i refer to our program in space exploration which is often mistakenly supposed to be an integral part of defense research and development
we note that first america has already made great contributions in the past two years to the world 's fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science
these discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community
but they are important foundation stones for more extensive exploration of outer space for the ultimate benefit of all mankind
second our military missile program going forward so successfully does suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines which are necessary in distant space exploration
i am assured by experts that the thrust of our present missiles is fully adequate for defense requirements
third the united states is pressing forward in the development of large rocket engines to place vehicles of many tons into space for exploration purposes
fourth in the meantime it is necessary to remember that we have only begun to probe the environment immediately surrounding the earth
using launch systems presently available we are developing satellites to scout the world 's weather
satellite relay stations to facilitate and extend communications over the globe
for navigation aids to give accurate bearings to ships and aircraft
and for perfecting instruments to collect and transmit the data we seek
fifth we have just completed a year 's experience with our new space law
i believe it deficient in certain particulars
suggested improvements will be submitted to the congress shortly
the accomplishment of the many tasks i have alluded to requires the continuous strengthening of the spiritual intellectual and economic sinews of american life
the steady purpose of our society is to assure justice before god for every individual
we must be ever alert that freedom does wither through the careless amassing of restrictive controls or the lack of courage to deal boldly with the issues of the day
a year ago when i met with you the nation was emerging from an economic downturn even though the signs of resurgent prosperity were then sufficiently convincing to the doubtful
today our surging strength is apparent to everyone
#### promises to be the most prosperous year in our history
yet we continue to be afflicted by nagging disorders
among current problems that require solutions participated in by citizens as well as government are
the need to protect the public interest in situations of prolonged labor-management stalemate
the persistent refusal to come to grips with a critical problem in one sector of american agriculture
the continuing threat of inflation together with the persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility
in certain instances the denial to some of our citizens of equal protection of the law
the group upon the issuance of its first press release on december ## #### designated itself a committee of investigation
in the course of its inquiry it took testimony from only seven witnesses
it heard bang-jensen twice and his lawyer adolf a. berle jr. once
its second press release was on january ## #### and it recommended that the secret papers be destroyed
it also implied that paul bang-jensen had been irresponsible
on january ## ernest gross conducted a press conference at the u.n. lasting an hour
here he openly attacked bang-jensen and referred to his aberrant conduct
this conference was held despite stavropoulos' assurance to adolf berle who was leaving the same day for puerto rico that nothing would be done until his return on january ## except that the secretary general would probably order the list destroyed
on january ## paul bang-jensen accompanied by adolf berle was met by dragoslav protitch and colonel frank begley former police chief of farmington conn. and now head of u.n. special police
the four bundled in overcoats mounted to the wind-swept roof of the u.n.
there begley lit a fire in a wire basket and bang-jensen dropped four sealed envelopes into the flames
in one of these he said were notes on the identities of the eighty-one refugees
the method of destroying the evidence embarrassed paul bang-jensen
he knew it would be implied that it was done in this way at his insistence
he was right and peter marshall could help but recall andrew cordier 's words on the subject well it seemed as good a place as any to do the job
the gross group had been formed for the express purpose of advising the secretary general
hammarskjold 's supposed desire to seek outside legal advice in the guise of ernest gross is illusion at best
gross 's being outside the u.n. applied only to a physical state an objective one
but by the time the papers were finally disposed of the group had informed the world of its purpose its recommendations and its belief that paul bang-jensen was of sound mind
shortly the group would issue its report to the secretary general recommending paul bang-jensen 's dismissal from the united nations
the contents of this ###-page document would become known to many before it would become known to the man it was written about
until this hungarian committee matter came up bang-jensen was a fine and devoted individual
i had known him for some years when i was a delegate and before and this manner had never been his
ernest a. gross leaned back in his chair and told peter marshall how secretary general dag hammarskjold had on december # #### called him in as a private lawyer to review bang-jensen 's conduct relating to his association with the special committee on the problem of hungary
the result was the gross report prepared by gross as chairman with the assistance of two u.n. under secretaries constantin stavropoulos and philippe de seynes
yes gross went on bang-jensen was an up-and-coming young man
he had always done well
never well known but he had done his work competently
gross had received marshall courteously and they were discussing the case
you know the lawyer said it 's difficult to talk like this about a man who can't answer back
gross was behind a clean-top desk only a manila folder before him
marshall sat in one of the several leather chairs
outside the office windows twenty-four stories above wall street a light rain was falling
mr. gross your report says that our function is investigative and advisory and does in any way derogate from or prejudice mr. bang-jensen 's rights as a staff member
you know bang-jensen characterized your committee as having prejudged his case
gross swung his swivel chair
well how could that have been
i don't consider that he was prejudged
we were given a job and we carried it out and later his case was taken up by the disciplinary committee
we have nothing to hide under a bushel
we did our job mr. stavropoulos and mr. de seynes and myself taking evidence from a number of people
what did you think about his mental state
i think our report sums up our finding gross answered
don't forget here was a man who had been accusing his colleagues for almost a year of willfully attempting to present an incorrect report
this was merely alleging errors but was carried out by day-after-day allegations in memos written charges of serious consequence
this is a distressing thing
supposing you or i were being accused in this manner and yet we were doing our level best to carry on our work
no organization can carry on like that
i've been in government and i can tell some pretty hairy stories about personnel difficulties so i know what a problem he was
what i'd like you to comment on is the criticism leveled at your committee
what do you mean
for instance regarding the fact that the gross committee issued two interim announcements to the press during its investigation
you know bang-jensen was told the committee was to convey its views suggestions and recommendations to the secretary general
in his own words bang-jensen took it for granted that the group would report to the secretary general privately and in public
he claimed that the release of the preliminary findings was prejudicial to his position
for an instant he glared speechless at marshall
listen he said
i thought the entire report was going to be confidential from beginning to end
but you know bang-jensen launched an active campaign against us in the press
it was getting so that we the committee were being tried
you can find it in the papers
well as a matter of fact i've looked through back-issue files of new york papers for december #### and haven't found a great deal
gross shot another look at marshall
it wasn't necessarily all here in new york
don't forget the foreign press
then what about the second interim public announcement
this cited bang-jensen 's aberrant conduct
the reason for that report was to settle the matter of the list
as far as i'm concerned it was a separate matter from the general committee study of bang-jensen 's conduct
the january fifteen report recommended that bang-jensen be instructed to burn the list the papers in the presence of a u.n. security officer
how about your press conference three days later what was the reason for that
bang-jensen said you told correspondents that you had checked in advance to make sure the term aberrant conduct was libelous
he claimed you made other slanderous allegations
gross paused and repeated himself
the entire object of the press conference was to clarify the problem of the list since many in the press were querying the u.n. about it
what was the list
i don't know
bang-jensen never explained what the documents or papers were that he had in his possession
it was foolish of him to keep them whatever they were
he could have been blackmailed or his family might have been threatened
of course the matter caught the public 's attention
we attempted to conclude this and did so by having the papers burned
hammarskjold didn't like the way it was carried out
it was a sort of gotterdammerung affair
hammarskjold believes the u.n. is an organization that settles matters in a procedural way
peter marshall reflected
if hammarskjold had wanted the list disposed of in this manner and if bang-jensen had wanted it who had ordered it
mr. gross concerning the formation of your committee there 's the fact that you have been a legal adviser to the u.n. in the past
as i understand it mr. hammarskjold wanted outside advice
could you comment on that
i've served as a counsel for the u.n. for some years specializing particularly in real estate matters or other problems that the regular u.n. legal staff might be equipped to handle
mr. stavropoulos is the u.n. legal chief and a very good man but he is fully versed on some technical points of american law
what did you think about bang-jensen 's contention of errors and omissions in the hungarian report
why mick shann went over and over the report with alsing andersen trying to check them out
even after the incident between bang-jensen and shann in the delegates' lounge and this was the way the chicago tribune presented it
gross reached in his desk and pulled out two newspaper clippings
one was an article on the u.n. by alice widener from the cincinnati enquirer
the other was by chesly manley in the chicago daily tribune
gross pointed to the manley story
i know ches he 's a friend of mine
he probably didn't mean to write it this way or maybe he did
there wasn't any violent argument between bang-jensen and shann as the tribune puts it
that implies that shann was on the enemy side
you see what i mean
how it 's phrased there the word violent
the case was that bang-jensen came up to shann claiming he had found further errors in the report
i've found errors and i want you to look them over
so once again shann had to argue with him about this
but it wasn't a violent discussion
and after all this shann went over all that bang-jensen had brought up
shann 's own report peter marshall reflected describes the encounter as immoderate
bang-jensen was in hysterical condition
gross stopped briefly then went on
shann was responsible for the report
he has felt terrible about all this
it was a good report he did all he could to make it a good report
when i speak of how shann felt i know well
don't forget i am an old member of the club a former delegate
i think you are being unfair to take these things up now
you know this hits in many areas
it appeals to those who were frustrated in the outcome of the hungarian situation
don't forget the u.n. did no more than the united states did
it takes a great deal of sophisticated thought to get the impact of this fact
from the home of his friend henrik kauffmann in washington d.c. paul bang-jensen sent a telegram dated december # #### to ernest gross
it said in part
the matters to be considered are obviously of a grave character and i therefore respectfully request that the hearing be postponed for two weeks in order that i might make adequate preparation
ernest gross replied the next day putting the suspended diplomat 's fears to rest
this reveals some misunderstanding on your part
the group conducting the review is holding formal hearings
it wished to pursue in the course of this review questions arising from the body of material already in its possession
it sounded like a fair enough invitation peter marshall reflected and bang-jensen must have thought so too because on the thirteenth he met the group of three on the thirty-sixth floor of the u.n.
there ernest gross further assured him
we were requested by the secretary general as i understand it to discuss with you such matters as appear to us to be relevant and we are of course either a formal group or a committee in the sense of being guided by any rules or regulations of the secretariat
the only rules which i think we shall follow will be those of common sense justice and fairness
peter marshall noted that bang-jensen had later referred to his two interviews with the gross group as unfortunate experiences and after his second meeting on the sixteenth the dane refused to attend further hearings without legal counsel
marshall pondered the reason for this and pondered too the replacement of one member of the three-man group
j. a. c. robertson after serving gross one week left for england
fortunately the hole was found at last and plugged
another week passed and even the missionaries were enjoying the voyage
the sickness was gone and after all the two young couples were on their honeymoon
the only lasting difficulty was the food
in spite of pickering dodge 's explicit instructions regarding variation of meals the food did seem the same as at home
everything tasted differently from what it does on land and those things i was most fond of at home i loathed the most here ann noted
at last they concluded that the heavy full feeling in their stomachs was due to lack of exercise
walking was the remedy they decided but a deck full of chicken coops and pigpens was hardly suitable
skipping was the alternative
a rope was found and like children in school the missionaries skipped for hours at a time
finally tiring of so monotonous a form of exercise they decided to dance instead
it was much more fun reminding the girls of their old carefree days in the hasseltine frolics room at bradford
the weather turned warmer and with it came better appetites although harriet was still a little off-color
she could face coffee or tea without milk and was always craving types of food that were available aboard a sailing ship
by now she was sure she was going to have a baby deciding it would be born in india or burma that november
she was more excited than frightened at the prospect of having her first child in a foreign land
the crew of the caravan never failed to amaze ann who during her stay in salem must frequently have overheard strong sailorly language
she wrote in her journal i have heard the least profane language since i have been on board the vessel
this is very uncommon
she was now enjoying the voyage very much
even the first wave of homesickness had passed although there were moments when captain heard pointed out on his compass the direction of bradford that she felt a little twinge at her heart
as for adoniram she found him to be the kindest of husbands
on sundays with the permission of captain heard who usually attended with two of his officers services were held in the double cabin
sometimes a ship would be sighted and the caravan pass so close that people could easily be seen on the distant deck
captain heard did communicate with any strange vessels because of the possibility of war between the united states and britain
as warmer temperatures were encountered ann and harriet were introduced to the pleasures of bathing daily in salt water
when may came the caravan had already crossed the equator
they were sailing round the cape of good hope
the weather had turned wet and cold
at this time harriet wrote in a letter which after their finally landing in india was sent to her mother
i care how soon we reach calcutta and are placed in a still room with a bowl of milk and a loaf of indian bread
i can hardly think of this simple fare without exclaiming oh what a luxury
i have been so weary of the excessive rocking of the vessel and the almost intolerable smell after the rain that i have done little more than lounge on the bed for several days
but i have been blest with excellent spirits and to-day have been running about the deck and dancing in our room for exercise as well as ever
while studying at the seminary in andover adoniram had been working on a new testament translation from the original greek
he had brought it along to continue during the voyage
there was one particular word that troubled his conscience
this was the greek word most often translated as baptism
born a congregationalist he had been baptized as a tiny baby in the usual manner by having a few drops of water sprinkled on his head yet nowhere in the whole of the new testament could he find a description of anybody being baptized by sprinkling
john the baptist used total immersion in the river jordan for believers
even christ was baptized by this method
the more adoniram looked at the greek word for baptism the more unhappy he became over its true meaning
as was only natural he confided his searchings to ann conceding ruefully that it certainly looked as if their own congregationalists were wrong and the baptists right
ann was very troubled
by this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband yet the uncomfortable fact remained the american congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the far east and paying their salaries
what would happen if adoniram changed horses in midstream
baptists and congregationalists in new england were on friendly terms
how embarrassing it would be if the newly appointed congregationalist missionaries should suddenly switch their own beliefs in order to embrace baptist teachings
if you become a baptist i will ann informed her husband but sweeping her threat aside adoniram continued to search for an answer to the personal dilemma in which he found himself
by early june they were a hundred miles off the coast of ceylon by which time all four missionaries were hardened seafarers
even harriet could boldly write i know how it is
but i hear the thunder roll
see the lightning flash
and the waves threatening to swallow up the vessel
and yet remain unmoved
ann thrilled to the sight of a delicate butterfly and two strange tropical birds
land was near and on june ## one hundred and fourteen days after leaving america they actually saw twenty miles away the coast of orissa
captain heard gave orders for the ship to be anchored in the bay of bengal until he could obtain the services of a reputable pilot to steer her through the shallow waters
sometimes ships waited for days for such a man but captain heard was lucky
next day a ship arrived with an english pilot his leadsman an english youth and the first hindu the judsons and newells had ever seen
a little man with a a dark copper color skin he was wearing calico trousers and a white cotton short gown
ann was plainly disappointed in his appearance
he looks as feminine as you can imagine she decided
the pilot possessed excellent skill at his calling
all day long the caravan slowly made her way through the difficult passages
alas to ann 's consternation his language while thus employed left much to be desired
he swore so loudly at the top of his voice that she didn't get any sleep all the next night
next morning the caravan was out of the treacherous bay
relieved of the major part of his responsibility for the safety of the ship the pilot 's oaths became fewer
slowly she moved up the hooghli river a mouth of the mighty ganges toward calcutta
ann was entranced with the view as were her husband and friends
running across the deck which was empty now that the livestock had been killed and eaten they sniffed the spice-laden breezes that came from the shore each pointing out new and exciting wonders to the other
out came the journal and in it went ann 's own description of the scene
on each side of the hoogli where we are now sailing are the hindoo cottages as thick together as the houses in our seaports
they are very small and in the form of haystacks without either chimney or windows
they are situated in the midst of trees which hang over them and appear truly romantick
the grass and fields of rice are perfectly green and herds of cattle are everywhere feeding on the banks of the river and the natives are scattered about differently employed
some are fishing some driving the team and many are sitting indolently on the banks of the river
the pagodas we have passed are much larger than the houses
harriet was just as delighted
where were the hardships she had expected
she was certain now that it would be no harder to bear her child here in such pleasant surroundings than at home in the big white house in haverhill
with childlike innocence she wrote of the indians as walking with fruit and umbrellas in their hands with the tawny children around them
this is the most delightful trial i have ever had she decided
the indians who came aboard ship to collect the mail also interested her greatly even if she was suitably shocked according to the customs of the society in which she had been reared to find them naked except a piece of cotton cloth wrapped around their middle
at last they saw calcutta largest city of bengal and the caravan 's destination
founded august ## #### by job charnock of the east india company and commonly called the city of palaces it seemed a vast and elegant place to ann hasseltine judson
solid brick buildings painted dazzling white large domes and tall picturesque palms stretched as far as the eye could see while the wharves and harbor were filled with tall-masted sailing ships
the noise stunned her
crowds flocked through the waterfront streets chattering loudly in their strange-sounding bengali tongue
harriet 's mouth watered with anticipation when after months of dreaming she sat down at last to her much-craved milk and fresh bread
ann pleased to see her friend happy was intrigued by the new fruits a friend of captain heard had sent on board for their enjoyment
cautiously she sampled her first pineapple and another fruit whose taste she likened to that of a rich pear
though she did then know its name this strange new fruit was a banana
the first act of adoniram and samuel on reaching calcutta was to report at the police station a necessity when landing in east india company territory
on the way they tried to discover all they could about burma and they were disturbed to find that michael symes 's book had presented an altogether true picture
he had failed to realize that the burmese were really treating him as the important visitor he considered himself
they were in fact quietly laughing at him for their king wished to have nothing to do with the western world
when captain john gibault of salem had visited burma in #### his ship the astra had been promptly commandeered and taken by her captors up the irrawaddy river
although after much trouble he did manage to get it back he discovered there was no trade to be had
all captain gibault took back to salem were a few items for the town 's east india museum
a year later another salem ship returned from burma with a cargo of gum lacquer which nobody wanted to buy
after that salem ships decided to bypass unfriendly burma
the burmese appeared to have little knowledge of british power or any idea of trade
they despised foreigners
cruel burmese governors could on the slightest whim take a man 's life
as for missionaries even if they succeeded in getting into the country they probably would be allowed to preach the christian faith to the burmans
unspeakable tortures or even execution might well be their fate
go back to america or any other place well-meaning friends of captain heard advised them but put thoughts of going to burma out of your heads
somewhat daunted the two american missionaries reached the police station where they were questioned by a most unfriendly clerk
when he discovered they had received from the company 's court of directors no permission to live in india coupled with the fact that they were americans who had been sent to asia to convert the heathen he became more belligerent than ever
they explained that they desired only to stop in india until a ship traveling on to burma could be found
she describes first the imaginary reaction of a foreigner puzzled by this unseasonable exultation
he is answered by a confused honest englishman
the reasons for the whig joy on this occasion are found to be their expectation of regaining control of the government their delight at the prospect of a new war their hopes of having the tories hanged and so on
as for the author of the englishman mrs. manley sarcastically deplores that the sole defense of the protestant cause should be left to ridpath dick steele and their associates with the apostles of young man 's coffee-house
another controversy typical of the war between the englishman and the examiner centered on robert later viscount molesworth a whig leader in ireland and a member of the irish privy council
on december ## the day that the irish house of commons petitioned for removal of sir constantine phipps their tory lord chancellor molesworth reportedly made this remark on the defense of phipps by convocation they that have turned the world upside down are come hither also
upon complaints from the lower house of convocation to the house of lords he was removed from the privy council his remark having been represented as a blasphemous affront to the clergy
steele who had earlier praised molesworth in tatler no. ### now defended him in englishman no. ## depicting his removal as a setback to the constitution
on the other hand molesworth was naturally assailed in the tory press
swift in the dublin edition of a preface to the bishop of sarum 's introduction indicated his feelings by including molesworth along with toland tindal and collins in the group of those who like burnet are engaged in attacking all convocations of the clergy
in the same way he coupled molesworth and wharton in a letter to archbishop king and he had earlier described him as the worst of them in some observations on the irish privy council submitted to oxford
a month later in the publick spirit of the whigs he used steele 's defense of molesworth as evidence of his disrespect for the clergy calling steele 's position an affront to the whole convocation of ireland
on this issue then as on so many in these months steele and swift took rigidly opposed points of view
in the early months of #### the battle between swift and steele over the issue of the succession entered its major phase
the preliminaries ended with the publication of steele 's crisis on january ## and from that point on the fight proceeded at a rapid pace
in answer to the crisis swift produced the publick spirit of the whigs his most extensive and bitter attack on his old friend
by this time as we shall see the tories were already planning to punish steele for his political writing by expelling him from the house of commons
despite his defense of himself in the final paper of the englishman and in his speech before the house their efforts were successful
steele lost his seat in parliament and his personal quarrel with swift by now a public issue thus reached its climax
of all the whig tracts written in support of the succession the crisis is perhaps the most significant
certainly it is the most pretentious and elaborate
hanoverian agents assisted in promoting circulation said to have reached ##,### and if one may judge by the reaction of swift and other government writers the work must have had considerable impact
steele 's main business here is to arouse public opinion to the immediate danger of a stuart restoration
to this end the first and longest section of the tract cites all the laws enacted since the revolution to defend england against the arbitrary power of a popish prince
in his comment on these laws steele sounds all the usual notes of current whig propaganda ranging from a criticism of the tory peace to an attack on the dismissal of marlborough
but his principal theme is that the intrigues of the tories our popish or jacobite party pose an immediate threat to church and state
like burnet he deplores the indifference of the people in the face of the crisis
treasonable books striking at the hanoverian succession he complains are allowed to pass unnoticed
in this connection swift too is drawn in for attack the author of the conduct of the allies has dared to drop insinuations about altering the succession
in his effort to stir the public from its lethargy steele goes so far as to list catholic atrocities of the sort to be expected in the event of a stuart restoration and with rousing rhetoric he asserts that the only preservation from these terrours is to be found in the laws he has so tediously cited
it is no time he writes to talk with hints and innuendos but openly and honestly to profess our sentiments before our enemies have compleated and put their designs in execution against us
steele apparently professed his sentiments in this book too openly and honestly for his own good since the government was soon to use it as evidence against him in his trial before the house
in the final issues of the englishman which ended just as the new session of parliament began he provided his enemies with still more ammunition
for example no. ## printed the patent giving the electoral prince the title of duke of cambridge
in a few months the duke was to be the center of a controversy of some significance on the touchy question of the protestant succession
at the order of the dowager electress the hanoverian agents supported by the whig leaders demanded that a writ of summons be issued which would call the duke to england to sit in parliament thus further insuring the succession by establishing a hanoverian prince in england before the queen 's death
anne was furious and bolingbroke advised that the request be refused
oxford realizing that the law required the issuance of the writ took the opposite view for which the queen never forgave him
accordingly the request was granted but the elector himself who had been consulted by his mother rejected the proposal and recalled his agent schutz whose impolitic handling of the affair had caused the hanoverian interest to suffer and had made oxford 's dismissal more likely than ever
steele in this paper is indicating his sympathy for such a plan
a few days after this englishman appeared defoe reported to oxford that steele was expected to move in parliament that the duke be called over
defoe then commented if they could draw that young gentleman into their measures they would show themselves quickly for they are asham'd to say they want only a head to make a beginning
the final issue of the englishman no. ## for february ## ran to some length and was printed as a separate pamphlet entitled the englishman being the close of the paper so-called
steele 's purpose is to present a general defense of his political writing and a resume of the themes which had occupied him in the englishman
but there is much here also which bears directly on his personal quarrel with swift
thus he complains with considerable justice that the tory writers have resorted to libel instead of answering his arguments
his birth education and fortune he says have all been ridiculed simply because he has spoken with the freedom of an englishman and he assures the reader that whoever talks with me is speaking to a gentleman born
as notable examples of this abuse he quotes passages from the examiner that destroyer of all things and the character of richard steele which he here attributes to swift
though put in rather maudlin terms steele 's defense of himself has a reasonable basis
his point is simply that the tories have showered him with personal satire despite the fact that as a private subject he has a right to speak on political matters without affronting the prerogative of the sovereign
he claims too that his political convictions are simply those which are called revolution principles and which are accepted by moderate men in both parties
the final section of this pamphlet is of special interest in a consideration of steele 's relations with swift
it purports to be a letter from steele to a friend at court who in miss blanchard 's opinion could only be meant as swift
steele first answers briefly the charges which his dear old friend has made about his pamphlet on dunkirk and his crisis
then he launches into an attack on the tory ministers whom he calls the new converts
by this term he means to ridicule their professions of acting in the interest of the church despite their own education and manner of life a gibe in other words at the presbyterianism in harley 's family and at bolingbroke 's reputed impiety
the tory leaders he insinuates are cynically using the church as a political by-word to increase party friction and keep themselves in power
this is the principal point made in this final section of englishman no. ## and it caps steele 's efforts in his other writing of these months to counteract the notion of the tories as a church party supported by the body of the clergy
next steele turns his attention to the courtier he is addressing
he explains that there are sometimes honorable courtiers but that too often a man who succeeds at court does hesitate to sacrifice his sovereign and nation to his own avarice and ambition
such he implies is the case with his friend who is really a new convert himself but merely a favorer of new converts
if jack the courtier is really to be taken as swift the following remark is obviously steele 's comment on swift 's change of parties and its effect on their friendship i assure you dear jack when i first found out such an allay in you as makes you of so malleable a constitution that you may be worked into any form an artificer pleases i foresaw i should enjoy your favour much longer
he closes his letter by demanding that dunkirk be demolished that the pretender be forced to move farther away from the coast of england and that the queen and the house of hanover come to a better understanding
the last point was soon to be included in the seditious remarks used against him in parliament
the examiner during steele 's trial a month later printed an answer from the courtier addressed to r. s. at button 's coffee-house
he reviews steele 's entrance into politics and finds that his present difficulties are due to his habit of attributing to his own abilities and talents achievements which more properly should be credited to the indulgence of his friends
once more in other words steele is said to be indebted to swift for his wit
this was the form in which their private feud most often appeared in the tory press especially the examiner
in the publick spirit of the whigs it may be noted swift himself contemptuously dismissed steele 's reference to his friend at court i suppose by the style of old friend and the like it must be some body there of his own level
among whom his party have indeed more friends than i could wish
on february ## steele took his seat in parliament
by now he was undergoing a fresh torrent of abuse from tory papers and pamphlets and action was being taken to effect his punishment by expulsion from parliament
on the very day that the parliamentary session began another infamous libel appeared entitled a letter from the facetious dr. andrew tripe at bath to the venerable nestor ironside
it is filled with the usual personal abuse of steele especially of his physical appearance
in the opening paragraph too steele is accused of extreme egotism of giving himself the preference to all the learned his contemporaries from dr. swift himself even down to poet cr--spe of the customhouse
when harold arlen returned to california in the winter of #### it was to take up again a collaboration with johnny mercer begun some years before
the film they did after his return was an inconsequential bit of nothing titled out of this world a satire on the sinatra bobby-soxer craze
the twist lay in using bing crosby 's voice on the sound track while leading man eddie bracken mouthed the words
if nothing else at least two good songs came out of the project out of this world and june comes around every year
though they would produce some very memorable and lasting songs arlen and mercer were given strong material to work on
their first collaboration came close
early in #### they were assigned to a script titled hot nocturne
it purported to be a reasonably serious attempt at a treatment of jazz musicians their aims their problems the tug-of-war between the pure and the commercial and seemed a promising vehicle for the two men shared a common interest in jazz
johnny mercer practically grew up with the sound of jazz and the blues in his ears
he was born in savannah georgia in ####
his father george a. mercer was descended from an honored southern family that could trace its ancestry back to one hugh mercer who had emigrated from scotland in ####
the lyricist 's father was a lawyer who had branched out into real estate
his second wife lillian was the mother of john h. mercer
by the age of six young johnny indicated that he had the call
one day he followed the irish jasper greens the town band to a picnic and spent the entire day listening while his family spent the day looking
the disappearance caused his family to assign a full-time maid to keeping an eye on the boy
but one afternoon mrs. mercer met her
both were obviously on the way to the mercer home
the mother inquired where 's johnny and why did you leave him
there was nothing else i could do the maid answered satisfied with a rather vague explanation
but mrs. mercer demanded more
the maid then told her because he fired me
with her son evidencing so strong a musical bent his mother could do little else but get him started on the study of music though she waited until he was ten beginning with the piano and following that with the trumpet
young mercer showed a remarkable lack of aptitude for both instruments
still he did like music making and even sang in the chapel choir of the woodberry forest school near orange virginia where he sounded fine but did matriculate too well
when he was fifteen john h. mercer turned out his first song a jazzy little thing he called sister susie strut your stuff
if his scholarship and formal musicianship were all they might have been mercer demonstrated at an early age that he was gifted with a remarkable ear for rhythm and dialect
from his playmates in savannah mercer had picked up along with a soft southern dialect traces also of the gullah dialects of africa
such speech differences made him acutely aware of the richness and expressivness of language
during the summers while he was still in school mercer worked for his father 's firm as a messenger boy
it generally took well into the autumn for the firm to recover from the summer 's help
we'd give him things to deliver letters checks deeds and things like that remembers his half-brother walter still in the real estate business in savannah and learn days later that he'd absent-mindedly stuffed them into his pocket
there they stayed
this rather detached attitude toward life 's encumbrances has seemed to be the dominant trait in mercer 's personality ever since
it is however a disarming disguise or perhaps a shield for only has mercer proved himself to be one of the few great lyricists over the years but also one who can function remarkably under pressure
he has also enjoyed a successful career as an entertainer his records have sold in the millions and is a sharp businessman
he has also an extraordinary conscience
in #### his father 's business collapsed and rather than go bankrupt mercer senior turned his firm over to a bank for liquidation
he died before he could completely pay off his debts
some years later the bank handling the mercer liquidation received a check for $###,### enough to clear up the debt
the check had been mailed from chicago the envelope bore no return address and the check was signed
that 's johnny sighed the bank president the best-hearted boy in the world but absent-minded
but mercer 's explanation was simple i made out the check and carried it around a few days unsigned in case i lost it
when he remembered that he might have signed the check mercer made out another for the same amount instructing the bank to destroy the other especially if he had happened to have absent-mindedly signed both of them
when the family business failed mercer left school and on his mother 's urging for she hoped that he would become an actor he joined a local little theater group
when the troupe traveled to new york to participate in a one-act-play competition and won mercer instead of returning with the rest of the company in triumph remained in new york
he had talked one other member of the group to stay with him but that friend had tired of eating regularly and returned to savannah
but mercer hung on living after a fashion in a greenwich village fourth-flight walk-up
the place had no sink or washbasin only a bathtub his mother discovered when she visited him
johnny insisted on cooking a chicken dinner in my honor he 's always been a good cook and i'll never forget him cleaning the chicken in the tub
a story no doubt apocryphal for mercer himself denies it has him sporting a monacle in those village days
though merely clear glass it was a distinctive trade mark for an aspiring actor who hoped to imprint himself upon the memories of producers
one day in a bar so the legend goes someone put a beer stein with too much force on the monacle and broke it
the innocent malfeasant filled with that supreme sense of honor found in bars insisted upon replacing the destroyed monacle and did over the protests of the former owner with a square monacle
mercer is supposed to have refused it with anyone who wears a square monacle must be affected
everett miller then assistant director for the garrick gaieties a theatre guild production needed a lyricist for a song he had written
he just happened to need any actor at the moment however
for him mercer produced the lyric to out of breath scared to death of you introduced in that most successful of all the gaieties by sterling holloway
this #### edition also had songs in it by vernon duke and ira gershwin by e. y. harburg and duke and by harry myers
entrance into such stellar song writing company encouraged the burgeoning song writer to take a wife elizabeth meehan a dancer in the gaieties
the mercers took up residence in brooklyn and mercer found a regular job in wall street misplacing stocks and bonds
when he heard that paul whiteman was looking for singers to replace the rhythm boys mercer applied and got the job for my voice i'm sure but because i could write songs and material generally
while with the whiteman band mercer met jerry arlen
he had yet to meet harold arlen for although they had collaborated on satan 's li'l lamb mercer and harburg had worked from a lead sheet the composer had furnished them
the lyric mercer remembers was tailored to fit the unusual melody
mercer 's whiteman association brought him into contact with hoagy carmichael whose snowball mercer relyriced as lazybones in which form it became a hit and marked the real beginning of mercer 's song-writing career
after leaving whiteman mercer joined the benny goodman band as a vocalist
with the help of ziggy elman also in the band he transformed a traditional jewish melody into a popular song and the angels sing
the countrywide success of lazybones and and the angels sing could only lead to hollywood where besides harold arlen mercer collaborated with harry warren jimmy van heusen richard whiting walter donaldson jerome kern and arthur schwartz
mercer has also written both music and lyrics for several songs
he may be the only song writer ever to have collaborated with a secretary of the u. s. treasury
he collaborated on a song with william hartman woodin who was secretary of the treasury ####-##
when johnny mercer and harold arlen began their collaboration in #### mercer like arlen had several substantial film songs to his credit among them hooray for hollywood ride tenderfoot ride have you got any castles baby ? ?
and too marvelous for words all with richard whiting
with harry warren he did the girl friend of the whirling dervish jeepers creepers and you must have been a beautiful baby
mercer 's lyrics are characterized by an unerring ear for rhythmic nuances a puckish sense of humor expressed in language with a colloquial flair
though versatile and capable of turning out a ballad lyric with the best of them mercer 's forte is a highly polished quasi-folk wit
his casual dreamlike working methods often as in absentia were an abrupt change from harburg 's so that arlen had to adjust again to another approach to collaboration
there were times that he worked with both lyricists simultaneously
speaking of his work with johnny mercer arlen says our working habits were strange
after we got a script and the spots for the songs were blocked out we'd get together for an hour or so every day
while johnny made himself comfortable on the couch i'd play the tunes for him
he has a wonderfully retentive memory
after i would finish playing the songs he'd just go away without a comment
i wouldn't hear from him for a couple of weeks then he'd come around with the completed lyric
arlen is one of the few possibly the only composer mercer has been able to work with so closely for they held their meetings in arlen 's study
some guys bothered me mercer has said
i couldn't write with them in the same room with me but i could with harold
he is probably our most original composer
he often uses very odd rhythms which makes it difficult and challenging for the lyric writer
while arlen and mercer collaborated on hot nocturne mercer worked also with arthur schwartz on another film navy blues
arlen too worked on other projects at the same time with old friend ted koehler
besides doing a single song when the sun comes out they worked on the ambitious american-negro suite for voices and piano as well as songs for films
the american-negro suite is in a sense an extension of the cotton club songs in that it is a collection of negro songs for a night club but for the concert stage
the work had its beginning in #### with an eight-bar musical strain to which koehler set the words there'll be no more work
there'll be no more worry matching the spiritual feeling of the jot
this grew into the song big time comin'
by september #### the suite had developed into a collection of six songs four spirituals a dream and a lullaby
the negro composer hall johnson studied the american-negro suite and said of it of all the many songs written by white composers and employing what claims to be a negroid idiom in both words and music these six songs by harold arlen and ted koehler easily stand far out above the rest
thoroughly modern in treatment they are at the same time full of simple sincerity which invariably characterizes genuine negro folk-music and are by no means to be confused with the average broadway spirituals which depend for their racial flavor upon sundry allusions to the amen corner judgement day gabriel 's horn and a frustrated devil with a few random hallelujahs thrown in for good measure
i feel obliged to describe this cubbyhole
it had a single porcelain stall and but one cabinet for the chairing of the bards
it was here that the terror-stricken dennis moon played an unrehearsed role during the children 's party
a much larger room adjacent to the lavatory served as a passageway to and from the skimpy toilet
that unused room was large enough for well say an elephant could get into it and as a matter of fact an elephant did
something occurred on the morning of the children 's party which may illustrate the kind of trouble our restricted toilet facilities caused us
it so happened that sports writer arthur robinson got out of the hospital that morning after promising his doctor that he be back in an hour or two to continue his convalescence
arthur robinson traveled with the baseball clubs as staff correspondent for the american
he was ghost writer for babe ruth whose main talent for literary composition was the signing of his autograph
robbie was a war veteran with battle-shattered knees
he arrived on crutches at the newspaper club with one of his great pals oliver herford artist author and foe of stupidity
mr. herford 's appearance was that of a frustrated gnome
he seemed timid at first wore nose glasses from which a black ribbon dangled and was no bigger than a jockey
robinson asked herford to escort him to the club 's lavatory before they sat down for a highball and a game of cards
in the jakes after robbie and his crutches were properly stowed mr. herford went to the adjoining facility
he had barely assumed his stance there when a fat fellow charged through the doorway
without any regard for rest-room protocol the hulking stranger almost knocked herford off his pins
the artist-author said nothing but stood to one side
he waited a long time
nothing was said nothing accomplished
the unrelieved stranger eventually turned away from the place of his shall we dare say his waterloo
to go to the door
mr. herford touched the fat man 's arm
pardon me sir
may i say that you have just demonstrated the truth of an old proverb the younger pliny 's if memory serves me which translated freely from the archaic latin says the more haste the less peed
governor alfred e. smith was the official host at the children 's party
united states senator royal s. copeland was wearing the robes of santa claus and a great white beard
the honorable robert wagner sr. at that time a justice of the new york supreme court was on the reception committee
i was in charge of the arrangements which were soon enough disarranged
i had had difficulties from the very first day
when in my enthusiasm i proposed the party my city editor who disliked the club and many of its members tried to block my participation in the gala event
even earlier than that he had resented the fact that i had been chosen to edit the club 's reporter
city editor victor watson of the new york american was a man of brooding suspicions and mysterious shifts of mood
mr. hearst 's telegraphic code word for victor watson was fatboy
the staff saw in him the qualities of a don cossack hence as mentioned before his nickname the hetman
the hetman 's physical aspects were those of a savage rider of the steppes
indeed he looked more like a well-fleshed lay brother of the hospice of st. bernard
nor were his manners barbaric
he had a purring voice and poker player 's immobility of features which somehow conveyed the feeling that he knew where all the bodies were buried
he was the son of a scottish father and an american jewish mother long widowed with whom he lived in a comfortable home in flushing
he had worked in the newspaper business since he was nineteen years old always for the hearst service
from the very first he regarded himself as mr. hearst 's disciple defender and afterward his prime minister self-ordained
it was said that the hetman plotted to take over the entire hearst newspaper empire one day by means of various coups the destruction of editors who tried to halt his course the unfrocking of publishers whose mistakes of judgment might be magnified in secret reports to mr. hearst
whatever the hetman 's ambitions his colleagues were kept ill at ease
among the outstanding members of the hearst cabinet whom he successfully opposed for a time were the great arthur brisbane bradford merrill s.s. carvalho and colonel van hamm
he also disliked runyon for no good reason other than the fact that the demon 's talent was so marked as to put him well beyond the hetman 's say-so or his supervision
runyon for his part had a contemptuous regard for mr. watson
he 's a wrong-o said runyon and i wouldn't trust him as far as i could throw the statue of liberty
arthur bugs baer wrote to me just recently vic wanted to die in harness with his head towards the wagon
he supported his mother and his brother who afterwards committed suicide
watson told me that his brother always sent roses to his mother blossoms bought with vic 's allowance to him
and would you believe it vic added she likes him better than she does me
about the only time the hetman seemed excited was when one of his own pet ideas was born
then he would get to his feet as though rising in honor of his own remarkable powers and say almost invariably gentlemen this is an amazing story
it 's bigger than the armistice
some of the hetman 's ideas were dream-ridden vaguely imparted and at times preposterous
one day he assigned me to lay bare a plot by the duponts to supply munitions to a wholly fictitious revolution he said was about to occur in cuba
he said that his information was so secret that he would be able to confide in me the origin of his pipeline tip
i can tell you this much he said
it 's bigger than the armistice
i worked for a day on this plainly ridiculous assignment and consulted several of my own well-informed sources
then i spent the next two days at the baseball park and at jack doyle 's pool parlors
when i returned to make my report the hetman did remember having sent me on the secret mission
he was busy he said in having someone submit to a monkey-gland operation
and i was to go to work on that odd matter
i shall tell of it later on
the hetman had a strong liking for a story any story which was to be had by means of much sleuthing or by roundabout methods
most of my stories were obtained by simply seeking out the person who could give me the facts and as a rule by playing clever tricks
one day i tired of following the hetman 's advice of shadowing and of the ring-around-the-rosie approach to a report that enrico caruso had pinched a lady 's hip while visiting the central park monkey house
i explained my state of mind to artist winsor mccay and to bugs baer
mr. baer obtained a supply of crepe hair and spirit-gum from an actor at the friars
we fashioned beards put them on and reported to the hetman at the city desk
mr. baer had an auburn beard like longfellow 's
mr. mccay had on a sort of emperor maximilian beard and mustache
as for myself i had on an enormous black muff
this together with a derby hat and horn-rim eyeglasses gave me the appearance of a russian nihilist
we are ready for your next mysterious assignment said mr. baer to the hetman
where to sir
mr. watson did have much humor in his make-up but he managed a mirthless smile
just then a reporter telephoned in from the bronx to give the rewrite desk an account of a murder
the hetman told me to take the story over the phone and to write it
while i was sitting at one of the rewrite telephones with my derby and my great beard arthur brisbane whizzed in with some editorial copy in his hand
he paused for a moment to look at me then went on to the city desk to deliver his today column
i thought it expedient to take off my derby my glasses and the beard
and also to change telephones
i managed to do this by the time the great a.b. returned to the place where he last had seen the fierce nihilist
he stood there staring with disbelief at the vacant desk
then he wrinkled his huge brow and went slowly out of the room
he had a somewhat goggle-eyed expression
he had been seeing things
the hetman 's ideas for news stories or editorial campaigns were by no means always fruitless or lacking in merit
he campaigned successfully for the riddance of death avenue and also brought about the ending of pollution of metropolitan beaches by sewage
he exposed the bucket-shop racket with the able assistance of two excellent reporters nat ferber and carl helm
in the conduct of these and many other campaigns the hetman proved to be a much abler journalist than his critics allowed
it seems to me now in a long backward glance that many of the hetman 's conceits and odd actions together with his grim posture when brandishing the hatchet in the name of mr. hearst were keyed with the tragedy which was to close over him one day
alone rejected on every hand divorced and in financial trouble he leaped from an eleventh-floor window of the abbey hotel in ####
one finds it difficult to pass censure on the lonely figure who waited for days for a saving word from his zealously served idol w.r. hearst
that word was withheld when the need of it seemed the measure of his despair
the unfinished note written in pencil upon the back of a used envelope and addressed to the coroner makes one wonder about many things god forgive me for everything
much to damon runyon 's amazement as well as my own i got along splendidly with the hetman
that is until i became an editor hence in his eyes a rival
long after colonel van hamm had foisted me on the watson staff i received a salary raise and a contract on the hetman 's recommendation
during the next years he gave me the second of the five contracts i would sign with the hearst service
it was a somewhat unusual thing for a reporter to have a contract in those days before the epidemic of syndicated columnists
i would like to believe that my ability warranted this advancement
somehow i think that watson paid more attention to me than he otherwise might have because his foe colonel van hamm wouldn't touch me with a ten-foot blue pencil
i remember one day when mr. hearst and i never knew why he liked me either sent the hetman a telegram please find some more reporters like that young man from denver
watson showed this wire to colonel van hamm
the colonel grunted then made a remark which might be construed in either of two ways
don't bother to look any further
we already have the only one of its kind
the hetman did have friends but they were mostly outside the newspaper profession
sergeant mike donaldson congressional medal of honor soldier was one of them
dr. menas s. gregory was another
i used to go with watson to call on the eminent neurologist at his apartment to sit among the doctor 's excellent collection of statues paintings and books and drink oriental coffee while watson seemed to thaw out and become almost affable
there was one time however when his face clouded and he suddenly blurted why did my brother commit suicide
i cannot remember dr. gregory 's reply if indeed he made one
if she were at home mama would see to it that a fresh white rose was there
sometimes mrs. coolidge would close herself in the green suite on the second floor and play the piano she had brought to the white house
mama knew she was playing her son 's favorite pieces and feeling close to him and did disturb her
all the rest of the days in the white house would be shadowed by the tragic loss even though the president tried harder than ever to make his little dry jokes and to tease the people around him
a little boy came to give the president his personal condolences and the president gave word that any little boy who wanted to see him was to be shown in
backstairs the maids cried a little over that and the standing invitation was mentioned to mrs. coolidge
the president was even more generous with the first lady than he had been before the tragedy
he would bring her boxes of candy and other presents to coax a smile to her lips
he brought her shawls
dresses were short in the days of mrs. coolidge and spanish shawls were thrown over them
he got her dozens of them
one shawl was so tremendous that she could wear it so she draped it over the banister on the second floor and it hung over the stairway
the president used to look at it with a ghost of a smile
mrs. coolidge spent more time in her bedroom among her doll collection
she kept the dolls on the lincoln bed
at night when mama would turn back the covers she would have to take all the dolls off the bed and place them elsewhere for the night
mama always felt that the collection symbolized mrs. coolidge 's wish for a little girl
among the dolls was one that meant very much to the first lady who would pick it up and look at it often
it had a tiny envelope tied to its wrist
an accompanying sympathetic letter explained that inside the envelope was a name for mrs. coolidge 's first granddaughter
mama knew this doll was meant to help mrs. coolidge overcome her grief by turning her eyes to the future
the name inside the envelope was cynthia
the coolidges' life after the death of their son was quieter than ever
john was away at school most of the time
mrs. coolidge would knit and the president would sit reading or playing with the many pets around them
now and then the president would call for little jack master of the hounds which was his nickname for a messenger who had worked in the white house since teddy roosevelt 's administration and discuss the welfare of some one of the animals
it was part of little jack 's work to look after the dogs
one white house dog was immortalized in a painting
that was rob roy who posed with mrs. coolidge for the portrait by howard chandler christy
to get him to pose mrs. coolidge would feed him candy so he enjoyed the portrait sessions as well as she did
i would like to straighten out a misconception about the dress mrs. coolidge is wearing in this painting
it is the same dress as the one on her manikin in the smithsonian
people think the dress in the picture was lengthened by an artist much later on
this is true
the dress in the painting is a bright red with rhinestones forming a spray on the right side
there is a long train flowing from the shoulders
mrs. coolidge gave mama this dress for me and i wore it many times
i still have the dress and i hope to give it to the smithsonian institution as a memento or as i more fondly hope to present it to a museum containing articles showing the daily lives of the presidents if i can get it organized
but to get back to the coolidge household mrs. coolidge so obviously loved dogs that the public sent her more dogs calamity jane timmy and blackberry
the last two were a red and a black chow
rob roy remained boss of all the dogs
he showed them what to do and taught them how to keep the maids around the white house in a state of terror
the dogs would run through the halls after him like a burst of bullets and all the maids would run for cover
mama didn't know what to do whether to tell on rob roy or since she had the ear of mrs. coolidge more than the other maids
but she was afraid the first lady would understand because rob roy was a perfect angel with the first family
every day when the president took his nap rob roy would stretch out on the window seat near him like a perfect gentleman and stare thoughtfully out the window or he would take a little nap himself
he would make a sound until the president had wakened and left for the office
then he would bark to let everyone know the coast was clear
his signal was for the other dogs to come running but it was also the signal for mama and the other maids to watch out
rob roy was self-appointed to accompany the president to his office every morning
rob roy was well aware of the importance of this mission and he would walk in front of the president looking neither to the right nor to the left
at dinner lunch or breakfast the president would call out supper
he called all meals supper after the butler had announced the meal
all the dogs would dash to get on the elevator with the president and go to the dining room
they would all lie around on the rug during the meal a very pretty sight as rob roy prudence and calamity jane were all snow-white
when prudence and blackberry were too young to be trusted in the dining room they were tied to the radiator with their leashes and they would cry
mama tried to talk to them and keep them quiet while she tidied up the sitting room before the first family returned
finally mama did mention to mrs. coolidge that she felt sorry for the little dogs and then mrs. coolidge decided to leave the radio on for them while she was gone even though her husband disapproved of the waste of electricity
mama was now the first maid to mrs. coolidge because catherine the previous first maid had become ill and died
mrs. coolidge chose mama in her place
it was a high mark for mama
every first family seems to have one couple upon whom it relies for true friendship
for the coolidges it was mr. and mrs. frank w. stearns of boston massachusetts owners of a large department store
they seemed to be at the white house half the time
the butlers were amused because when the stearns were there the president would say grace at breakfast
if the stearns were there grace would be omitted
speaking of breakfast the president inaugurated a new custom that of conducting business at the breakfast table
the word was that this too was part of an economy move on his part
a new bill had been passed under harding that designated the government rather than the president as the tab-lifter for official meals
so the president would make a hearty breakfast official by inviting government officials to attend
he caused a lot of talk when he also chose the breakfast hour to have the barber come in and trim his hair while he ate
mama said that if presidents were supposed to be colorful mr. coolidge certainly made a good president
he knew exactly how to be colorful
the favorite guest of the house as far as the staff was concerned was mr. wrigley the chewing gum king
the white house had chewing gum until it could chew no more and every christmas mr. wrigley sent the president a check for $### to be divided among all the help
you can imagine that he got pretty good service
another good friend of the coolidges' was george b. harvey who was the ambassador to great britain from #### to ####
he had been a friend of the hardings and continued to be invited by the coolidges
the first royalty whom mama ever waited on in the white house was queen marie of rumania who came to a state dinner given in her honor on october ## ####
she was an overnight guest in the white house but mr. ike hoover the chief usher had mama check her fur coat when she came in and take care of her needs
mama said she was one of the prettiest ladies she had ever seen
mama was very patriotic and one of the duties she was proudest of was repairing the edges of the flag that flew above the white house
actually two flags were used at the mansion a small one on rainy days and a big one on bright days
the wool would become frazzled around the edges from blowing in the wind and mama would mend it
she would often go up on the roof to see the attendant take down the flag in the evening
she used to tell me when i stand there and look at the flag blowing this way and that way i have the wonderful safe feeling that americans are protected no matter which way the wind blows
even when mrs. coolidge was in mourning for her son she reached out to help other people in trouble
one person she helped was my brother
mama had told her how emmett 's lungs had been affected when he was gassed in the war
he was in and out of mount alto hospital for veterans any number of times
taking a personal interest she had the doctor assigned to the white house dr. james coupal look emmett over
as a result he was sent to a hospital in arizona until his health improved enough for him to come back to washington to work in the government service
but again there was danger that his lungs would suffer in the muggy washington weather and he had to return to the dry climate of the west to live and work
when mrs. coolidge was in mourning she did wear black
she wore grey every day and white every evening
mama knew that she was out of mourning when she finally wore bright colors
the president helped her a lot by selecting some lovely colored dresses to get her started
she opened the boxes with a tear in her eye and a sad smile on her face
on the social side the chore mama had at the formal receptions at the white house thrilled her the most
it was her job to stand at the foot of the stairs and just as the first lady stepped off the last tread mama would straighten out her long train before she marched to the blue room to greet her guests with the president
mama would enjoy the sight of the famous guests as much as anyone and would note a gown here and there to tell me about that night
one night mama came home practically in a state of shock
she had stood at the bottom of the stairs as usual when mrs. coolidge came down in the same dress that is now in the smithsonian to greet her guests
mama stooped down to fix the train but there was no train there
she reached and reached around the dress but there was nothing there
she looked up and saw that without knowing it mrs. coolidge was holding it aloft
mrs. coolidge looked down saw mama 's horrified expression and quickly let the whole thing fall to the floor
mama swirled the train in place and a step was lost
the coolidges did always live at the white house during the presidency
impressive as this enumeration is it barely hints at the diverse perceptions of jews collectively or individually that have been attested by their gentile environment
it is reasonable to affirm two propositions jews have been perceived by non-jews as all things to all men
some jews have in fact been all things to all men
in the arena of power jews have at one time or another been somebody 's ally
they have observed correct neutrality
they have been someone 's enemy
in the market place jews have in fact under various circumstances been valued customers and suppliers or clannish monopolists and cutthroat competitors
and so on through the roles referred to in the previous paragraph
diversity of perception yes
diversity of fact yes
but the two do invariably or even typically coincide
the conventional image of a particular time and place is necessarily congruent with the image of the facts as established over the years by scholarly and scientific research
conventional images of jews have this in common with all perceptions of a configuration in which one feature is held constant images can be both true and false
the genuinely interesting question then becomes what factors determine the degree of realism or distortion in conventional images of jews
the working test of the facts must always be the best available description obtainable from scholars and scientists who have applied their methods of investigation to relevant situations
granted such functional images are subject to human error
they are self-correcting in the sense that they are subject to disciplined procedures that check and recheck against error
in accounting for realism or distortion two sets of factors can be usefully distinguished current intelligence
predispositions regarding intelligence
general grant may have been the victim of false information in the instance reported in this book
if so he would be the first or last commanding officer who has succumbed to bad information and dubious estimates of the future
but general grant may have been self-victimized
he may have entered the situation with predispositions that prepared him to act uncritically in the press of affairs
predispositions in turn fall conveniently into two categories for purposes of analysis
to some extent predispositions are shaped by exposure to group environments
in some measure they depend upon the structure of individual personality
the anti-semitism of hitler owed something to his exposure to the ideology of lueger 's politically successful christian socialist movement in vienna
but millions of human beings were exposed to lueger 's propaganda and record
after allowing for group exposures it is apparent that other factors must be considered if we are to comprehend fanaticism
these are personality factors
they include harmonies and conflicts within the whole man and mechanisms whereby inner components are more or less smoothly met
modern psychiatric knowledge provides us with many keys to unlock the significance of behavior of the kind
the foregoing factors are pertinent to the analysis of perceptual images and the broad conditions under which they achieve realism or fall short of it
undoubtedly one merit of the vast panorama of gentile conceptions of the jew unfolded in the present anthology is that it provides a formidable body of material that invites critical examination in terms of reality
many selections are themselves convincing contributions to this appraisal
undoubtedly however the significance of the volume is greater than the foregoing paragraphs suggest
speaking as a non-jew i believe that its primary contribution is in the realm of future policy
since we can neither undo nor redo the past we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow
in this domain the simple fact of coexistence in the same local national and world community is enough to guarantee that we cannot refrain from having some effect large or small upon gentile-jewish relations
what shall these effects be
i am deliberately raising the policy problems involved in gentile-jewish relations
comprehensive examination of any policy question calls for the performance of the intellectual tasks inseparable from any problem-solving method
the tasks are briefly indicated by these questions what are my goals in gentile-jewish relations
what are the historical trends in this country and abroad in the extent to which these goals are effectively realized
what factors condition the degree of realization at various times and places
what is the probable course of future developments
what policies if adopted and applied in various circumstances will increase the likelihood that future events will coincide with desired events and do so at least cost in terms of all human values
it is beyond the province of this epilogue to cover policy questions of such depth and range
the discussion is therefore limited to a suggested procedure for realizing at least some of the potential importance of this volume for future policy
as a groundwork for the proposal i give some attention to the first task enumerated above the clarification of goal
my reply is that i associate myself with all those who affirm that gentile-jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity
the basic goal finds partial expression in the universal declaration of human rights a statement initiated and endorsed by individuals and organizations of many religious and philosophical traditions
within this frame of reference policies appropriate to claims advanced in the name of the jews depend upon which jewish identity is involved as well as upon the nature of the claim the characteristics of the claimant the justifications proposed and the predispositions of the community decision makers who are called upon to act
if jews are identified as a religious body in a controversy that comes before a national or international tribunal it is obviously compatible with the goal of human dignity to protect freedom of worship
when decision makers act within this frame they determine whether a claim put forward in the name of religion is to be accepted by the larger community as appropriate to religion
since the recognition of israel as a nation state claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic
community decision makers must make up their minds whether a claim is acceptable to the larger community in terms of prevailing expectations regarding members of nation states
in free countries many controversies involve self-styled jews who use the symbol in asserting a vaguely cultural rather than religious or political identity
the decision maker who acts for the community as a whole must decide whether the objectives pursued and the methods used are appropriate to public policy regarding cultural groups
we know that much is made of the multiplicity and ambiguity of the identities that cluster around the key symbol of the jew
many public and private controversies will undoubtedly continue to reflect these confusions in the mind and usage of gentile and jew
however in the context of legal and civic policy these controversies are less than novel
they involve similar uncertainties regarding the multiple identities of any number of non-jewish groups
so far as the existing body of formal principle and procedure is concerned categorical novelties are to be anticipated in jewish-gentile relationships
claims are properly disposed of according to norms common to all parties
it is implied that formal principles and procedures are so firmly entrenched within the public order of the world community or even of free commonwealths that they will control in all circumstances involving jews and gentiles during coming years
social process is always anchored in past predisposition
but it is perennially restructured in situations where anchors are dragged or lost
in conformance with the maximization principle we affirm that gentile-jewish relations will be harmonious or inharmonious to the degree that one relation or the other is expected by the active participants to yield the greatest net advantage taking all value outcomes and effects into consideration
it is difficult to anticipate circumstances in which negative tensions will cumulate
for instance imagine the situation if israel ever joins an enemy coalition
the formal position of americans who identify themselves with one or more of the several identities of the jewish symbol is already clear
the future weight of informal factors cannot be so easily assessed
when we consider the disorganized state of the world community and the legacy of predispositions adversely directed against all who are identified as jews it is obvious that the struggle for the minds and muscles of men needs to be prosecuted with increasing vigor and skill
during moments of intense crisis the responsibility of political leaders is overwhelming
but their freedom of policy is limited by the pattern of predisposition with which they and the people around them enter the crisis
at such critical moments predispositions favorable to human dignity most obviously pay off
by the same test predispositions destructive of human personality exercise their most sinister impact with the result that men of good will are often trapped and nullified
among measures in anticipation of crisis are plans to inject into the turmoil as assistants of key decision makers qualified persons who are cognizant of the corrosive effect of crisis upon personal relationships and are also able to raise calm and realistic voices when overburdened leaders near the limit of self-control
we are learning how to do these things in some of the vast organized structures of modern society
the process can be accelerated
a truism is that the time to prepare for the worst is when times are best
during intercrisis periods the educational facilities of the community have the possibility of remolding the perspectives and altering the behavior of vast numbers of human beings of every age and condition
as more men and women are made capable of living up to the challenge of decency the chances are improved that the pattern of predisposition prevailing in positions of strength in future crises can be favorably affected
now an abiding difficulty of paragraphs like the foregoing is that they appear to preach
and in contemporary society we often complain of too much reaffirmation of the goodness of the good
in any case i do intend to let the present occasion pass without dealing more directly with the problem of implementing good intentions
i assume that the number of readers of this anthology who regard themselves as morally perfect is small and that most readers are willing to consider procedures by which they may gain more insight into themselves and better understanding of others
properly used the present book is an excellent instrument of enlightenment
let us confuse the issue by labeling the objective or the method psychoanalytic for this is a well established term of art for the specific ideas and procedures initiated by sigmund freud and his followers for the study and treatment of disordered personalities
the traditional method proceeds by the technique of free association punctuated by interpretations proposed by the psychoanalytic interviewer
what we have in mind does have something in common with the goals of psychoanalysis and with the methods by which they are sought
for what we propose however a psychoanalyst is necessary even though one aim is to enable the reader to get beneath his own defenses his defenses of himself to himself
for this purpose a degree of intellectual and emotional involvement is necessary
but involvement needs to be accompanied by a special frame of mind
the relatively long and often colorful selections in this anthology enable the reader to become genuinely absorbed in what is said whether he responds with anger or applause
but simple involvement is enough
self-discovery calls for an open permissive inquiring posture of self-observation
the symposium provides an opportunity to confront the self with specific statements which were made at particular times by identifiable communicators who were addressing definite audiences and throughout several hundred pages everyone is talking about the same key symbol of identification
an advantage of being exposed to such specificity about an important and recurring feature of social reality is that it can be taken advantage of by the reader to examine covert as well as overt resonances within himself resonances triggered by explicit symbols clustering around the central figure of the jew
two facets of this aspect of the literary process have special significance for our time
one a reservation on the point i have just made is the phenomenon of pseudo-thinking pseudo-feeling and pseudo-willing which fromm discussed in the escape from freedom
in essence this involves grounding one 's thought and emotion in the values and experience of others rather than in one 's own values and experience
there is a risk that instead of teaching a person how to be himself reading fiction and drama may teach him how to be somebody else
clearly what the person brings to the reading is important
moreover if the critic instructs his audience in what to see in a work he is contributing to this pseudo-thinking
if he instructs them in how to evaluate a work he is helping them to achieve their own identity
the second timely part of this sketch of literature and the search for identity has to do with the difference between good and enduring literary works and the ephemeral mass culture products of today
in the range and variety of characters who in their literary lives get along all right with life styles one never imagined possible there is an implicit lesson in differentiation
the reader observing this process might ask why be different
and find in the answer a license to be a variant of the human species
the observer of television or other products for a mass audience has only a permit to be like the models he sees even more like everybody else
and this i think holds for values as well as life styles
one would need to test this proposition carefully
after all the large and probably unreliable reader 's digest literature on the most unforgettable character i ever met deals with village grocers country doctors favorite if illiterate aunts and so forth
scientists often turn out to be idiosyncratic too
but still the proposition is worth examination
it is possible that the study of literature affects the conscience the morality the sensitivity to some code of right and wrong
i do know that this is true
both flugel and ranyard west deal with the development and nature of conscience as do such theologians as niebuhr and buber
it forms the core of many perhaps most problems of psychotherapy
i am aware of great attention by any of these authors or by the psychotherapeutic profession to the role of literary study in the development of conscience most of their attention is to a pre-literate period of life or for the theologians of course to the influence of religion
still it would be surprising if what one reads did contribute to one 's ideas of right and wrong
certainly the awakened alarm over the comic books and the continuous concern over prurient literature indicate some peripheral aspects of this influence
probably the most important thing to focus on is the development of conscience which may well be almost beyond the reach of literature but the contents of conscience the code which is imparted to the developed or immature conscience available
this is in large part a code of behavior and a glossary of values what is it that people do and should do and how one should regard it
in a small way this is illustrated by the nineteenth-century novelist who argued for the powerful influence of literature as a teacher of society and who illustrated this with the way a girl learned to meet her lover how to behave how to think about this new experience how to exercise restraint
literature may be said to give people a sense of purpose dedication mission significance
this no doubt is part of what gilbert seldes implies when he says of the arts they give form and meaning to life which might otherwise seem shapeless and without sense
men seem almost universally to want a sense of function that is a feeling that their existence makes a difference to someone living or unborn close and immediate or generalized
feeling useless seems generally to be an unpleasant sensation
a need so deeply planted asking for direction so to speak is likely to be gratified by the vivid examples and heroic proportions of literature
the terms renewal and refreshed which often come up in aesthetic discussion seem partly to derive their import from the renewal of purpose and a refreshed sense of significance a person may receive from poetry drama and fiction
the notion of inspiration is somehow cognate to this feeling
how literature does this or for whom is certainly clear but the content form and language of the message as well as the source would all play differentiated parts in giving and molding a sense of purpose
one of the most salient features of literary value has been deemed to be its influence upon and organization of emotion
let us differentiate a few of these ideas
the aristotelian notion of catharsis the purging of emotion is a persistent and viable one
the idea here is one of discharge but this must stand in opposition to a second view plato 's notion of the arousal of emotion
a third idea is that artistic literature serves to reduce emotional conflicts giving a sense of serenity and calm to individuals
this is given some expression in beardsley 's notion of harmony and the resolution of indecision
a fourth view is the transformation of emotion as in housman 's fine phrase on the arts they transform and beautify our inner nature
it is possible that the idea of enrichment of emotion is a fifth idea
f.s.c. northrop in his discussion of the functions and future of poetry suggests this one of the things which makes our lives drab and empty and which leaves us at the end of the day fatigued and deflated spiritually is the pressure of the taxing practical utilitarian concern of common-sense objects
if art is to release us from these postulated things things we must think symbolically about and bring us back to the ineffable beauty and richness of the aesthetic component of reality in its immediacy it must sever its connection with these common sense entities
i take the central meaning here to be the contrast between the drab empty quality of life without literature and a life enriched by it
richards' view of the aesthetic experience might constitute a sixth variety for him it constitutes in part the organization of impulses
a sketch of the emotional value of the study of literature would have to take account of all of these
but there is one in particular which it seems to me deserves special attention
in the wide range of experiences common to our earth-bound race none is more difficult to manage more troublesome and more enduring in its effects than the control of love and hate
the study of literature contributes to this control in a curious way
william wimsatt and cleanth brooks it seems to me have a penetrating insight into the way in which this control is effected for if we say poetry is to talk of beauty and love and yet aim at exciting erotic emotion or even an emotion of platonic esteem and if it is to talk of anger and murder and yet aim at arousing anger and indignation then it may be that the poetic way of dealing with these emotions will be any kind of intensification compounding or magnification or any direct assault upon the affections at all
something indirect mixed reconciling tensional might well be the stratagem the devious technique by which a poet indulged in all kinds of talk about love and anger and even in something like expressions of these emotions without aiming at their incitement or even uttering anything that essentially involves their incitement
the rehearsal through literature of emotional life under controlled conditions may be a most valuable human experience
here i do mean catharsis the discharge of emotion
i mean something more like freud 's concept of the utility of play to a small child he plays house or doctor or fireman as a way of mastering slightly frightening experiences reliving them imaginatively until they are under control
there is a second feature of the influences of literature good literature on emotional life which may have some special value for our time
in b. m. spinley 's portrayal of the underprivileged and undereducated youth of london a salient finding was the inability to postpone gratification a need to satisfy impulses immediately without the pleasure of anticipation or of savoring the experience
perhaps it is only an analogy but one of the most obvious differences between cheap fiction and fiction of an enduring quality is the development of a theme or story with leisure and anticipation
anyone who has watched children develop a taste for literature will understand what i mean
it is at least possible that the capacity to postpone gratification is developed as well as expressed in a continuous and guided exposure to great literature
in any inquiry into the way in which great literature affects the emotions particularly with respect to the sense of harmony or relief of tension or sense of a transformed inner nature which may occur a most careful exploration of the particular feature of the experience which produces the effect would be required
in the calm which follows the reading of a poem for example is the effect produced by the enforced quiet by the musical quality of words and rhythm by the sentiments or sense of the poem by the associations with earlier readings if it is familiar by the boost to the self-esteem for the semi-literate by the diversion of attention by the sense of security in a legitimized withdrawal by a kind license for some variety of fantasy life regarded as forbidden or by half-conscious ideas about the magical power of words
these are if the research is done with subtlety and skill researchable topics but the research is missing
one of the most frequent views of the value of literature is the education of sensibility that it is thought to provide
sensibility is a vague word covering an area of meaning rather than any precise talent quality or skill
among other things it means perception discrimination sensitivity to subtle differences
both the extent to which this is true and the limits of the field of perceptual skill involved should be acknowledged
its truth is illustrated by the skill sensitivity and general expertise of the english professor with whom one attends the theatre
the limits are suggested by an imaginary experiment contrast the perceptual skill of english professors with that of their colleagues in discriminating among motor cars political candidates or female beauty
along these lines the particular point that sensitivity in literature leads to sensitivity in human relations would require more proof than i have seen
in a symposium and general exploration of the field of personal perception and interpersonal behavior the discussion does touch upon this aspect of the subject with one possible exception
solomon asch shows the transcultural stability of metaphors based on sensation hot sweet bitter etc. dealing with personal qualities of human beings and events
but to go from here to the belief that those more sensitive to metaphor and language will also be more sensitive to personal differences is too great an inferential leap
i would say too that the study of literature tends to give a person what i shall call depth
i use this term to mean three things a search for the human significance of an event or state of affairs a tendency to look at wholes rather than parts and a tendency to respond to these events and wholes with feeling
it is the obverse of triviality shallowness emotional anaesthesia
i think these attributes cluster but i have no evidence
in fact i can only say this seems to me to follow from a wide continuous and properly guided exposure to literary art
the late r. g. collingwood a philosopher whose work has proved helpful to many students of literature once wrote
we are all though many of us are snobbish enough to wish to deny it in far closer sympathy with the art of the music-hall and picture-palace than with chaucer and cimabue or even shakespeare and titian
by an effort of historical sympathy we can cast our minds back into the art of a remote past or an alien present and enjoy the carvings of cavemen and japanese colour-prints
but the possibility of this effort is bound up with that development of historical thought which is the greatest achievement of our civilization in the last two centuries and it is utterly impossible to people in whom this development has taken place
the natural and primary aesthetic attitude is to enjoy contemporary art to despise and dislike the art of the recent past and wholly to ignore everything else
one might argue that the ultimate purpose of literary scholarship is to correct this spontaneous provincialism that is likely to obscure the horizons of the general public of the newspaper critic and of the creative artist himself
there results a study of literature freed from the tyranny of the contemporary
such study may take many forms
the study of ideas in literature is one of these
of course it goes without saying that no student of ideas can justifiably ignore the contemporary scene
he will frequently return to it
the continuities contrasts and similarities discernible when past and present are surveyed together are inexhaustible and the one is often understood through the other
when we assert the value of such study we find ourselves committed to an important assumption
most students of literature whether they call themselves scholars or critics are ready to argue that it is possible to understand literary works as well as to enjoy them
many will add that we may find our enjoyment heightened by our understanding
this understanding of course may in its turn take many forms and some of these especially those most interesting to the student of comparative literature are essentially historical
but the historian of literature need confine his attention to biography or to stylistic questions of form texture or technique
he may also consider ideas
it is true that this distinction between style and idea often approaches the arbitrary since in the end we must admit that style and content frequently influence or interpenetrate one another and sometimes appear as expressions of the same insight
but in general we may argue that the student can direct the primary emphasis of his attention toward one or the other
at this point a working definition of idea is in order although our first definition will have to be qualified somewhat as we proceed
the term idea refers to our more reflective or thoughtful consciousness as opposed to the immediacies of sensuous or emotional experience
it is through such reflection that literature approaches philosophy
an idea let us say may be roughly defined as a theme or topic with which our reflection may be concerned
in this essay we are along with most historians interested in the more general or more inclusive ideas that are so to speak writ large in history of literature where they recur continually
outstanding among these is the idea of human nature itself including the many definitions that have been advanced over the centuries
also secondary notions such as the perfectibility of man the depravity of man and the dignity of man
one might indeed argue that the history of ideas in so far as it includes the literatures must center on characterizations of human nature and that the great periods of literary achievement may be distinguished from one another by reference to the images of human nature that they succeed in fashioning
we need to be sure expect to find such ideas in every piece of literature
an idea of the sort that we have in mind although of necessity readily available to imagination is more general in connotation than most poetic or literary images especially those appearing in lyric poems that seek to capture a moment of personal experience
thus burns 's my love is like a red red rose and hopkins' the thunder-purple sea-beach plumed purple of thunder although clearly intelligible in content hardly present ideas of the sort with which we are here concerned
on the other hand arnold 's the unplumbed salt estranging sea taken in its context certainly does so
understanding a work of art involves recognition of the ideas that it reflects or embodies
thus the student of literature may sometimes find it helpful to classify a poem or an essay as being in idea or in ideal content or subject matter typical or atypical of its period
again he may discover embodied within its texture a theme or idea that has been presented elsewhere and at other times in various ways
our understanding will very probably require both these commentaries
very likely it will also include a recognition that the work we are reading reflects or belongs to some way of thought labelled as a school or an -ism i.e. a complex or syndrome of ideas occurring together with sufficient prominence to warrant identification
thus ideas like grace salvation and providence cluster together in traditional christianity
usually the work studied offers us a special or even an individualized rendering or treatment of the ideas in question so that the student finds it necessary to distinguish carefully between the several expressions of an -ism or mode of thought
accordingly we may speak of the platonism peculiar to shelley 's poems or the type of stoicism present in henley 's invictus and we may find that describing such platonism or such stoicism and contrasting each with other expressions of the same attitude or mode of thought is a difficult and challenging enterprise
after all shelley is no orthodox or hellenic platonist and even his romantic platonism can be distinguished from that of his contemporaries
again henley 's attitude of defiance which colors his ideal of self-mastery is far from characteristic of a stoic thinker like marcus aurelius whose gentle acquiescence is almost christian comparable to the patience expressed in milton 's sonnet on his own blindness
in recent years we have come increasingly to recognize that ideas have a history and that the least important chapters of this history have to do with thematic or conceptual aspects of literature and the arts although these aspects should be studied in conjunction with the history of philosophy of religion and of the sciences
when these fields are surveyed together important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions primarily literary religious and philosophical but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even to some extent with science
here we may observe that at least one modern philosophy of history is built on the assumption that ideas are the primary objectives of the historian 's research
let us quote once more from r. g. collingwood history is properly concerned with the actions of human beings regarded from the outside an action is an event or series of events occurring in the physical world
regarded from the inside it is the carrying into action of a certain thought the historian 's business is to penetrate to the inside of the actions with which he is dealing and reconstruct or rather rethink the thoughts which constituted them
it is a characteristic of thoughts that in re-thinking them we come ipso facto to understand why they were thought
such an understanding although it must seek to be sympathetic is a matter of intuition
history has this in common with every other science that the historian is allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration the grounds upon which it is based
this is what was meant above by describing history as inferential
the knowledge in virtue of which a man is an historian is a knowledge of what the evidence at his disposal proves about certain events
it is obvious that the historian who seeks to recapture the ideas that have motivated human behavior throughout a given period will find the art and literature of that age one of his central and major concerns by no means a mere supplement or adjunct of significant historical research
the student of ideas and their place in history will always be concerned with the patterns of transition which are at the same time patterns of transformation whereby ideas pass from one area of activity to another
let us survey for a moment the development of modern thought turning our attention from the reformation toward the revolutionary and romantic movements that follow and dwelling finally on more recent decades
we may thus trace the notion of individual autonomy from its manifestation in religious practice and theological reflection through practical politics and political theory into literature and the arts
finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread
no one will deny that such broad developments and transitions are of great intrinsic interest and the study of ideas in literature would be woefully incomplete without frequent reference to them
still we must remember that we cannot construct and justify generalizations of this sort unless we are ready to consider many special instances of influence moving between such areas as theology philosophy political thought and literature
the actual moments of contact are vitally important
these moments are historical events in the lives of individual authors with which the student of comparative literature must be frequently concerned
perhaps the most powerful and most frequently recurring literary influence on the western world has been that of the old and new testament
certainly one of the most important comments that can be made upon the spiritual and cultural life of any period of western civilization during the past sixteen or seventeen centuries has to do with the way in which its leaders have read and interpreted the bible
this reading and the comments that it evoked constitute the influence
a contrast of the scripture reading of let us say st. augustine john bunyan and thomas jefferson all three of whom found in such study a real source of enlightenment can tell us a great deal about these three men and the age that each represented and helped bring to conscious expression
in much the same way we recognize the importance of shakespeare 's familarity with plutarch and montaigne of shelley 's study of plato 's dialogues and of coleridge 's enthusiastic plundering of the writings of many philosophers and theologians from plato to schelling and william godwin through which so many abstract ideas were brought to the attention of english men of letters
we may also recognize cases in which the poets have influenced the philosophers and even indirectly the scientists
english philosopher samuel alexander 's debt to wordsworth and meredith is a recent interesting example as also a. n. whitehead 's understanding of the english romantics chiefly shelley and wordsworth
hegel 's profound admiration for the insights of the greek tragedians indicates a broad channel of classical influence upon nineteenth-century philosophy
again the student of evolutionary biology will find a fascinating if to our minds grotesque anticipation of the theory of chance variations and the natural elimination of the unfit in lucretius who in turn seems to have borrowed the concept from the philosopher empedocles
here an important caveat is in order
we must avoid the notion suggested to some people by examples such as those just mentioned that ideas are units in some way comparable to coins or counters that can be passed intact from one group of people to another or even for that matter from one individual to another
suppose you take mr. hearst 's morning american at $##,### a year brisbane proposed
you could come down to the office once a day look over a few exchanges dictate an editorial and then have the remainder of your time for your more serious literary labors
if within one year you can make a success out of the american you can practically name your own salary thereafter
of course if you don't make the american a success hearst will have no further use for you
the blue-eyed watson decided that he would dislike living in new york and the deal fell through
hearst 's luck was even poorer when he had a chat with franklin k. lane a prominent california journalist and reform politician whom he asked for his support
lane was still burning because he had narrowly missed election as governor of california in #### and laid his defeat to the antagonism of hearst 's san francisco examiner
hearst disclaimed blame for this but the conversation according to lane ended on a tart note
mr. lane hearst said if you ever wish anything that i can do all you will have to do will be to send me a telegram asking and it will be done
mr. hearst lane replied as he left if you ever get a telegram from me asking you to do anything you can put the telegram down as a forgery
hearst took a brief respite to hurry home to new york to become a father
on april ## #### his first child was born a son named george after the late senator
hearst saw his wife and child sent a joyful message to his mother in california and soon returned to washington where on april ## for the first time he opened his mouth in congress
this was before the house but before the judiciary committee where he asked for action on one of his pet bills that calling for an investigation of the coal-railroad monopoly
attorney shearn had worked on this for two years and had succeeded in getting a report supporting his stand from the united states attorney for the southern district of new york
hearst had spent more than $##,### of his own money in the probe but still attorney general knox was quiescent
six of the railroads carrying coal to tidewater from the pennsylvania fields hearst said only had illegal agreements with coal operators but owned outright at least eleven mines
they had watered their stock at immense profit then had raised the price of coal fifty cents a ton netting themselves another $##,###,### in annual profit
the attorney general has been brooding over that evidence like an old hen on a doorknob for eighteen months hearst said
he has acted in any way and won't let anyone take it away from him
what i want is to have this evidence come before congress and if the attorney general does report it as i am very sure he won't as he has refused to do anything of the kind i then wish that a committee of seven representatives be appointed with power to take the evidence
the congressman tried hard but failed
this was the very sort of legislation that roosevelt himself had in mind
there can be little doubt that there was a conspiracy in washington overt or implied to block anything hearst wanted even if it was something good
hatred tied his hands in congress
roosevelt and others considered him partly responsible for the murder of mckinley
they were repelled by his noisy newspapers his personal publicity his presumptuous campaign for the presidential nomination and by the swelling cloud of rumor about his moral lapses
he might get votes from his constituents but he would never get a helping hand in congress
he was the house pariah
even the regular democrats disowned him
inherently incapable of cooperating with others he ran his own show regardless of how many party-line democratic toes he stepped on
he was a political maverick a reformer with his own program determined to bulldoze it through or to blazon the infamy of those who balked him
he showed little interest in measures put forward by the regular democrats
he sought to run congress as he ran his new york american or journal a scheme veteran legislators resisted
for a freshman congressman to read political lessons to graybeard democrats was poor policy for one who needed to make friends
he soon quarreled with all the party leaders in the house and came to be regarded with detestation by regular democrats as a professional radical leading a small pack of obedient terriers whose constant snapping was demoralizing to party discipline
to old-line democrats the hearst presidential boom now in full cry was the joke of the new century
yet no leader had come to the fore who seemed likely to give the puissant t. r. a semblance of a race
there was talk of dragging old ex-president cleveland out of retirement for another try
some preferred judge alton b. parker of new york
there was a host of dark horses
the sneers at hearst changed to concern when it was seen that he had strong support in many parts of the country
platoons of hearst agents were traveling from state to state in a surprisingly successful search for delegates at the coming convention and there were charges that money was doing a large part of the persuading
just when it was needed for the campaign hearst paper no. # the boston american began publication
a bay state supporter said mr. hearst 's fight has been helped along greatly by the starting of his paper in boston
his candidacy affected his journalism somewhat
he ordered his editors to tone down on sensationalism and to refrain from using such words as seduction rape abortion criminal assault and born out of wedlock
in a story headed hearst offers cash the republican new york tribune spread the money rumor quoting an unnamed hearst supporter as saying
the argument that is cutting most ice is that hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected
the hearst men say that if hearst is nominated he and his immediate friends will contribute to the democratic national committee the sum of $#,###,###
this it is urged would relieve the national committee from the necessity of appealing to the trust magnates
the alternative to this is that if a conservative candidate is nominated the national committee will have to appeal to the trusts for their campaign funds and in doing this will incur obligations which would make a democratic victory absolutely fruitless
the average democratic politician especially in the country districts is hungry for the spoils of office
it has been a long time since he has seen any campaign money and when the proposition is laid down to him as the friends of mr. hearst are laying it down these days he is quite likely to get aboard the hearst bandwagon
if anything the conservative democrats were more opposed to hearst than the republicans
in his own state of new york the two democratic bellwethers state leader hill and tammany boss murphy were saying nothing openly against hearst but industriously boosting their own favorites murphy being for cleveland and hill for parker
they had lost twice with the radical bryan and were having no part of hearst whom they considered more radical than bryan
but his increasing strength in the west looked menacing
it caused henry watterson to sound a blast in his louisville courier-journal
does any sane democrat believe that mr. hearst a person unknown even to his constituency and his colleagues without a word or act in the public life of his country past or present that can be shown to be his to commend him could by any possibility be elected president of the united states
but there is a hearst barrel
more splenetic was senator edward carmack of tennessee a parker man
the nomination of hearst would compass the ruin of the party carmack said
it would be a disgrace and as i have already said to the people of tennessee if hearst is nominated we may as well pen a dispatch and send it back from the field of battle all is lost including our honor
a lone pro-hearst voice from new york city was that of william devery who had been expelled as a tammany leader but still claimed strong influence in his own district
i understand hearst is a candidate for presidential honors devery said without cracking a smile
there 's nothing like buildin' from the bottom up
if he 's going to the st. louis convention as a delegate we ought to know it
he 's got a lot of friends and he ought to come along and let us know if he wants our help
hearst won the iowa state convention but ran into a bitter battle in indiana before losing to parker drawing an angry statement from indiana 's john w. kern
we are menaced for the first time in the history of the republic by the open and unblushing effort of a multi-millionaire to purchase the presidential nomination
our state has been overrun with a gang of paid agents and retainers
as for the paid hessians from other states we are here to instruct the indiana democracy in their duty i have nothing but contempt
the hearst dollar mark is all over them
the talk of a hearst barrel was increasing
another indiana observer later commented perhaps we shall never know how much was spent by hearst but if as much money was expended elsewhere as in indiana a liberal fortune was squandered
in his fight for the illinois and indiana delegations hearst made several trips to chicago to confer with andrew lawrence the former san francisco examiner man who was now his chicago kingpin and once to meet with bryan
on one visit he stopped at the office of the american where he was known surreptitiously as the great white chief and for the first time met his managing editor fat moses koenigsberg
koenigsberg never did learn what hearst wanted for the latter shook hands and moved toward the door
never mind thank you he said
i must hurry to catch my train
another editor pointed despairingly at a bundle of letters that had accumulated for him saying but mr. hearst what shall i do with this correspondence
i'll show you hearst replied grinning
he took the stack of mail and tossed it into the waste basket
every letter answers itself in a couple of weeks
the hearst barrel
hearst hopped into a private railroad car with max ihmsen and made an arduous personal canvass for delegates in the western and southern states always wearing a frock coat listening intently to local politicians and generally making a good impression
he laughed at a story that he planned to bolt the party if he was nominated
i should of course he said like any other man be honored and gratified should the democrats see fit to nominate me
but i do have to be bribed by office to be a democrat
i have supported the democratic party in the last five campaigns
i supported cleveland three times and bryan twice
i intend to support the nominee of the party at st. louis whoever he may be
the hearst press followed the chief 's progress at the various state conventions with its usual admiring attention stressing the enthusiasm and loyalty he inspired
this was historic in its way for it marked the first time an american presidential aspirant had advertised his own virtues in his own string of newspapers spanning the land
yet his editors did abandon their sense of story value
when nan patterson a stunning and money-minded chorus girl who had appeared in a floradora road show rode down broadway in a hansom cab with her married lover frank young she stopped the cab to disclose that young had been shot dead tearfully insisting that he had shot himself although experts said he could have done so
trevelyan 's liberalism was above all a liberalism of the spirit a deep feeling of communion with men fighting for country and for liberty
his passion and enthusiasm convey the courage and high adventure of garibaldi 's exploits and give the reader a unique sense of participation in the events described
the three volumes brought to the fore a characteristic of trevelyan 's prose which remained conspicuous through his later works a genius for describing military action with clarity and with authority
the confused rambling of guerrilla warfare such as most of garibaldi 's campaigns were was brought to life by trevelyan 's pen in some of the best passages in the books
his personal familiarity with the scenes of action undoubtedly contributed much to the final result but familiarity alone would have been enough without other qualities
military knowledge love of detail and a sure feeling for the portrayal of action were the added ingredients
but the garibaldi volumes were more than a romantic story
trevelyan contributed considerable new knowledge of the issues connected with his subject
the outstanding example was in garibaldi and the thousand where he made use of unpublished papers of lord john russell and english consular materials to reveal the motives which led the british government to permit garibaldi to cross the straits of messina
in looking back over the volumes it is possible to find errors of interpretation some of which were so evident at the time of writing
thus trevelyan repeats the story which pictured victor emmanuel as refusing to abandon the famous statuto at the insistence of general radetzky
later research has shown this part of the legend of the re galantuomo to be false
trevelyan accepts italian nationalism with little analysis he is unduly critical of papal and french policy and he is more than generous in assessing british policy
but fifty years later the trilogy still maintains a firm place in the list of standard works on the unification of italy a position cautiously prophesied by the reviewers at the time of publication
trevelyan 's manin and the venetian revolution of #### his last major volume on an italian theme was written in a minor key
published in #### it did gain the popular acclaim of the garibaldi volumes probably because trevelyan felt less at home with manin the bourgeois lawyer than with garibaldi the filibuster
the complexities of venetian politics eluded him but the story of the revolution itself is told in restrained measures with no superfluous passages and only an occasional overemphasis of the part played by its leading figure
if it is one of his best books it can only be considered unsatisfactory when compared with his own garibaldi
already trevelyan had begun to parallel his nineteenth-century italian studies with several works on english figures of the same period
first the life of john bright appeared and seven years later lord grey of the reform bill
of the two the life of bright is incomparably the better biography
trevelyan centers too exclusively on bright is insufficiently appreciative of the views of bright 's opponents and critics and makes light of the genuine difficulties faced by peel
yet he is right when he claims in his autobiography that he drew the real features of the man his tender and selfless motives and his rugged fearless strength
in the story of bright and the corn law agitation the crimean war the american civil war and the franchise struggle trevelyan reflects something of the moral power which enabled this independent man to exercise so immense an influence over his fellow countrymen for so long
because bright 's speeches were so much a part of him there are long and numerous quotations which far from making the biography diffuse help to give us the feel of the man
associated in a sense with the manchester school through his mother 's family trevelyan conveys in this biography something of its moral conviction and drive
nineteenth-century virtues however seem somehow to have gone out of fashion and the bright book has never been particularly popular
the biography of lord grey is strictly speaking a biography at all
it is a whig history of the tory reaction which preceded the reform bill of #### and it uses the figure of grey to give some unity to the narrative
the volume is a piece of passionate special pleading written with the heat and often with the wisdom it must be said of a liberal damning the shortsightedness of politicians from #### to ####
characteristically trevelyan enjoyed writing the work
the theme of glorious summer coming after a long winter of discontent and repression was he has told us congenial to his artistic sense
and grey 's northumberland background was close to trevelyan 's own
but his concentration on personalities and his categorical assessment of their actions fail to convey the political complexities of a long generation harassed by world-wide war and confronted with the problem of adjustment to an unprecedented industrial and social transformation
some historians have found his point of view to their taste others have complained that he makes the tory tradition appear contemptible rather than intelligible while a sympathetic critic has remarked that the intricate interplay of social dynamics and political activity of which at times politicians are the ignorant marionettes is a field for the exercise of his talents
the liberal-radical heritage which informs all of trevelyan 's interpretations of history here seems clearly to have distorted the issues and oversimplified the period
for once his touch deserted him
research in the period of grey and bright led naturally to a more ambitious work
britain in the nineteenth century is a textbook designed to give the sense of continuous growth to show how economic led to social and social to political change how the political events reacted on the economic and social and how new thoughts and new ideals accompanied or directed the whole complicated process
the plan is admirably fulfilled for the period up to ####
more temperately than in the study of grey and despite his liberal bias trevelyan vividly sketches the england of pre-french revolution days portrays the stresses and strains of the revolutionary period in rich colors and brings developments leading to the reform bill into sharp and clear focus
his technique is genuinely masterful
by what one reader called a series of dissolving views he merges one period into another and gives a sense of continuous growth
but after #### the narrative tends to lose its balanced many-sided quality and to become a medley of topics often unconnected by any single thread
economic analysis was never trevelyan 's strong point and the england of the industrial transformation cries out for economic analysis
yet after #### the interrelations of economic and social and political affairs become blurred and the narrative becomes largely a conventional political account
finally the period after #### receives little attention and that quite superficial
yet britain in the nineteenth century became the vade mecum of beginning students of history went through edition after edition and continues to be reprinted up to the very present
its success is a tribute above all to trevelyan 's brilliance as a literary stylist
in #### trevelyan traveled to the united states where he delivered the lowell lectures at harvard university
these lectures formed the nucleus of a general survey of english development which took form afterward as a history of england
in short order the general history became his most popular work and has remained aside from his later social history the work most widely favored by the public
the history of england has often been compared with green 's short history
like green trevelyan aimed to write a history of english kings or english conquests but of the english people
the result was fortunate
the history takes too much for granted to serve as a text for other than english schoolboys and like britain in the nineteenth century it deteriorates badly as it goes beyond ####
trevelyan 's excursions into contemporary history were rarely happy ones
but as a stimulating provocative interpretation of the broad sweep of english development it is incomparable
living pictures of the early boroughs country life in tudor and stuart times the impact of the industrial revolution compete with sensitive surveys of language and literature the common law parliamentary development
the strength of the history is also its weakness
trevelyan is militantly sure of the superiority of english institutions and character over those of other peoples
his nationalism was a new characteristic but its self-consciousness even its self-satisfaction is more obvious in a book that stretches over the long reach of english history
and yet the elements which capture his liberal and humanistic imagination are those which make the english story worth telling and worth remembering
tolerance and compromise social justice and civil liberty are today too often in short supply for one to be overly critical of trevelyan 's emphasis on their central place in the english tradition
like most major works of synthesis the history of england is informed by the positive views of a first-class mind and this is surely a major work
four years after the publication of the history of england the first volume of trevelyan 's queen anne trilogy appeared
by now he had become regius professor of modern history at cambridge and had been honored by the award of the order of merit
his academic duties had little evident effect on his prolific pen
blenheim was followed in rapid succession by ramillies and the union with scotland and by the peace and the protestant succession the three forming together a detailed picture of england under queen anne
like his volume on wycliffe the work was accompanied by the publication of a selected group of documents in this case illustrative of the history of queen anne 's reign down to ####
trevelyan was at least in part attracted to the period by an almost unconscious desire to take up the story where macaulay 's history of england had broken off
in addition he believed in the dramatic unity and separateness of the period from ####-## lying between the stuart and hanoverian eras with a special ethos of its own
he saw the age as one in which britain settled her free constitution and attained her modern place in the world
to most observers there is little doubt that he placed an artificial strait jacket of unity upon the years of anne 's reign which in reality existed only in the pages of his history
of the three volumes blenheim is easily the best
in four opening chapters reminiscent of macaulay 's famous third chapter trevelyan surveys the state of england at the opening of the eighteenth century
his delightful picture of society and institutions is filled with warm detail that brings the period vividly to life
he tends to underestimate or perhaps to view charitably the brutality and the violence of the age so that there is an idyllic quality in these pages which hazes over some of its sharp reality
yet as an evocation of time past there are few such successful portraits in english historical literature
once the scene is set trevelyan skilfully builds up the tense story until it reaches its climax in the dramatic victory of marlborough and eugene of savoy at blenheim
the account of the battle is next to his descriptions of garibaldi 's campaigns trevelyan 's outstanding military narrative
the scene is etched in sharp detail the military problems brilliantly explained and the excitement and importance of the battle made evident
if only for this modest masterpiece of military history blenheim is likely to be read and reread long after newer interpretations have perhaps altered our picture of the marlborough wars
ramillies and the union with scotland has fewer high spots than blenheim and much less of its dramatic unity
yet in several chapters on scotland in the eighteenth century trevelyan copes persuasively with the tangled confusion of scottish politics against a vivid background of scottish religion customs and traditions
i stood on a table surrounded by hundreds of expectant young faces
questions came to me from all sides about my world citizenship activities
after making a short statement about human rights and the freedom to travel i told them i would be going to the kehl bridge the next morning in order to cross the rhine into germany
may we come with you
called out a dozen young voices
well i might get that far i told them as actually i have no papers to enter germany and as a matter of fact no permit to return to france once i leave
that was all they needed
they would champion me
we would all meet at ten o'clock at the kehl bridge five miles from strasbourg and march triumphantly across into germany
there was only one hitch the small town of kehl on the other side of the rhine was still under french jurisdiction
the real franco-german frontier was beyond the town 's limits
in fact all persons were permitted to cross the rhine into kehl there being no sentry posted on the west side of the river
that evening as i learned later the students enjoying that spontaneous immodesty in action known only to university students surged out onto the streets of strasbourg overturning empty streetcars marking up store fronts and shouting imprudently garry davis to power
as i got off the trolley at kehl bridge the next morning i was met by what looked like #,### students some of whom were carrying sticks apparently for the coming battle with the police
alarmed by this display of weapons i looked toward the bridge and there saw stretched across the near side a cordon of policemen their bicycles forming a roadblock before which stood several french officers in uniform and a small waspish man in a brown derby
listen please i called to the students in french
i thank you most heartily for being here
this is full evidence of your support for my principles
these principles however will be served by violence in any form
if they are right they will prevail of and by themselves
i ask you all to support me in this
if one finger is raised against the authorities all our moral power will vanish
your self-control in this respect will be the only witness to your understanding of what i am saying
i have full confidence in you
now let 's go
i marched up to the waiting officials the students massed behind me
as usual the press photographers were on hand
the waspish man stopped me three paces from the bicycle barricade and asked me in french if i had papers to leave france
i replied in the affirmative taking out my recently acquired titre d'identite et de voyage on which was stamped a permission to leave france
he examined it carefully handed it back and said eh bien you may leave france
i took one step eastward
one of the uniformed officers stepped in my way demanding to know whether i had permission to enter germany
no i have no permission to enter germany i told him
alors you may go no farther he said imperiously
is this then the frontier
i asked him
at this the students let out a yell knowing full well the actual frontier was beyond the town of kehl
but i have no permission to re-enter france and i have just left i told him
i must then be standing on the line between france and germany
the waspish man stepped forward
but there is no line between france and germany that is no actual line
but if there is no line how can there be two countries
you have just given me permission to leave france which i did
i have witnesses
and as you know i have no permission to re-enter france once out
now i learn i cannot enter germany
obviously i'm stuck on the line between the two countries
the students were laughing uproariously at this piece of logic and even the policemen were trying hard to smile
mais non the interior ministry man coaxed you may come back to strasbourg now if you wish
then will you give me a visa to re-enter france
but there is no question of a visa
you are still in france
ah then please tell me where the frontier is because this gentleman here i indicated the french occupation officer informs me that germany is just on the other side of him
the interior man looked uneasily at his french compatriot
from the crowd were coming cries of he 's right
there must be a line
and bravo garry continue
seeing their hesitation i said well until i have permission to enter germany or a visa to re-enter france i shall be obliged to remain here on the line between two countries whereupon i moved to the side of the road parked my backpack against the small guardhouse on the sidewalk sat down took out my typewriter and began typing the above conversation
the reporters were questioning the interior man and the french officer both of whom remained noncommittal as to what action if any would be taken in my regard
finally they went off to file their stories after the photographers had taken pictures of my latest vigil
the students crowded around asking questions slapping me on the back and generally being friendly
but what will you do this evening mr. davis
asked a young mustached frenchman
it will be very cold
i don't know i told him except that i will be here
i shall see about getting you a tent he said
i have a small sports shop in strasbourg
that would be a great help i told him thanking him for his thoughtfulness
a special guard was posted at my end of the bridge to make sure i didn't cross the ludicrousness of the situation being revealed fully in that everyone else men women and children dogs cats horses cars trucks baby carriages could cross kehl bridge into kehl without surveillance
the day passed eventfully enough with a constant stream of visitors some stopping only to say hello others getting into serious conversations such as one andre fuchs a free-lance journalist from strasbourg who wrote an article for the nouvelle alsatian in highly sympathetic terms
some students from the university returned around six with a large pot containing enough hot soup to last me a week
a volunteer food brigade had been arranged they told me which would supply me with the necessities as long as i remained at the bridge
a little later the sports shop man returned with a small pup tent
one of the girl students sitting by while i ate the thick soup asked me if i had a sleeping bag
when i informed her that i didn't she said she would borrow her brother 's and bring it to me later that evening
you do know me she said in good english but my mother was your governess in philadelphia when you were a child
her name was esther peter
i was delighted to make that personal contact in such trying and unusual circumstances
the peter family proved wonderful and helpful friends in the following days mrs. peter little esther and raoul who generously lent me his sleeping bag for my watch on the rhine
sighting a line from the bridge to a small field directly to the side i pitched the tent that evening on the stateless line digging a small trench around it as best i could with a toy spade donated by a neighborhood child
the wind from the rhine was damp and chill necessitating a fire for warmth
after scouring around a bit in the open area i came across what proved to be tar-soaked logs which crackled and burned brightly giving off vast rolls of smoke into the ashen sky
each evening the students appeared with the soup kettle and several petits pains esther usually being among them
i had advised friends to write me to no man 's land pont kehl between strasbourg and kehl france-germany
sure enough mail began trickling in delivered by a talkative highly amused french postman who informed me there had been quite a debate at the post office as to whether that address would be recognized
on christmas eve students brought out two small christmas trees which i placed on either side of the tent
as the field on which my tent was pitched was a favorite natural playground for the kids of the neighborhood i had made many friends among them taking part in their after-school games and trying desperately to translate grimm 's fairy tales into an understandable french as we gathered around the fire in front of the tent
to my great surprise and delight when they saw the two trees they went rushing off returning shortly with decorations from their own trees
it was a merry if somewhat soggy christmas for me that year
in the mail were invitations to speak at the universities of cologne heidelberg and baden-baden
twenty thousand world citizens at stuttgart had signed a petition inviting me to visit their town
when dr. adenauer was approached by a world citizen delegation to find out his disposition of my case he gave them his personal approval of my entry saying that all men advocating peace should be welcomed into germany
the special guard however was still posted on kehl bridge
as it began raining at around eight o'clock on december ##th i retired into my tent early somewhat tired and discouraged my body reacting sluggishly because of the continued exposure
no matter how large the fire i couldn't seem to shake off the chill that day
oh mr. davis are you there
a voice drifted in to me above the patter of the rain shortly after i had fallen into a fitful sleep
who is it
we're from the council of europe british delegation
may we have a word with you
i've had a trying day and i just can't make it out again i told them
i heard nothing more
later i learned that sir hugh dalton had expressed a desire to see me hence their trip to no man 's land
on the evening of december ##th esther noticed my pallid look and rasping voice
she entreated me to see a doctor and when i refused brought one out to see me
he advised immediate hospitalization
i wouldn't hear of it because it meant giving up the line though i realized i was in poor shape physically
esther mistaking my hesitation assured me that the hospital expense would be taken care of by a leading merchant in strasbourg whom she had already approached
no it 's that i told her
you see once i relinquish the position i've already established here i couldn't regain it without sacrificing the logic of it
at that moment up walked a tall young man with glasses who announced himself as a world citizen from basel switzerland
without preliminaries esther asked him if you are a world citizen will you take garry davis' place in his tent while he goes to the hospital
but of course with pleasure he replied
esther looked at me
i looked from her to him
what is your name
i asked him
shake i said
you have just enlisted for the rhine campaign
esther jumped up ran to him and gave him a little hug
i am so happy
now come garry we must go quickly
there is a police car outside
maybe they will take us
such were the incongruities of the situation that the very police assigned to check up on me were drafted into driving me to the strasbourg hospital while world citizen jean babel waved adieu from the line
he remembered every detail of his pre-assault movements but nothing of the final desperate rush to come to grips with the enemy
when the victory cheer went up this officer found himself still mounted with his horse pressed broadside against cleburne 's log parapet in a tangled group of infantrymen
his hat was gone the tears were streaming from his eyes
he never knew how he got there
six climactic minutes in an individual 's life left no memory
eight hundred and sixty-five rebels surrendered within their works and a thousand more were captured or surrendered themselves that night and the next day
eight field guns were captured in position
seven battle flags and fourteen officers' swords were sent to thomas' headquarters
it was the only sizable assault upon infantry and artillery behind breastworks successfully made by either side during the atlanta campaign
the fourteenth regiment of ohio volunteers lost one-third of its numbers within a few minutes among them being several men whose time of service had expired but who had volunteered to advance with their regiment
the thirty-eighth regiment of ohio volunteers one of the regiments in thomas' first division during buell 's command suffered its greatest loss of the war in this action
a popular belief grew up after the war that the only time during the civil war that thomas ever put his horse to a gallop was when he went to hurry up stanley for this assault
sherman was responsible for the story when he said in his memoirs that this was the only time he could recall seeing thomas ride so fast
while thomas' injured back led him to restrain his mount from its most violent gait he moved quickly enough when he had to
it is in the record but he must have galloped his horse at peach tree creek when he brought up ward 's guns to save newton 's crumbling line
while the final combat of the campaign was being worked out at jonesborough thomas on sherman 's instructions ordered slocum now commanding the twentieth corps to make an effort to occupy atlanta if he could do so without exposing his bridgehead to a counterattack
the dispatch must have been sent after sundown on september #
slocum made his reconnaissanace the next morning found the town empty accepted the surrender of the mayor and occupied the city a little before noon
on the morning of september # the fourth corps and the armies of the tennessee and the ohio followed the line of hardee 's retreat
about noon they came up with the enemy two miles from lovejoy 's station and deployed
the fourth corps assaulted and carried a small portion of the enemy works but could hold possession of the gain for want of cooperation from the balance of the line
that night a note written in slocum 's hand and dated from inside the captured city came to sherman stating that the twentieth corps was in possession of atlanta
before making the news public sherman sent an officer with the note to thomas
in a short time the officer returned and thomas followed on his heels
the cautious thomas re-examined the note and then making up his mind that it was genuine snapped his fingers whistled and almost danced in his exuberance
the next day sherman issued his orders ending the campaign and pulled his armies back to atlanta
the measure of combat efficiency in an indecisive campaign is a matter of personal choice
sherman laid great store by place captures
hood refused to notice anything except captured guns and colors
by both standards thomas had the right to be proud
thomas thanked his men for their tenacity of purpose unmurmuring endurance cheerful obedience brilliant heroism and high qualities in battle
sherman felt that his own part in the campaign was skillful and well executed but that the slowness of a part of his army robbed him of the larger fruits of victory
he supposed the military world would approve of his accomplishment
whatever the military world thought the political world approved it wholeheartedly
for some time despondency in some northern quarters had been displayed in two ways an eagerness for peace and a dissatisfaction with lincoln
proposals were in the air for a year 's armistice
lincoln was sure that he would be re-elected
in the midst of this gloom at ##:## p.m. on september # slocum 's telegram to stanton general sherman has taken atlanta shattered the talk of a negotiated peace and boosted lincoln into the white house
to the republicans no victory could have been more complete
official congratulations showered upon sherman and his army
lincoln mentioned their distinguished ability courage and perseverance
he felt that this campaign would be famous in the annals of war
grant called it prompt skillful and brilliant
halleck described it as the most brilliant of the war
actually the atlanta campaign was a military failure
next best to destroying an army is to deprive it of its freedom of action
sherman had accomplished this much of his job and then inexplicably nullified it by his thirty-mile retreat from lovejoy 's to atlanta
but so far as its territorial objectives were concerned the campaign was successful
within the narrow frame of military tactics too the experts agree that the campaign was brilliant
in seventeen weeks the military front was driven southward more than ### miles
there was a battle on an average of once every three weeks
the skirmishing was almost constant
in the summary of the principal events of the campaign compiled from the official records there are only ten days which show no fighting
the casualties in the army of the cumberland were ##,### while for all three armies they were ##,###
men were killed in their camps at their meals and in their sleep
rifle fire often kept the opposing gunners from manning their pieces
modern warfare was born in this campaign periscopes camouflage booby traps land mines extended order trench raids foxholes armored cars night attacks flares sharpshooters in trees interlaced vines and treetops which were the forerunners of barbed wire trip wires to thwart a cavalry charge which presaged the mine trap and the general use of anesthetics
the use of map coordinates was begun when the senior officers began to select tactical points by designating a spot as near the letter o in the word mountain
a few weeks later the maps were being divided into squares and a position was described as being about lots ### ### and ### with pickets forward as far as ###
this system was dependent upon identical maps and thomas supplied them from a mobile lithograph press
orders of the day began to specify the standard map for the movement
sherman proved that a railway base could be movable and the most brilliant feature of the atlanta campaign was the rapid repair of the tracks
to the rebels it seemed as if sherman carried tunnels and bridges in his pockets
the whistle of sherman 's locomotives often drowned out the rattle of the skirmish fire
as always the ranks worked out new and better tactics but there was brilliance in the way the field commands adopted these methods and in the way the army commanders incorporated them into their military thinking
the fossilized formalized precedent-based thinking of the legendary military brain was evident in sherman 's armies
sherman could never be accused of sticking too long with the old
one of sherman 's most serious shortcomings however was his mistrust of his cavalry
he never saw that it was a complement to his infantry and a substitute for it
then in some way this lack of faith in the cavalry became mixed up in his mind with the dragging effect of wagon trains and was hardened into a prejudice
a horse needed twenty pounds of food a day but the infantryman got along with two pounds
the horseman required eleven times more than the footman
so sherman tried a compromise
he would ship by rail five pounds per day per animal and the other fifteen pounds that were needed could be picked up off the country
it failed to work
already debilitated by the chattanooga starvation the quality of sherman 's horseflesh ran downhill as the campaign progressed
every recorded request by thomas for a delay in a flank movement or an advance was to gain time to take care of his horses
well led properly organized cavalry in its complementary role to infantry had four functions
first it could locate the enemy infantry learn what they were doing and hold them until the heavy foot columns could come up and take over
second it could screen its own infantry from the sight of the enemy
third it could threaten at all times and destroy when possible the enemy communications
it could reach key tactical points faster than infantry and destroy them or hold them as the case might be for the foot soldier
its climactic role was to pursue and demoralize a defeated enemy but this chance never came in the atlanta campaign
thomas tried hard to have his cavalry ready for the test it was to meet but his plans were wrecked when it was forced into a campaign without optimum mobility and with its commander stripped from it
sherman knew the uses of cavalry as well as thomas but he imagined a moving base with infantry wings instead of cavalry wings
his conception proved workable but slower and it enabled his enemy to make clean deft well organized retreats with small materiel losses
sherman insisted that cavalry could successfully break up hostile railways yet garrard 's covington raid and rousseau 's opelika raid cut two-thirds of the rail lines he had to break and sherman lived in mortal fear of what forrest might do to his communications
when mcpherson pushed blindly through snake creek gap in a potentially decisive movement the only cavalry in his van was the ninth illinois mounted infantry totally inadequate for its role
it stumbled on infantry where no infantry should have been and mcpherson 's aggressive impulse faded out overwhelmed by fears of the unknown
a proper cavalry command in his front would have developed the fact that he had run into one division of polk 's army of the mississippi moving up from the direction of mobile to join johnston at dalton
from the night of august ## to the morning of september # there was no union cavalry east of the macon railway to disclose to sherman that he was missing the greatest opportunity of his career
a great part of the time thomas' infantry never knew the location of the enemy line
at such times thomas wondered when and where a counterattack would strike him
it was the hard way to fight a war but thomas did it without making any disastrous mistakes
heat during the atlanta campaign coupled with unsuitable clothing caused individual irritation that was compounded by a lack of opportunity to bathe and shift into clean clothing
to relieve the itch and sweat galls the men got into the water whenever they could and since each sizable stream was generally the dividing line between the armies the pickets declared a private truce while the men went swimming
johnston believed that sherman put his naked engineers into the swimming parties to locate the various fords
lieutenant colonel james p. brownlow who commanded the first brigade of thomas' first cavalry division was ordered across one of these fords
the water was deep and brownlow took his troopers across naked except for guns cartridge boxes and hats
they kicked their horses through the deep water with their bare heels drove the rebels out of their rifle pits and captured four men
most of the rebels got away since they could make better time through the stiff brush than their naked pursuers
rank was becoming an explosive issue in all three of sherman 's armies
merited recommendations from army commanders were passed over in favor of political appointees from civil life
in one of the very few letters in which he ever complained of meynell thompson told patmore of his distress at having had to leave london before this new friendship had developed further
that was a very absurd and annoying situation in which i was placed by w. m. 's curious methods of handling me
he never let me know that my visit was about to terminate until the actual morning i was to leave for lymington
the result was that i found myself in the ridiculous position of having made a formal engagement by letter for the next week only two days before my departure from london
luckily both women knew my position and if anyone suffered in their opinion it was i
it need hardly be remarked that thompson was generally known for his scrupulosity about keeping his social engagements which makes his irritation in this letter all the more significant
when thompson and her daughter began a correspondence which included fervent verses from pantasaph mrs. king felt a proper victorian alarm
some she knew looked upon thompson almost as a saint but others read in the hound of heaven what they took to be the confessions of a great sinner who like oscar wilde had as one pious writer later put it thrown himself on the swelling wave of every passion
consequently on october ## #### mrs. king wrote to thompson quite against her daughter 's wishes asking him to recommence a correspondence which i believe has been dropped for some weeks
katherine was staying at a convent and her mother felt that as thompson himself seems to have suggested she might eventually stay there
this prospect did please mrs. king any more than did the possibility that her daughter might marry a bohemian but she used it to suggest to thompson that it is in her nature to love you
for his part thompson had explained in a previous letter that there would be nothing but an honorable friendship between katie and himself
at no time does he seem to have proposed marriage and mrs. king was evidently torn between a concern for her daughter 's emotions and the desire to believe that the friendship might be continued without harm to her reputation
in any case she told thompson that she saw no reason why he might see katie again now that this frank explanation has been made & no one can misunderstand
she ended her letter with the assurance that she considered his friendship for her daughter and herself to be an honor from which she could part without still more pain
after thompson came to london to live he received a letter from katie which was dated february # ####
she regretted what she described as the unwarrantable & unnecessary check to their friendship and said that she felt that they understood one another perfectly
this letter concluded with an invitation
i am a great deal at the little children 's hospital
mr. meynell knows the way
i know you are very busy now you are writing a great deal & your book is coming out isn't it
but if you are able & care to come you know how glad i shall be
ever yours sincerely
katherine douglas king the invitation was accepted and other letters followed in which she spoke of her concern for his health and her delight in seeing him so much at home among the crippled children she served
it is difficult to say what thompson expected would come of their relationship which had begun so soon after his emotions had been stirred by maggie brien but when katie wrote on april ## #### to tell him that she was to be married to the rev. godfrey burr the vicar of rushall in staffordshire the news evidently helped to deepen his discouragement over the failure of his hopes for a new volume of verse
in a letter to meynell which was written in june less than a month before katie 's wedding he was highly melodramatic in his despair and once again announced his intention of returning to the life of the streets
a week in arrears and without means to pay i must go it is the only right thing
perhaps mrs. meynell would do me the undeserved kindness to keep my own copy of the first edition of my first book with all its mementos of her and the dear ones
last least there are some poems which k. king sent me addressed to herself when i was preparing a fresh volume asking me to include them
the terrible blow of the new year put an end to that project
i wish you would return them to her
i have the heart
i never had the courage to look at them when my projected volume became hopeless fearing they were poor until now when i was obliged to do so
o my genius young and ripening you would swear when i wrote them
what has it all come to
all chance of fulfilling my destiny is over
i want you to be grandfather to these orphaned poems dear father-brother now i am gone
and launch them on the world when their time comes
for them a box will be lodgment enough
katie cannot mind your seeing them now
since my silence must have ended when i gave the purposed volume to you
i ask you to do me the last favour of reading them by # to-morrow evening about which time i shall come to say my sad good-bye
if you don't think much of them tell me the wholesome truth
if otherwise you will give me a pleasure
it is strange
but this yes terrible step i am about to take is lightened with an inundating joy by the new-found hope that here in these poems is treasure or at least some measure of beauty which i did know of
thompson of course was persuaded to take the terrible step
meynell once again paid his debts and it was katie rather than thompson whose life was soon ended for she died in childbirth in april #### in the first year of her marriage
the orphaned poems mentioned in the letter to meynell comprised a group of five sonnets which were published in the #### edition of thompson 's works under the heading ad amicam plus certain other completed pieces and rough drafts gathered together in one of the familiar exercise books
the publication of father connolly 's the man has wings has made more of the group available in print so that a general picture of what it contained can now be had without difficulty
some of the poems express a mood of joy in a newly discovered love
others suggest its coming loss or describe the poet 's feelings when he learns of a final separation
the somewhat petrarchan love story which these poems suggest cannot obscure the fact that undoubtedly they have more than a little of autobiographical sincerity
when they were first written there was evidently no thought of their being published and those which refer to the writer 's love for mrs. meynell particularly have the ring of truth
in my song 's young virgin date for example thompson wrote yea she that had my song 's young virgin date now alas that noble singular she i nobler hold though marred from her once state than others in their best integrity
my own stern hand has rent the ancient bond and thereof shall the ending have end but for me that loved her to be fond lightly to please me with a newer friend then hold it more than bravest-feathered song that i affirm to thee with heart of pride i knew what did to a friend belong till i stood up true friend by thy true side
whose absence dearer comfort is by far than presences of other women are
taking into account thompson 's capacity for self-dramatization and the possibility of a wish to identify his own life with the misfortunes of other poets who had known unhappy loves there can be no doubt about his genuine emotion for katie king
that she was affected by his protestations seems obvious but since she was evidently a sensible young woman as well as an outgoing and sympathetic type it would seem that for her the word friendship had a far less intense emotional significance than that which thompson gave it
from the outset she must have realized that marriage with him was out of the question and although she was displeased by the unwarrantable interference it seems probable that she did agree with her mother 's suggestion that the poet was perhaps a man most fitted to live & die solitary & in the love only of the highest lover
the poems which were addressed to her while they are far more restrained than those of love in dian 's lap show no great technical advance over those of the narrow vessel group and are if anything somewhat more labored
their interest remains chiefly biographical for they throw some light on the utter despair which overtook thompson in the spring and early summer of ####
whether or danchin is correct in suggesting that thompson 's resumption of the opium habit also dates from this period is of course a matter of conjecture
reid simply states without offering any supporting evidence that after he returned to london he resumed his draughts of laudanum and continued this right up to his death
there is every reason to recognize that in the very last years of his life as we shall see thompson did take the drug in carefully rationed doses to ease the pains of his illness but the exact date at which this began has never been determined
if as reid says nearly all his poetry was produced when he was taking opium there may be some reason to doubt that he was under its influence in the period from #### to #### when he was writing the poems to katie king and making plans for another book of verse
in any event the critical productivity of that time is abundant proof that if he was taking laudanum it was never in command of him to the extent that it had been during his vagrant years
meynell 's remedy for thompson 's despondent mood was typically practical
he simply found more work for him to do and the articles and reviews continued without an evident break
as a reviewer thompson generally displayed a judicious attitude
that he read some of the books assigned to him with a studied carefulness is evident from his notes which are often so full that they provide an unquestionable basis for the identification of reviews that were printed without his signature
on the basis of this careful reading thompson frequently gave a clear complete and interesting description of a prose work or chose effective quotations to illustrate his discussions of poetry
he was seldom an unmethodical critic and his reviews generally followed a systematic pattern a description of what the work contained a treatment of the things that had especially interested him in it and wherever possible a balancing of whatever artistic merits and faults he might have found
it was of course in this drawing of the balance sheet of judgment that he most clearly displayed his desire to do full justice to an author
reviewing davidson 's the testament of an empire builder for example thompson found that there was too much metrical dialectic
poetry he said must be dogmatic it must stoop to argue like a k.c. in cloth-of-gold
yet davidson impressed him as a poet capable of sustained power passion or beauty and he cited specific passages to illustrate only these qualities but davidson 's command of imagery as well
similarly he wrote that laurence housman had a too deliberate manner as well as a lack of inevitable felicity in diction
but he admired housman 's subtle intellectuality and delighted in the inversion by which divine love becomes the most fatal allurement in love the tempter
of course there were books about which nothing good could be said
understanding as he did the difficulty of the art of poetry and believing that the only technical criticism worth having in poetry is that of poets he felt obliged to insist upon his duty to be hard to please when it came to the review of a book of verse
as he had done on his first imperial sortie a year and a half before lewis trekked southeast through red russia to kamieniec
thence he pushed farther south than he had ever been before into podolia and nogay tartary or the yedisan
there along the east bank of the southern bug opposite the hamlet of zhitzhakli a few miles north of the black sea he arrived at general headquarters of the russian army
by june ## #### he had presented himself to its commander in chief the governor of the southern provinces the director of the war college the prince
catherine 's first war against the grand turk had ended in #### with a peace treaty quite favorable to her
by #### her legions had managed to annex the crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now in this second combat with the crescent were aiming at suzerainty over all of the black sea 's northern shoreline
through most of #### operations on both sides had been lackadaisical
those of #### were going to prove decisive though many of their details are obscure
to consolidate what her navy had won the czarina was fortunate that for the first time in russian history her land forces enjoyed absolute unity of command under her favorite giaour
potemkin was directing this conflict on three fronts in the caucasus
along the danube and among the carpathians in alliance with the emperor joseph 's armies
and in the misty marshlands and shallow coastal waters of nogay tartary and taurida including the crimean peninsula
here the war would flame to its focus and here lewis littlepage had come
potemkin 's army of ekaterinoslav totaling it was claimed ##,### regular troops and #,### irregulars of the cossack corps had invested islam 's principal stronghold on the north shore of the black sea the fortress town of oczakov and was preparing to test the turk by land and sea
during a sojourn of slightly more than three months chamberlain littlepage could see action on both elements
as his second in command the prince had marshal repnin one-time ambassador to poland
repnin who had a rather narrow face longish nose high forehead and arching brows looked like a quizzical mephistopheles
some people thought he lacked both ability and character but most agreed that he was noble in appearance and for a russian humane
the marshal came to know littlepage quite well
at general headquarters the newcomer in turn got to know others
there was the neapolitan ribas a capable conniver whose father had been a blacksmith but who had fawned his way up the ladder of catherine 's and potemkin 's favor till he was now a brigadier and would one day be the daggerman designated to do in czar paul # after traveling all the way to naples to procure just the right stiletto
then there were the distinguished foreign volunteers
representing the emperor were the prince de ligne still as impetuous as a youth of twenty
and general the count pallavicini founder of the austrian branch of that celebrated italian house a courtier littlepage could have met at madrid in december ####
from milan came the young chevalier de litta an officer in the service of malta
out of saxony rode the prince of anhalt-bernburg one of the czarina 's cousins and a lieutenant general in her armies a frank sensitive popular soldier whose kindnesses littlepage would always recall with the sincerest gratitude
though catherine was vexed at the number of french officers streaming to the turkish standard there were several under her own such as the prince de nassau
the energetic parisian roger de damas three year 's littlepage 's junior to whom nassau had taken a liking
and the artillerist colonel prevost whom the count de segur had persuaded to lend his technical skills to nassau
england contributed a young subaltern named newton and the naval architect samuel bentham brother to the economist who for his colonel 's commission was proving a godsend to the russian fleet
from america were the messrs. littlepage and jones
lewis had expected to report at once to jones 's and nassau 's naval command post
on arrival at headquarters he had however in king stanislas' words to glayre found such favor with pe potemkin that he made him his aide-de-camp and up to now does want him to go join paul jones
so of course he stayed put
having done so he began to experience all the frustrations of others who attempted to get along with serenissimus and do a job at the same time
the prince 's perceptions were quick and his energy monstrous but these qualities were sapped by an oriental lethargy and a policy of letting nothing interfere with personal passions
at headquarters sufficiently far from the firing line to make you forget occasionally that you were in a war lewis found that the commander in chief 's only desk was his knees and his only comb his fingers
an entire theater had been set up for his diversion with a ###-man italian orchestra under the well-known sarti
in the great one 's personal quarters a portable house almost every evening saw an elegant banquet or reception
lewis could let his eye caress the prince 's divan covered with a rose-pink and silver turkish cloth or admire the lovely tapis interwoven with gold that spread across the floor
filigreed perfume boxes exuded the aromas of araby
around the billiard tables were always at least a couple of dozen beribboned generals
at dinner the courses were carried in by tall cuirassiers in red capes and black fur caps topped with tufts of feathers marching in pairs like guards from a stage tragedy
among the visitors arriving every now and then there were of course women
for if serenissimus made the sign of the cross with his right hand and meant it with his left he beckoned lewdly to any lady who happened to catch his eye
usually lewis would find at headquarters one or more of the prince 's various nieces
right now he found sophie de witt that magnificent young matron he had spotted at kamieniec four years ago
the prince took her with him on every tour around the area and it was rumored he was utilizing her knowledge of constantinople as part of his espionage network
one evening he passed around the banquet table a crystal cup full of diamonds requesting every female guest to select one as a souvenir
when a lady chanced to soil a pair of evening slippers brigadier bauer was dispatched to paris for replacements
but if the prince fancied women and was fascinated by foreigners he could be haughtiness personified to his subordinates
he had collared one of his generals in public
his coat trimmed in sable diamond stars of the orders of saints andrew or george agleam he was often prone to sit sulkily eye downcast in a scheherazade trance
when this happened everything stopped
as littlepage noted a complete picture of prince potemkin may be had in his #### operations
he stays inactive for half the summer in front of oczakov a quite second-rate spot begins to besiege it formally only during the autumn rains and finally carries it by assault in the heart of winter
there 's a man who never goes by the ordinary road but still arrives at his goal who gratuitously gets himself into difficulty in order to get out of it with eclat in a word a man who creates monsters for himself in order to appear a hercules in destroying them
to help him do so the prince had conferred control of his land forces on a soldier who was different from him in almost every respect save one both were eccentrics of the purest ray serene
alexander vasilievitch suvorov now in his fifty-ninth year ten years potemkin 's senior was a thin worn-faced person of less than medium height who looked like a professor of botany
he had a small mouth with deep furrows on either side a large flat nose and penetrating blue eyes
his gray hair was thin his face beginning to attract a swarm of wrinkles
he was ugly
but suvorov 's face was also a theater of vivacity and his tough stooping little frame was briskness embodied
like all russians he was an emotional man and in him the emotions warred
kind by nature he never refused charity to a beggar or help to anyone who asked him for it as lewis would one day discover
but he was perpetually engaged in a battle to command his own temper
when littlepage was introduced if the general behaved as usual the newcomer faced a staccato salvo of queries origin
woe betide the interviewee if he answered vaguely
suvorov 's contempt for don't-know 's was proverbial
better to give an asinine answer than none at all
despising luxuries of any sort for a soldier he slept on a pile of hay with his cloak as blanket
he rose at #:## a.m. the year round and was apt to stride through camp crowing like a cock to wake his men
his breakfast was tea
his dinner fell anywhere from nine to noon
his supper was nothing
he hadn't worn a watch or carried pocket money for years because he disliked both but highest among his hates were looking glasses he had snatched one from an officer 's grasp and smashed it to smithereens
he kept several pet birds and liked cats well enough that if one crept by he would mew at it in friendly fashion
passing dogs were greeted with a cordial bark
yet general suvorov who had never forgotten hearing his adored czarina declare that all truly great men had oddities was mad only north northwest
he had come to learn that a reputation for peculiarity allowed mere field officers a certain leeway at court
in camp he knew it won you the affection of your men
he had accordingly cultivated eccentricity to the point of second nature
underneath he remained one of the best-educated russians of his day
he dabbled in verse could get along well among most of the european languages and was fluent in french and german
he had also mastered the cossack tongue
for those little men with the short whiskers shaven polls and top knots suvorov reserved a special esteem
potemkin as king stanislas knew and presently informed littlepage looked on the cossacks as geopolitical tools
to serenissimus such tribes as the cossacks of the don or those ex-bandits the zaporogian cossacks in whose islands along the lower dnieper the polish novelist sienkiewicz would one day place with fire and sword were just elements for enforced resettlement in say bessarabia where as the faithful of the black sea borders he could use their presence as bargaining points in the czarina 's territorial claims against turkey
suvorov saw in these scimitar-wielding skirmishers demographic units but military men of a high potential
he knew how to channel their exuberant disorderliness so as to transform them from mere plunderers into a-# guerrilla fighters
he always kept a few on his personal staff
he often donned their tribal costumes such as the one featuring a tall black sheepskin hat from the top of which dangled a little red bag ornamented by a chain of worsted lace and tassels
broad red stripes down the trouser leg
broader leather belt round the waist holding cartridges and light sabre
suvorov played parent just to his cossacks but to all his troops
it was probably at this period that littlepage got his first good look at the ordinary russian soldier
these illiterate boors conscripted from villages all across the czarina 's empire had suvorov may have told lewis just two things a commander could count on physical fitness and personal courage
when their levies came shambling into camp they were all elbows hair and beard
they emerged as interchangeable cogs in a faulty but formidable machine shaved nearly naked hair queued greatcoated jackbooted and best of all in the opinion of the british professional major semple-lisle their minds are estranged from the paths of obedience by those smatterings of knowledge which only serve to lead to insubordination and mutiny
mando pleading her cause must have said that dr. brown was the most distinguished physician in the united states of america for our man poured out his symptoms and drew a madly waving line indicating the irregularity of his pulse
he 's got high blood pressure too and bum kidneys the doctor said to me
transparent look waxy skin could well be uremia
he looked disapprovingly at an ash tray piled high with cigarette stubs shook his head and moved his hand back and forth in a strong negative gesture
the little official hung his head in shame
seeing this his colleague at the next desk gave a short contemptuous laugh pushed forward his own ash tray innocent of a single butt thumped his chest to show his excellent condition and looked proud
the doctor gravely nodded approval
at this moment mando came hurrying up to announce that the problem was solved and all norton had to do was to sign a sheaf of papers
we went out of the office and down the hall to a window where documents and more officials awaited us the rest of the office personnel hot upon our heels
by this time word had got around that an american doctor was on the premises
one fellow who had liver spots held out his hands to the great healer
it was funny but it was also touching
you know norton said to me later i am thinking of setting up the klinico brownapopolus
i might make any money but i'd sure have patients
after luncheon we took advantage of the siesta period to try to get in touch with a few people to whom our dear friend deppy had written
deppy is despina messinesi a long-time member of the vogue staff who although born in boston was born there of greek parents
several years of her life have been spent in the homeland and she had written to friends to alert them of our coming
all you have to do ilka dear is to phone on your arrival
they are longing to see you
the wear and tear of life have taught me that very few friends of mutual friends long to see foreign strangers but i planned on being the soul of tact of giving them plenty of outs was there the tiniest implication that their cups were already running over without us
my diplomacy was needless
greek phone service is worse than french so that it was to be some little time before contact of any sort was established
in the late afternoon mando came back to fetch us and we drove to the acropolis
we stopped first at the amphitheater that lies at the foot of the height crowned by the parthenon
the curving benches are broken chipped tumbled but still in place as are the marble chairs the seats of honor for the legislators
the carved statues of the frieze against the low wall are for the most part headless but their exquisitely graceful nude and draped torsos and the kneeling atlantes are well preserved in their perfect proportion
having completed our camera work we started our climb
i suppose the same emotion holds if to a lesser degree with any famous monument
will it live up to its reputation
the weight of fame and history is formidable and dreary steel engravings in schoolbooks do little to quicken interest and imagination
uh huh we think looking at them so that 's the parthenon
and then perhaps one day we get to athens
we are here
we've come a long way and spent a lot of money
it had better be good
don't worry about the acropolis
it is awe-inspiring
probably every visitor has a favorite time for his first sight of it
we saw it frequently afterward but our suggestion for the very first encounter is near sunset
the light at that time is a benediction
the serene majestic columns of the parthenon tawny in color against the pure deep blue sky frame incredible vistas
all we wanted to do was to stand very quietly and look and look and look
more than twenty-four hundred years old bruised battered worn and partially destroyed combining to an astounding degree solidity and grace it still stands incomparable testimony to man 's aspiration
in #### the turks who had been in control of the city since the fifteenth century with a truly shattering lack of prudence used the parthenon as a powder magazine
it was hit by a shell fired by the bombarding venetian army and the great central portion of the temple was blown to smithereens
nearby is the temple of athena
the architectural feature the caryatides upholding the portico famous around the world as the porch of the maidens was referred to airily by mando as the girls' place
another beautiful building is the propylaea the entrance gate of the acropolis
my other nugget of art and architectural knowledge besides remembering that it was ghiberti who designed the doors of the baptistery in florence is the three styles of greek columns
for some happy reason doric ionic and corinthian have always stuck in my mind
furthermore i can identify each design
it remained however for mando to teach me that doric symbolized strength ionic wisdom and corinthian beauty the three pillars of the ancient world
the columns of the parthenon are fluted doric
another classic sight that gave us considerable pleasure was the evzone sentry in his ballet skirt with great pompons on his shoes who was patrolling up and down in front of the palace
gun on shoulder he would march smartly for a few yards bring his heels together with a click make a brisk pirouette skirts flaring and march back to his point of departure
we did dare speak to so exalted a being but norton aimed his camera and shot him so to speak on the rise the split second between the halt and the turn
the evening of our first day we drove with christopher and judy sakellariadis who were friends and patients of norton to dine at a restaurant on the shores of the aegean
on the way out mr. sakellariadis detoured up a special hill from which one may obtain a matchless view of the acropolis lighted by night
the great spectacle was a source of rancor and son et lumiere which the french were trying to promote with the athenians was the reason
these performances were being staged at historical monuments throughout europe
by a combination of music lighting effects and narration famous events that have transpired in these locations are evoked and re-created for large audiences usually to considerable acclaim
the acropolis had been scheduled for the treatment too but apparently it was to take place at the time of the full moon when the athenians themselves out of respect for the natural beauty of the occasion were wont to forgo their own usual nocturnal illumination
athenian society was split into two factions the philistines and the artists
the artists contended that the philistines gross of soul were all for having son et lumiere since the french were footing the bill and the attraction wherever it had been done had proven popular
this was the crassest kind of materialism and they the artists would have no truck with it
the acropolis was unique in the world and if that imcomparable work flooded by moonlight wasn't enough for both natives and tourists then they were quite simply barbarians and the hell with them
it was very stimulating
the restaurant to which the sakellariadises took us on this night of controversy was the asteria on asteria beach
this is a public bathing beach easily accessible by tramway from the center of athens
office workers frequently go out there to lunch and swim during the siesta period which during the summer lasts from two until five in the afternoon when shops and offices are again open for business
they close sometime after eight
nine o'clock is the rush hour when the busses are jammed and by nine-thirty the restaurants are beginning to fill
bedtime is late for the balmy evenings are delightful and everyone wants to linger under the stars
the sand is fine and pleasant the cabanas are clean and the parasols green raspberry and butter yellow are very gay
although open to the general public it is overcrowded
the atmosphere is that of an attractive private beach club at home
we went there a couple of times to swim and enjoyed ourselves thoroughly
this agreeable state of affairs is explicable i think on two counts
one is greece is yet suffering from overpopulation
the public may still find pleasure in public places
the other is that the charge for cabanas and parasols though modest from an american point of view still is a little high for many athenians
we were struck by the notable absence of banana skins and beer cans but just so that we wouldn't go overboard on greek refinement perfection was side-stepped by a couple of braying portable radios
greek boys and girls also go for rock-and-roll and the stations most tuned to are those carrying united states overseas programs
a good deal of english was spoken on the beach most educated greeks learn it in childhood and there were also american wives and children of our overseas servicemen
for a delightful drive out of athens i should recommend sounion at the end of the attic peninsula
the road a comparatively new one is very good winding along inlets coves and bays of deep and brilliant blue
i suppose the day will inevitably come when the area will be encrusted with developments but at present it is deserted and seductive
three beneficial hurdles to progress are the lack of water electricity and telephones
at sounion there is a group of beautiful columns the ruins of a temple to poseidon of particular interest at that time as active reconstruction was in progress
gaunt scaffoldings adjoined the ruins and on the ground segments of columns two and a half to three feet in thickness were being fitted with sections cunningly chiseled to match exactly the fluting and proportion of the original
later they would be hoisted into place
there is a mediocre restaurant at sounion and i fed a thin little grecian cat and gave it two saucers of water there was no milk which it lapped up as though it were nectar
i think its thirst had never been assuaged before
norton and i dined one night in a sea-food restaurant in piraeus right on the water 's edge
to enter it you go down five or six steps from the road
across the road is the kitchen and waiters bearing great trays of dishes dodge traffic as nimbly as their french colleagues at the restaurant in the place du tertre in paris
this restaurant too had a cat a dusty thin little creature
how can a cat be thin in a fish restaurant
but this one was
when offered a morsel it glanced right and left and winced obviously frightened and expecting a kick but too hungry to snatch the tidbit
greece was one of the highlights of our trip but beginning in greece and continuing around the world throughout southeast asia the treatment of animals was horrifying ranging from callous indifference to active cruelty
this of course was true of the educated and sophisticated people we met who loved their pets but kindness is a basic human instinct
we met some charming athenians and among them our chauffeur panyotis ranked high
his english was limited and the little he knew he found irritating
a particularly galling phrase was o.k. panyotis we have time at our disposal
this he claimed was the favorite refrain of the english
they would be lolling under a tree sipping ouzo relishing the leisurely life assuring him that the day was yet young
let him become honest and they discard him
but let him be ready to invent whatever falsehood to assail whatever character and to prostitute his paper to whatever ends and they hug him to their heart
in proportion to the degradation of his moral worth is the increase of his worth to them
to exonerate the legislature and thereby extricate himself from a sticky situation pike took another course and made it appear that the legislature had been bilked
he claimed in his attacks that woodruff with scurrilous underhandedness had deliberately written an ambiguous bid that had so confused the honest members of the legislature that they had awarded him the contract without knowing what they were doing
the charge was so farfetched that woodruff paid little attention to it and answered pike in a rather bored way wearily declaring that a new hand was pumping the bellows of the crittenden organ and concluding in a controversy with an adversary so utterly destitute of moral principles even a triumph would entitle the victor to no laurels
the game is worth the ammunition it would cost
we therefore leave the writer to the enjoyment of the unenvied reputation which the personal abuse he has heaped on us will entitle him to from the low and vulgar herd to which he belongs
despite woodruff 's continuing refusal to debate with pike through the columns of his newspaper pike did let up his attack for a moment
over the months he became a political gadfly with an incessant barrage of satirical poems ridiculing woodruff the casca letters belittling woodruff and long analytical articles vilifying woodruff
so persistent were these attacks that in march of the following year woodruff was finally moved to action and pike was to learn his first lesson in frontier politics the subtle art of diversion
to attack pike directly would gain woodruff little for as a penniless newcomer pike had nothing to lose
by this time woodruff had accurately measured pike as a man of great personal pride a man who would fly into a towering rage if his integrity were questioned and who would be anxious to avenge himself
pike 's honor would now come under attack but by woodruff himself
the charges would be made in the gazette by an anonymous correspondent and pike would be so busy trying to track down the illusive character assassin that he would forget about harassing woodruff
the strategy worked perfectly
pike was stunned by the first blast against his character which was published in the march #th issue of the gazette under the name vale
the anonymous correspondent did resort to innuendoes
he called pike a thief
he said pike had stolen mules from harris during the santa fe expedition
he accused pike of continuing his sticky-fingered career in arkansas with the theft of some otter skins in van buren
the charges caught pike off balance coming as they did from an unexpected quarter
outraged he used the advocate of march #th for a denial sending immediately to santa fe and van buren for documents to vindicate himself and demanding that woodruff reveal the name of this perfidious slanderer who disguised himself under a pastoral pseudonym
woodruff said nothing and pike frustrated stormed throughout little rock in an unsuccessful search for vale asking his friends to keep their ears open
finally he learned through the grapevine that the culprit might be one james w. robinson in pope county
without further inquiry pike jumped to the conclusion that robinson was guilty and following the honorable route that would eventually lead to the dueling ground sent a message to robinson through his friends demanding that he either confirm or deny his complicity
robinson did neither
to pike silence was tantamount to an admission of guilt and he determined to get robinson onto the dueling ground at all costs
on april ##th he wrote an open letter in the advocate making it known to the world that jas. w. robinson is by his own admission a base liar and a slanderer
if robinson was a liar and a slanderer he was also a very canny gentleman for nothing that pike could do would pry so much as a single word out of him
preoccupied with his own defense and his attempts to get robinson to fight pike lessened his attacks on woodruff and finally stopped them altogether
and pike never did find out if robinson was really responsible for the vale letter
woodruff 's strategy had been immensely successful
it took pike a long time to realize what woodruff had done and it had a profound effect on him
once he learned a lesson he never forgot it
in the next few months of comparative silence pike waited patiently until conditions were perfect for a new attack and then displaying a remarkable grasp of the subtleties of political infighting gained from his first bout with woodruff he used these changed conditions to excellent advantage
shortly after the vale incident a rift began to develop between william woodruff and governor pope
one-armed gruff frugally honest governor pope had been the ideal man to assume office in arkansas after the disgraceful antics of political bosses like crittenden and he ruled the state with an iron fist tolerating no nonsense
woodruff had supported him all the way both as a chief executive and as a man
besides being political allies they were also friends
this warm relationship came to an abrupt end in june of #### when the national congress appropriated $#,### for compiling and printing the laws of arkansas territory and taking note of the recent wave of corruption in the legislature left it to the governor to award the contract
woodruff wanted this political windfall very badly and everyone assumed that he would get it because he was a close friend of the governor and his stanchest supporter
after all woodruff owned a competent printing plant and was the logical man for the job
but because the governor was determined that friendship should influence him one way or the other he looked for a printer with a knowledge of the law which woodruff did have and awarded the contract to a lawyer named john steele who had started a newspaper in helena the year before
woodruff was furious
considering the governor 's act a personal rebuff he aired his feelings in the gazette on august ## ####
we think the governor treated us rather shabbily to say the least of it
it is but justice to mr. steele for us to add that in the above remarks nothing is intended to his disparagement either as a lawyer or as a printer
he got a good fat job and we congratulate him on his good luck
we hope that he will execute it in a manner that will entitle him to credit
as summer cooled into fall and winter even so the relationship between the two men continued to grow colder by the day and by december of #### it was icy
it was at this point that pike decided to capitalize on the bad feelings between the two men
the eventual prize in this new battle was the public printing contract that woodruff still held
from his first bout with the canny woodruff pike had learned that it was better to attack him directly so harping on the theme that the cost of printing was too high he condemned the governor for permitting such a state of affairs to exist
to document his charge pike set up two parallel columns in the advocate showing the price charged by the gazette and the considerably lower price for which the work could be done elsewhere
then he called on the governor to explain why
the governor was used to having his integrity questioned and he promptly passed the charges on to woodruff demanding that woodruff answer them
if woodruff could furnish a strong explanation the governor insisted that he lower his prices in accord with the scale printed in the advocate
woodruff was now impaled on the horns of a dilemma
as a proud man his prestige would suffer if he let pike dictate to him through the governor 's office but to lower his prices would be tantamount to an admission that they had been too high in the first place
as a consequence he did neither
very angry at woodruff the governor used his personal influence to have the printing contract withdrawn from the gazette and awarded to the lowest bidder which by a strange coincidence happened to be pike 's advocate
and for the moment at least the governor now found himself allied with the head of the crittenden faction he had formerly opposed and pike was credited with a clear triumph over woodruff
but in the confused atmosphere of frontier politics alliances were as quickly broken as they were formed and as pike came to favor with the governor of the territory the governor fell out of favor with the president of the united states
on january ## #### andrew jackson removed pope from office and elevated territorial secretary william s. fulton to the position
fulton was a very close friend of jackson and had been his private secretary for a number of years in the old days
as a stanch party man and a rabid democrat he had little tolerance for whigs like pike and pike lost any immediate personal advantage his victory over woodruff might have gained him
as pike proved himself adept in the political arena he also became a social lion in the village of little rock where he served as a symbol of the culture that the ladies of the town were striving so eagerly to cultivate
after all pike was an established poet and his work had been published in the respectable periodicals of that center of american culture boston
his accomplishments and the fact that he was resident did much to offset the unkind words travelers used to describe little rock after a visit there
for some reason none of them were impressed with the territorial capital
the internationally known sportsman and traveler friedrich gerstacker was typical of its detractors in the mid-thirties
little rock is a vile detestable place
little rock is without any flattery one of the dullest towns in the united states and i would have remained two hours in the place if i had met with some good friends who made me forget its dreariness
pike enjoyed his new social position tremendously and cultivated in himself those traits necessary to its preservation
he was especially popular with women for like the romantic poetry he wrote he was personally gracious gallant and chivalrous
he again began to play the violin and tucking the instrument beneath his chin performed soulful and romantic airs to match the expressions on the faces of the lovely women who gathered to hear him
his artistic accomplishments guaranteed him entry into any social gathering
he composed songs and set them to music and sang them in a soft melodious voice and when his audience had had enough of music he would discourse on politics or tell stories of his western adventures guaranteed to excite the emotions of men and women alike
the bulk of his early reputation however came from his poetry or his music but from his excellence as an orator
by #### the art of oratory had reached a very high level in the united states as a literary form
the orator of this period in order to earn a reputation had to pay close attention to the formal composition of his speech judging how it would appear in print as well as the effect it would have on the audience that heard it
very soon after his arrival in little rock pike had joined one of the most influential organizations in town the little rock debating society and it was with this group that he made his debut as an orator being invited to deliver the annual fourth of july address the club sponsored every year
samuel gorton founder of warwick was styled by the historian samuel greene arnold one of the most remarkable men who ever lived
a biographer called him the premature john the baptist of new england transcendentalism
the historian charles francis adams called him a crude and half-crazy thinker
his contemporaries in massachusetts called him an arch-heretic a beast a miscreant a proud and pestilent seducer a prodigious minter of exorbitant novelties
edward rawson secretary of the colony of massachusetts bay described him as a man whose spirit was stark drunk with blasphemies and insolence a corrupter of the truth a disturber of the peace wherever he comes
nathaniel morton stated he was deeply leavened with blasphemous and familistical opinions
he was thrown out more or less from boston plymouth pocasset newport and providence
on the other hand dr. ezra styles recorded the following testimony of john angell the last disciple of gorton
he said gorton was a holy man
wept day and night for the sins and blindness of the world had a long walk through the trees and woods by his house where he constantly walked morning and evening and even in the depths of the night alone by himself for contemplation and the enjoyment of the dispensation of light
he was universally beloved by his neighbours and the indians who esteemed him only as a friend but one high in communion with god in heaven
gorton sometimes signed himself a professor of the mysteries of christ
there is plenty more to recommend gorton the facts of whose life are given in the life and times of samuel gorton by adelos gorton
he fought like a fiend for the helpless and oppressed worked for the abolition of slavery helped the quakers and indians and worked against the prosecution of witches
he defied the boston hierarchy and after they sent a small army to get him he befuddled the court including john cotton with one of the most complicated religious discourses ever heard
samuel gorton was born at gorton england near the present city of manchester about ####
although he did attend any celebrated schools or universities he was a master of greek and hebrew and could read the bible in the original
he worked as a clothier in london but was greatly concerned with religion
gorton left england he said to enjoy libertie of conscience in respect to faith towards god and for no other end
with his wife and three or more children he arrived in boston in march #### and soon found it was no place for anyone looking for liberty of conscience
roger williams had recently been thrown out and anne hutchinson and her antinomians were slugging it out with the powers-that-be
gorton and his family moved to plymouth
soon he was in trouble there for defending a woman who was accused of smiling in church
she was ellen aldridge a widow of good repute who was employed by gorton 's wife and lived with the family
the report was
it had been whispered privately that she had smiled in the congregation and the governor prence sent to knoe her business and command after punishment as the bench see fit her departure and also anyone who brought her to the place from which she came
gorton said they were preparing to deport her as a vagabond and to escape the shame she fled to the woods for several days returning at night
he advised the poor woman to appear in court as what she was charged with was in violation of law
gorton appeared for her however and what he told the magistrates must have been plenty for he was charged with deluding the court fined and told to leave the colony within fourteen days
he left in a storm for pocasset december # ####
his wife was in delicate health and nursing an infant with measles
the unconquerable mrs. hutchinson was residing at pocasset after having been excommunicated by the boston church and thrown out of the colony
one can imagine that with her and gorton there it was no place for anyone with weak nerves
william coddington who was running the colony felt constrained to move seven miles south where with others as mentioned above he founded newport
when in march #### the two towns were united under coddington gorton claimed the union was irregular and illegally constituted and that it had never been sanctioned by the majority of freeholders
then he became involved in a ruckus remarkably similar to the one in plymouth
a cow owned by an old woman trespassed on gorton 's land
while driving the cow back home the woman was assaulted by a servant maid of gorton
the old woman complained to the deputy governor who ordered the servant brought before the court
gorton reverted to his plymouth tactics refused to let her go and appeared himself before the portsmouth grand jury
during the trial he told off the jury called them just asses and called a freeman a saucy boy and jack-an-apes
he was jailed and banished
gorton then moved to providence and soon put the town in a turmoil
he held that no group of colonists could set up or maintain a government without royal sanction
since rhode island at that time did have such sanction his opinion was popular
roger williams wrote his friend winthrop as follows
master gorton having foully abused high and low at aquidneck is now bewitching and bemaddening poor providence both with his unclean and foul censures of all the ministers of this country for which myself have in christ 's name withstood him and also denying all visible and external ordinances in depth of familism almost all suck in his poison as at first they did at aquidneck
some few and myself withstand his inhabitation and town privileges without confession and reformation of his uncivil and inhuman practices at portsmouth
yet the tide is too strong against us and i fear if the framer of hearts help it will force me to little patience a little isle next to your prudence
williams also stated our peace was like the peace of a man who hath the tertian ague
providence finally managed to get gorton out of the town and he and some friends bought land at pawtuxet on the west side of narragansett bay five miles south but still within the jurisdiction of the providence colony
this town should be confused with pawtucket just north of providence or pawcatuck connecticut on the pawcatuck river opposite westerly rhode island
up to now gorton had been looking for trouble and now that he was trying to get away from it trouble started looking for him
upon intelligence that the formidable agitator was to favor them with his presence the benighted inhabitants of pawtuxet alas gave their allegiance to massachusetts and asked that colony to expel the newcomers
as it was the custom of that alert colony to take over the property of persons asking for protection this was an act roughly equivalent to throwing open the door to a pack of wolves and saying come and get it
gorton and company however promptly bought land from miantonomi a few miles south of pawtuxet extending from the present gaspee point south to warwick neck and twenty miles inland
the settlement was called shawomet
it was within the jurisdiction of anybody or anything including providence and massachusetts
if gorton wanted peace and quiet for his complicated meditations this is where he should have had it
instead of that he was engulfed by bedlam
pomham and soconoco a couple of minor sachems of something less than exalted character under miantonomi declared that they had never assented to the sale of land to gorton and had never received anything for it
following the glorious lead of the heroes of pawtuxet they also submitted themselves to the protection of massachusetts
one historical authority presents laborious and circuitous testimony tending to arouse suspicion that massachusetts was behind the clouds settling down on the embattled gorton
however the general court at boston ordered the purchasers of shawomet to appear before them to answer the sachems' claim
the purchasers rejected the order in two letters written in vigorous terms
then massachusetts switched to its standard tactics
it pointed out twenty-six instances of blasphemy in the letters and ordered the writers to submit or force of arms would be used
the next week forty soldiers were sent to get the miscreants
the latter tried to arbitrate through a delegation from providence which offer was declined by the invaders
the commissioners at boston wrote the victims to see their misdeeds and repent or they should look upon them as men prepared for slaughter
at shawomet women and children fled in terror across the bay
the men fortified a blockhouse and got ready to fight but meanwhile appealed to the king and again tried to arbitrate
gorton evidently still had plenty to learn about massachusetts but he was learning fast
governor winthrop wrote
you may do well to take notice that besides the title to land between the english and the indians there there are twelve of the english that have subscribed their names to horrible and detestable blasphemies who are rather to be judged as blasphemous than they should delude us by winning time under pretence of arbitration
the attack started on october # #### and the gortonists held out for a day and a night
the attackers sent for more soldiers and the defenders to save bloodshed surrendered under the promise that they would be treated as neighbors
promptly their livestock was taken and according to gorton the soldiers were ordered to knock down anyone who should utter a word of insolence and run through anyone who might step out of line
when the captives arrived in boston the chaplain of their captors went to prayers in the open streets that the people might take notice what they had done in a holy manner and in the name of the lord
gorton and ten of his friends were thrown in jail
on sunday they refused to attend church
the magistrates were determined to compel them
the prisoners agreed provided they might speak after the sermon which was permitted
here was gorton 's chance to indulge in something at which he was supreme
the boston elders were great at befuddling the opposition with torrents of ecclesiastical obscurities but gorton was better
reverend cotton preached to them about demetrius and the shrines of ephesus
gorton replied with blasts that scandalized the congregation
at the trial which took place later the pomham matter was completely omitted
the gortonists were charged with blasphemy and tried for their lives
four ecclesiastical questions were presented by the general court to gorton #
whether the fathers who died before christ was born of the virgin mary were justified and saved only by the blood which he shed and the death which he suffered after his incarnation
whether the only price of our redemption were the death of christ on the cross with the rest of his sufferings and obediences in the time of his life here after he was born of the virgin mary
who was the god whom he thinke we serve
what he means when he saith wee worship the starre of our god remphan chion moloch
gorton answered in writing
all of the elders except three voted for death but a majority of the deputies refused to sanction the sentence
seven of the prisoners were sentenced to be confined in irons for as long as it pleased the court set to work and if they broke jail or proclaimed heresy to be executed if convicted
the three others got off easier
the convicts were put in chains paraded before the congregation at the reverend cotton 's lecture as an example and sent to prisons in various towns where they languished all winter chains included
when fred wheeled him back into his room the big one looking out on the back porch and put him to bed papa told him he was very tired but that he had enjoyed greatly the trip downtown
i've been cooped up so long he added
getting out again seeing old friends had given his spirits a lift
that night after supper i went back over to ## spruce street ralph and i at that time were living at ### chestnut and ralph went with me
papa was still elated over his afternoon visit downtown
baby i saw a lot of old friends i hadn't seen in a long time he told me his eyes bright
it was mighty good for the old man to get out again
the next day he seemed to be in fairly good shape and still in excellent spirits
but a few days after fred 's return he began hemorrhaging and that was the beginning of early and complete disintegration
it began in the morning and very quickly the hemorrhage was a massive one
we got dr. glenn to him as quickly as we could and we wired tom of papa 's desperate condition
the hemorrhage was in the prostate region
dr. glenn saw at once what had happened
he has lost much blood he said
it'll take a lot to replace it
dr. glenn i've got a lot of blood fred spoke up plenty of it
let me give papa blood
the doctor agreed but explained that it would be necessary first to check fred 's blood to ascertain whether or it was of the same type as papa 's
to give a patient the wrong type of blood said the doctor would likely kill him
that was in the days before blood banks of course and transfusions had to be given directly from donor to patient
one had to find a donor and usually very quickly whose blood corresponded with the patient 's
and then it took considerably longer to make preparations for giving transfusions
they had to take blood samples to the laboratory to test them for one thing and there was much required preliminary procedure
they made the tests and came to fred
by now it was perhaps two days or longer after papa had begun hemorrhaging
fred your blood matches your father 's all right dr. glenn said
but we aren't going to let you give him any
but why in the name of god can't i give my father blood
why can't i doctor
because fred it could do him no good
it 's too late now
he 's past helping
he 's as good as gone
and in a few minutes papa was dead
it was well past midnight
papa had left us about the same hour of the night that ben had passed on
the date was june ## ####
w. o. wolfe prominent business man and pioneer resident of this section died shortly after midnight tuesday at his home ## spruce street the asheville times of wednesday june ## announced
mr. wolfe had been in declining health for many years and death was unexpected
a biographical sketch followed
funeral services were held thursday afternoon at four o'clock at the home
beloved dr. r. f. campbell our first presbyterian church pastor was in charge
the burial was out in riverside cemetery
all about him stood tombstones his own sensitive great hands had fashioned
a few years before his death papa had agreed with mama to make a joint will with her in which it would be provided that in the event of the death of either of them an accounting would be made to their children whereby each child would receive a bequest of $#### cash
at his death fred and ralph my husband were named executors of the estate under the terms of the will
fred and ralph qualified as executors and paid off what debts were currently due and they were all current since papa was never one to allow bills to go unpaid
the bills were principally for hospitalization and doctors' fees during the last years of his life and when he died he owed in the main only current doctor 's bills
after they had paid all his debts and the funeral costs ralph and fred had some fourteen thousand dollars as i remember with which to pay the bequests
this manifestly would provide $#### to each of the surviving five children
so what fred and ralph did was to attempt to prorate the money fairly by taking into account what each of the five had received if anything from the estate before papa 's death
consequently fred and tom the two who had been provided college educations signed statements to the effect that each had received his bequest in full and effie and i were each allotted $####
frank had been given about half his legacy to use in a business venture before papa 's death
he was given the difference between that amount and $####
tom had received four years of education at the university of north carolina and two at harvard and fred had been in and out of georgia tech and carneigie tech and part of the time had been a self-help student
so because he had received less than tom it was felt proper that fred should receive the few hundred dollars that remained
and that 's how papa 's estate was divided
papa i should emphasize had been an invalid the last several years of his life
his hospital and doctor bills had been large and his income had been cut until he was receiving little except small rentals on some properties he still owned
had he been able to escape this long siege of invalidism i'm convinced papa would have left a sizable estate
but he had succeeded well we agreed
he had left us a legacy far more valuable than houses and lands and stocks and bonds
for years papa and mama had been large taxpayers
i recall that several years their taxes exceeded $###
in those years of lower property valuations and lower tax rates that payment represented ownership of much property
merciful god julia
i have known papa to exclaim on getting his tax bill we're going to the dogs
but he never expected to do that
and he didn't by a long shot
in the spring of his second year at harvard tom had been offered a job at northwestern university as an instructor in the english department
but he had delayed accepting this job and as he was leaving to come home to papa in response to our telegram he dropped a postcard to miss mccrady head of the harvard appointment office asking her please to write northwestern authorities and explain the circumstances
actually tom had been postponing giving them an answer i'm confident because he did want to go out there to teach
in fact he didn't want to teach anywhere
he wanted to go back to harvard for another year of playwriting
but papa 's death had further complicated the financing of tom 's hoped-for third year and for the weeks following it tom did know whether his return to harvard could be arranged
but things were worked out in the family and late in august he wrote miss mccrady an explanatory letter in which he told her that matters at home had been in an unsettled condition after papa 's death and he had known whether he would stay at home with mama accept the northwestern job or return to harvard
but he was happy to tell her that his finances were now in such condition that he could go back to harvard for a third year with professor baker
and that 's what he did
that third year he wrote plays with a fury
i believe there are seventeen short plays by tom now housed in the houghton library at harvard
i think i'm right in that figure
that fall he submitted to professor baker the first acts and outlines of the following acts of several plays six of them according to some of his associates and he also worked on a play that he first called niggertown the material for which he had collected during the summer at home
later this play would be called welcome to our city
in the spring it must have been he began working on the play that he called the house which later would be mannerhouse
that spring welcome to our city was selected for production by the ## workshop and it was staged in the middle of may
it ran two nights and though it was generally praised there was considerable criticism of its length
it ran until past one o'clock
that was tom 's weakness
it was demonstrated many critics would later point out in the length of his novels
in this play there were so many characters and so much detail
tom never knew how to condense to boil down
he was always concerned with life and he tried to picture it whole
he wanted nothing compressed tight
he was a big man and he wanted nothing little squeezed
he despised parsimony and particularly of words
in this play there were some thirty or more named characters and i don't know how many more unnamed
in describing it to professor baker after it had been chosen for production he defended his great array of characters by declaring that he had included that many because i didn't know how to save paint but because the play required them
and he threatened someday to write a play with fifty eighty a hundred people a whole town a whole race a whole epoch
he said he would do it though probably nobody would produce it for his own soul 's ease and comfort
that summer tom attended the summer session at harvard but he did ask mama to send him back in the fall
instead he went down to new york and submitted welcome to our city to the theatre guild which had asked him to let them have a look at it after professor baker had recommended it highly
he hung around new york waiting to hear whether they would accept it for production and in that time came down to asheville and also paid a short visit to chapel hill where with almost childish delight he visited old friends and favorite campus spots
on returning to new york he had a job for several weeks
it was visiting university of north carolina alumni in new york to ask them for contributions to the graham memorial building fund
the graham memorial would be the campus student union honoring the late and much beloved edward kidder graham who had been president when tom entered the university
well the theatre guild kept that play and kept it and finally in december they turned it down
but they would reconsider it they assured him if he would rewrite it
tom told me about it how one evening he went over to see the theatre guild man
this man tom said had the play shut up in his desk i believe and when tom sat down he pulled it out and apologetically told tom that they wouldn't be able to use it
tom said he almost burst into tears he was so disappointed and put out
the man tom said explained that it was only too long and detailed but that as it stood it wasn't the sort of thing the public wanted
the public tom said the man told him wanted realism and his play wasn't that
it was fantastic writing beautiful writing the man declared but the public he insisted wanted realism
tom was willing to revise the play according to the plan the man suggested
such a revision he said would ruin it would change his whole conception of the play as well as the treatment
he thought about it and he told the man he just couldn't do it over in accordance with the suggestions he had made
it was until we had returned to the city to live while i was still at brown and sharpe 's that i felt the full impact of evangelical christianity
i came under the spell of a younger group in the church led by the pastor 's older son
the spirit of this group was that we were and are living in a world doomed to eternal punishment but that god through jesus christ has provided a way of escape for those who confess their sins and accept salvation
there are millions who accept this doctrine but few indeed are those who accept it so truly that the fate of humanity lies as a weight on their souls night and day
this group in park place church was made up of the earnest few
i was drawn deeper and deeper into these concerns and responsibilities
i engaged more and more in religious activities
besides church and sunday school i went to out-of-door meetings on the sidewalk at the church door
i went to an afternoon service at the aj
i went to the christian endeavor society and to the evening service of the church
much of this lacked the active support of the pastor
the young people were self-energizing and i was energized
once or twice my father asked me if i wasn't overdoing a bit in my churchgoing
meanwhile i myself was yet saved
at least i had been unable to lay hold on the experience of conversion
try as i might to confess my sins and accept salvation no answer came to me from heaven
finally after years i gave up
the basic difficulty i suppose was in my ultimate inability to feel a burden of sin from which i sought relief
i was familiar with pilgrim 's progress which i read as literature
no load of sin had been laid on my shoulders nor did earnest effort enable me to become conscious of one
there is of course the doctrine of original sin which asserts that each of us as individuals partakes of the guilt of our first ancestor
in the rhyming catechism this doctrine is worded thus in adam 's fall we sin-ned all
this doctrine was repugnant to my moral sense
i did feel it presumptuous to expect that the creator would be at least as just as the most righteous of his creatures
and the doctrine of original sin is compounded of injustice
some of these thoughts all of them have taken organized form in later years
the actual impelling force which severed me from evangelical effort was of another sort
i became disgusted at being so preoccupied with the state of my own miserable soul
i found myself becoming one of that group of people who in carlyle 's words are forever gazing into their own navels anxiously asking am i right am i wrong
i bethought me of the lord 's prayer and these words came to mind thy kingdom come thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven
they have remained on the opened page of my mind in all the years which since have passed
from that time to this my religious concern is that i might give effective help to the bringing in of god 's kingdom on earth
i do claim to be free from sin or from the need for repentance and forgiveness
in my experience the assurance of forgiveness comes only when i have confessed to the wronged one and have made as full reparation as i can devise
there was one further step in my religious progress
this was taken after i came to live in springfield and it was made under the guidance of the reverend raymond beardslee a young preacher who came to the congregational church there at about the same time that i moved from new york
his father was a professor at hartford theological seminary and from him he acquired a conviction which he passed along to me that there is in the universe of persons a moral law the law of love which is a natural law in the same sense as is the physical law
it is most important that we recognize the law of love as being unbreakable in all personal relationships whether individually socially or as between whole nations of people
if obeyed the law brings order and satisfaction
if disobeyed the result is turmoil and chaos
as we observe moral law and physical law they appear as being inevitable
we can conceive of no alternatives
their basis seems deeper than mere authority
they are true because scientists or prophets say they are true
it is the authority of god himself which makes them true
because god is what he is the laws of the universe material and spiritual are what they are
deity and law are one and inseparable
with this conviction the partition between the sacred and the secular disappears
one 's daily work becomes sacred since it is performed in the field of influence of the moral law dealing as it does with people as well as with matter and energy
in his book civilization and ethics albert schweitzer faces the moral problems which arise when moral law is recognized in business life for example
his ethics defines possessions as the property of the community of which the individual is sovereign steward
one serves society by conducting a business from which a certain number of employees draw their means of subsistence
another by giving away his property in order to help his fellow man
each will decide on his own course somewhere between these two extreme cases according to the sense of responsibility which is determined for him by the particular circumstances of his own life
no one is to judge others
he is uncompromising in assigning guilt to the man who finds it necessary to inflict or permit injury to one individual or group for the sake of a larger good
for this decision a man must take personal responsibility
says he i may never imagine that in the struggle between personal and supra-personal responsibility it is possible to make a compromise between the ethical and the purposive in the shape of a relative ethic
or to let the ethical be superseded by the purposive
on the contrary it is my duty to make my own decision as between the two
schweitzer seems in fact to acquire for himself a burden of sin bequeathed by adam but accumulated in the inevitable judgments which life requires of him as between greater and lesser responsibilities
this viewpoint i find interesting but it has never weighed on my soul
perhaps it should have
my own experience has followed simpler lines
an uncompromising belief in the moral law has the advantage of making religion natural even as physical law is natural
neither the engineer nor the ordinary citizen feels any self-consciousness in obeying the laws of matter and energy nor can he achieve a sense of self-righteousness in such obedience
to obey the moral law is just ordinary common sense applied to a neglected field
religion thus becomes integrated with life
this truth that the moral law is natural has other important corollaries
one of them is that it gives meaning and purpose to life
in seeking for such meaning and purpose albert schweitzer seized upon the concept of the sacredness of life
it is puzzling to the occidental mind to mine at least to assign sacredness to animal insect and plant life
these lives are in themselves outside of the moral order and are unburdened with moral responsibility
there is indeed a moral responsibility on man himself for his own soul 's sake to respect lower life and to avoid the infliction of suffering but this viewpoint schweitzer rejects
so far as sacredness inheres in any aspect of creation it seems to me to be found in human personality whether in lambarene africa or in washington d.c.
one cannot read the records of scientists officials and travelers who have penetrated to the minds of the most savage races without realizing that each individual met with is a person
read for instance in malcolm macdonald 's borneo people of segura and her wise father tomonggong koh and her final adjustment to encroaching civilization
above all read in jens bjerre 's the last cannibal show the old man of the wailbri tribe cannibals in central australia gave to the white man his choicest possession while the tears streamed down his face
the australian aborigine is the conventional exemplar of degraded humanity
yet here was a depth of sensibility which is lacking in a considerable portion of the beneficiaries of our civilization
persons whether white black brown or yellow are a concern of god
respect for personality is a privilege and a duty for us as brothers
such is the field for exercising our reverence
as to our action let us align ourselves with the purpose expressed by jesus in the lord 's prayer thy kingdom come thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven
with the knowledge that the kingdom comes by obedience to the moral law in our relations with all people we have a firm intellectual grasp on both the means and the ends of our lives
this intellectual approach to spiritual life suited me well because i was never content to lead a divided life
as i have said words from tennyson remain ever in my memory that mind and soul according well may make one music as before
let us now give some thought to the soul
when the young biologist dr. ballard began to show interest in our daughter elizabeth this induced a corresponding interest on our part in him
i asked one day what he was doing
he told me that he had a big newt and a little newt and that he was transplanting a big eye of the big newt onto the little newt and a little eye of the little newt onto the big newt
he was then noting that the big eye on the little newt hung back until the little eye had grown up to it while the little eye on the big newt grew rapidly until it was as big as the other
then i asked what does that teach you
said he it teaches me to wonder
this was a profound statement
in the face of the unfolding universe our ultimate attitude is that of wonder
wonder is indeed the intellectual gateway to the spiritual world
gone are the days when in the nineteenth century scientists thought that they were close to the attainment of complete knowledge of the physical universe
for them only a little more needed to be learned and then all physical knowledge could be neatly sorted packaged and put in the inventory to be drawn on for the solution of any human problem
this complacency was blown to bits by the relativity of einstein the revelation of the complex anatomy of the atom and the discovery of the expanding universe
none of these discoveries were neatly rounded off bits of knowledge
each faded out into the unexplored areas of the future
it is as if we in our center of human observation from time to time penetrate more deeply into the unknown
as our radius of penetration r increases the area of new knowledge increases by af and the total of human knowledge becomes measured in terms of af
it is endless
there are some people intelligent people who seem to be untouched by the sea of wonder in which we are immersed and in which we spend our lives
one such is abraham meyer the writer of a recent book speaking of man
this is a straightforward denial of the spiritual world and a vigorous defense of pure materialism
his inability to wonder vitiates his argument
the subject of immortality brings to mind a vivid incident which took place in #### at montreux in switzerland
criticism is as old as literary art and we can set the stage for our study of three moderns if we see how certain critics in the past have dealt with the ethical aspects of literature
i have chosen five contrasting pairs ten men in all and they are arranged in roughly chronological order
such a list must naturally be selective and the treatment of each man is brief for i am interested only in their general ideas on the moral measure of literature
altogether the list will give us considerable variety in attitudes and some typical ones for these critics range all the way from censors to those who consider art above ethics all the way from plato to poe
and most of the great periods are represented because we will compare plato and aristotle from the golden age of greece
stephen gosson and sir philip sidney from renaissance england
dr. johnson and william hazlitt of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in england
and james russell lowell and edgar allan poe of nineteenth century american letters
plato and aristotle
plato and aristotle agree on some vital literary issues
they both measure literature by moral standards and in their political writings both allow for censorship but the differences between them are also significant
while aristotle censors literature only for the young plato would banish all poets from his ideal state
even more important in his poetics aristotle differs somewhat from plato when he moves in the direction of treating literature as a unique thing separate and apart from its causes and its effects
all through the republic plato attends to the way art relates to the general life and ultimately to a good life for his citizens
in short he is constantly concerned with the ethical effects
when he discusses the subject matter of poetry he asks what moral effect the scenes will have
when he turns briefly to literary style in the third book he again looks to the effect on the audience
he explains that his citizens must be corrupted by any of the misrepresentations of the gods or heroes that one finds in much poetry and he observes that all these pantomimic gentlemen will be sent to another state
only those story tellers will remain who can imitate the style of the virtuous
plato is at times just as suspicious of the poets themselves as he is of their work
when he discusses tyrants in the eighth book of the republic he pictures the poets as willing to praise the worst rulers
but the most fundamental objection he has to poets appears in the tenth book and it is derived from his doctrine of ideal forms
in plato 's mind there is an irresolvable conflict between the poet and the philosopher because the poet imitates only particular objects and is incapable of rising to the first level of abstraction much less the highest level of ideal forms
true reality of course is the ideal and the poet knows nothing of this
only the philosopher knows the truth
poets moreover dwell on human passions
and with this point about the passions we encounter plato 's dualism
the same sort of thinking plays so large a part in both babbitt and more that we must examine it in some detail
plato feels that man has two competing aspects his rational faculty and his irrational
we can be virtuous only if we control our lower natures the passions in this case and strengthen our rational side
and poetry with all its emphasis on the passions encourages the audience to give way to emotion
for this reason then poetry tends to weaken the power of control the reason because it tempts one to indulge his passions and even the best of men he maintains may be corrupted by this subtle influence
plato 's attitude toward poetry has always been something of an enigma because he is so completely sensitive to its charm
his whole objection indeed seems to rise out of a deep conviction that the poets do have great power to influence but plato seldom pays any attention to what might be called the poem itself
he is rather concerned with the effect on society and he wants the poets to join his fight for justice
he wants them to use their great power to strengthen man 's rational side to teach virtue and to encourage religion
while plato finally allows a few acceptable hymns to the gods and famous men still he clearly leaves the way open for further discussion of the issue
he even calls upon the poets to defend the muse and to show that poetry may contribute to virtue
we may further grant to those of her poetry 's defenders who are lovers of poetry and yet poets the permission to speak in prose on her behalf let them show only that she is pleasant but also useful to states and to human life and we will listen in a kindly spirit
for if this can be proved we shall surely be the gainers i mean if there is a use in poetry as well as a delight
when we turn to aristotle 's ideas on the moral measure of literature it is at once apparent that he is at times equally concerned about the influence of the art
in the ideal state for instance he argues that the young citizens should hear only the most carefully selected tales and stories
for this reason he would banish indecent pictures and speeches from the stage
and the young people should even be permitted to see comedies till they are old enough to drink strong wine and sit at the public tables
by the time they reach that age however aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies
in aristotle 's analysis of tragedy in the poetics we find an attempt to isolate the art to consider only those things proper to it to discover how it differs from other arts and to deal with the effects peculiar to it
he assures us early in the poetics that all art is imitation and that all imitation gives pleasure but he distinguishes between art in general and poetic art on the basis of the means manner and the objects of the imitation
once the poetic arts are separated from the other forms he lays down his famous definition of tragedy which sets up standards and so lends direction to the remainder of the work
a tragedy by his definition is an imitation of an action that is serious of a certain magnitude and complete in itself
it should have a dramatic form with pleasing language and it should portray incidents which so arouse pity and fear that it purges these emotions in the audience
any tragedy he maintains has six elements plot character and thought the objects of imitation diction and melody the means of imitation and spectacle the manner of imitation
throughout the rest of the poetics aristotle continues to discuss the characteristics of these six parts and their interrelationship and he refers frequently to the standards suggested by his definition of tragedy
aristotle 's method in the poetics then does suggest that we should isolate the work
the chicago contingent of modern critics follow aristotle so far in this direction that it is hard to see how they can compare one poem with another for the purpose of evaluation
but there are however several features of aristotle 's approach which open the way for the moral measure of literature
for one thing aristotle mentions that plays may corrupt the audience
in addition his definition of a tragedy invites our attention because a serious and important action may very well be one that tests the moral fiber of the author or of the characters
and there is one other point in the poetics that invites moral evaluation aristotle 's notion that the distinctive function of tragedy is to purge one 's emotions by arousing pity and fear
he rejects certain plots because they do contribute to that end
the point is that an ethical critic with an assist from freud can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges
in his study samuel johnson joseph wood krutch takes this line when he says that what aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts
in krutch 's view this is one way to show how literature may be moral in effect without employing the explicit methods of a moralist
and we can add that krutch 's interpretation of purgation is also one answer to plato 's fear that poetry will encourage our passions
if krutch is correct tragedy may have quite the opposite effect
it may allay our passions and so restore the rule of reason
or in more freudian terms the experience may serve to sublimate our destructive urges and strengthen the ego and superego
gosson and sidney
the second half of the sixteenth century in england was the setting for a violent and long controversy over the moral quality of renaissance literature especially the drama
no one suggested that the ethical effects of the art were irrelevant
both sides agreed that the theater must stand a moral test but they could agree on whether the poets were a good or a bad influence
both sides claimed that plato and aristotle supported their cause
those who wanted to close the theaters for example pointed to plato 's republic and those who wished to keep them open called on the plato of the ion to testify in their behalf
the most famous document that comes out of this dispute is perhaps sir philip sidney 's an apologie for poetrie published in ####
many students of literature know that classical defense
what is so well known however and what is quite important for understanding the issues of this early quarrel is the kind of attack on literature that sidney was answering
for this reason then i want to describe first two examples of the puritanical attacks stephen gosson 's the school of abuse #### and his later playes confuted published in ####
second we will see how sidney answered the charges for while sidney 's essay was specifically a reply to gosson his arguments do support the new theater
according to william ringler 's study stephen gosson the theater business in london had become a thriving enterprise by #### and in the opinion of many a thoroughly bad business
aroused by what they considered an evil influence some members of the clergy joined by city authorities merchants and master craftsmen began the attack on the plays and the actors for what they called the abuses of the art but by #### some of them began to denounce the whole idea of acting
although this kind of wholesale objection came at first from some men who were technically puritans still once the puritans gained power they climaxed the affair by passing the infamous ordinance of #### which decreed that all public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne
with that act of parliament the opponents of the stage won the day and for more than two decades after that england had no legitimate public drama
in the early days of this controversy over the theater one of the interested parties stephen gosson published a little tract in which he objected mildly to the abuses of art rather than the art itself
but his opposition hardened and by #### in the school of abuse he was ready to banish all players
he advises women to beware of those places which in sorrows cheere you and beguile you in mirth
he does really approve of levity and laughter but sex is the deadly sin
he warns that a single glance can lead us into temptation for looking eies have lyking hartes and lyking hartes may burne in lust
but it would be very satisfactory to leave our conclusions at the point just reached
fortunately it is possible to be somewhat more concrete and factual in diagnosing the involvement of values in education
for this purpose we now draw upon data from sociological and psychological studies of students in american colleges and universities and particularly from the cornell values studies
in the latter research program information is available for #,### cornell students surveyed in #### and for #,### students surveyed in ####
of the latter sample ### persons had been studied two years earlier
hence changes in attitudes and values can be analyzed for identical individuals at two points in time
in addition the #### study collected comparable data from #,### students at ten other colleges and universities scattered across the country dartmouth harvard yale wesleyan north carolina fisk texas university of california at los angeles wayne and michigan
we find in the first place that the students overwhelmingly approve of higher education positively evaluate the job their own institution is doing do accept most of the criticisms levelled against higher education in the public prints and on the whole approve of the way their university deals with value-problems and value inculcation
it is our impression that these evaluations are naively uncritical resultants of blissful ignorance
rather the generality of these students find their university experience congenial to their own sense of values
students are approximately equally divided between those who regard vocational preparation as the primary goal of an ideal education and those who chose a general liberal education
other conceivable goals such as character-education and social adjustment are of secondary importance to them
the ideal of a liberal education impresses itself upon the students more and more as they move through college
even in such technical curricula as engineering the senior is much more likely than the freshman to choose as an ideal liberal education over specific vocational preparation
in the university milieu of scholarship and research of social diversity of new ideas and varied and wide-ranging interests socialization into a campus culture apparently means heightened appreciation of the idea of a liberal education in the arts and sciences
students' choices of ideal educational goals are arbitrary or whimsical
there is a clear relationship between their educational evaluations and their basic pattern of general values
the selective and directional qualities of basic value-orientations are clearly evident in these data the success-oriented students choose vocational preparation the other-directed choose goals of social adjustment getting along with people the intellectuals choose a liberal arts emphasis
the same patterned consistency shows itself in occupational choices
there is impressive consistency between specific occupational preferences and the student 's basic conception of what is for him a good way of life
and contrary to many popular assertions the goal-values chosen do seem to us to be primarily oriented to materialistic success nor to mere conformity
our students want occupations that permit them to use their talents and training to be creative and original to work with and to help other people
they also want money prestige and security
but they are optimistic about their prospects in these regards
they set limits to their aspirations few aspire to millions of dollars or to imperial power and glory
within the fixed frame of these aspirations they can afford to place a high value on the expressive and people-oriented aspects of occupation and to minimize the instrumental-reward values of power prestige and wealth
occupational choices are also useful and interesting in bringing out clearly that values do constitute the only component in goals and aspirations
for there is also the face of reality in the form of the individual 's perceptions of his own abilities and interests of the objective possibilities open to him of the familial and other social pressures to which he is exposed
we find reluctant recruits whose values are in line with their expected occupation 's characteristics
students develop occupational images always accurate or detailed and they try to fit their values to the presumed characteristics of the imagined occupation
the purely cognitive or informational problems are often acute
furthermore many reluctant recruits are yielding to social demands or compromising in the face of their own limitations of opportunity or of ability and performance
thus many a creativity-oriented aspirant for a career in architecture drama or journalism resigns himself to a real estate business
many a people-oriented student who dreams of the m.d. decides to enter his father 's advertising agency
and many a hopeful incipient business executive decides it were better to teach the theory of business administration than to practice it
the old ideal of the independent entrepreneur is extant but so is the recognition that the main chance may be in a corporate bureaucracy
in their views on dating courtship sex and family life our students prefer what they are expected to prefer
for them in the grim words of a once-popular song love and marriage go together like a horse and carriage
their expressed standards concerning sex roles desirable age for marriage characteristics of an ideal mate number of children desired are congruent with the values and stereotypes of the preceding generation minus compulsive rebellion
they even accept the double standard of sex morality in a double sense i.e. both sexes agree that standards for men differ from standards for women and women apply to both sexes a standard different from that held by men
conservatism and traditionalism seem implied by what has just been said
but these terms are treacherous
in the field of political values it is certainly true that students are radical rebels against their parents or their peers
and as they go through college the students tend to bring their political position in line with that prevalent in the social groups to which they belong
yet they have accepted most of the extant welfare state provisions for health security and the regulation of economic affairs and they overwhelmingly approve of the traditional liberalism of the bill of rights
when their faith in civil liberties is tested against strong pressures of social expediency in specific issues e.g. suppression of dangerous ideas many waver and give in
the students who are most willing to acquiesce in the suppression of civil liberties are also those who are most likely to be prejudiced against minority groups to be conformist and traditionalistic in general social attitudes and to lack a basic faith in people
as one looks at the existing evidence one finds a correlation although only a slight one between high grades and libertarian values
but the correlation is substantial only among upperclassmen
in other words as students go through college those who are most successful academically tend to become more committed to a bill of rights orientation
college in gross just the general experience may have varying effects but the students who are successful emerge with strengthened and clarified democratic values
this finding is consistent also with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students
there is now substantial evidence from several major studies of college students that the experience of the college years results in a certain selective homogenization of attitudes and values
detached from their prior statuses and social groups and exposed to the pervasive stimuli of the university milieu the students tend to assimilate a new common culture to converge toward norms characteristic of their own particular campus
furthermore in certain respects there are norms common to colleges and universities across the country
for instance college-educated people consistently show up in study after study as more often than others supporters of the bill of rights and other democratic rights and liberties
the interesting thing in this connection is that the norms upon which students tend to converge include toleration of diversity
to the extent that our sampling of the orientations of american college students in the years #### and #### may be representative of our culture and still valid in #### we are disposed to question the summary characterization of the current generation as silent beat apathetic or as a mass of other-directed conformists who are guided solely by social radar without benefit of inner gyroscopes
our data indicate that these students of today do basically accept the existing institutions of the society and in the face of the realities of complex and large-scale economic and political problems make a wary and ambivalent delegation of trust to those who occupy positions of legitimized responsibility for coping with such collective concerns
in a real sense they are admittedly conservative but their conservatism incorporates a traditionalized embodiment of the original radicalism of ####
although we have no measures of its strength or intensity the heritage of the doctrine of inalienable rights is retained
as they move through the college years our young men and women are socialized into a broadly similar culture at the level of personal behavior
in this sense also they are surely conformists
it is even true that some among them use the sheer fact of conformity everyone does it as a criterion for conduct
but the extent of ethical robotism is easily overestimated
few students are really so faceless in the not-so-lonely crowd of the swelling population in our institutions of higher learning
and it may be well to recall that to say conformity is in part another way of saying orderly human society
in the field of religious beliefs and values the college students seem to faithfully reflect the surrounding culture
their commitments are for the most part couched in a familiar idiom
students testify to a felt need for a religious faith or ultimate personal philosophy
avowed atheists or freethinkers are so rare as to be a curiosity
the religious quest is often intense and deep and there are students on every campus who are seriously wrestling with the most profound questions of meaning and value
at the same time a major proportion of these young men and women see religion as a means of personal adjustment an anchor for family life a source of emotional security
these personal and social goals often overshadow the goals of intellectual clarity and spiritual transcendence
the cult of adjustment does exist
it exists alongside the acceptance of traditional forms of organized religion church ordained personnel ritual dogma
still another segment of the student population consists of those who seek in what they regard as religion intellectual clarity rational belief and ethical guidance and reinforcement
our first impression of the data was that the students were surprisingly orthodox and religiously involved
upon second thought we were forced to realize that we have very few reliable historical benchmarks against which we might compare the present situation and that conclusions that present-day students are more or less religious could be defended on the basis of our data
as we looked more intently at the content of our belief and the extent of religious participation we received the impression that many of the religious convictions expressed represented a conventional acceptance of low intensity
but here again comparative benchmarks are lacking and we do know in any case what measure of profoundity and intensity to expect from healthy young secure and relatively inexperienced persons
after all feelings of immortality and invulnerability are standard illusions of youth
nor are optimistic and socially-oriented themes at all rare in the distinctive religious history of this country
kluckhohn recently has summarized evidence regarding changes in values during a period of years primarily ####-#### but extending much farther back in some instances
a variety of data are assembled to bear upon such alleged changes as diminished puritan morality work-success ethic individualism achievement lessened emphasis on future-time orientation in favor of sociability moral relativism consideration and tolerance conformity hedonistic present-time orientation
although he questions the extent and nature of the alleged revival of religion and the alleged increase in conformity and thinks that hedonistic present-time orientation does have the meaning usually attributed to it he does conclude that americans increasingly enjoy leisure without guilt do stress achievement so much as formerly are more accepting of group harmony as a goal more tolerant of diversity and aware of other cultures
from new jersey morgan hastened to the headquarters of washington at whitemarsh pennsylvania arriving there on november ##th
there was much sickness in the corps and the men were in addition without the clothing shoes and blankets needed for the winter weather
morgan himself had sciatica again
even on his tough constitution the exposure and strenuous activity were beginning to tell in earnest
on the morning of november ##th cornwallis and #,### men had left philadelphia with the object of capturing fort mercer at red bank new jersey
in order to prevent this washington hastened to dispatch several units to reinforce the fort including a force under the marquis de lafayette containing some ### of morgan 's riflemen all who were fit for duty at this time the rest having no shoes
although the fort was evacuated in the face of the force of cornwallis morgan and his men did have a chance to take another swing at the redcoats
a picket guard of about ### mostly hessians were attacked by the americans under lafayette and driven back to their camp some twenty to thirty of them falling before the riflemen 's fire
i never saw men lafayette declared in regard to the riflemen so merry so spirited and so desirous to go on to the enemy whatever force they might have as that small party in this fight
nathanael greene told washington that lafayette was charmed with the spirited behavior of the militia and riflemen
a few days later it was learned that general howe was planning an attack upon the american camp
the british general moved his forces north from philadelphia to chestnut hill near the right wing of the patriot encampment
here the pennsylvania militia skirmished with the british but soon fled
morgan was ordered to attack the enemy who had meantime moved to edge hill on the left of the americans
similar orders were given to the maryland militia
morgan immediately disposed his troops for action and found he had long to wait
a body of redcoats were seen marching down a nearby slope a tempting target for the riflemen who threw a volley into their ranks and messed up the smart formation considerably
now the riflemen and the marylanders followed up their beginning and closed in on the british giving them another telling round of fire
the redcoats ran like rabbits
but the maryland militia had likewise fled all too typical of this type of soldier during the revolution an experience which gave morgan little confidence in militia in general as he watched other instances of their breaking in hot engagements
the british although suffering considerable losses noted the defection of the marylanders made a stand then turned and attacked morgan who became greatly outnumbered and had to retire
the americans lost forty-four men among them major joseph morris of morgan 's regiment an officer who was regarded with high esteem and affection only by his commander but by washington and lafayette as well
the latter was so upset on learning of the death of morris that he wrote morgan a letter showing his own warmhearted generosity
after complimenting morgan and the riflemen and saying he was praising them to congress too the ardent frenchman added he felt that congress should make some financial restitution to the widow and family of morris but that he knew morgan realized how long such action usually required if it was done at all
as mrs. morris may be in some want before that time lafayette continued i am going to trouble you with a commission which i beg you will execute with the greatest secrecy
if she wanted to borrow any sum of money in expecting the arrangements of congress it would become a stranger unknown to her to offer himself for that purpose
but you could as from yourself tell her that you had friends who being with the army don't know what to do with their money and would willingly let her have one or many thousand dollars
this was accordingly done and the plight of the grateful mrs. morris was much relieved as a result of the generous loan the amount of which is known
apparently still sensitive about the idea with which general gates had approached him at saratoga namely that george washington be replaced morgan was vehement in his support of the commander-in-chief during the campaign around philadelphia
richard peters secretary of the board of war thought morgan was so extreme on the subject that he accused him of trying to pick a quarrel
morgan hotly denied this and informed the board of war that the men in camp linked the name of peters with the plot against washington
peters insisted that this impression was a great misunderstanding and evidently from the quarrel obtained an unfavorable impression of morgan 's judgment
such a situation regarding the board of war could hardly have helped morgan 's chances for promotion when that matter came before the group later on
in late december the american army moved from whitemarsh to valley forge and although the distance was only ## miles the journey took more than a week because of the bad weather the barefooted and almost naked men
the position of the new camp was admirably selected and well fortified its easily defensible nature being one good reason why howe did attack it
besides helping to prevent the movement of the british to the west valley forge also obstructed the trade between howe 's forces and the farmers thus threatening the vital subsistence of the redcoats and rendering their foraging to obtain necessary supplies extremely hazardous
in order to see that this hindering situation remained effective washington detached several bodies of his troops to the periphery of the philadelphia area
morgan and his corps were placed on the west side of the schuylkill river with instructions to intercept all supplies found going to the city and to keep a close eye on the movements of the enemy
the headquarters of morgan was on a farm said to have been particularly well located so as to prevent the farmers nearby from trading with the british a practice all too common to those who preferred to sell their produce for british gold rather than the virtually worthless continental currency
in his dealings with offenders however morgan was typically firm but just
for example he captured some persons from york county who with teams were taking to philadelphia the furniture of a man who had just been released from prison through the efforts of his wife and who apparently was helpless to prevent the theft of his household goods
morgan took charge of the furniture and restored it to its thankful owners but he let the culprits who had stolen it go free
morgan complained to washington about the men detailed to him for scouting duty most of them he said being useless
they straggle at such a rate he told the commander-in-chief that if the enemy were enterprising they might get two from us when we would take one of them which makes me wish general howe would go on lest any incident happen to us
if the hardships of the winter at valley forge were trying for healthy men they were of course much more so for those in good health
daniel morgan 's rheumatic condition worsened with the increase of the cold and damp weather
he had braved the elements and the enemy but the strain aided by the winter was catching up with him at last
also he was now forty-three years old
the mild activity of his command during the sojourn of the troops at valley forge could be handled by a subordinate he felt so like henry knox equally loyal to washington who went to boston at this time morgan received permission to visit his home in virginia for several weeks
in his absence the rifle regiment was under the command of major thomas posey another able virginian
but morgan did leave before he had written a letter to a william pickman in salem massachusetts apparently an acquaintance praising washington and saying that the slanders propagated about him were opposed by the general current of the people to exalt general gates at the expense of general washington was injurious to the latter
if there be a disinterested patriot in america 'tis general washington and his bravery none can question
it is doubtful if morgan was able to take home much money to his wife and children for his pay as shown by the war department abstracts of early #### was $## a month as a colonel and that apt to be delayed
he was shown a warm welcome regardless and spent the time in winchester recuperating from his ailment enjoying his family and arranging his private affairs which were of course run down
his neighbors celebrated his return even if it was only temporary and morgan was especially gratified by the quaint expression of an elderly friend isaac lane who told him a man that has so often left all that is dear to him as thou hast to serve thy country must create a sympathetic feeling in every patriotic heart
there must have been special feelings of joy and patriotism in the heart of daniel morgan too when the news was received on april ##th of the recognition by france of the independence of the united states
his fellow virginian george washington had stated i believe no event was ever received with more heartfelt joy
the dreary camp at valley forge was turned into an arena of rejoicing
even the dignified washington indulged in a game of wickets with some children
his soldiers on the whole did celebrate so mildly
on may #th morgan who had returned received from washington orders to send out patrols under vigilant officers to keep near the enemy
the reason for this the orders said is that the enemy may think to take advantage of the celebration of this day
the troops must have more than the common quantity of liquor and perhaps there will be some little drunkenness among them
apparently no serious disorders resulted from the celebration and within a few days morgan joined the force of lafayette who now had command of some #,### men at barren hill far above philadelphia on the schuylkill
the frenchman had been ordered to approach the enemy 's lines harass them and get intelligence of their movements
interestingly enough the order transmitted to morgan through alexander hamilton also informed him that a party of indians will join the party to be sent from your command at whitemarsh and act with them
these were oneida indians
washington evidently was anxious for morgan to be cautious as well as aggressive for on may ##th ##th and ##th he admonished the leader of the riflemen-rangers to be on the alert
obviously the commander-in-chief had confidence that morgan would furnish him good intelligence too for on the ##rd of may he told morgan that the british were prepared to move perhaps in the night and asked morgan to have two of his best horses ready to dispatch to general smallwood with the intelligence obtained
meantime however this same general smallwood seemed to be serving chivalry as well as the american army
colonel benjamin ford wrote to morgan from wilmington that he understood a mrs. sanderson from maryland had obtained permission from smallwood to visit philadelphia and would return on may ##th escorted by several officers from maryland belonging to the new levies in the british service
ford urged morgan to capture these men who he thought might be disguised as quakers or peasants
morgan took the suggested steps but when mrs. sanderson appeared there was nobody with her but her husband whom he promptly sent to headquarters to be questioned
but morgan evidently reported matters of intelligence much more important to his commanding general
a letter of a few days later from washington 's aide to morgan stated his excellency is highly pleased with your conduct upon this occasion
for by now the original cause of the quarrel philip 's seizure of gascony was only one strand in the spider web of french interests that overlay all western europe and that had been so well and closely spun that the lightest movement could set it trembling from one end to the other
even so edward 's ambassadors can scarcely have foreseen that five years of unremitting work lay ahead of them before peace was finally made and that when it did come the countless embassies that left england for rome during that period had very little to do with it
it is hard to lay most of the blame for their failures on the pope
nogaret is hardly an impartial witness and even he did make his charges against boniface until the latter was dead but there is some truth in what he said and more in what he did say
it was merely a hunger for money gold and precious objects that delayed the papal pronouncement that could have brought the war to an end
the pope was playing a dangerous game with so many balls in the air at once that a misstep would bring them all about his ears and his only hope was to temporize so that he could take advantage of every change in the delicate balance of european affairs
when the negotiations began his quarrel with the king of france was temporarily in abeyance and he had no intention of reviving it so long as there was hope that french money would come to pay the troops who under charles of valois the papal vicar of tuscany were so valuable in the crusade against the colonna cardinals and their sicilian allies
if his circumspection in regard to philip 's sensibilities went so far that he even refused to grant a dispensation for the marriage of amadee 's daughter agnes to the son of the dauphin of vienne a truly peacemaking move according to thirteenth-century ideas for savoy and dauphine were as usual fighting on opposite sides for fear that he might seem to be favoring the anti-french coalition he would certainly never take the far more drastic step of ordering the return of gascony to edward even though as he admitted to the english ambassadors he had been advised that the original cession was invalid
on the other hand he did want to offend edward either and he found himself in a very difficult position
on the surface the whole question was purely feudal
the french were now occupying gascony and flanders on the technical grounds that their rulers had forfeited them by a breach of the feudal contract
but edward was invading scotland for precisely the same reason and his insubordinate vassal was the ally of the king of france
boniface had to uphold the sacredness of the feudal contract at all costs for it was only as suzerain of sicily and of the patrimony of peter that he had any justification for his italian wars but in the english-scottish-french triangle it was almost impossible for him to recognize the claims of any one of the contestants without seeming to invalidate those of the other two
because of these involvements in the matter at stake boniface lacked the impartiality that is supposed to be an essential qualification for the position of arbiter and in retrospect that would seem to be sufficient reason why the english embassies to the curia proved so fruitless
but when the situation was so complicated that even nogaret one of the principal actors in the drama could misinterpret the pope 's motives it is possible that othon and his companions equally baffled attributed their difficulties to a more immediate cause
this was boniface 's monumental tactlessness
tact by its very derivation implies that its possessor keeps in touch with other people but the author of clericis laicos and unam sanctam the wielder of the two swords the papal sun of which the imperial moon was but a dim reflection the peer of caesar and vice-regent of christ was so high above other human beings that he had forgotten what they were like
he was a learned and brilliant man one of the best jurists in europe and with flashes of penetrating insight and yet in his dealings with other people particularly when he tried to be ingratiating he was capable of an abysmal stupidity that can have come only from a complete incomprehension of human nature and human motives
this lofty disregard for others was shared by such men as pierre flotte and his associates that brilliant group of mediocre men as powicke calls them who provided the brains for the french embassy that came to rome under the nominal leadership of the archbishop of narbonne the duke of burgundy and the count of st.-pol
they had risen from humble beginnings by their own diligence and astuteness they were unfettered by the codes that bound nobles like othon or even the older generation of clerks like hotham and they were working for an end that their opponents had never even visualized
boniface was later to explain to the english that robert of burgundy and guy de st.-pol were easy enough to do business with
it was the clerks who caused the mischief and who made him say that the ruling passion of their race was covetousness and that in dealing with them he never knew whether he had to do with a frenchman or with a devil
to the pope head of the universal church to the duke of burgundy taking full advantage of his position on the borders of france and of the empire or to othon who found it quite natural that he should do homage to edward for tipperary and to the count of savoy for grandson flotte 's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible
and yet he made no pretense about it
when the pope trying no doubt to appeal to his better nature said to him you have already taken normandy
do you want to drive the king of england from all his overseas possessions
the frenchman 's answer was a terse vous dites vrai
loyal and unscrupulous with a single-minded ambition to which he devoted all his energies he outmatched the english diplomats time and time again until by a kind of poetic justice he fell at the battle of courtrai the victim of the equally nationalistic if less articulate flemings
the english relying on a prejudiced arbiter and confronted with superior diplomatic skill were also hampered in their negotiations by the events that were taking place at home
the scots had found a new leader in william wallace and edward 's yearly expeditions across the border called for evermounting taxes which only increased his difficulties with the barons and the clergy
he was unable to send any more help to his allies on the continent and during the next few years many of them left to resist french pressure unaided surrendered to the inevitable and made their peace with philip
the defeat and death of adolf of nassau at the hands of albert of habsburg also worked to the disadvantage of the english for all the efforts to revive the anti-french coalition came to nothing when philip made an alliance with the new king of the romans
these shifts in alliance and allegiance only increased the difficulties confronting the english embassy as a whole but also directly involved the two savoyards amadee and othon
in spite of the armistice negotiated by amadee two years earlier the war between bishop guillaume of lausanne and louis of savoy was still going on and although little is known about it that little proves that it was yet another phase of the struggle against french expansion and was closely interwoven with the larger conflict
a second truce had been arbitrated in april #### by jean d'arlay lord of chalon-sur-saone the most staunch of edward 's burgundian allies and these last were represented in the discussions at the curia by gautier de montfaucon othon 's neighbor and a member of the vaudois coalition
but although in many of these discussions othon and amadee might have been tempted to consider their own interests as well as those of the king edward 's confidence in them was so absolute that they were made the acknowledged leaders of the embassy
amadee may have owed this partly to his relationship with the king but othon who at sixty seems still to have been a simple knight merited his position solely by his own character and ability
the younger men vere and pembroke who was also edward 's cousin and whose lusignan blood gave him the swarthy complexion that caused edward of carnarvon 's irreverent friend piers gaveston to nickname him joseph the jew were relatively new to the game of diplomacy but pontissara had been on missions to rome before and hotham a man of great learning jocund in speech agreeable to meet of honest religion and pleasing in the eyes of all and an archbishop to boot was as reliable and experienced as othon himself
but all the reports of this first embassy show that the two savoyards were the heads of it for they were the only ones who were empowered to swear for the king that he would abide by the pope 's decision and who were allowed to appoint deputies in the event that one was unavoidably absent
this also gave them the unpleasant duty of being spokesmen for the mission and they could foresee that that would be easy
underneath all the high-sounding phrases of royal and papal letters and behind the more down-to-earth instructions to the envoys was the inescapable fact that edward would have to desert his flemish allies and leave them to the vengeance of their indignant suzerain the king of france in return for being given an equally free hand with the insubordinate scots
this was a doubly bitter blow to the king
in the eyes of those who still cared for such things it was a reflection on his honor and it gave further grounds for complaint to his overtaxed subjects who were already grumbling although probably in latin non est lex sana quod regi sit mea lana
bad relations between england and flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded flemish cities and while the english so far had done no more than grumble othon had seen what the discontent might lead to for before he left the low countries the citizens of ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting edward and his troops and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued
in all the talk of feudal rights the knights and bishops must never forget the woolworkers nor was it easy to do so for all along the road to italy they passed the florentine pack trains going home with their loads of raw wool from england and rough flemish cloth the former to be spun and woven by the arte della lana and the latter to be refined and dyed by the arte della calimala with the pigment recently discovered in asia minor by one of their members bernardo rucellai the secret of which they jealously kept for themselves
these chatty merchants made amusing and instructive traveling companions for their business took them to all four corners of the globe and florentine gossip had already reached a high stage of development as even a cursory glance at the inferno will prove
a northern ambassador willing to keep his mouth shut and his ears open could learn a lot that would stand him in good stead at the curia
they had other topics of conversation besides their news from courts and fairs which were of interest to othon the builder of castles in wales and churches in his native country
behind him lay the low countries where men were still completing the cathedrals that a later florentine would describe as a malediction of little tabernacles one on top of the other with so many pyramids and spires and leaves that it is a wonder they stand up at all for they look as though they were made of paper instead of stone or marble
the low countries where the middle ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when charles the bold of burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of grandson
it usually turned out well for him because either he liked the right people or there were only a few wrong people in the town
alfred wanted to invest in my father 's hotel and advance enough money to build a larger place
it was a very tempting offer
my father would have done it if it hadn't been for my mother who had a fear of being in debt to anyone even alfred alpert
in spite of his being well liked there were a few people who were very careful about alfred
they had my mother 's opinion of him that he was too sharp or a little too good to be true
one of the people who was afraid of alfred was his own brother lew
i don't know how and i don't know why but the two stores the one in margaretville and the one in fleischmanns that had been set up as a partnership were dissolved separated from each other
everything was all very friendly except when it came to harry the youngest brother
alfred who was a good deal older than harry had treated him like a son and when harry decided to stay in business with lew instead of going with alfred alfred looked on the decision as a betrayal
from that day on he never spoke to harry or to lew or to lew 's two boys mort and jimmy
the six miles between the towns became an ocean and the alperts became a family of strangers
time went on and everybody got older
i became fifteen sixteen then twenty and still tessie alpert sat on the porch with a rose in her hair and alfred got richer and sicker with diabetes
it was in the spring of the year when he took to his bed and tessie and alfred found out that they didn't know each other
they were like two strangers
the store was their marriage and when alfred had to leave it there was nothing to hold them together
tessie everybody thought was a strong woman but she was only strong because she had alfred to lean on
and when alfred was forced into his bed tessie left the front porch of the store and sat at home rocking in her rocker in the living room staring out the window the rose still in her hair
tessie could do nothing for alfred
she couldn't cook or clean or make him comfortable
instead she waited for alfred to get better and take care of her
spring was life and alfred alpert in his sickroom was death
alfred knew that too
i remember him pointing out of the window and saying that he wished he could live to see another spring but that he wouldn't
alfred began to put his affairs in order and he went about it like a man putting his things into storage
my father who liked alfred very much was a constant visitor
one day alfred told him that he had decided to leave everything to me
my father a wise man asked him to
he knew alfred liked me
if he wanted to leave me something let it be a trinket nothing else
by leaving me everything he wouldn't be doing me a favor my father told him and he didn't want to see his daughter involved in a lawsuit
he didn't want alfred to leave me trouble because that 's all it would be and alfred understood
alfred was getting too sick to stay in his own home
the doctor wanted him in a hospital
the nearest one was forty miles away in kingston
the day alfred left his home and fleischmanns he gave up the convictions of a lifetime
he sent me for meltzer the butcher whom he wanted as a friend but as a rabbi
meltzer knew why i had come for him
solemnly he walked me back to alfred 's house without a word passing between us
he entered the house in silence walked into alfred 's room and closed the door behind him
i sat down to wait and i watched tessie alpert who hadn't moved or said a word but kept staring out of the window
for a few minutes there was nothing to hear
then meltzer 's voice quiet calm strong started the kaddish the prayer for the dead
i could hear alfred 's voice a few words behind meltzer 's like a counterpoint punctuated by sobs of sorrow and resignation
there was a finality in the rhythm of the prayer it was the end of a life the end of hope and the wondering if there would ever be another beginning
meltzer stayed with alfred and when the door opened they both came out
alfred was dressed for his trip to the hospital
the car was waiting for him
alfred leaning on meltzer stopped for a minute to look at tessie
she didn't turn away from the window
alfred nodded a little nod and went out through the door
outside his brother harry was waiting for him he had come to say good-bye
alfred walked past him without a word and got into the car
harry ran to the side of the car where alfred was sitting and looked at him begging him to speak
alfred looked straight ahead
the car began to move and harry ran after it crying alfred
speak to me
but the car moved off and alfred just looked straight ahead
harry followed the car until it reached the main road and turned towards kingston
he stood there watching until it had gone from his sight
i went to visit alfred in the kingston hospital a few times
the first time i went there he asked me to bring him water from flagler 's well water that reminded him of his first days in the mountains and before i came the next time i filled a five-gallon jug for him and brought it to the hospital
i don't think he ever got to drink any of it
the jug stayed at the hospital and the water what can happen to water
it evaporated disappeared and came back to the earth as rain maybe for another well or another stream or another alfred alpert
## where is it written
mr. banks was always called banks the butcher until he left town and the shop passed over to meltzer the scholar who then became automatically meltzer the butcher
meltzer was a boarder with the banks family
he came to fleischmanns directly from the boat that brought him to america from russia
he was a learned man and a very gentle soul
he was filled with knowledge of the bible and the talmud
he knew the whyfores and the wherefores but he was weak very weak on the therefores
banks the butcher took meltzer the scholar as an apprentice and he made it very clear that a man of learning must be able to do more than just quote the commentaries of the talmud in order to live
so meltzer learned a new trade from banks who supplied the town and the hotels with meat
banks had a family a wife a daughter and a son
the daughter lilly was a very good friend of mine and i always had hopes that someday she and meltzer would find each other
they lived in the same house and it didn't seem to be such a hard thing to do but the sad realities of lilly 's life and the fact that meltzer didn't love her never satisfied my wishful thinking
banks the butcher was a hard master and a hard father a man who didn't seem to know the difference between the living flesh of his family and the hanging carcasses of his stock in trade
he treated both with equal indifference and with equal contempt
perhaps he was a little more sympathetic to the sides of beef that hung silently from his hooks
lilly banks and i became friends
she was the opposite of everything she should have been a positive pole in a negative home a living reaction of warmth and kindness to the harsh reality of her father
and lilly 's whole family seemed to be an apology for mr. banks
her brother karl was a very gentle soul her mother was a quiet woman who said little but who had hard probing eyes
for every rude word of mr. banks 's the family had five in apology
every chance i got i left the hotel to visit lilly
i was free but she was bound to her duties that even the coming of meltzer lightened
she had to clean the glass on the display cases in the butcher shop help her brother scrub the cutting tables with wire brushes mop the floors put down new sawdust on the floors and help check the outgoing orders
when these chores were finished only then was she allowed whatever freedom she could find
i helped lilly in the store
to me it was a game to her it was the deadly seriousness of life
i wanted to help so that we could find time to play
and lilly allowed me to help so that she could have her few little hours of escape
when the work was finished we would walk
the road past the butcher shop took us along the side of a stream
it ran north away from the town and the people through woods and past the nothingness of a graveyard
lilly preferred the loneliness of that walk
i would have liked the town and the busyness of its people but i always followed lilly into the peace of the silent and unstaring road
it wasn't hard to understand
to me lilly was a fine and lovely girl
to people who didn't know her she was a gawky badly dressed kid whose arms were too long whose legs were a little too bony
she had the hips of a boy and a loose-jointed walk that reminded me of a string of beads strolling down the street
and she had the kind of crossed eyes that shocked
it was unexpected unexpected because lilly walked with her head bent down down and her mark of friendship was to look into your face
i accepted her crossed eyes as she accepted my childishness
childishness compared to her grown-up understanding that life was a punishment for as yet undisclosed sins
we were almost the same age she was fifteen i was twelve and where i felt there was a life to look forward to lilly felt she had had as much of it as was necessary
when we went for our walks lilly 's brother would come along every once in a while
karl was an almost exact copy of his father physically and it was strange to see the expected become the unexpected
this huge hulk played the guitar and he would take it along on our walks and play for us as we sat alone in the woods or by the stream
karl played well and his favorite song was a schubert lullaby
he spoke no german but he could sing it and the words of the song were the only ones he knew in a foreign language
the song he said was called the stream 's lullaby and when he sang gute ruh gute ruh mach't die augen zu there was such longing and such simple sadness that it frightened me
later when i was older i found the song was part of schubert 's die schone mullerin
and even hearing it in a concert hall surrounded by hundreds of people the words and the melody would make me a little colder and i would reach out for my husband 's hand
the brother and sister seemed to be a sort of mutual-aid society a little fortress of kindness for each other in a hard world
i felt very flattered to be included in the protection of their company even though i had nothing to be protected from
the turn of the century or to be more precise the two decades preceeding and following it marks a great change in the history of early english scholarship
at the bottom of this change were great strides forward in the technical equipment and technical standards of the historian
in archaeology for example the contributions of frederick haverfield and reginald smith to the various volumes of the victoria county histories raised the discipline from the status of an antiquarian pastime to that of the most valuable single tool of the early english historian
and with the publication of e. t. leeds' archaeology of the anglo-saxon settlements the student was presented with an organized synthesis of the archaeological data then known
what was true for archaeology was also true of place-name studies
the value of place-names in the reconstruction of early english history had long been recognized
place-names in fact had been extensively utilized for this purpose from the time of camden onwards
without a precise knowledge of germanic philology however it is debatable whether their use was more often a source of confusion and error than anything else
even in the nineteenth century such accomplished philologists as kemble and guest were led into what now seem ludicrous errors because of their failure to recognize that modern forms of place names are necessarily the result of logical philological development
it was therefore until the publication of j.h. round 's the settlement of the south and east saxons and w.h. stevenson 's dr. guest and the english conquest of south britain that a scientific basis for place-name studies was established
diplomatic is another area for which the dawn of the twentieth century marks the beginning of modern standards of scholarship
although because of the important achievements of nineteenth century scholars in the field of textual criticism the advance is so striking as it was in the case of archaeology and place-names the editorial principles laid down by stevenson in his great edition of asser and in his crawford charters were a distinct improvement upon those of his predecessors and remain unimproved upon today
in sum it can be said that the techniques and standards of present day have their origin at the turn of the century
and it is this particularly the establishment of archaeology and place-name studies on a scientific basis which are immediately pertinent to the saxon shore
almost inevitably the first result of this technological revolution was a reaction against the methods and in many cases the conclusions of the oxford school of stubbs freeman and particularly green regarding the nature of the anglo-saxon conquest of britain
even before the century was out the tide of reaction had set in
charles plummer in the introduction and notes to his splendid edition of bede voiced some early doubts concerning the elaborate superstructure they raised up over the slim foundations afforded by the traditional narratives of the conquest
it was plummer in fact who coined the much quoted remark mr. green indeed writes as if he had been present at the landing of the saxons and had watched every step of their subsequent progress
sir henry howorth writing in #### put himself firmly in the lappenburg-kemble tradition by attacking the veracity of the west saxon annals
early in the present century w. h. stevenson continued the attack with a savage article against guest
following him in varying degrees of scepticism were t.w. shore h.m. chadwick thomas hodgkin and f. g. beck
by #### ferdinand lot could begin an article subtitled la conquete de la grande-bretagne par les saxons with the words il est difficile aujourd'hui d'entretenir des illusions sur la valeur du recit traditionnel de la conquete de la grande-bretagne
it is also worthy of note that lot cited both kemble and lappenberg with favor in that article
it would seem that the wheel had turned full circle
in fact modern scholarly opinion in the main has retreated all the way back to the destructive scepticism of the first half of the nineteenth century
although one meets with occasional extremists like zachrisson or very recently arthur wade-evans the majority of scholars have taken a middle position between the extremes of scepticism and gullibility
most now admit that bede gildas nennius and the anglo-saxon chronicles cannot be the infallible guides to early english history that guest freeman and green thought them to be
as r.h. hodgkin has remarked the critical methods of the nineteenth century shattered most of this picturesque narrative
on the other hand the consensus of opinion is that used with caution and in conjunction with other types of evidence the native sources still provide a valid rough outline for the english settlement of southern britain
as sir charles oman once said it is no longer fashionable to declare that we can say nothing certain about old english origins
therefore in one way kemble and lappenberg have been vindicated
their conclusions concerning the untrustworthiness of the west saxon annals the confused chronology of bede the unreliability of the early positions of the anglo-saxon genealogies and the mythological elements contained in nennius are now mostly accepted
nevertheless in another way modern historians still labor in the vineyard of the oxford school
for it is their catastrophic concept of the anglo-saxon invasions rather than kemble 's gradualist approach which dominates the field
despite the rejection of the traditional accounts on many points of detail as late as #### it was still possible to postulate a massive and comparatively sudden beginning in ca. ### influx of germans as the type of invasions
at this point of course the issue has become complicated by a development unforeseen by lappenberg and kemble
they however much they were in disagreement with the late victorians over the method by which britain was germanized agreed with them that the end result was the complete extinction of the previous celtic population and civilization
but beginning for all practical purposes with frederick seebohm 's english village community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between roman and anglo-saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the anglo-saxon invasions
against seebohm formidable foes have taken the field notably f. w. maitland whose domesday book and beyond was written expressly for this purpose and sir paul vinogradoff whose the growth of the manor had a similar aim
largely due to their efforts the catastrophic invasion-theory has maintained its position although seebohm has always found supporters
h.l. gray in his english field systems and zachrisson 's romans kelts and saxons defended in part the seebohm thesis while at the present time h.p.r. finberg and gordon copley seem to fall into the celtic survivalist camp
this is nevertheless a minority view
most scholars while willing to accept a survival revival
of celtic art forms and a considerable proportion of the celtic population reject any institutional legacy from pre-anglo-saxon britain
therefore it is plain that the clear distinctions of the nineteenth century are no longer with us
in the main stream of historical thinking is a group of scholars h.m. chadwick r.h. hodgkin sir frank stenton et al. who are in varying degrees sceptical of the native traditions of the conquest but who defend the catastrophic type of invasion suggested by them
they in effect have compromised the opposing positions of the nineteenth century
on the other side are the celtic survivalists who have taken a tack divergent from both these schools of nineteenth century thought
as a group they should be favorable to a concept of gradual germanic infiltration although the specialist nature of much of their work e.g. seebohm gray and finberg tends to obscure their sympathies
those who do have occasion to deal with the invasions in a more general way like t.w. shore and arthur wade-evans are on the side of a gradual and often peaceful germanic penetration into britain
wade-evans in fact denies that there were any anglo-saxon invasions at all other than a minor jutish foray in a.d. ###
now omitting for a moment some recent developments we can say the saxon shore hypothesis of lappenberg and kemble has undergone virtual eclipse in this century
it is no longer possible to say that a sceptical attitude towards the received accounts of the invasions almost automatically produces a shore occupied by interpretation
everyone is more or less sceptical and virtually no one has been willing to accept lappenberg or kemble 's position on that point
one reason is of course that the new scepticism has been willing to maintain the general picture of the invasions as portrayed in the traditional sources
the few scholars who have adopted the shore occupied by interpretation howorth shore and wade-evans have all been celtic survivalists
moreover they have done so in rather special circumstances
the primary reason for the abandonment of the shore occupied by thesis has been the assimilation and accumulation of archaeological evidence the most striking feature of early english studies in this century
again omitting recent developments e.t. leeds' dictum of #### has stood unchallenged so far as archaeology is concerned there is the least warrant for the second shore occupied by of these theories
even earlier haverfield had come to the same conclusion
what they meant was that there was no evidence to show that the south and east coasts of britain received germanic settlers conspicuously earlier than some other parts of england
that is there was no trace of anglo-saxons in britain as early as the late third century to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the saxon shore forts was beginning to point
in the face of a clear judgment from archaeology therefore it became impossible for a time for scholars to re-adopt the shore settled by theory
in recent years however a wind of change seems to be blowing through early english historical circles
the great increase in the amount of archaeological activity and therefore information in the years immediately preceeding and following the second world war has brought to light data which has changed the complection of the saxon shore dispute
where there were none fifteen years ago several scholars currently are edging their way cautiously towards the acceptance of the shore occupied by position
we must therefore have a look at the new archaeological material and re-examine the literary and place-name evidence which bears upon the problem
what exactly are we trying to prove
we know that the saxon shore was a phenonenon of late roman defensive policy
in other words its existence belongs to the period of roman britain
so whenever the romans finally withdrew from the island the saxon shore disappeared in the first decade of the fifth century
we also know that the saxon shore as reflected in the notitia was created as a part of the theodosian reorganization of britain post a.d. ###
my argument is that there was no saxon shore prior to that time even though the forts had been in existence since the time of carausius
therefore what we must prove or disprove is that there were saxons in the broad sense in which we must construe the word in the area of the saxon shore at the time it was called the saxon shore
that is we must find saxons in east anglia kent sussex and hampshire in the last half of the fourth century
the problem in other words is strictly a chronological one
in gaul the saxon element on its saxon shore was plainly visible because there the saxons were an intrusive element in the population
in britain obviously the archaeological and place-name characteristics of the saxon shore region are bound to be saxon
it is a matter of trying to sort out an earlier fourth-century saxon element from the later fifth-century mainstream of anglo-saxon invasions
this naturally will be difficult to do since both the archaeological and place-name evidence in this period with some fortunate exceptions is insufficient for precise chronological purposes
it might be well to consider the literary evidence first because it can provide us with an answer to one important question
namely is the idea that there were saxon mercenaries in england at all reasonable
to do so something was necessary beyond volunteering because there was little glamour or romance in the european war
it meant instead hardship dirt and death
baker gave leonard wood credit for the initiation of the draft of soldiers
from the general 's idea a chain reaction occurred
wood took the proposal to chief of staff hugh l. scott who passed it on to baker a month before the actual declaration of war against germany
the secretary of war gave his assent after studying the history of the draft in the american civil war as well as the british volunteer system in world war #
he concluded that selective service would only prevent the disorganization of essential war industries but would avoid the undesirable moral effects of the british reliance on enlistment only where the feeling of the people was whipped into a frenzy by girls pinning white feathers on reluctant young men orators preaching hate of the germans and newspapers exaggerating enemy outrages to make men enlist out of motives of revenge and retaliation
baker took the plan to wilson who said baker this is plainly right on any ground
start to prepare the necessary legislation so that if i am obliged to go to congress the bills will be ready for immediate consideration
the result was that by secret agreement draft machinery was actually ready long before the country knew that the device was to take the place of the volunteering method which theodore roosevelt favored
before the draft act was passed baker had confidentially briefed governors sheriffs and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on
it was baker working through provost marshal enoch crowder and major hugh s. old ironpants johnson who arranged for a secret printing by the million of selective service blanks again before the act was passed until corridors in the government printing office were full and the basement of the washington post office was stacked to the ceiling
general crowder proposed that regular army officers select the draftees in cities and towns throughout the nation
it was baker who thought of lessening the shock which conscription always brings to a country by substituting greetings from your neighbors for the recruiting sergeant and registration in familiar voting places rather than at military installations
even so the draft act encountered rough sledding in its progress through the congress
democratic speaker champ clark saw little difference between a conscript and a convict
democrat stanley h. dent chairman of the house military affairs committee declined to introduce the bill
democratic floor leader claude kitchin would have no part of the measure
in the judgment of chief of staff scott it was ironic that the draft policy of a democratic president aimed at germany had to be pushed through the house of representatives by the ranking minority member of the military affairs committee a republican jew born in germany
he was julius kahn for whom the chief of staff thought no honor could be too great
after kahn 's death in #### scott wrote may he rest in peace with the eternal gratitude of his adopted country
in spite of powerful opposition the draft act finally passed congress on may ## ####
in early june ten million young men registered by name and number
the day passed without incident in spite of the warning of senator james a. reed of missouri baker you will have the streets of our american cities running with blood on registration day
on july ## the first drawing of numbers occurred in the senate office building before a distinguished group of congressmen and high army officers
secretary of war baker blindfolded put his hand into a large glass bowl and drew the initial number of those to be called
it was ###
a man in mississippi wired thanks for drawing ### that 's me
he was the first of #,###,### called to the army through the selective service system
it was one thing to call men to the colors
it was another to house feed and train them
the existing army posts were wholly inadequate
in a matter of months the war department built thirty-two camps each one accommodating fifty thousand men sixteen were under canvas in the south and sixteen with frame structures in the north
it was a gargantuan task
a typical cantonment in the north had twelve hundred buildings an electric-sewer-water system and twenty-five miles of roads
at camp taylor in kentucky a barracks was built in an hour and a half from timber that had been standing in mississippi forests one week before
the total operation was a construction project comparable in magnitude with the panama canal but in #### time was in short supply
in three months the army spent three-quarters as much as had been expended on the big ditch in ten years
in later years josephus daniels was to claim that world war # was the first in american history in which there was great concern for both the health and morals of our soldiers
it was the first american war in which the death rate from disease was lower than that from battle due to the provision of trained medical personnel of the ###,### officers ##,### were physicians compulsory vaccination rigorous camp sanitation and adequate hospital facilities
to the middle of september #### there had been fewer than ##,### deaths from disease in the new army
this enviable record would have been maintained but for a great and unexpected disaster which struck the world with murderous stealth
it was the influenza pandemic of ####-##
the malady was popularly known as the spanish flu from the alleged locale of its origin
the world-wide total of deaths from spanish flu was around twenty million
in the united states ###,### succumbed to it
in mid-september #### the influenza-pneumonia pandemic swept through every american military camp
during the eight-week blitz attack ##,### soldiers died from the disease and the death rate formerly # per year per #,### men increased almost fifty times to # per week per #,### men
in spite of this catastrophe the final mortality figure from disease in the american army during world war # was ## per #,### per year contrasted with ### per #,### per year in the mexican war and ## in the american civil war
both secretary of war baker and secretary of navy daniels devoted much time and effort to the problem of providing reasonably normal and wholesome activities in camp for the millions of men who had been removed from their home environment
their policy ran counter to the traditional idea that a good fighter was usually a libertine and that in sex affairs god-given passion was a proof of manliness
baker moved first
six days after war was declared he appointed raymond fosdick chairman of the commission on training camp activities the ctca
fosdick a brother of minister harry emerson fosdick was a graduate of princeton and a member of phi beta kappa and the american philosophical association
his assignment was a new one because baker had sent him to the mexican border in #### to investigate lurid newspaper stories about lack of discipline drunkenness and venereal disease in american military camps
fosdick had found the installations surrounded by a battery of saloons and houses of prostitution with filles de joie from all over the country flocking to san antonio laredo and el paso to woman the cribs
he also ascertained that many officers were indifferent to the problem including commanding general frederick funston who gave fosdick the nickname of reverend
on the basis of the long chronicle of military history funston and his brethren assumed that the issue was insoluble and that anyone interested in a mission like fosdick 's was an impractical idealist or a do-gooder
during the brief mexican venture fosdick 's report to the secretary recommended a definite stand by the war department against the saloon and the excesses of prostitution
the problem involved military necessity as much as morality for in pre-penicillin days venereal disease was a crippling disability
fosdick insisted that a strong word was needed from washington and it was immediately forthcoming
baker put the cribs and the saloons out of bounds ordered the co-operation of military officers with local law authorities and told communities that the troops would be moved unless wholesome conditions were restored
both baker and fosdick knew that a substitute was necessary that a verboten approach was the real answer
they were aware that soldiers went to town in more ways than one because of the monotony of camp life to find the only release available in the absence of movies reading rooms and playing fields with adequate athletic equipment
both knew that when trains stopped at texan crossroads bored soldiers would sometimes enter to ask the passengers if they had any reading material to spare even a newspaper
there was no time in the short mexican encounter to evolve a solution but the area provided a proving ground for new departures in the near future
when the united states entered the first world war baker made certain that the draft act of #### prohibited the sale of liquor to men in uniform and that it provided for broad zones around the camps in which prostitution was outlawed
even so fosdick as the new chairman of the commission on training camp activities encountered strong and vociferous opposition
new orleans had a notorious red-light district extending over twenty-eight city blocks and the business-minded mayor of the city journeyed to washington to present the case for the god-given right of men to be men
in europe premier clemenceau showing his animal proclivities as the tiger of france asked pershing by letter for the creation of special houses where the sexual desires of american men could be satisfied
when fosdick showed the letter to baker his negative response was for god 's sake raymond don't show this to the president or he'll stop the war
ultimately fosdick 's fit to fight slogan swept across the country and every well-known red-light district in the united states was closed a hundred and ten of them
the result was that the rate of venereal disease in the american army was the lowest in our military history
this was the negative side of the situation
affirmatively baker worked on the premise that young men spontaneously prefer to be decent and that opportunities for wholesome recreation are the best possible cure for irregularities in conduct which arise from idleness and the baser temptations
the wholesome activities were to be provided by many organizations including the ymca the knights of columbus the jewish welfare board the american library association and the playground and recreation association private societies which voluntarily performed the job that was taken over almost entirely by the special services division of the army itself in world war #
over these voluntary agencies in ####-## the ctca served as a co-ordinating body in carrying out what survey called the most stupendous piece of social work in modern times
under fosdick the first executive officer of the ctca was richard byrd whose name in later years was to become synonymous with activities at the polar antipodes
from the point of view of popularity the best-known member of the commission was walter camp the yale athlete whose sobriquet was the father of american football
he was placed in charge of athletics and among other things adapted the type of calisthenics known as the daily dozen
the ctca program of activities was profuse william farnum and mary pickford on the screen elsie janis and harry lauder on the stage books provided by the american library association full equipment for games and sports except that no bones were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as african golf
the ctca distributed a khaki-bound songbook that provided the impetus for spirited renditions of the selections found therein plus a number of others whose lyrics were more earthy from johnny get your gun to keep the home fires burning to mademoiselle from armentieres
in the imagination of the nineteenth century the greek tragedians and shakespeare stand side by side their affinity transcending all the immense contrarieties of historical circumstance religious belief and poetic form
we no longer use the particular terms of lessing and victor hugo
but we abide by their insight
the word tragedy encloses for us in a single span both the greek and the elizabethan example
the sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of aeschylus sophocles and euripides
it transcends the glaring fact that the elizabethans mixed tragedy and comedy whereas the greeks kept the two modes severely distinct
it overcomes our emphatic awareness of the vast difference in the shape and fabric of the two languages and styles of dramatic presentation
the intimations of a related spirit and ordering of human values are stronger than any sense of disparity
comparable visions of life are at work in antigone and romeo and juliet
we see at once what victor hugo means when he calls macbeth a northern scion of the house of atreus
elsinore seems to lie in a range of mycenae and the fate of orestes resounds in that of hamlet
the hounds of hell search out their quarry in apollo 's sanctuary as they do in the tent of richard #
oedipus and lear attain similar insights by virtue of similar blindness
it is between euripides and shakespeare that the western mind turns away from the ancient tragic sense of life
it is after the late seventeenth century
i say the late seventeenth century because racine whom lessing did really know stands on the far side of the chasm
the image of man which enters into force with aeschylus is still vital in phedre and athalie
it is the triumph of rationalism and secular metaphysics which marks the point of no return
shakespeare is closer to sophocles than he is to pope and voltaire
to say this is to set aside the realness of time
but it is true nevertheless
the modes of the imagination implicit in athenian tragedy continued to shape the life of the mind until the age of descartes and newton
it is only then that the ancient habits of feeling and the classic orderings of material and psychological experience were abandoned
with the discours de la methode and the principia the things undreamt of in horatio 's philosophy seem to pass from the world
in greek tragedy as in shakespeare mortal actions are encompassed by forces which transcend man
the reality of orestes entails that of the furies
the weird sisters wait for the soul of macbeth
we cannot conceive of oedipus without a sphinx nor of hamlet without a ghost
the shadows cast by the personages of greek and shakespearean drama lengthen into a greater darkness
and the entirety of the natural world is party to the action
the thunderclaps over the sacred wood at colonus and the storms in king lear are caused by more than weather
in tragedy lightning is a messenger
but it can no longer be so once benjamin franklin the incarnation of the new rational man has flown a kite to it
the tragic stage is a platform extending precariously between heaven and hell
those who walk on it may encounter at any turn ministers of grace or damnation
oedipus and lear instruct us how little of the world belongs to man
mortality is the pacing of a brief and dangerous watch and to all sentinels whether at elsinore or on the battlements at mycenae the coming of dawn has its breath of miracle
it banishes the night wanderers to fire or repose
but at the touch of hume and voltaire the noble or hideous visitations which had haunted the mind since agamemnon 's blood cried out for vengeance disappeared altogether or took tawdry refuge among the gaslights of melodrama
modern roosters have lost the art of crowing restless spirits back to purgatory
in athens in shakespeare 's england and at versailles the hierarchies of worldly power were stable and manifest
the wheel of social life spun around the royal or aristocratic centre
from it spokes of order and degree led to the outward rim of the common man
tragedy presumes such a configuration
its sphere is that of royal courts dynastic quarrels and vaulting ambitions
the same metaphors of swift ascent and calamitous decline apply to oedipus and macbeth because they applied also to alcibiades and essex
and the fate of such men has tragic relevance because it is public
agamemnon creon and medea perform their tragic actions before the eyes of the polis
similarly the sufferings of hamlet othello or phedre engage the fortunes of the state
they are enacted at the heart of the body politic
hence the natural setting of tragedy is the palace gate the public square or the court chamber
greek and elizabethan life and to a certain extent the life of versailles shared this character of intense publicity
princes and factions clashed in the open street and died on the open scaffold
with the rise to power of the middle class the centre of gravity in human affairs shifted from the public to the private
the art of defoe and richardson is founded on an awareness of this great change
heretofore an action had possessed the breadth of tragedy only if it involved high personages and if it occurred in the public view
behind the tragic hero stands the chorus the crowd or the observant courtier
in the eighteenth century there emerges for the first time the notion of a private tragedy or nearly for the first time there having been a small number of elizabethan domestic tragedies such as the famous arden of feversham
in la nouvelle-heloise and werther tragedy is made intimate
and private tragedy became the chosen ground of drama but of the new unfolding art of the novel
the novel was only the presenter of the new secular rationalistic private world of the middle class
it served also as a literary form exactly appropriate to the fragmented audience of modern urban culture
i have said before how difficult it is to make any precise statements with regard to the character of the greek and elizabethan public
but one major fact seems undeniable
until the advent of rational empiricism the controlling habits of the western mind were symbolic and allegoric
available evidence regarding the natural world the course of history and the varieties of human action were translated into imaginative designs or mythologies
classic mythology and christianity are such architectures of the imagination
they order the manifold levels of reality and moral value along an axis of being which extends from brute matter to the immaculate stars
there had yet supervened between understanding and expression the new languages of mathematics and scientific formulas
the poet was by definition a realist his imaginings and parables being natural organizations of reality
and in these organizations certain primal notions played a radiant part radiant both in the sense of giving light and of being a pole toward which all perspectives converge
i mean such concepts as the presence of the supernatural in human affairs the sacraments of grace and divine retribution the idea of preordainment the oracle over oedipus the prophecy of the witches to macbeth or god 's covenant with his people in athalie
i refer to the notion that the structure of society is a microcosm of the cosmic design and that history conforms to patterns of justice and chastisement as if it were a morality play set in motion by the gods for our instruction
these conceptions and the manner in which they were transposed into poetry or engendered by poetic form are intrinsic to western life from the time of aeschylus to that of shakespeare
and although they were as i have indicated under increasing strain at the time of racine they are still alive in his theatre
they are the essential force behind the conventions of tragedy
they are as decisively present in the oresteia and oedipus as in macbeth king lear and phedre
after the seventeenth century the audience ceased to be an organic community to which these ideas and their attendant habits of figurative language would be natural or immediately familiar
concepts such as grace damnation purgation blasphemy or the chain of being which are everywhere implicit in classic and shakespearean tragedy lose their vitality
they become philosophic abstractions of a private and problematic relevance or mere catchwords in religious customs which had in them a diminishing part of active belief
after shakespeare the master spirits of western consciousness are no longer the blind seers the poets or orpheus performing his art in the face of hell
they are descartes newton and voltaire
and their chroniclers are the dramatic poets but the prose novelists
the romantics were the immediate inheritors of this tremendous change
they were yet prepared to accept it as irremediable
rousseau 's primitivism the anti-newtonian mythology of blake coleridge 's organic metaphysics victor hugo 's image of the poets as the magi and shelley 's unacknowledged legislators are related elements in the rear-guard action fought by the romantics against the new scientific rationalism
from this action sprang the idea of somehow uniting greek and shakespearean drama into a new total form capable of restoring to life the ancient moral and poetic responses
the dream of achieving a synthesis between the sophoclean and the shakespearean genius inspired the ambitions of poets and composers from the time of shelley and victor hugo to that of bayreuth
it could really be fulfilled
the conventions into which the romantics tried to breath life no longer corresponded to the realities of thought and feeling
but the attempt itself produced a number of brilliant works and these form a transition from the early romantic period to the new age of ibsen and chekhov
the wedding of the hellenic to the northern genius was one of the dominant motifs in goethe 's thought
his italian journey was a poet 's version of those perennial thrusts across the alps of the german emperors of the middle ages
the dream of a descent into the gardens of the south always drew german ambitions toward rome and sicily
goethe asks in wilhelm meister whether we know the land where the lemon trees flower and the light of the mediterranean glows through torquato tasso and the roman elegies
goethe believed that the germanic spirit with its grave strength but flagrant streaks of brutality and intolerance should be tempered with the old sensuous wisdom and humanism of the hellenic
on the narrower ground of poetic form he felt that in the drama of the future the greek conception of tragic fate should be joined to the shakespearean vision of tragic will
the wager between god and satan brings on the destiny of faust but faust assumes his role voluntarily
the third act of faust # is a formal celebration of the union between the germanic and the classic between the spirit of euripides and that of romantic drama
the motif of faust 's love for helen of troy goes back to the sources of the faustian legend
it tells us of the ancient human desire to see the highest wisdom joined to the highest sensual beauty
there can be no greater magic than to wrest from death her in whom the flesh was all in whom beauty was entirely pure because it was entirely corruptible
it is thus that the brightness of helen passes through marlowe 's faustus
goethe used the fable to more elaborate ends
faust rescuing helen from menelaus' vengeance is the genius of renaissance europe restoring to life the classic tradition
the necromantic change from the palace at sparta to faust 's gothic castle directs us to the aesthetic meaning of the myth the translation of antique drama into shakespearean and romantic guise
this translation or rather the fusion of the two ideals creates the gesamtkunstwerke the total art form
the bishop of gloucester described the elder thomas in #### as the richest recusant in his diocese worth five hundred pounds a year in lands and goods
when quiney and william parsons wrote to greville in #### asking his consent in the election for bailiff they sent the letter to mr. william sawnders attendant on the worshipful mr. thomas bushell at marston
mr. bushell was mentioned in #### in the will of joyce hobday widow of a stratford glover
thomas the elder married twice had seventeen children and died in ####
his daughter elinor married quiney 's son adrian in #### and his son henry married mary lane of stratford in ####
his son thomas aged fifteen when he entered oxford in #### married as his first wife margaret sister of sir edward greville
bridges a son by his second wife was christened at pebworth in #### but thomas the younger was living at packwood two years later and sold broad marston manor in ####
a third thomas bushell ####-#### much loved by bacon called himself the superlative prodigall in the first part of youths errors #### and became an expert on silver mines and on the art of running into debt
edward greville born about #### had inherited milcote on the execution of his father lodowick for murder in ####
he refused his consent to the election of quiney as bailiff in #### but gave it at the request of the recorder his cousin sir fulke greville
the corporation entertained him for dinner at quiney 's house in #### with wine and sugar sent by the bailiff sturley
at milcote on november # #### the aldermen asked him to support their petition for a new charter
sturley wrote to quiney that sir edward gave his allowance and liking thereof and affied unto us his best endeavour so that his rights be preserved and that sir edward saith we shall be at any fault for money for prosecuting the cause for himself will procure it and lay it down for us for the time
greville proposed quiney as the fittest man for the following of the cause and to attend him in the matter and at his suggestion the corporation allowed quiney two shillings a day
if you can firmly make the good knight sure to pleasure our corporation sturley wrote besides that ordinary allowance for your diet you shall have ## for recompence
in his letter mentioning shakespeare on january ## #### sturley asked quiney especially that theare might be bi sir ed. grev. some meanes made to the knightes of the parliament for an ease and discharge of such taxes and subsedies wherewith our towne is like to be charged and i assure u i am in great feare and doubte bi no meanes hable to paie
sir ed. gre. is gonne to brestowe and from thence to lond. as i heare who verie well knoweth our estates and wil be willinge to do us ani good
the knights for warwickshire in this parliament which ended its session on february # were fulke greville the poet and william combe of warwick as fulke greville and edward greville had been in ####
the corporation voted on september ## #### that quiney should ride to london about the suit to sir john fortescue chancellor of the exchequer for discharging of the tax and subsidy
he had been in london for several weeks when he wrote to shakespeare on october ##
sturley on november # answered a letter from quiney written on october ## which imported wrote sturley that our countriman mr. wm. shak. would procure us monei which i will like of as i shall heare when wheare & howe and i prai let go that occasion if it mai sort to ani indifferent condicions
allso that if monei might be had for ## or ## a lease & might be procured
sturley quoted quiney as having written on november # that if he had more monei presente much might be done to obtaine our charter enlargd ij faires more with tole of corne bestes and sheepe and a matter of more valewe then all that
sturley thought that this matter might be the rest of the tithes and the college houses and landes in our towne
he suggested offering half to sir edward fearing lest he shall thinke it to good for us and procure it for himselfe as he served us the last time
this refers to what had happened after the earl of warwick died in #### when the town petitioned burghley for the right to name the vicar and schoolmaster and other privileges but greville bought the lordship for himself
sturley 's allusion probably explains why greville took out the patent in the names of best and wells for sir anthony ashley described best as a scrivener within temple bar that deals in many matters for my l. essex through sir gelly merrick especially in causes that he would be known of
adrian quiney wrote to his son richard on october ## and again perhaps the next day since the bearer of the letter the bailiff was expected to reach london on november #
in his second letter the old mercer advised his son to bye some such warys as yow may selle presentlye with profet
yff yow bargen with wm. sha. so in the ms or receave money ther or brynge your money home yow maye see howe knite stockynges be sold ther ys gret byinge of them at aysshom
wherefore i thynke yow maye doo good yff yow can have money
this seems to refer to the loan richard had asked for but to a proposed bargain with shakespeare
richard quiney the younger a schoolboy of eleven wrote a letter in latin asking his father to buy copybooks chartaceos libellos for him and his brother
his mother bess who could write herself reminded her husband through sturley to buy the apron he had promised her and a suite of hattes for # boies the yongst lined & trimmed with silke for john only a year old
a letter signed isabell bardall entreated good cozen quiney to find her stepson adrian son of george bardell a place in london with some handicraftsman
william parsons and william walford drapers asked quiney to see to business matters in london
daniel baker deluged his unckle quyne with requests to pay money for him to drapers in watling street and at the two cats in canning street
his letter of october ## named two of the men about whom quiney had written to shakespeare the day before
baker wrote i tooke order with sr. e. grevile for the payment of ceartaine monei beefore his going towardes london
& synce i did write unto him to dessier him to paie ## for mee which standeth mee greatly uppon to have paide
& ## more mr. peeter rowswell tooke order with his master to paie for mee
he asked quiney to find out whether the money had been paid and if to send to the lodging of sir edward and entreat him to pay what he owed
baker added i pray you delivre these inclosed letters and comend mee to mr. rychard mytton whoe i know will ffreind mee for the payment of this monei
further letters in november mention that sir edward paid forty pounds
stratford 's petition to the queen declared that two great fires had burnt two hundred houses in the town with household goods to the value of twelve thousand pounds
the chancellor of the exchequer wrote on the petition in myn opinion it is very resonable and conscionable for hir maiestie to graunt in relief of this towne twise afflicted and almost wasted by fire
the queen agreed on december ## a warrant was signed on january ## and the exchequer paid quiney his expenses on february ## ####
he listed what he had spent for my own diet in london eighteen weeks in which i was sick a month
my mare at coming up ## days
another i bought there to bring me home # weeks
and i was six days going thither and coming homewards
all which cost me at the least ## pounds
he was allowed forty-four pounds in all including fees to the masters of requests mr. fanshawe of the exchequer the solicitor general and other officials and their clerks
if he borrowed money from shakespeare or with his help he would now have been able to repay the loan
since more is known about quiney than about any other acquaintance of shakespeare in stratford his career may be followed to its sudden end in ####
during #### and #### he made manye guiftes of myne owne provision bestowed uppon cowrtiers & others for the better effectinge of our suites in hande
he was in london searching records for our town 's causes in #### with young henry sturley the assistant schoolmaster
when sir edward greville enclosed the town commons on the bancroft quiney and others leveled his hedges on january ## #### and were charged with riot by sir edward
he also sued them for taking toll of grain at their market
accompanied by master greene our solicitor thomas greene of the middle temple shakespeare 's cousin quiney tried to consult sir edward coke attorney general and gave money to a clerk and a doorkeeper that we might have access to their master for his counsel butt colde have him att leasure by the reason of thees trobles the essex rising on february #
he set down that i gave mr. greene a pynte of muskadell and a roll of bread that last morning i went to have his company to master attorney
after returning stratford he drew up a defense of the town 's right to toll corn and the office of collecting it and his list of suggested witnesses included his father and shakespeare 's father
no one he wrote took any corn of greville 's for his bailiff of husbandry swore a greate oathe thatt who soe came to put hys hande into hys sackes for anye corne shuld leave hys hande behynde hym
quiney was in london again in june #### and in november when he rode up as shakespeare must often have done by way of oxford high wycombe and uxbridge and home through aylesbury and banbury
after quiney was elected bailiff in september #### without greville 's approval greene wrote him that coke had promised to be of counsel for stratford and had advised that the office of bayly may be exercised as it is taken upon you sr. edwardes his consent beinge hadd to the swearinge of you
asked by the townsmen to cease his suit greville had answered that hytt shulde coste hym ### first & sayed it must be tried ether before my lorde anderson in the countrey or his uncle ffortescue in the exchequer with whom he colde more prevaile then we
the corporation proposed chief justice anderson for an arbiter sending him a gift of sack and claret
lady greville daughter of the late lord chancellor bromley and niece of sir john fortescue was offered twenty pounds by the townsmen to make peace
she labored & thought she shuld effecte it but her husband said that we shuld wynne it by the sworde
his servant robin whitney threatened quiney who had whitney bound to the good abaringe to keep the peace
a report of sr. edw grevyles minaces to the baileefe aldermen & burgesses of stratforde tells how quiney was injured by greville 's men in the tyme mr. ryc' quyney was bayleefe ther came some of them whoe beinge druncke fell to braweling in ther hosts howse wher thei druncke & drewe ther dagers uppon the hoste att a faier tyme the baileefe being late abroade to see the towne in order & comminge by in hurley burley came into the howse & commawnded the peace to be kept butt colde prevayle & in hys endevor to sticle the brawle had his heade grevouselye brooken by one of hys greville 's men whom nether hymselfe greville punnished nor wolde suffer to be punnished but with a shewe to turne them awaye & enterteyned agayne
the fall of rome the discovery of precious metals and the protestant reformation were all links and could only be explained and understood by comprehending the links that preceded and those that followed
often the historian must consider the use of intuition or instinct by those individuals or nations which he is studying
unconsciously governments or races or institutions may enter into some undertaking without fully realizing why they are doing so
they react in obedience to an instinct or urge which has itself been impelled by natural law
a court may strike down a law on the basis of an intuitive feeling that the law is inimical to the numerical majority
a nation may go to war on some trifling pretext when in reality it may have been guided by an unconscious instinct that its very life was at stake
when the historian encounters a situation in which he can perceive no visible cause and effect sequence he should be alert to intuition and unconscious instinct as possible guides
adams firmly contended that the historian must never underrate the impact of the geographical environment on history
here was another indispensable tool
indeed he concluded that geographical conditions have exercised a great possibly a preponderating influence over man 's destiny
the failure of greece to reach the imperial destiny that periclean athens had seemed to promise was almost directly attributable to her physical conformation
all areas of history were either favorably or adversely affected by the geographical environment and no respectable historian could pursue the study of history without a thorough knowledge of geography
brooks adams was consistent in his admonishments to historians about the necessary tools or insights they needed to possess
however as a practicing historian he himself has left few clues to the amount of professional scholarship that he used when writing history
in fact if judgments are to be rendered upon the soundness of his historicism they must be based on scanty evidence
what evidence is available would seem to indicate that brooks unlike his older brother henry had most of the methodological vices usually found in the amateur
a credulousness a distaste for documentation an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public
this is to assume that his work was without merit but the validity of his assumptions concerning the meaning of history must always be considered against this background of an unprofessional approach
his credulity is perhaps best illustrated in his introduction to the emancipation of massachusetts which purports to examine the trials of moses and to draw a parallel between the leader of the israelite exodus from egypt and the leadership of the puritan clergy in colonial new england
much criticism has been leveled at this rather forced analogy but what is equally significant is adams' complete acceptance of the biblical record as good and trustworthy history
in light of the scholarly reappraisals engendered by the higher criticism this is a most remarkable statement particularly coming from one who was well known for his antifundamentalist views
the desire to substantiate a thesis at the expense of sound research technique smacks more of the propagandist than the historian
a similar amateurish characteristic is revealed in adams' failure to check the accuracy and authenticity of his informational sources
if he found data that fitted his general plan he used it and counted his sources trustworthy
conversely if statistics were uncovered which contradicted a cherished theory the sources were denounced as faulty
such manipulations are frequently encountered in his essay on the suppression of the monasteries during the english reformation
adams depended largely on the dispatches of foreign ambassadors and observers in england claiming that the reports of such agents had to be accurate because there were no newspapers
this is certainly an irrational dogmatism in which the modern mind attempts to understand the spirit of the sixteenth century on twentieth-century terms
moreover he rejects the contemporary accounts of englishmen casually adjudging them to be distorted by prejudice because the opinions of englishmen are of no great value
what is exposited by this observation is the inherent prejudices of englishmen but the anglophobia of brooks adams
in all fairness it must be admitted that adams made no pretense at being an impartial historian
impartiality to him meant an unwillingness to generalize and to search for a synthesis
he deplored the impact of german historiography on the writing of history terming it a dismal monster
ranke and his disciples had reduced history to a profession of dullness
brooks adams preferred the chronicles of froissart or the style and theorizing of edward gibbon for at least they took a stand on the issues about which they wrote
he wrote eloquently to william james that impartial history was only impossible but undesirable
if the historian was convinced of his own correctness then he should allow his vision to become fogged by disturbing facts
it was history that must be in error the historian
it was this basic trait that separated adams from the ranks of professional historians and led him to commit time and time again what was his most serious offense against the historical method namely the tendency to assume the truth of an hypothesis before submitting it to the test of facts
all of adams' work reflects this dogmatic characteristic
no page seems to be complete without the statement of at least one unproved generalization
one example of this was his assertion that all servile revolts must be dealt with by physical force
there is no explanation of terms nor a qualification that most such revolts have been dealt with by force only a bald dogmatism that they must because of some undefined compulsion be so repelled
on matters of race he was similarly inflexible most of the modern latin races seem to have inherited the rigidity of the roman mind
he cites the french revolution as typifying this rigidity but makes no mention of the italians who have been able to adapt to all types of circumstances
he pontificates that one of the first signs of advancing civilization is the fall in the value of women in men 's eyes
it made no difference that most evidence points to an opposite conclusion
for adams had made up his mind before all the facts were available
all critics of adams and his methods have observed this particular deficiency
j. t. shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the carolingian empire to the woolen trade and he urged adams to transform his essay into a real history embodying merely those facts which fit into his theory but also the modifications and exceptions
a. m. wergeland called the adams method literally antihistorical while clive day maintained that the assumptions were confined to theories alone but were also applicable to straight factual evidence
moreover stated day he always omits facts which tend to disprove his hypothesis
even d. a. wasson who compared the emancipation of massachusetts to the lifting of a fog from ancient landscapes was also forced to admit the methodological deficiencies of the author
in summary brooks adams felt that the nature of history was order and that the order so discovered was as much subject to historical laws as the forces of nature
moreover he believed that most professional historians lacked some of the essential instruments for a proper study of history
however despite the insight of many of his observations his own conclusions are open to suspicion because of his failure to employ at all times the correct research methods
this should prejudice an evaluation of his findings but they were the findings of a completely impartial investigator
what was perhaps more important than his concept of the nature of history and the historical method were those forces which shaped the direction of his thought
in the final analysis his contribution to american historiography was founded on almost intuitive insights into religion economics and darwinism the three factors which conditioned his search for a law of history
religion without supernaturalism
brooks adams considered religion as an extremely significant manifestation of man 's fear of the unknown
but it was nothing more than that
religion and the churches were institutions which had been created by man god
he did deny god
he simply did believe that a creator intervened or interfered in human affairs
the historian need be concerned with the philosophical problems suggested by religion
there was no evidence either of a positive or negative type of the actions of a divine being in this world
and since the historian should only be interested in strictly terrestrial activity his research should eliminate the supernatural
furthermore he must regard religion as the expression of human forces
certainly he must recognize its power and attempt to ascertain its influence on the flow of history but he must confuse the natural and the mundane with the divine
adams was breaking new ground when he claimed that the worship of an unseen power was in reality a reflection of man 's inability to cope with his environment
students of anthropology and comparative religion had long been aware that there was indeed a direct connection
but adams was one of the first to suggest that this human incompetence was the only motivating factor behind religion
it was this fear which explained the development of a priestly caste whose function in society was to mollify and appease the angry deities
to keep themselves entrenched in power the priests were forced to demonstrate their unique status through the miracle
it was the use of the supernatural that kept them in business
the german barbarians of the fourth century offered an excellent example
the germans in the fourth century were a very simple race who comprehended little of natural laws and who therefore referred phenomena they did understand to supernatural intervention
this intervention could only be controlled by priests and thus the invasions caused a rapid rise in the influence of the sacred class
the power of every ecclesiastical organization has always rested on the miracle and the clergy have always proved their divine commission as did elijah
adams contended that once such a special class had been created it became a vested interest and sought to maintain itself by assuming exclusive control over the relationships between god and man
thus the church was born and because of its intrinsic character was soon identified as a conservative institution determined to resist the forces of change to identify itself with the political rulers and to maintain a kind of splendid isolation from the masses
doctrine was only mysterious
it was also sacred and no believer in an inspired church could tolerate having her canons examined as we should examine human laws
these basic ideas concerning the nature of religion were adams believed some of the major keys to the understanding of history and the movement of society
the dark views about the puritans found in the emancipation of massachusetts were never altered
despite their adherence to the status quo the forces of organized religion were compelled to make adjustments as increasing civilization augmented human knowledge
in the law of civilization and decay brooks adams traced this evolution always pointing to the fact that although the forms became more rational the substance remained unchanged
the relic worship and monasticism of the middle ages were more advanced forms than were primitive fetish worship and nature myths
yet the idea imbedded in each was identical to surround the unknown with mystery and to isolate that class which had been given special dominion over the secrets of god
to adams that age in which religion exercised power over the entire culture of the race was one of imagination and it is largely the admiration he so obviously held for such eras that betrays a peculiar religiosity a sentiment he would have probably denied
stephens had written his classic incidents of travel about these regions a hundred years before and catherwood who had studied piranesi in london and the great ruins of egypt and greece had drawn the splendid illustrations that accompanied the text
catherwood an architect in new york had been forgotten like stephens and victor reconstructed their lives as one reconstructs for a museum a dinosaur from two or three petrified bones
he had unearthed stephens 's letters in a new jersey farmhouse and he discovered stephens 's unmarked grave in an old cemetery on the east side of new york where the great traveller had been hastily buried during a cholera epidemic
victor had been stirred by my account of him in makers and finders for stephens was one of the lost writers whom melville had seen in his childhood and whom i was bent on resurrecting
victor had led an adventurous life
his metier was the american tropics and he had lived all over latin america and among the primitive tribes on the amazon river
well he knew the sleepless nights the howling sore-ridden dogs and the biting insects in the villages of the kofanes and huitotoes
he had yet undertaken the great exploit of his later years the rediscovery of the ancient inca highway the route of pizarro in peru but he had climbed to the original el dorado the andean lake of guatemala and he had scaled the southern sierra nevada with its tibetan-like people and looked into the emerald mines of muzo
as a naturalist living for two years at the headwaters of the amazon he had collected specimens for mexican museums and he had taken to the london zoo a live quetzal the sacred bird of the old mayans
in fact he had raised quetzal birds in his camp in the forest of ecuador
moreover he had spent six months on the galapagos islands among the great turtles that captain cook had found there and now and then he would disappear into some small island of the west indies
victor 's book on john lloyd stephens was largely written in my study in the house at weston
i had had my name taken out of the telephone book and this was partly because of a convict who had been discharged from sing sing and who called me night after night
he said he was a friend of heywood broun who had run a free employment bureau for several months during the depression but the generous broun to whom i wrote did know his name and i somehow conceived the morbid notion that the man in question was prowling round the house
but one day came the voice of a man i had known when he was a boy and i later remembered that this boy thirty years before had struck me as coming to no good
there had been something sinister about him that warned me against him i had never felt that way about any other boy but when he uttered his name on the telephone i had forgotten this and i was glad to do what he asked of me
he was a captain he said in the army and on the train to new york his purse and all his money had been stolen and would i lend him twenty-five dollars to be given him at the general delivery window
never hearing from him again i remembered the little boy of whom i had had such doubts when he was ten years old
we lived for a while in a movie melodrama with a german cook and her son who turned out to be nazis
finally we got them out of the house after the boy had run away four times looking for other nazis threatening to murder village schoolchildren and bragging that he was to be the next fuhrer
then he began to have epileptic fits
we found that a charitable society in new york had a long case-history of the two
and they agreed to see that the tragic pair would put poison in anybody else 's soup
to the weston house came once william allen neilson the president of smith college who had been one of my old professors and who still called me boy when i was sixty
it reminded me of my other professor edward kennard rand of whom i had been so fond when i was at harvard the great mediaevalist and classical scholar who had asked me to call him ken saying age counts for nothing among those who have learned to know life sub specie aeternitatis
i had always thought of that lovable man as many years older than myself although he was perhaps only twenty years older and he confirmed my feeling along with the feeling of both my sons that teachers of the classics are invariably endearing
i must have written to say how much i had enjoyed his fine book the building of eternal rome and i found he had regretted giving me the highest mark in his old course on the later latin poets although in my final examination i had ignored the questions and filled the bluebook with a comparison of propertius and coleridge
he had written to me about a dinner he had had with the benedictine monks at st. anselm 's priory in washington
there had been reading at table especially from two books pope gregory the great 's account of st. scholastica in his dialogues and my own the world of washington irving
he said some have criticized your book as being neither literary criticism nor history
of course it was meant to be
some have felt that washington irving comes out rather slimly but let them look at the title of the book
he felt as i felt about this best of all my books that it was really tops
two or three times c. c. burlingham came to lunch with us in weston that wonderful man who lived to be more than a hundred years old and whose birthplace had been my wall street suburb
his reading ranged from agatha christie to the book of job and he had an insatiable interest in his fellow-creatures while his letters were full of gossip about new politicians and old men of letters with whom he had been intimately thrown six decades before
i could never forget the gaiety with which when he was both blind and deaf he let me lead him around his rooms to look at some of the pictures
and once when he came to see us in new york he walked away in a rainstorm unwilling to hear of a taxi or even an umbrella although he was at the time ninety years old
there were several men of ninety or more whom i knew first or last all of whom were still productive and most of whom knew one another as if they had naturally come together at the apex of their lives
i never met john dewey whose style was a sort of verbal fog and who had written asking me to go to mexico with him when he was investigating the cause of trotsky
but i liked to think of him at ninety swimming and working at key west long after hemingway had moved to cuba
at lee simonson 's house i had dined with edith hamilton the nonogenarian rationalist and the charming scholar who had a great popular success with the greek way
then there was mark howe and there was henry dwight sedgwick an accomplished man of letters who wrote in the spirit of montaigne and produced in the end a formidable body of work
i saw sedgwick often before his death at ninety-five he had remarried at the age of ninety and he asked me when once i returned from rome if i knew the cavallinis in the church of st. cecilia in trastevere
i had to confess that i had missed these frescoes recently discovered that he had studied in his eighties
sedgwick had chosen to follow the philosophy of epicurus whom with his followers dante put in hell
but he defended the doctrine in the art of happiness and what indeed could be said against the epicurean virtues health frugality privacy culture and friendship
of mark antony de wolfe howe the philosopher whitehead said the earth 's first visitors to mars should be persons likely to make a good impression and when he was asked whom would you send
he replied my first choice would be mark howe
this friend of many years came once to visit us in the house at weston
then i spoke at the ninetieth birthday party of w. e. burghardt du bois who embarked on a fictional trilogy at eighty-nine and who with the crisis had created a negro intelligentsia that had never existed in america before him
as their interpreter and guide he had broken with tuskegee and become a spokesman of the coloured people of the world
mr. burlingham c.c.b. wrote to me once about an old friend of mine s. k. ratcliffe whom i had first met in london in #### and who also came out for a week-end in weston
did you ever know a man with greater zest for information
and his memory like an elephant 's stored with precise knowledge of men and things and happenings
his wife katie as gay as a lark and as lively as a gazelle she was then seventy-six had a sense of humour that has been denied s.k. but neither has any aesthetic perceptions
people and books are enough for them
s.k. was visiting c.c.b. and waiting for breakfast he was off to the university club where he spent hours writing obituaries of living americans for the manchester guardian or the glasgow herald
later rising ninety he was beset by publishers for the story of his life and miracles as he put it but calling himself the needy knife-grinder he had spent his time writing short articles and long letters and could get even a small popular book done
then all but blind he said there was nothing in back to methuselah g.b.s. ought to have known that and i look at my bookshelves despairingly knowing that i can have nothing more to do with them
however at eighty-five he had still been busy writing articles reviewing and speaking and i had never before known an englishman who had visited and lectured in three quarters of the united states
finally colleges and clubs took the line that speakers from england were wanted any longer even speakers like s.k. so unlike the novelists and poets who had patronized the americans for many years
with their facile generalizations about the united states these mediocrities as they often were had been great successes
while s.k. did like dylan thomas i liked his poems very much but i made the mistake of telling dylan thomas so whereupon he said to me i suppose you think you know all about me
i should have replied i probably know something about the best part of you
but i only thought of that in the middle of the night
many years later i went to see s.k. in england where he was living at whiteleaf near aylesbury and he showed me beside his cottage there the remains of the road on which boadicea is supposed to have travelled
he was convinced that george orwell 's #### was nearly all wrong as it applied to england which was driving forward into uncharted waters with the danger of a new tyranny ahead
but however we go whatever our doom it will take the orwellian shape
with facts mainly in his mind he was often acute in the matter of style and he said the young who have as yet nothing to say will try larks with initial letters and broken lines
but put them before a situation which they are forced to depict he was speaking of the spanish civil war and they have no hesitation
they merely do their best to make it real for others
he looked at her as she spoke then got up as she was speaking still and simply and wordlessly walked out
and that was the end
he went to the hotel mayflower and telegraphed mencken
would he meet him in baltimore in drawing room a car three on the train leaving washington at nine o'clock next morning
they would go to new york together where parties would be piled on weariness and on misery
but for long
both alfred harcourt and donald brace had written him enthusiastic praise of elmer gantry any changes could be made in proof which was already coming from the printer and they had ordered ###,### copies the largest first printing of any book in history
but none of this could soothe the exacerbated nerves
on new year 's eve alfred harcourt drove him up the hudson to bill brown 's training camp a well-known establishment for the speedy if temporary rehabilitation of drunkards who could no longer help themselves
but in departing lewis begged breasted that there be no liquor in the apartment at the grosvenor on his return and he took with him the first thirty galleys of elmer gantry
on january # with the boys back at school and college mrs. lewis wrote harcourt to say that she was through quite through
this whole washington venture was my last gesture and it has failed
physically as well as mentally i have reached the limit of my endurance
my last gift to him is complete silence until the book is out and the first heated discussion dies down
for him to divorce god and wife simultaneously would be bad publicity
i am really ill at the present moment and i will go to some sort of a sanitarium to normalize myself
and she withdrew then to cromwell hall in cromwell connecticut
harcourt replied i do really hope you can achieve serenity in the course of time
of course i hope hal can also but those hopes are much more faint
on january # #### he returned to the grosvenor in high spirits and looking fit
he had been he wrote mencken at once in the country a euphemism for an experience that had greatly changed him
charles breasted remembers that before unpacking his bag he telephoned his bootlegger with a generous order and almost at once the familiar procession of people began milling through our living room at any hour between two p.m. and three a.m.
they were strays of every kind university students and journalists village hangers-on and barflies taxi drivers and editors and unknown poets as well as friends like elinor wylie and william rose benet the van dorens and nathan rebecca west and hugh walpole and osbert sitwell laurence stallings lewis browne william seabrook arthur hopkins the woodwards
when he came home from his office at the end of the afternoon breasted never knew what gathering he should expect to find but there almost always was one
he did neglect his wife in cromwell hall but telephoned her and wrote her with assurances of his continuing interest and of his wish to stand behind her in their separation and of his hope that there would be no bitterness between them
she was occupying herself in an attempt to write an article about the variety of houses that they had rented abroad
he was of unsettled mind as to whether he should go abroad when the gantry galleys were finished
for a time urging breasted to give up his public relations work and take up writing instead he hoped to persuade him to become his assistant in research for the labor novel
if breasted agreed they would get a car and tour the country visiting every kind of industrial center
when breasted insisted that this was impossible for him lewis decided to go abroad
he telephoned l. m. birkhead and asked him and his wife to come to europe as his guests but birkhead declined on the grounds that one of them must be in the united states when elmer gantry was published
lewis was spending his mornings with the help of two secretaries on the galleys of that long novel making considerable revisions and the combination of hard work and hard frivolity exhausted him once more so that he was compelled to spend three days in the harbor sanatorium in the last week of january
before he made that retreat he telephoned earl blackman in kansas city and asked him to come to europe with him
blackman was to be in new york by february # because they were sailing at ##:## next morning
lewis told him what clothes he should bring along and enjoined him to buy anything that he did already own they would do that in new york
blackman arrived a day or two early and lewis took him to a department store immediately and outfitted him luggage and all and then he took him to a party at the woodwards that went on until four in the morning
on the evening that they were to sail lewis himself gave a party but he was too indisposed to appear at it
woodward took occasion to warn blackman about lewis 's drinking and urged him to try to keep him sober
after a dinner party for which she had come down to new york mrs. lewis and casanova arrived to see them off and elinor wylie made tart observations that indicated that lewis had been less discreet than he had promised to be about the real nature of their separation
nevertheless mrs. lewis was still solicitous of his condition let him do as he wished let him sleep with chambermaids if he must but she begged blackman try to keep him from drinking a great deal and bring him back in good health
as they stood at the first-class rail waving down to his wife and casanova below lewis said earl there is gracie 's future husband
and when questioned by ship 's reporters about the separation she said i adore him and he adores me
blackman had brought news from kansas city
before his departure a group of his friends the reverend stidger among them had given him a luncheon and stidger had seen advance sheets of elmer gantry
he was outraged by the book and announced that he had discovered fifty technical errors in its account of church practices
l. m. birkhead challenged him to name one and he was silent
but his rancor did cease and presently on march ## when he preached a sermon on the text and ben-hadad was drunk he told his congregation how disappointed he was in mr. lewis how he regretted having had him in his house and how he should have been warned by the fact that the novelist was drunk all the time that he was working on the book
but that sermon like those of hundreds of other ministers was yet to be delivered
in london lewis took the usual suite in bury street
to the newspapers he talked about his unquiet life about his wish to be a newspaperman once more about the prevalence of american slang in british speech about the loquacity of the english and the impossibility of finding quiet in a railway carriage about his plans to wander for two years unless stopped and made to write another book
the manchester guardian wondered how anyone in a railway carriage would have an opportunity to talk to mr. lewis since it was well known that mr. lewis always did all of the talking
his english friends it said had gone into training to keep up with him vocally and with his allegro movements around the luncheon table
the new york times editorialist wondered just who would stop mr. lewis and make him write a book
lewis 's remarks about his marriage were suggestive enough to induce american reporters to invade the offices of harcourt brace & company for information to pursue mrs. lewis to cromwell hall and after she had returned to new york to ferret her out at the stanhope on upper fifth avenue where she had taken an apartment
there to the evening post she emphatically denied the divorce rumors and explained that she had stayed behind because of the schooling of their son which henceforth would be strictly american
these rumors of permanent separation started up a whole crop of stories about her
one had it that a friend protesting her snobbery said but gracie you are an american aren't you
and she replied i was born in america but i was conceived in vienna
lewis himself furthered these tales
he is said to have reported that once when she went to a hospital to call on a friend after a serious operation and the friend protested that it had been nothing she replied well it was your healthy american peasant blood that pulled you through
with these and similar tales he was entertaining his english friends all of whom he was seeing when he was showing blackman the sights of london and its environs
at once upon his arrival he telephoned lady sybil colefax who invited them to tea and then lewis decided to give a party as a quick way of rounding up his friends
he invited lady sybil lord thomson bechhofer roberts and a half dozen others
it was a dinner party lewis had been drinking during the afternoon and long before the party really got under way he was quite drunk with the result that the party broke up even before dinner was over
lewis at the head of the table would leap up and move around behind the chairs of his guests making remarks that when highly offensive were at least highly inappropriate and then presently he collapsed and was put to bed
when blackman emerged from the bedroom everyone was gone except the tolerant lord thomson who stayed and chatted with him for half an hour and then blackman lay awake most of that night despairing of what he must expect on the continent
finally at dawn he fell asleep and when he awoke and came into the living room he found lewis in his pajamas before the fire smoking a cigarette
blackman said that he wanted to apologize for having prevented lewis from making that horrible spectacle of himself that he should have seized him by the neck at once and forcibly hauled him into his bedroom
lewis warned him never to lay a hand on him and then blackman asked for his fare back to the united states
lewis looked at him and began to cry and then saying that he was going to make a promise he asked blackman to call the porter and to tell him to take out all the liquor that he did want
and from now on for the rest of this trip i will only drink what you agree that i should drink
blackman called the porter and had him remove everything but one bottle of brandy and after that they would have a cocktail or two before dinner or on one of their walking trips beer or in france and italy wine in moderation
lewis gave him a guidebook tour of london and motoring and walking took him to stratford but the london stay was for only ten days and on the twentieth they took the train for southampton where they spent the night for an early morning channel crossing
near southampton in a considerable establishment lived homer vachell a well-known pulp writer and his brother horace both friends of lewis 's
he suggested that they call on these brothers who received them pleasantly
then they returned to their hotel and got ready for bed
it was late and blackman was ready to go to sleep but lewis was
he said we had a good time tonight didn't we earl
earl agreed and lewis said that it would have been very different if his wife had been with him
then he kept blackman awake for more than an hour while he did an imaginary dialogue between his wife and himself in which discussing the evening he was continually berated
he began the dialogue by having his wife announce that one does invade people 's homes without warning them that one is coming and went on from that with the entire catalogue of his social gaucheries
from #### on if the lists exist they contain between twenty to thirty names
as the total number of incepting bachelors in #### was according to masson life #:### and n two hundred fifty-nine the twenty-four names listed in the ordo senioritatis for that year constitute slightly less than one tenth of the total number of bachelors who then incepted
there were four from st. john 's and four from christ 's three from pembroke and two from each of the colleges jesus peterhouse queens' and trinity with caius clare king 's magdalene and sidney supplying one each in the ordo senioritatis
the list was headed by henry hutton of st. john 's who was matriculated from st. john 's at easter ####
he became a fellow of jesus in #### proceeded m.a. from jesus in #### and was proctor in ####-##
the second name was edward kempe matriculated from queens' college at easter ####
he proceeded m.a. in #### and b.d. in #### being made fellow in ####
he was ordained deacon ## june and priest ## december ####
the third name was john ravencroft who was admitted to the inner temple in november ####
the fourth name was john milton of christ 's college followed by richard manningham of peterhouse who matriculated ## october ####
venn gave his b.a. as #### a mistake for ####
manningham also proceeded m.a. in #### and became a fellow of his college in that year
john boutflower of christ 's was twelfth in the list coming from perse school under mr. lovering as pensioner ## april #### under mr. alsop
the fourteenth name was richard buckenham written buckman admitted to christ 's college under scott # july ####
the fifteenth name was thomas baldwin admitted to christ 's # march #### under alsop
christ 's college was well represented that year in the ordo and the name highest on the list from that college was milton 's fourth in the entire university
small wonder that milton later boasted of how well his work had been received there since he attained a rank in the order of commencing bachelors higher than that of any other inceptor from christ 's of that year
it is possible to reconstruct fully the arrangements whereby these honors lists were then made up or even how the names that they contained assumed the order in which we find them
the process usually began with a tutor boasting about a boy as chappell had boasted about lightfoot to the higher officers of the college and university
then the various officers of the college might take up the case
it would however reach the proctors and other officers in charge of the public-school performances of the incepting bachelors and the place that any individual obtained in the lists depended greatly on how he comported himself in the public schools during his acts therein as he was incepting
of course the higher officials could add or place a name on the list wherever they wished
milton 's name being fourth is neither too high nor too low to be assigned to the arbitrary action of vice-chancellor proctor master or other mighty hand
he evidently earned the place assigned him
recapitulation of milton 's undergraduate career
looking back from the spring of #### over the four years of milton 's undergraduate days certain phases of his college career stand out as of permanent consequence to him and hence to us
of course the principal factor in the whole experience was the kind of education he received
it differed from what an undergraduate receives today from any american college or university mainly in the certainty of what he was forced to learn compared with the loose and widely scattered information obtained today by most of our undergraduates
milton was required to absorb and display an intensive and accurate knowledge of latin grammar logic-rhetoric ethics physics or natural philosophy metaphysics and latin greek and hebrew
he had also sampled various special fields of learning being unable to miss some study of divinity justinian law and galen medicine
above all he had learned to write formal latin prose and verse to a remarkable degree of artistry
he had learned to dispute devastatingly both formally and informally in latin and according to the rules on any topic pro or con drawn from almost any subject more especially from aristotle 's works
he could produce carefully constructed orations set and formal speeches artfully and prayerfully made by writing and rewriting with all the aid his tutor and others could provide and then delivered verbatim from memory
he had also learned to dispute extempore remarkably well the main evidence for which of course is the presence of his name in the honors list of ####
he also displayed the ability to write latin verse on almost any topic of dispute the verses of course to be delivered from memory
then we have surviving at least one instance of a poem prepared for another in naturam non pati senium and perhaps also the de idea platonica
but his greatest achievement in his own eyes and in the eyes of his colleagues and teachers was his amazing ability to produce literary latin pieces and he was often called on to do so
these were his public academic activities domi forisque in the college and in the university
and his performances attracted much attention as the frequency of his surviving pieces in any calendar that may be set up for his undergraduate activities testifies
his other activities are so easily recovered
his statements about sports and exercises of a physical nature are suggestive but inconclusive
his later boastings of his skill with the small sword are indicative of much time and practice devoted to the use of that weapon
venn and others have dealt with sports and pastimes at cambridge in milton 's day with very specific results
milton himself uncommunicative as he is about his lesser and nonliterary activities at least gives us some evidence that he was a great walker under any and all conditions
his early poems and some of his prose prolusions speak of wanderings in the city and the neighboring country that may be extended to cambridge and its surrounding countryside
the town itself and the reedy cam he often visited as did all in the university
the churches the taverns and the various other places of the town must have known his figure well as he roved to and about them
the tiny hamlet of chesterton to the north with the fens and marshes lying on down the ouse river may have attracted him often as it did many other youths of the time
the gog magog hills to the southeast afforded him and all other students a vantage point from which to view the town and university of their dwelling
the country about cambridge is flat and particularly spectacular in its scenery though it offers easy going to the foot traveler
ball games especially football required some attention and other organized sports may have attracted him as participant or spectator
he smoked as did everybody and imbibed the various alcoholic beverages of that day although his protestations while at cambridge and after that he was no drunkard point to reasonable abstinence from the wild drinking bouts of some of the undergraduates and we must add of some of their elders including many of the regents or teachers
what manner of person does milton appear to have been when as an undergraduate he resided at christ 's college
he was then a slightly built young man of pleasing appearance medium stature and handsome face
graceful as his fencing and dancing lessons had taught him to be in addition to the natural grace of his slight wiry frame he cut enough of a figure to have evoked a nickname in the college to which he himself referred in prolusion #
a quibusdam audivi nuper domina
that is if we can trust that most specious of prolusions packed as it is with wit and persiflage
the domina sounds real enough if we could only trust the conditions under which we learn of its use
but anyone who would put much trust in any phase of prolusion # except its illusive allusiveness deserves whatever fate may be meted out to him by virtue of the egregiously stilted banter
in short the traditional epithet for milton of lady of christ 's while eminently fitting rests only on this baffling passage in the midst of the most treacherous piece of writing milton left us
aubrey 's mention of it #:## and bodleian ms aubr. # f. ## comes from this prolusion through christopher milton or edward phillips
it is a question of truth or falsity
the prolusion in which the autobiographic statement about the epithet occurs is such a mass of intentionally buried allusions that almost nothing in it can be accepted as true or discarded as false
the entire exercise latin and english is most suggestive of the kind of person milton had become at christ 's during his undergraduate career
the mere fact that he was selected though as a substitute to act as interlocutor or moderator for it or perhaps we should say with buck as father of the act is in itself a difficult phase of his development to grasp
milton was to act as the archfool the supreme wit the lightly bantering pater pater liber who could at once trip lightly over that which deserved such treatment or could at will annihilate the common enemies of the college gathering and with words alone
from an exercise involving merely raucous rough-and-tumble comedy in his hands the performance turned into a revel of wit and word play indecent at times but always learned pointed and carefully aimed at some individuals present and at the whole assembly
to do this successfully required great skill and a special talent for both solemn and ribald raillery a talent bestowed on many persons but one with which milton was marked as being endowed and in which at least in this performance he obviously reveled
it may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform if again we may trust the opening of the oratio for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary
but the real beginnings of this development in him go back to the opposing of grammar school and probably if it had been this occasion and these latin lines it would have been some others such as the first prolusion that set off this streak in him of unbridled and scathing verbal attack on an enemy
all western europe would hear and listen to him in this same vein about the middle of the century
but these prolusions that we have surviving from the christ 's college days are only one phase of his existence then
perhaps his most important private activity was the combination of reading discussion with a few if we can trust his writings to diodati and the younger gill very few congenial companions
lines ##-## of lycidas later point to a friendship with edward king who entered christ 's college # june ####
no other names among the young men in residence at the time seem to have been even suggested by milton as those of persons with whom he in any way consorted
but that scarcely means that he was the aloof forbidding type of student who shared few if any activities with his fellows the banter of the surviving prolusions providing enough evidence to deny this
apparently he was a participant in the college or university theatricals which he once attacked as utterly unworthy performances see apology #:###
but even in that famous passage milton was aiming at the theatricals as such but at their performance by persons either enter'd or presently to enter into the ministry
the fact that he nowhere mentioned theatrical performances as part of the activities of the boys later in his hypothetical academy #### should be taken too seriously as evidence that he desired them to eschew such performances
perhaps in that short piece or letter written to hartlib in which he sketched his scheme for educating young men he merely overlooked that phase of their exercises
writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot
on the other hand the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies science fiction of course is related if sometimes distantly to that utopian literature optimistic about science literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced edward bellamy 's looking backward and h. g. wells 's a modern utopia
in arthur clarke 's childhood 's end #### though written after the present flood of dystopias began we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined
childhood 's end apparently indebted to kurd lasswitz 's utopian romance auf zwei planeten #### and also to wells 's histories of the future especially the world set free #### and the shape of things to come #### describes the bloodless conquest of earth by the overlords vastly superior creatures who come to our world in order to prepare the human race for its next stage of development an eventual merging with the composite mind of the universe
arriving just in time to stop men from turning their planet into a radioactive wasteland the overlords unite earth into one world in which justice order and benevolence prevail and ignorance poverty and fear have ceased to exist
under their rule earth becomes a technological utopia
both abolition of war and new techniques of production particularly robot factories greatly increase the world 's wealth a situation described in the following passage which has the true utopian ring everything was so cheap that the necessities of life were free provided as a public service by the community as roads water street lighting and drainage had once been
a man could travel anywhere he pleased eat whatever he fancied without handing over any money
with destructive tensions and pressures removed men have the vigor and energy to construct a new human life rebuilding entire cities expanding facilities for entertainment providing unlimited opportunities for education indeed for the first time giving everyone the chance to employ his talents to the fullest
mankind as a result attains previously undreamed of levels of civilization and culture a golden age which the overlords a very evident symbol of science have helped produce by introducing reason and the scientific method into human activities
thus science is the savior of mankind and in this respect childhood 's end only blueprints in greater detail the vision of the future which though always so directly stated has nevertheless been present in the minds of most science-fiction writers
considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future have attacked the childhood 's end kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition
and they have done this on a very large scale with a veritable flood of novels and stories which are either dystopias or narratives of adventure with dystopian elements
because of the means of publication science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known though one fact is evident the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations
among the dystopias for example isaac asimov 's the caves of steel #### portrays the deadly effects on human life of the super-city of the future
james blish 's a case of conscience #### describes a world hiding from its own weapons of destruction in underground shelters
ray bradbury 's fahrenheit ### #### presents a book-burning society in which wall television and hearing-aid radios enslave men 's minds
walter m. miller jr. 's a canticle for leibowitz #### finds men after the great atomic disaster stumbling back to their previous level of civilization and another catastrophe
frederick pohl 's the midas touch #### predicts an economy of abundance which in order to remain prosperous must set its robots to consuming surplus production
clifford d. simak 's how-# #### tells of a future when robots have taken over leaving men nothing to do
and robert sheckley 's the status civilization #### describes a world which frightened by the powers of destruction science has given it becomes static and conformist
a more complete list would also include bradbury 's the pedestrian #### philip k. dick 's solar lottery #### david karp 's one #### wilson tucker 's the long loud silence #### jack vance 's to live forever #### gore vidal 's messiah #### and bernard wolfe 's limbo #### as well as the three perhaps most outstanding dystopias frederik pohl and c. m. kornbluth 's the space merchants #### kurt vonnegut 's player piano #### and john wyndham 's re-birth #### works which we will later examine in detail
the novels and stories like pohl 's drunkard 's walk #### with the focus on adventure and with the dystopian elements only a dim background in this case an uneasy overpopulated world in which the mass of people do uninteresting routine jobs while a carefully selected university-trained elite runs everything are in all likelihood as numerous as dystopias
there is of course nothing new about dystopias for they belong to a literary tradition which including also the closely related satiric utopias stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and swift 's gulliver 's travels to the twentieth century and zamiatin 's we capek 's war with the newts huxley 's brave new world e. m. forster 's the machine stops c. s. lewis 's that hideous strength and orwell 's nineteen eighty-four and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as wells 's trilogy the time machine a story of the days to come and when the sleeper wakes and as recently as jack williamson 's with folded hands #### the classic story of men replaced by their own robots
what makes the current phenomenon unique is that so many science-fiction writers have reversed a trend and turned to writing works critical of the impact of science and technology on human life
since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the #### publication of nineteen eighty-four an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as room ### along with education by conditioning from brave new world a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful orwell dystopia
all recent science fiction however is dystopian for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in mission of gravity and childhood 's end as we have seen as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like fred hoyle 's the black cloud ####
and among works of dystopian science fiction all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction
in addition there are many areas of the human situation besides the impact of science and technology which are examined for science-fiction dystopias often extrapolate political social economic tendencies only indirectly related to science and technology
nevertheless with all these qualifications and exceptions the current dystopian phenomenon remains impressive for its criticism that science and technology instead of bringing utopia may well enslave dehumanize and even destroy men
how effectively these warnings can be presented is seen in pohl and kornbluth 's the space merchants vonnegut 's player piano and wyndham 's re-birth
easily the best known of these three novels is the space merchants a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life though its most important warning is in this area namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put
the novel which is merely dystopian but also brilliantly satiric describes a future america where one-sixteenth of the population the men who run advertising agencies and big corporations control the rest of the people the submerged fifteen-sixteenths who are the workers and consumers with the government being no more than a clearing house for pressures
like ours the economy of the space merchants must constantly expand in order to survive and like ours it is based on the principle of ever increasing everybody 's work and profits in the circle of consumption
the consequences of course have been dreadful reckless expansion has led to overpopulation pollution of the earth and depletion of its natural resources
for example even the most successful executive lives in a two-room apartment while ordinary people rent space in the stairwells of office buildings in which to sleep at night
soyaburgers have replaced meat and wood has become so precious that it is saved for expensive jewelry
and the atmosphere is so befouled that no one dares walk in the open without respirators or soot plugs
while the space merchants indicates as kingsley amis has correctly observed some of the impending consequences of the growth of industrial and commercial power and satirizes existing habits in the advertising profession its warning and analysis penetrate much deeper
what is wrong with advertising is only that it is an outrage an assault on people 's mental privacy or that it is a major cause for a wasteful economy of abundance or that it contains a coercive tendency which is closer to the point
rather what kornbluth and pohl are really doing is warning against the dangers inherent in perfecting a science of man and his motives
the space merchants like such humanist documents as joseph wood krutch 's the measure of man and c. s. lewis 's the abolition of man considers what may result from the scientific study of human nature
if man is actually the product of his environment and if science can discover the laws of human nature and the ways in which environment determines what people do then someone a someone probably standing outside traditional systems of values can turn around and develop completely efficient means for controlling people
thus we will have a society consisting of the planners or conditioners and the controlled
and this of course is exactly what madison avenue has been accused of doing albeit in a primitive way with its hidden persuaders and what the space merchants accomplish with much greater sophistication and precision
pohl and kornbluth 's ad men have long since thrown out appeals to reason and developed techniques of advertising which tie in with every basic trauma and neurosis in american life which work on the libido of consumers which are linked to the great prime motivations of the human spirit
as the hero mitchell courtenay explains before his conversion the job of advertising is to convince people without letting them know that they're being convinced
and to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research who for example tell courtenay that three days is the optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it
and the second requirement for convincing people without their knowledge is artistic talent to prepare the words and pictures which persuade by using the principles which the scientists have discovered
thus the copywriter in the world of the space merchants is the person who in earlier ages might have been a lyric poet the person capable of putting together words that stir and move and sing
as courtenay explains here in this profession we reach into the souls of men and women
and we do it by taking talent and redirecting it
now the basic question to be asked in this situation is what motivates the manipulators that is what are their values
since as courtenay says nobody should play with lives the way we do unless he 's motivated by the highest ideals
but the only ideal he can think of is sales
indeed again and again the space merchants confirm the prediction of the humanists that the conditioners and behavioral scientists once they have seen through human nature will have nothing except their impulses and desires to guide them
we often say of a person that he looks young for his age or old for his age
yet even in the more extreme of such cases we seldom go very far astray in guessing what his age actually is
and this means i suppose that almost invariably age reveals itself by easily recognizable signs engraved on both the body and the mind
young for his age means only the presence of some minor characteristic quite usual
stigmata quite sufficient for diagnosis are nevertheless there
an assumption of youth or the presence of a few youthful characteristics deceives no more successfully than rouge or dyed hair
looking young for your age means for your age and it means no more
a mind expressing itself in words may reveal itself a little less obviously as old or young
its surface loses its bloom and submits to its wrinkles in ways less immediately obvious than the body does
youth may be and often is skeptical cynical or despairing
age may be idealistic believing and much given to professions of optimism
but there is nevertheless always a subtle difference in the way in which supposedly similar opinions are held
the pessimism of the young is defiant anxious to confess or even exaggerate its ostensible gloom and so exuberant as to reveal the fact that it regards its ability to face up to the awful truth as more than enough to compensate for the awfulness of that truth
similarly the optimism of age protests too much
if it proclaims that the best is yet to be it always arouses at least in the young either a suspicious question or perhaps the exclamation of the negro youth who saw on a tombstone the inscription i am dead but sleeping
boy you ain't fooling nobody but yourself
we may say of some unfortunates that they were never young
we cannot truthfully say of anyone who has succeeded in entering deep into his sixties that he was never old
those famous lines of the greek anthology with which a fading beauty dedicates her mirror at the shrine of a goddess reveal a wise attitude venus take my votive glass since i am what i was what from this day i shall be venus let me never see
no good can come of contemplating the sad inevitable fact that once youth has passed a worse and worse time still succeeds the former
but there are at least two reasons for contemplating one 's mind in even a cracked mirror
one is that there sometimes are real although inadequate compensations in growing old
serenity if one is fortunate enough to achieve it is so good as joy but it is something
even to be from hope and fear set free is at least better than to have lost the first without having got rid of the second
the other reason and the one with which i am here concerned is that one thus becomes inclined to inquire of any opinion or change of opinion whether it represents the wisdom of experience or is only the result of the difference between youth and age which is as inevitable as the all too obvious physical differences
one may be exasperatingly aware that if the answer is favorable it will be judged such only by those of one 's own age
but at least the question has been raised
many readers of this department no doubt discount certain of my opinions for the simple reason that they can guess pretty accurately even if they have never actually been told what my age is
at least i should like them to know that i know these discounts are being made
let me then and in public glance into the mirror
i have known some men and women who said that the selves they are told about or even remember seem utter strangers to them now
that their remote past is as discontinuous with their present selves as lacking in any conscious likeness to their mature personality as the self of a butterfly may be imagined discontinuous with that of the caterpillar it once was
for my part i find it difficult to conceive such a state of affairs
i have changed and i have reversed opinions
but i am so aware of an uninterrupted continuity of the persona or ego that i see only as absurd the tendency of some psychologists from heraclitus to pirandello and proust to regard consciousness as no more than a flux amid which nothing remains unchanged
so far as i am concerned the child is unmistakably father to the man despite the obvious fact that child and father differ greatly sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse
fundamental values temperament and the way in which one approaches a conviction change less of course than specific opinions
that fact is very clearly illustrated in the case of the many present-day intellectuals who were communists or near-communists in their youth and are now so extremely conservative or reactionary as many would say that they can define no important political conviction that does seem so far from even a centrist position as to make the distinction between mr. nixon and mr. khrushchev for them hardly worth noting
but in ways more fundamental than specific political opinions they are still what they always were passionate sure without a shadow of doubt of whatever it is that they are sure of capable of seeing black and white only and therefore committed to the logical extreme of whatever it is they are temporarily committed to
to those of my readers who find many of my opinions morally or politically or sociologically antiquated and i have reason to know that there are some such i would like to say what i have already hinted namely that some of my opinions may indeed be subject to some discount on the simple ground that i am no longer young and therefore incapable of being youthful of mind
but i will also remind them that i have always been inclined to skepticism to a kind of laodicean lack of commitment so far as public affairs are concerned
so that although as eager as i once was to be disapproved of i can still resist prevailing opinions
at about the age of twelve i became a spencerian liberal and i have always considered myself a liberal of some kind even though the definition has changed repeatedly since spencer became a reactionary
several times in my youth i voted the socialist ticket but less because i was socialist than because i was either a republican or a democrat and i voted for franklin roosevelt every time he was a candidate
yet during the years when i was on the staff of the nation i tried to the limit the patience of the editors on almost every occasion when i was permitted to write an editorial having a bearing on a political or social question
never once during the trying thirties did i come so close to succumbing to the private climate of opinion as to grant russian communism even that most weasel-worded of encomiums an interesting experiment
there are few things of which i am prouder than of that unblemished record
many of my friends at the time thought that i had received a well-deserved condemnation when lincoln steffens denounced me in a review of one of my books as a perfect example of the obsolete man who could understand and sympathize only with the dead past
but he as i can now retort was the man who could see so short a distance ahead that after a visit to russia he gave voice to the famous exclamation i have seen the future and it works
the favorite excuse of those who have now recanted their approval of communism is that they did know how things would develop
with this excuse i have never been much impressed
there was it seems to me enough in the openly declared principles and intentions of russian leaders to alienate honorable men without their having to wait to see how it would turn out
once many years ago i sat at dinner next to arthur train and the subject of the nation came up
he asked me suddenly what are your political opinions
well i replied some of my colleagues on the paper regard me as a rank reactionary
after a moment 's thought he replied that still leaves you a lot of latitude
and i suppose it did
i never have been and am now any kind of utopian
when i first came across samuel johnson 's pronouncement the remedy for the ills of life is palliative rather than radical it seemed to me to sum up the profoundest of political and social truths
it will probably explain more of my attitudes toward society than any other phrase or principle could
why did i choose to fill these pages in this particular issue with this mixture of rather tenuous reflections and autobiography
the reason is i think my awareness that my remarks last quarter on pacifism may well have served to confirm the opinion of some that my tendency to skepticism and dissent gets us nowhere and that i am simply too old to hope
i would however like to suggest that wrong though i may be the tendency to see dilemmas rather than solutions is one of which i have been a victim ever since i can remember and therefore merely a senile phenomenon
i know that one must act
but one need always be sure that the action is either wise or conclusive
apropos of what some would call cynicism i remember an anecdote the source of which i forget
it concerns a small-town minister who staged an impressive object lesson by confining a lion and a lamb together in the same cage outside his church door
only his parishioners but the whole town and ultimately the whole county were enormously impressed by this object lesson
one day he was visited by a delegation of would-be imitators who wanted to know his secret
how on earth do you manage it
what is the trick
why he replied it is perfectly simple
there is no trick involved
all you have to do is put in a fresh lamb from time to time
really it seems to me
the promise that the lion and the lamb will lie down together was given in the future tense
it is something that can be expected to happen now
without really changing the general subject i take this opportunity to confess that i am troubled by doubts only about pacifism but also when asked to join in the protest against a law that most of those who consider themselves humane and liberal seem to regard as obviously barbarous
namely the law that prescribes the death penalty for murder when there seem to be no extenuating circumstances
it is that i am unaware of the force of their strongest contention
life they say should be regarded as sacred and therefore as something that neither an individual nor his society has a right to take away
in fact i cannot imagine myself condemning a man to the noose or the electric chair if i had to take as an individual the responsibility for his death
just as i know i would make a bad soldier even though i cannot sincerely call myself a pacifist so too i would be either a hangman by profession or if i could avoid it even a member of a hanging jury
despite these facts the question
should no murderer ever be executed
seems to me to create a dilemma to be satisfactorily disposed of by a simple negative answer
punishment of the wrongdoer so liberals are inclined to say can have only three possible justifications revenge reformation or deterrent example
for here if anywhere in contemporary literature is a major effort to counterbalance existentialism and restore some of its former lustre to the tarnished image of the species man or as malraux himself puts it to make men conscious of the grandeur they ignore in themselves
andre malraux 's the walnut trees of altenburg was written in the early years of the second world war during a period of enforced leisure when he was taken prisoner by the germans after the fall of france
the manuscript presumably after being smuggled out of the country was published in switzerland in ####
the work as it stands is the entire book that malraux wrote at that time it is only the first section of a three-part novel called la lutte avec l'ange
and this first section was somehow preserved there are always these annoying little mysteries about the actual facts of malraux 's life when the gestapo destroyed the rest
if we are to believe the list of titles printed in malraux 's latest book la metamorphose des dieux vol. # #### he is still engaged in writing a large novel under his original title
but as he remarks in his preface to the walnut trees a novel can hardly ever be rewritten and when this one appears in its final form the form of the first part will no doubt be radically changed
malraux pretends perhaps with a trifle too self-conscious a modesty that his fragmentary work will accordingly appeal only to the curiosity of bibliophiles and to connoisseurs of what might have been
even in its present form however the first part of malraux 's unrecoverable novel is among the greatest works of mid-twentieth century literature
and it should be far better known than it is
the theme of the walnut trees of altenburg is most closely related to its immediate predecessor in malraux 's array of novels man 's hope ####
this magnificent but greatly underestimated book which bodies forth the very form and pressure of its time as no other comparable creation has suffered severely from having been written about an historical event the spanish civil war that is still capable of fanning the smoldering fires of old political feuds
even so apparently impartial a critic as w. h. frohock has taken for granted that the book was originally intended as a piece of loyalist propaganda
and has then gone on to argue with unimpeachable consistency that all the obviously non-propagandistic aspects of the book are simply inadvertent contradictions
nothing however could be farther from the truth
the whole purpose of man 's hope is to portray the tragic dialectic between means and ends inherent in all organized political violence and even when such violence is a necessary and legitimate self-defense of liberty justice and human dignity
nowhere before in malraux 's pages have we met such impassioned defenders of a quality of man which transcends the realm of politics and even the realm of action altogether both the action of malraux 's early anarchist-adventurers like perken and garine and the self-sacrificing action of dedicated communists like kyo gisors and katow in man 's fate
man engages only a small part of himself in an action says old alvear the art-historian
and the more the action claims to be total the smaller is the part of man engaged
these lines never cease to haunt the book amidst all the exaltations of combat and to make an appeal for a larger and more elemental human community than one based on the brutal necessities of war
it is this larger theme of the quality of man a quality that transcends the ideological and flows into the human which now forms the pulsating heart of malraux 's artistic universe
malraux to be sure does abandon the world of violence combat and sudden death which has become his hallmark as a creative artist and which is the only world apparently in which his imagination can flame into life
the walnut trees of altenburg includes one war but two and throws in a turkish revolution along with some guerrilla fighting in the desert for good measure
but while war still serves as a catalyst for the values that malraux wishes to express these values are no longer linked with the triumph or defeat of any cause whether that of an individual assertion of the will-to-power or a collective attempt to escape from the humiliation of oppression as their necessary condition
on the contrary the frenzy and furor of combat is only the sombre foil against which the sudden illuminations of the human flash forth with the piercing radiance of a caravaggio
the walnut trees of altenburg is composed in the form of a triptych with the two small side panels framing and enclosing the main central episode of the novel
this central episode consists of a series of staccato scenes set in the period from the beginning of the present century up to the first world war
the framing scenes on the other hand both take place in the late spring of #### just at the moment of the defeat of france in the second great world conflict
the narrator is an alsatian serving with the french army and he has the same name berger that malraux himself was later to use in the resistance
like malraux he was also serving in the tank corps before being captured and we learn as well that in civilian life he had been a writer
these biographical analogies are obvious and far too much time has been spent speculating on their possible implications
much more important is to grasp the feelings of the narrator whose full name is never given as he becomes aware of the disorganized and bewildered mass of french prisoners clustered together in a temporary prison camp in and around the cathedral of chartres
for as his companions gradually dissolve back into a state of primitive confrontation with elemental necessity as they lose all the appanage of their acquired culture he is overcome by the feeling that he is at last being confronted with the essence of mankind
as a writer by what have i been obsessed these last ten years if by mankind
here i am face to face with the primeval stuff
the intuition about mankind conveyed in these opening pages is of crucial importance for understanding the remainder of the text
and we must attend to it more closely than has usually been done
what does the narrator see and what does he feel
a good many pages of the first section are taken up with an account of the dogged determination of the prisoners to write to their wives and families even when it becomes clear that the germans are simply allowing the letters to blow away in the wind
awkwardly and laboriously in stiff unemotional phrases the soldiers continue to bridge the distance between themselves and those they love
they instinctively struggle to keep open a road to the future in their hearts
and by a skillful and unobtrusive use of imagery the enclosure is called a roman-camp stockade the hastily erected lean-to is a babylonian hovel the men begin to look like peruvian mummies and to acquire gothic faces malraux projects a fresco of human endurance which is also the endurance of the human stretching backward into the dark abyss of time
the narrator feels himself catching a glimpse of pre-history learning of man 's age-old familiarity with misfortune as well as his equally age-old ingenuity his secret faith in endurance however crammed with catastrophes the same faith perhaps as the cave-men used to have in the face of famine
this new vision of man that the narrator acquires is also accompanied by a re-vision of his previous view
i thought i knew more than my education had taught me notes the narrator because i had encountered the militant mobs of a political or religious faith
is this malraux himself alluding to his own earlier infatuation with the ideological
but now he knows that an intellectual is only a man to whom books are necessary he is any man whose reasoning however elementary it may be affects and directs his life
from this point of view the militant mobs of the past stirred into action by one ideology or another were all composed of intellectuals and this is the level on which the essence of mankind can be discovered
the men around him observes the narrator have been living from day to day for thousands of years
the human is deeper than a mass ideology certainly deeper than the isolated individual
and the narrator recalls the words of his father vincent berger it is by any amount of scratching at the individual that one finally comes down to mankind
the entire middle section of the walnut trees is taken up with the life of vincent berger himself whose fragmentary notes on his encounters with mankind are now conveyed by his son
he was much older than myself writes the narrator when he began to feel the impact of that human mystery which now obsesses me and which makes me begin perhaps to understand him
for the figure of vincent berger malraux has obviously drawn on his studies of t. e. lawrence though berger fights on the side of the turks instead of against them and like both lawrence and malraux himself he is a fervent admirer of nietzsche
a professor at the university of constantinople where his first course of lectures was on nietzsche and the philosophy of action vincent berger becomes head of the propaganda department of the german embassy in turkey
as an alsatian before the first world war he was of course of german nationality
but he quickly involves himself in the young turk revolutionary movement to such an extent that his own country begins to doubt his patriotism
and after becoming the right-hand man of enver pasha he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new turkish empire embracing the union of all turks throughout central asia from adrianople to the chinese oases on the silk trade route
vincent berger 's mission is a failure because the ottoman nationalism on which enver pasha counted does exist
central asia is sunk in a somnolence from which nothing can awaken it
and amid a dusty desolation in which nothing human any longer seemed to survive vincent berger begins to dream of the occident
oh for the green of europe
trains whistling in the night the rattle and clatter of cabs
finally after almost being beaten to death by a madman he could fight back because madmen are sacred to islam he throws up his mission and returns to europe
this has been his first encounter with mankind and although he has now become a legendary figure in the popular european press it leaves him profoundly dissatisfied
despite berger 's report enver pasha refuses to surrender his dream of a turkish blood alliance
and vincent berger learns that political ambition is more apt to hide than to reveal the truth about men
but as he discovers shortly on returning among intellectuals obsessed by le culte du moi his experience of action had also taught him a more positive lesson
for six years my father had had to do too much commanding and convincing writes the narrator to understand that man begins with the other
and when vincent berger returns to europe this first result of his encounters with mankind is considerably enriched and deepened by a crucial revelation
for a dawning sense of illumination occurs in consequence of two events which as so often in malraux suddenly confront a character with the existential question of the nature and value of human life
one such event is the landing in europe itself when the mingled familiarity and strangeness of the occident after the blank immensities of asia shocks the returning traveller into a realization of the infinite possibilities of human life
in a pessimistic assessment of the cold war eden declared there must be much closer unity within the west before there can be effective negotiation with the east
ordinary methods of diplomacy within the free world are inadequate said the former prime minister
something much more thorough is required
citing the experience of the combined chiefs of staff in world war # eden said that all would have been confusion and disarray without them
this he said is exactly what has been happening between the politically free nations in the postwar world
we need joint chiefs of a political general staff
citing the advances of communist power in recent years sir anthony observed this very grave state of affairs will continue until the free nations accept together the reality of the danger that confronts them and unite their policies and resources to meet it
while i fully agree with sir anthony 's contention i think that we must carry the analysis farther bearing in mind that while common peril may be the measure of our need the existence or absence of a positive sense of community must be the measure of our capacity
while it is hazardous to project the trend of history it seems clear that a genuine community is painfully emerging in the western world particularly among the countries of western europe
at the end of world war # free europe was ready for a new beginning
the excesses of nationalism had brought down upon europe a generation of tyranny and war and a return to the old order of things seemed unthinkable
under these conditions a new generation of europeans began to discover the bonds of long association and shared values that for so long had been subordinated to nationalist xenophobia
a slow and painful trend toward unification has taken hold a trend which may at any time be arrested and reversed but which may also lead to a binding federation of europe
it may well be that the unification of europe will prove inadequate that the survival of free society will require nothing less than the confederation of the entire western world
the movement toward european unity has been expressed in two currents federalism and functionalism one looking to the constitution of a united states of europe the other building on wartime precedents of practical cooperation for the solution of specific problems
thus far the advances made have been almost entirely along functional lines
many factors contributed to the growth of the european movement
in #### sir winston churchill who had spoken often of european union during the war advocated the formation of a kind of united states of europe
had churchill been returned to office in #### it is just possible that britain instead of standing fearfully aloof would have led europe toward union
in #### and #### the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the organization for european economic cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of american aid under the marshall plan
the united states might well have exploited the opportunity provided by the european recovery program to push the hesitant european nations toward political federation as well as economic cooperation but all proposals to this effect were rejected by the united states government at the time
another powerful factor in the european movement was the threat of soviet aggression
the communist coup in czechoslovakia in #### was followed immediately by the conclusion of the brussels treaty a ##-year alliance among britain france and the benelux countries
and of course the soviet threat was responsible for nato the grand alliance of the atlantic nations
new organs of unification proliferated in the decade following the conclusion of the nato alliance
in #### the council of europe came into existence a purely consultative parliamentary body but the first organ of political rather than functional unity
in #### the european coal and steel community was launched placing the coal and steel production of france west germany italy and benelux under a supranational high authority
for a time it appeared that a common european army might be created but the project for a european defense community was rejected by the french national assembly in ####
in #### the social-economic approach to european integration was capped by the formation among the six of a tariff-free european common market and euratom for cooperation in the development of atomic energy
the overseas democracies have generally encouraged the european unification movement without seriously considering the wisdom of their own full participation in a broader atlantic community
the united states and canada belong only to nato and the new o.e.c.d.
britain until recently went along in some areas with all of the enthusiasm of the groom at a shotgun wedding
in other areas it held back pleading its commonwealth bonds
now britain has decided to seek admission to the european economic community and it seems certain that she will be joined by some of her partners in the loose free trade area of the outer seven
besides its historical significance as a break with the centuries-old tradition of british insularity britain 's move if successful will constitute an historic landmark of the first importance in the movement toward the unification of europe and the western world
if a broader atlantic community is to be formed and my own judgment is that it lies within the realm of both our needs and our capacity a ready nucleus of machinery is at hand in the nato alliance
the time is now ripe indeed overdue for the vigorous development of its non-military potentialities for its development as an instrument of atlantic community
what is required is the full implementation of article # of the treaty which provides the parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being
they will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any and all of them
as lester pearson wrote in ####
nato cannot live on fear alone
it cannot become the source of a real atlantic community if it remains organized to deal only with the military threat which first brought it into being
the problem of nato is one of machinery of which there is an abundance but of the will to use it
the nato council is available as an executive agency the standing group as a high military authority
the unofficial conference of parliamentarians is available as a potential legislative authority
this machinery will become the instrument of an atlantic community by fiat but only when that community evolves from potentiality to reality
the existence of a community is a state of mind a conviction that goals and values are widely shared that effective communication is possible that mutual trust is reasonably assured
an equally promising avenue toward atlantic community may lie through the development and expansion of the o.e.c.d.
conceived as an organ of economic cooperation there is no reason why o.e.c.d. cannot evolve into a broader instrument of union if its members so desire
indeed it might be a more appropriate vehicle than nato for the development of a parliamentary organ of the atlantic nations because it could encompass all of the members of the atlantic community including those like sweden and switzerland who are unwilling to be associated with an essentially military alliance like aj
underlying these hopes and prescriptions is a conviction that the nations of the north atlantic area do indeed form a community at least a potential community
there is nothing new in this
what is new and compelling is that the west is now but one of several powerful civilizations or systems and that one or more of the others may pose a mortal danger to the west
for centuries the north atlantic nations dominated the world and as long as they did they could afford the luxury of fighting each other
that time is now past and the atlantic nations if they are to survive must develop a full-fledged community and they must also look beyond the frontiers of western civilization toward a world-wide concert of free nations
the burden of these reflections is that a broader unity among the free nations is at the core of our needs
and if we do aspire to too much it is also within our capacity
a realistic balancing of the need for new forms of international organization on the one hand and our capacity to achieve them on the other must be approached through the concept of community
history has demonstrated many times that concerts of nations based solely on the negative spur of common danger are unlikely to survive when the external danger ceases to be dramatically urgent
only when a concert of nations rests on the positive foundations of shared goals and values is it likely to form a viable instrument of long-range policy
it follows that the solution to the current disunity of the free nations is only to a very limited extent a matter of devising new machinery of consultation and coordination
it is very much a matter of building the foundations of community
it is for these reasons that proposals for a new world order through radical overhaul of the united nations or through some sort of world federation are utterly fatuous
in a recent book called world peace through world law two distinguished lawyers grenville clark and louis sohn call for just such an overhaul of the u.n. basing their case on the world-wide fear of a nuclear holocaust
i believe that these proposals however meritorious in terms of world needs go far beyond our capacity to realize them
such proposals look to an apocalyptic act a kind of lockian social contract on a world-wide scale
the defect of these proposals is in their attempt to outrun history and their assumption that because something may be desirable it is also possible
a working concept of the organic evolution of community must lead us in a different direction
the failures of the u.n. and of other international organs suggest that we have already gone beyond what was internationally feasible
our problem therefore is to devise processes more modest in their aspirations adjusted to the real world of sovereign nation states and diverse and hostile communities
the history of the u.n. demonstrates that in a pluralistic world we must develop processes of influence and persuasion rather than coercion
it is possible that international organization will ultimately supplant the multi-state system but its proper function for the immediate future is to reform and supplement that system in order to render pluralism more compatible with an interdependent world
new machinery of coordination should be our primary objective in the foreseeable future though perhaps the political general staff of western leaders proposed by sir anthony eden would serve a useful purpose
generally however there is an abundance of available machinery of coordination in nato in o.e.c.d. in the u.n. and elsewhere
the trouble with this machinery is that it is used and the reason that it is used is the absence of a conscious sense of community among the free nations
our proper objective then is the development of a new spirit the realization of a potential community
a concert of free nations should take its inspiration from the traditions of the nineteenth century concert of europe with its common values and accepted rules of the game
constitutions of and by themselves mean little
the history of both the league of nations and the united nations demonstrates that
but a powerful sense of community even with little or no machinery means a great deal
that is the lesson of the nineteenth century
a realistic concert of free nations might be expected to consist of an inner community of the north atlantic nations and an outer community embracing much or all of the non-communist world
the recent experiments in the new poetry-and-jazz movement seen by some as part of the san francisco renaissance have been as popular as they are notorious
it might well start a craze like swallowing goldfish or pee-wee golf wrote kenneth rexroth in an explanatory note in the evergreen review and he may have been right
under the general heading poetry-and-jazz widely divergent experiments have been carried out
lawrence ferlenghetti and bruce lippincott have concentrated on writing a new poetry for reading with jazz that is very closely related to both the musical forms of jazz and the vocabulary of the musician
even musicians themselves have taken to writing poetry
judy tristano now has poems as well as ballads written for her
but the best known exploiters of the new medium are kenneth rexroth and kenneth patchen
rexroth and patchen are far apart musically and poetically in their experiments
rexroth is a longtime jazz buff a name-dropper of jazz heroes and a student of traditional as well as modern jazz
in san francisco he has worked with brew moore charlie mingus and other swinging musicians of secure reputation thus placing himself within established jazz traditions in addition to being a part of the san francisco school
although patchen has given previous evidence of an interest in jazz the musical group that he works with the chamber jazz sextet is often ignored by jazz critics
downbeat did mention the los angeles appearance of patchen and the sextet although the engagement lasted over two months
the stated goal of the cjs is the synthesis of jazz and serious music
patchen 's musicians are outsiders in established jazz circles and patchen himself has remained outside the san francisco poetry group maintaining a self-imposed isolation even though his conversion to poetry-and-jazz is as extreme or as sudden as it may first appear
he had read his poetry with musicians as early as #### and his entire career has been characterized by radical experiments with the form and presentation of his poetry
however his subject matter and basic themes have remained surprisingly consistent and these together with certain key poetic images may be traced through all his work including the new jazz experiments
from the beginning of his career patchen has adopted an anti-intellectual approach to poetry
his first book before the brave #### is a collection of poems that are almost all communistic but after publication of this book he rejected communism and advocated a pacifistic anarchy though retaining his revolutionary idiom
he spoke for a proletariat that included all the lost and sick and hunted of the earth
patchen believes that the world is being destroyed by power-hungry and money-hungry people
running counter to the destroying forces in the world are all the virtues that are innate in man the capacity for love and brotherhood the ability to appreciate beauty
beauty as well as love is redemptive and patchen preaches a kind of moral salvation
this salvation does take the form of a christian heaven
in patchen 's eyes organized churches are as odious as organized governments and christian symbols having been taken over by the moneyed classes are now agents of corruption
patchen envisions a dark kingdom which stands above the waters as a sentinel warning man of danger from his own kind
the dark kingdom sends angels of death and other fateful messengers down to us with stern tenderness
actually heaven and the dark kingdom overlap
they form two aspects of heavenly life after death
patchen has almost never used strict poetic forms
he has experimented instead with personal myth-making
much of his earlier work was conceived in terms of a pseudo-anthropological myth reference which is concerned with imaginary places and beings described in grandiloquent and travelogue-like language
these early experiments were evidently altogether satisfying to patchen
beginning in cloth of the tempest #### he experimented in merging poetry and visual art using drawings to carry long narrative segments of a story as in sleepers awake and constructing elaborate poems-in-drawing-and-type in which it is impossible to distinguish between the art and the poetry
art makings or pseudo-anthropological myths did meet all of patchen 's requirements for a poetic frame of reference
many of his poems purported to be exactly contemporary and political
so during the period approximately from #### to #### patchen often used private detective stories as a myth reference and the private eye as a myth hero
speaking in terms of sociological stereotype the private eye might appeal to the poet in search of a myth for many reasons
the private detective at least in the minds of listeners and readers all over the country is an individual hero fighting injustice
he is usually something of an underdog he must battle the organized police force as well as recognized criminals
the private detective must rely as the youngest son or trickster hero does in primitive myth on his wits
the private detective is militant against injustice a humorous and ironic explorer of the underworld
most important to patchen he was a non-literary hero and very contemporary
in #### probably almost every american only knew who sam spade was but had some kind of emotional feeling about him
in the memoirs of a shy pornographer #### patchen exploited this national sentiment by making his hero albert budd a private detective
but since #### sam spade has undergone a metamorphosis
he has become friday on dragnet a mouthpiece of arbitrary police authority
he has like so many other secular and religious culture symbols gone over to the side of the ruling classes
obviously the private eye can have no more appeal for patchen
to fill the job of contemporary hero in #### patchen needed someone else
it was logical that he would come up with the figure of the modern jazz musician
the revolution in jazz that took place around #### the evolution from the bebop school of dizzy gillespie to the cool sound of miles davis and lennie tristano lee konitz and the whole legend of charlie parker had made an impression on many academic and literary men
the differentiation between the east coast and west coast schools of jazz the differences between the hard bop school of rollins and the cerebral experiments of tristano konitz and marsh the general differences in the mores of white and negro musicians all had become fairly well known to certain segments of the public
the immense amount of interest that the new jazz had for the younger generation must have impressed him and he began working toward the merger of jazz and poetry as he had previously attempted the union of graphic art and poetry
in addition to his experiments in reading poetry to jazz patchen is beginning to use the figure of the modern jazz musician as a myth hero in the same way he used the figure of the private detective a decade ago
in this respect his approach to poetry-and-jazz is in marked contrast to kenneth rexroth 's
rexroth uses many of his early poems when he reads to jazz including many of his chinese and japanese translations
he usually draws some kind of comparison with the jazz tradition and the poem he is reading for instance he draws the parallel between a poem he reads about an oriental courtesan waiting for the man she loves and who never comes and the old blues chants of ma rainy and other negro singers but usually the comparison is specious
rexroth may sometimes achieve an effective juxtaposition but he rarely makes any effort to capture any jazz feeling in the text of his poems relying on his very competent musicians to supply this feeling
patchen does read some of his earlier works to music but he has written an entire book of short poems which seem to be especially suited for reading with jazz
these new poems have only a few direct references to jazz and jazz musicians but they show changes in patchen 's approach to his poetry for he has tried to enter into and understand the emotional attitude of the jazz musician
it is difficult to draw the line between stereotype and the reality of the jazz musician
everyone knows that private detectives in real life are like sam spade and pat novak but the real and the imaginary musician are closely linked
seen by the public the musician is the underdog par excellence
he is forced to play for little money and must often take another job to live
his approach to music is highly individualistic
the accent is on improvisation rather than arrangements
while he is worldly the musician often cultivates public attitudes of childlike astonishment and naivete
the musician is non-intellectual and non-verbal
he is far from being a literary hero yet is a creative artist
many of these aspects will be seen as comparable to those of the ideal detective but where the detective is active and militant the jazz musician is passive almost a victim of society
in order to write with authority either about musicians or as a musician patchen would have to soft pedal his characteristically outspoken anger and change at least for the purposes of this poetry from a revolutionary to a victim
he must become one who knows all about the injustice in the world but who declines doing anything about it
this involves a shift in patchen 's attitude and it is a first step toward writing a new jazz poetry
he has shown considerable ingenuity in adapting his earliest symbols and devices to the new work and the fact that he has kept a body of constant symbols through all of his experiments gives an unexpected continuity to his poetry
perhaps tracing some of these more important symbols through the body of his work will show that patchen 's new poetry is well thought out and remains within the mainstream of his work while being suited to a new form
henry miller characterized patchen as a man of anger and light
his revolutionary anger is apparent in most of his early poems
the following passage from the hangman 's great hands illustrates the directness of this anger
anger won't help
i was born angry
angry that my father was being burnt alive in the mills
angry that none of us knew anything but filth and poverty
angry because i was that very one somebody was supposed to be fighting for
this angry and exasperated stance which patchen has maintained in his poetry for almost fifteen years has been successfully modulated into a kind of woe that is as effective as anger and still expresses his disapproval of the modern world
in his recent book hurray for anything #### one of the most important short poems and it is the title poem for one of the long jazz arrangements is written for recital with jazz
although it does follow the metrical rules for a blues to be sung the phrases themselves carry a blues feeling
i went to the city and there i did weep men a-crowing like asses and living like sheep
oh can't hold the han' of my love
can't hold her little white han'
yes i went to the city and there i did bitterly cry men out of touch with the earth and with never a glance at the sky
oh can't hold the han' of my love
can't hold her pure little han'
patchen is still the rebel but he writes in a doleful mournful tone
neither of these poems is an aberration
each is so typical that it represents a prominent trend in the poet 's development
patchen is repeatedly preoccupied with death
in many of his poems death comes by train a strongly evocative visual image
perhaps patchen was once involved in a train accident and this passage from first will and testament may have been how the accident appeared to the poet when he first saw it if he did
lord love us look at all the disconnected limbs floating hereabouts like bloody feathers at that and all the eyes are talking and all the hair are moving and all the tongue are in all the cheek
let us see just how typical krim is
he is new york-born and jewish
he spent one year at the university of north carolina because thomas wolfe went there
he returned to new york to work for the new yorker to edit a western pulp to duck the war in the owi to write publicity for paramount pictures and commentary for a newsreel then he began his career as critic for various magazines
now he has abandoned all that to be a writer
i do want to quibble about typicality
in a certain sense one manner of experience will be typical of any given group while another will
but i've got news for krim he 's typical he 's pretty special
his may typify a certain kind of postwar new york experience but his experience is certainly typical of his generation 's
in any case who ever thought that new york is typical of anything
men of krim 's age aspirations and level of sophistication were typically involved in politics before the war
they did duck the war but they fought in it however reluctantly
they sweated out some kind of formal education
they read widely and eclectically
they did fall into pseudo-glamorous jobs on pseudo-glamorous magazines but they did whatever nasty thing they could get in order to eat
they found out who they were and what they could do then within the limits of their talent they did it
they did worry about experience because experience thrust itself upon them
and they traveled out of new york
only a native new yorker could believe that new york is now or ever was a literary center
it is a publishing and public relations center but these very facts prevent it from being a literary center because writers dislike provincialism and untruth
krim 's typicality consists only in his new yorker 's view that new york is the world
he displays what outlanders call the new york mind a state that the subject is necessarily unable to perceive in himself
the new york mind is two parts abstraction and one part misinformation about the rest of the country and in fact the world
in his fulminating against the literary world krim is really struggling with the new yorker in himself but it 's a losing battle
closely related to his illusions about his typicality is krim 's complicated feeling about his jewishness
he writes most of my friends and i were jewish
we were also literary
the combination of the jewish intellectual tradition and the sensibility needed to be a writer created in my circle the most potent and incredible intellectual-literary ambition i have ever seen or could ever have imagined
within themselves just as people my friends were often tortured and unappeasably bitter about being the offspring of this unhappily unique-ingrown-screwedup breed
their reading and thinking gave an extension to their normal blushes about appearing jewish in subway bus racetrack movie house any of the public places that used to make the jew of my generation self-conscious heavy thinkers walking across seventh avenue without their glasses on willing to dare the trucks as long as they didn't look like the ikey-kikey caricature of the yiddish intellectual
at other points in his narrative krim associates jewishness with unappeasable literary ambition with abstraction with his personal turning aside from the good the true and the beautiful of fiction in the manner of james t. farrell to the international the false and the inflated
krim says in short that he is a suffering jew
the only possible answer to that is i am a suffering franco-irishman
we all love to suffer but some of us love to suffer more than others
had krim gone farther from new york than chapel hill he might have discovered that large numbers of american jews do find his new york version of the jews' lot remotely recognizable
more important is the simple human point that all men suffer and that it is a kind of anthropological-religious pride on the part of the jew to believe that his suffering is more poignant than mine or anyone else 's
this is to deny the existence of pogroms and ghettos but only to assert that these horrors have had an effect on the nerves of people who did experience them that among the various side effects is the local hysteria of jewish writers and intellectuals who cry out from confusion which they call oppression and pain
in their stupidity and arrogance they believe they are called upon to remind the gentile continually of pogroms and ghettos
some of us have imagination and sensibility too
finally there is the undeniable fact that some of the finest american fiction is being written by jews but it is jewish fiction
saul bellow and bernard malamud through intellectual toughness perception through experience in fact have obviously liberated themselves from any sentimental krim self-indulgence they might have been tempted to
krim 's main attack is upon the aesthetic and the publishing apparatus of american literary culture in our day
krim was able to get an advance for a novel and time and opportunity to write at yaddo but it was no good
i had natural sock he says as a storyteller and was precociously good at description dialogue and most of the other staples of the fiction-writer 's trade but i was bugged by a mammoth complex of thoughts and feelings that prevented me from doing more than just diddling the surface of sustained fiction-writing
and again how can you write when you haven't yet read bartleby the scrivener
krim came to believe that the novel as a form had outlived its vital meaning
his articulate jewish friends convinced him that education read reading was a must
he moved in a highly intellectual group in greenwich village in the late forties becoming internationalized overnight
then followed a period in which he wrote reviews for the new york times book review the commonweal commentary had a small piece in partisan review and moved on to hudson the village voice and exodus
the work for commonweal was more satisfying than work for commentary because of the staff 's tiptoeing fear of making a booboo
commentary was a mere suburb of partisan review the arch-enemy
both magazines were rigid with reactionary what-will-t. s. eliot-or-martin buber-think
partisan has failed krim says for being snob-clannish overcerebral europeanish aristocratically alienated from the u.s.
it was the creation of a monstrous historical period wherein it thought it had to synthesize literature and politics and avant-garde art of every kind with its writers crazily trying to outdo each other in spenglerian inclusiveness
kenyon sewanee and hudson operated in an anglo-protestant new critical chill
their example caused krim and his friends to put on englishy airs affect all sorts of impressive scholarship and social-register unnaturalness in order to slip through their narrow transoms and get into their pages
qui s'excuse s'accuse as the french jewish intellectuals used to say
through all this raving krim is performing a traditional and by now boring rite the attack on intelligence upon the largely successful attempt of the magazines he castigates to liberate american writing from local color and other varieties of romantic corn
god knows that partisan and the rest often were and remain guilty of intellectual flatulence
sociological jargon germano-slavic approximations to english third-rate but modish fiction and outrages to common sense have often disfigured partisan and in lesser degree the other magazines on the list
what krim ignores in his contempt for history and for accuracy is that these magazines partisan foremost brought about a genuine revolution in the american mind from the mid-thirties to approximately ####
the most obvious characteristic of contemporary american writing apart from the beat nonsense is its cosmopolitanism
the process of cosmopolitanism had begun in earnest about #### but the first war and the depression virtually stalled that process in its tracks
without the good magazines without their book reviews their hospitality to european writers without above all their awareness of literary standards we might very well have had a generation of krim 's heroes wolfes farrells dreisers and i might add sandburgs and frosts and macleishes in verse and then where would we be
screwed stewed and tattooed as krim might say after reading a book about sailors
when partisan and kenyon set up shop mencken was still accepted as an arbiter of taste remember hergesheimer
george jean nathan and alexander woollcott were honored in odd quarters and the whole booth tarkington willa catheter sic pearl buck amy lowell william lyon phelps atmosphere lay thick as los angeles smog
over the country
politics economics sociology the entire area of life that lies between literature and what krim calls experience urgently needed to be dug into
the universities certainly were doing it nor were the popular magazines of the day
this partisan above all did
if it had never printed a word of literature its contribution to the politico-sociological area would still be historic
but it did print good verse and good fiction
if the editors sometimes dozed and printed pretentious new york-mind dross they also printed malraux silone chiaromonte gide bellow robert lowell francis fergusson mary mccarthy delmore schwartz mailer elizabeth hardwick eleanor clark and a host of other good writers
partisan review and the other literary magazines helped to educate in the best sense an entire generation
that these magazines also deluded the krims of the world is unfortunate but inevitable
it is a fact of life that magazines are edited by groups they have to be or they wouldn't be published at all
and it is also a fact of life that there will always be youngish half-educated people around who will be dazzled by the glitter of what looks like a literary movement
there are no literary movements there are only writers doing their work
literary movements are the creation of pimps who live off writers
when krim says mine was as severe a critical-intellectual environment as can be imagined he is off his rocker
he indicates that he has none of the disciplines that criticism requires including education
the result was his inevitable bedazzlement through ignorance
he wasn't being educated in those village bull-sessions as he claims
no one was ever educated through bull-sessions in anything other than to quote him again perfumed bullshit
only a new york hick would expect to find the literary life in greenwich village at any point later than walt whitman 's day
the highly intellectual minds that krim says he encountered in the village did their work in spite of because of any village atmosphere
but krim 's complaint is important because only in new york but in other cities and in universities throughout this country young and so young men at
this moment are being bedazzled by half-digested ideas
those who have quality will outgrow the experience
the rest will turn beat or into dentists or into beat dentists
for the sad truth is that while one might write well without having read bartleby the scrivener one is more likely to write well if one has read it and much else
the most appalling aspect of krim 's piece is his reflection of the beat aesthetic
he mentions the beats only once when he refers to their having revived through mere power and abandonment and the unwillingness to commit death in life some idea of a decent equivalent between verbal expression and actual experience but the entire narrative is written in the tiresome vocabulary of that lost and dying cause and in the sprung syntax that is supposed to supplant our mother tongue
krim 's aesthetic combines anti-intellectualism conscious and unconscious naivete and a winsome reliance upon the natural and upon experience
ideas are the thruway to nowhere
my touchstones had been strictly literature and humanly enough american literature because that was what i wanted to write
he alludes to something called direct writing and he finds that criticism gets in the way of his truer realer imaginative bounce
there had been signs and portents like the regular toppling over and defacing of the bust of lauro di bosis near the villa lante and in the gianicolo
something was happening all right slowly it is true but you could feel it
the italians felt it
an italian poet had noticed plainclothes policemen lounging around the area of quirinal palace the first time since the war
at least they hadn't stepped up and asked to see papers in the hated flat dialect mispronunciation of mussolini 's home district dogumenti per favore
but who knew that might be coming one of these days
there were other italians who still bore scars they had earned in police station basements resisting
they laughed and true to national form and manners never talked long or solemnly on any subject at all but some of them worried out loud about short memories and ghosts
we saw giuseppe berto at a party once in a while tall lean nervous and handsome and in our opinion the best novelist of them all except pavese and pavese is dead
berto 's the sky is red had been a small masterpiece and in its special way the best book to come out of the war
now he was married to a beautiful girl had a small son and lived in an expensive apartment and worked for the movies
on his desk was a slowly accumulating treatment and script of the count of monte cristo
on his bookshelves were some of the latest american novels including bellow 's seize the day but he hadn't read them they were sent by american publishers and wasn't especially interested in what the american writers were up to
he was interested in robert musil 's the man without qualities
so were a lot of other people
he was interested in italo svevo
he was thinking his way into a new novel a big one one that people had been waiting for
it was going to be hard going all the way because he hadn't written seriously for a while except for a few stories was tired of the old method of realismo he had so successfully used in the sky is red
this one was going to be different
he had bought a little piece of property down along the coast of the hard country of calabria that he knew so well
he was going to do one or two more films for cash and then chuck it all leave rome and its intellectual cliques and money-fed life go back to calabria
berto seemed worried too
he knew all about it and had put it down in journal form in the war in a black shirt a wonderful book for some strange reason published in the u.s.
he knew all about the appeal of a black shirt and jackboots to a poor southern peasant boy
he knew all about the infection and the fever and too the moment of realization when he saw for himself threw up his hands and quit ended the war as a prisoner in texas
berto knew all about fascism
so did his friend the young novelist rimanelli
rimanelli is tough and square-built and adventurous says what he thinks
he had put it down in a war novel the day of the lion
these people were talking much about it but you a foreigner sensed their apprehension and disappointment
so there we were talking around and about it
the english lady said she had to go to vienna for a while
it was a pity because she had planned to lay a wreath at the foot of the garibaldi statue towering over rome in spectacular benediction from the highpoint of the gianicolo
around that statue in the green park where children play and lovers walk in twos and there is a glowing view of the whole city in that park are the rows of marble busts of garibaldi 's fallen men the ones who one day rushed out of the porta san pancrazio and under fire all the way up the long straight narrow lane to take then lose the high ground of the villa doria pamphili
when they lost it the french artillery moved in and that was the end for garibaldi that time on ## april ####
once out of the gate they had charged straight up the narrow lane
we had walked it many times and shivered figuring what a fish barrel it had been for the french
now the park is filled with marble busts and all the streets in the immediate area have the full and proper names of the men who fell
we were at a party once and heard an idealistic young european call that awful charge glorious
our companion was a huge plain-spoken american sculptor who had been a sixteen-year-old rifleman all across france in ####
he said it was stupid butchery to order men to make a charge like that no matter who gave the order and what for
oh it would be butchery all right the european said
we would see it that way but it was glorious then
it was the last time in history anybody could do something gloriously like that
i thought who is older now
old world and new world
the sculptor looked at him bugeyed and amazed angry
he had made an assault once with ### men
it was a picked assault company
they went up against an ss unit of comparable size over a little rise of ground over an open field
object a village crossroads
they made it killed every last one of the krauts took the village on schedule
when it was over eight of his company were still alive and all eight were wounded
the whole thing from the moment when they jumped heavily off the trucks spread out and moved into position just behind the cover of that slight rise of ground and then jumped off took maybe between twenty and thirty minutes
the sculptor looked at him let the color drain out of his face grinned and looked down into his drink a bad martini made with raw italian gin
bullshit he said softly
excuse me the european said
i am familiar with the expression
the apartment where we were talking that afternoon in march faced onto the street garibaldi 's men had charged up and along
across the way from the apartment building is a ruined house shot to hell that day in #### and left that way as a memorial
there is a bronze wreath on the wall
like everything else in rome ruins and monuments alike that house is lived in
i have seen diapers strung across the ruined roof
the english lady really wanted to put a wreath on the garibaldi monument on the ##th of april
she had her reasons for this
for one thing there wasn't going to be any ceremony at all this year
there were a few reasons for that too garibaldi had been taken up and exploited by the communists nowadays
therefore the government wanted no part of him
it is sort of as if our government should decide to disown washington or lincoln for the same reason
and then there were ecclesiastical matters the matter of garibaldi 's anti-clericalism
there was a new pope and the vatican was making itself heard and felt these days
as it happens the english lady is a good catholic herself but of more liberal political persuasion
nothing was going to be done this year to celebrate garibaldi 's bold and unsuccessful defense of rome
all that the english lady wanted to do was to walk up to the monument and lay a wreath at its base
this would show that somebody even a foreigner living in rome cared
and then there were other things
some of the marble busts in the park are of young englishmen who fought and died for garibaldi
she also mentioned leaving a little bunch of flowers at the bust of lauro di bosis
it is hard for me to know how i feel about lauro di bosis
i suffer from mixed feelings
he was a well-to-do handsome and sensitive young poet
his bust shows an intense mustached fine-featured face
he flew over rome one day during the early days of mussolini and scattered leaflets over the city denouncing the fascists
he was never heard of again
he is thought either to have been killed by the fascists as soon as he landed or to have killed himself by flying out to sea and crashing his plane
he was thus an early and spectacular victim
and there is something so wonderfully romantic about it all
he really didn't know how to fly
he had crashed on takeoff once before
gossip had it for gossip is the soul of rome that a famous american dancer of the time had paid for both the planes
it was absurd and dramatic
it is remembered and has been commemorated by a bust in a park and a square in the city which was renamed piazzo lauro di bosis after the war
most romans even some postmen know it by the old name
faced with a gesture like di bosis' i find usually that my sentiments are closer to those of my sculptor friend
the things that happened in police station basements were dirty grubby and most often anonymous
no poetry no airplanes no dancers
that is how the real routine of resistance goes on and its strength is directly proportionate to the number of insignificant people who can let themselves be taken to pieces piece by piece without quitting
it is an ugly business and there are few if any wreaths for them
i keep thinking of a young woman i knew during the occupation in austria
she was from prague
she had been picked up by the russians questioned in connection with some pamphlets sentenced to life imprisonment for espionage
she escaped crawled through the usual mine fields under barbed wire was shot at swam a river and we finally picked her up in linz
she showed us what had happened to her
no airplanes no nathan hale statements
just no spot even a dimesize spot on her whole body that wasn't bruised bruise on top of bruise from beatings
i understand very well about lauro di bosis and how his action is symbolic
the trouble is that like many symbols it doesn't seem a very realistic one
the english lady wanted to pay tribute to garibaldi and to lauro di bosis but she wasn't going to be here to do it
were any of us interested enough in the idea to do it for her by proxy so to speak
there was a pretty thorough silence at that point
my spoon stirring coffee banging against the side of the cup sounded as loud as a bell
i thought what the hell
i said i would do it for her
i had some reasons too
i admire the english lady
i hate embarrassing silences and have been known to make a fool out of myself just to prevent one
i also had and have feelings about garibaldi
like every southerner i can't escape the romantic tradition of brave defeats forlorn lost causes
though garibaldi 's fight was small shakes compared to pickett 's charge which like all southerners i view in almost miltonic terms fallen angels etc. i associated the two
and to top it all i am often sentimental on purpose trying to prove to myself that i am afraid of sentiment
so much for all that
the english lady was pleased and enthusiastic
she gave me the names of some people who would surely help pay for the flowers and might even march up to the monument with me
the idea of the march pleased her
maybe twenty thirty fifty
maybe i could call rimanelli at the magazine rottosei where he worked
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when suitable equipment is located by the sba representative the small business concern is contacted and advised on when where and how to bid on such property
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the administration maintains a productive facilities inventory of small business industrial concerns that have voluntarily registered
it is kept in each regional office for the small firms within the region
purpose of this inventory is to include all eligible productive facilities in sba 's facilities register so that the small business concerns may have an opportunity to avail themselves of the services authorized by the congress in establishing the small business administration
these services include procurement and technical assistance and notice of surplus sales and invitations to bid on government contracts for products and services within the registrants' field of operations
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many such loans have been made to establish small concerns or to aid in their growth thereby contributing substantially to community development programs
sba loans which may be made to small manufacturers small business pools wholesalers retailers service establishments and other small businesses when financing is otherwise available to them on reasonable terms are to finance business construction conversion or expansion
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sba business loans are of two types participation and direct
participation loans are those made jointly by the sba and banks or other private lending institutions
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to qualify for either type of loan an applicant must be a small business or approved small business pool and must meet certain credit requirements
a small business is defined as one which is independently owned and operated and which is dominant in its field
in addition the sba uses such criteria as number of employees and dollar volume of the business
the credit requirements stipulate that the applicant must have the ability to operate the business successfully and have enough capital in the business so that with loan assistance from the sba it will be able to operate on a sound financial basis
a proposed loan must be for sound purposes or sufficiently secured so as to assure a reasonable chance of repayment
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the amount which may be borrowed from the sba depends on how much is required to carry out the intended purpose of the loan
the maximum loan which sba may make to any one borrower is $###,###
business loans generally are repayable in regular installments usually monthly including interest at the rate of #-# percent per annum on the unpaid balance and have a maximum maturity of ## years
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for further information contact sba regional offices in atlanta ga.
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the farm credit administration an independent agency located within the department of agriculture supervises and coordinates a cooperative credit system for agriculture
the system is composed of three credit services federal land banks and national farm loan associations federal intermediate short-term credit banks and banks for cooperatives
this system provides long- and short-term credit to farmers and their cooperative marketing purchasing and business service organizations
as a source of investment capital the system is beneficial to local communities and encourages the development of industries in rural areas
the credit provdied by the first two services in the system outlined above is primarily for general agricultural purposes
the third credit service banks for cooperatives exists under authority of the farm credit act of ####
the banks for cooperatives were established to provide a permanent source of credit on a sound basis for farmers' cooperatives
types of loans
three distinct classes of loans are made available to farmers' cooperatives by the banks for cooperatives commodity loans operating capital loans and facility loans
to be eligible to borrow from a bank for cooperatives a cooperative must be an association in which farmers act together in processing and marketing farm products purchasing farm supplies or furnishing farm business services and must meet the requirements set forth in the farm credit act of #### as amended
interest rates are determined by the board of directors of the bank with the approval of the farm credit administration
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each applicant is required to own or have sufficient interest in the property to be explored
the government will contract with an eligible applicant to pay up to one-half of the cost of approved exploration work as it progresses
the applicant pays the rest of the cost but his own time spent on the work and charges for the use of equipment which he owns may be applied toward his share of the cost
funds contributed by the government are repaid by a royalty on production from the property
if nothing is produced there is no obligation to repay
a #-percent royalty is paid on any production during the period the contract is in effect
if the government certifies that production may be possible from the property the royalty obligation continues for the ##-year period usually specified in the contract or until the government 's contribution is repaid with interest
the royalty applies to both principal and interest but it never exceeds # percent
information application forms and assistance in filing may be obtained from the office of minerals exploration u.s. department of the interior washington ## d.c. or from the appropriate regional office listed below
in most of the less developed countries however such programing is at best inadequate and at worst nonexistent
only a very few of the more advanced ones such as india and pakistan have developed systematic techniques of programing
others have so-called development plans but some of these are little more than lists of projects collected from various ministries while others are statements of goals without analysis of the actions required to attain them
only rarely is attention given to accurate progress reports and evaluation
we can help in the planning process
neither growth nor a development program can be imposed on a country
it must express the nation 's own will and goal
nevertheless we can administer an aid program in such a manner as to promote the development of responsible programing
first we can encourage responsibility by establishing as conditions for assistance on a substantial and sustained scale the definition of objectives and the assessment of costs
second we can make assistance for particular projects conditional on the consistency of such projects with the program
third we can offer technical help in the formulation of programs for development which are adapted to the country 's objectives and resources
this includes assistance in assembling the basic economic financial technological and educational information on which programing depends
surveying the needs and requirements over time of broad sectors of the economy such as transport agriculture communication industry and power
designing the financial mechanisms of the economy in ways that will promote growth without inflation
and administrative practices which will make possible the more effective review and implementation of programs once established
we must use common sense in applying conditions
the application of conditions in the allocation of aid funds cannot of course be mechanical
it must be recognized that countries at different stages of development have very different capabilities of meeting such conditions
to insist on a level of performance in programing and budgeting completely beyond the capabilities of the recipient country would result in the frustration of the basic objective of our development assistance to encourage more rapid growth
in the more primitive areas where the capacity to absorb and utilize external assistance is limited some activities may be of such obvious priority that we may decide to support them before a well worked out program is available
thus we might provide limited assistance in such fields as education essential transport communications and agricultural improvement despite the absence of acceptable country programs
in such a case however we would encourage the recipient country to get on with its programing task supply it with substantial technical assistance in performing that task and make it plain that an expansion or even a continuation of our assistance to the country 's development was conditional upon programing progress being made
at the other end of the spectrum where the more advanced countries can be relied upon to make well thought through decisions as to project priorities within a consistent program we should be prepared to depart substantially from detailed project approval as the basis for granting assistance and to move toward long-term support in cooperation with other developed countries of the essential foreign exchange requirements of the country 's development program
the reasons for stressing self-help
a systematic approach to development budgeting and programing is one important kind of self-help
there are many others
it is vitally important that the new u.s. aid program should encourage all of them since the main thrust for development must come from the less developed countries themselves
external aid can only be marginal although the margin as in the case of the marshall plan can be decisive
external aid can be effective only if it is a complement to self-help
u.s. aid therefore should increasingly be designed to provide incentives for countries to take the steps that only they themselves can take
aid advice is not interference
in establishing conditions of self-help it is important that we expect countries to remake themselves in our image
open societies can take many forms and within very broad limits recipients must be free to set their own goals and to devise their own institutions to achieve those goals
on the other hand it is no interference with sovereignty to point out defects where they exist such as that a plan calls for factories without power to run them or for institutions without trained personnel to staff them
once we have made clear that we are genuinely concerned with a country 's development potential we can be blunt in suggesting the technical conditions that must be met for development to occur
the range of self-help
the major areas of self-help are the following ( a ) the effective mobilizing of resources .
this includes only development programing but also establishing tax policies designed to raise equitably resources for investment
fiscal and monetary policies designed to prevent serious inflation
and regulatory policies aimed to attract the financial and managerial resources of foreign investment and to prevent excessive luxury consumption by a few
( b ) the reduction of dependence on external sources .
this includes foreseeing balance-of-payments crises with adequate attention to reducing dependence on imports and adopting realistic exchange rates to encourage infant industries and spur exports
it also includes providing for the training of nationals to operate projects after they are completed
( c ) tapping the energies of the entire population .
for both economic and political reasons all segments of the population must be able to share in the growth of a country
otherwise development will lead to longrun stability
( d ) honesty in government .
in many societies what we regard as corruption favoritism and personal influence are so accepted as consistent with the mores of officialdom and so integral a part of routine administrative practice that any attempt to force their elimination will be regarded by the local leadership as only unwarranted but unfriendly
yet an economy cannot get the most out of its resources if dishonesty corruption and favoritism are widespread
moreover tolerance by us of such practices results in serious waste and diversion of aid resources and in the long run generates anti-american sentiment of a kind peculiarly damaging to our political interest
some of the most dramatic successes of communism in winning local support can be traced to the identification correct or of communist regimes with personal honesty and pro-western regimes with corruption
a requirement of reasonably honest administration may be politically uncomfortable in the short run but it is politically essential in the long run
u.s. position on self-help
the united states can use its aid as an incentive to self-help by responding with aid on a sustained basis tailored to priority needs to those countries making serious efforts in self-help
in many instances it can withhold or limit its aid to countries yet willing to make such efforts
there are other countries where with skillful diplomacy we may be able by our aid to give encouragement to those groups in government which would like to press forward with economic and social reform measures to promote growth
governments are rarely monolithic
but there will be still other countries where despite the inadequacy of the level of self-help we shall deem it wise for political or military reasons to give substantial economic assistance
even in these cases we should promote self-help by making it clear that our supporting assistance is subject to reduction and ultimately to termination
encouraging a long-term approach
development requires a long-term approach
the most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention our resources and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries
this is a short-run goal
to have any success in this effort we must ourselves view it as an enterprise stretching over a considerable number of years and we must encourage the recipients of our aid to view it in the same fashion
most of our aid will go to those nearing self-sufficiency
how long it will take to show substantial success in this effort will vary greatly from country to country
in several significant cases such as india a decade of concentrated effort can launch these countries into a stage in which they can carry forward their own economic and social progress with little or no government-to-government assistance
these cases in which light is already visible at the other end of the tunnel are ones which over the next few years will absorb the bulk of our capital assistance
gradually others will move up to the same level
the number of countries thus favorably situated is small but their peoples constitute over half of the population of the underdeveloped world
meantime over the decade of the sixties we can hope that many other countries will ready themselves for the big push into self-sustaining growth
in still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible
aid is a long-term process
the whole program must be conceived of as an effort stretching over a considerable number of years to alter the basic social and economic conditions in the less developed world
it must be recognized as a slow-acting tool designed to prevent political and military crises such as those recently confronted in laos and cuba
it is a tool for dealing with these crises after they have erupted
the specific reasons for a long-term approach
( a ) the need to budget a period of years
many of the individual projects for which development assistance is required call for expenditures over lengthy periods
dams river development schemes transportation networks educational systems require years to construct
moreover on complex projects design work must be completed and orders for machinery and equipment placed months or even years before construction can commence
thus as a development program is being launched commitments and obligations must be entered into in a given year which may exceed by twofold or threefold the expenditures to be made in that year
the capital expansion programs of business firms involve multi-year budgeting and the same is true of country development programs
( b ) the need to plan investment programs .
more importantly several of the more advanced of the less developed countries have found through experience that they must plan their own complex investment programs for at least # years forward and tentatively for considerably more than that if they are to be sure that the various interdependent activities involved are all to take place in the proper sequence
without such forward planning investment funds are wasted because manufacturing facilities are completed before there is power to operate them or before there is transport to service them
or a skilled labor force is trained before there are plants available in which they can be employed
( c ) the need to allocate country resources .
most important of all the less developed countries must be persuaded to take the necessary steps to allocate and commit their own resources
they must be induced to establish the necessary tax fiscal monetary and regulatory policies
they must be persuaded to adopt the other necessary self-help measures which are described in the preceding section
the taking of these steps involves tough internal policy decisions
moreover once these steps are taken they may require years to make themselves felt
they must therefore be related to long-range development plans
providing an incentive
if the less developed countries are to be persuaded to adopt a long-term approach the united states as the principal supplier of external aid must be prepared to give long-term commitments
in this as in so many aspects of our development assistance activities the incentive effects of the posture we take are the most important ones
the extent to which we can persuade the less developed countries to appraise their own resources to set targets toward which they should be working to establish in the light of this forward perspective the most urgent priorities for their immediate attention and to do the other things which they must do to help themselves all on a realistic long-term basis will depend importantly on the incentives we place before them
if they feel that we are taking a long-term view of their problems and are prepared to enter into reasonably long-term association with them in their development activities they will be much more likely to undertake the difficult tasks required
perhaps the most important incentive for them will be clear evidence that where other countries have done this kind of home work we have responded with long-term commitments
you have heard him tell these young people that during his almost ## years of service in the congress he has seen the kaisers and the hitlers and the mussolinis the tojos and stalins and khrushchevs come and go and that we are passing on to them the freest nation that mankind has ever known
then i have seen the pride of country well in the eyes of these young people
so i say mr. speaker god bless you and keep you for many years only for this body but for the united states of america and the free world
you remember the words of president kennedy a week or so ago when someone asked him when he was in canada and dean rusk was in europe and vice president johnson was in asia who is running the store
and he said the same fellow who has been running it sam rayburn
general leave to extend
mr. speaker i ask unanimous consent that all members who desire to do so may extend their remarks at this point in the record
and also that they may have # legislative days in which to extend their remarks
the speaker pro tempore .
is there objection to the request of the gentleman from massachusetts
there was no objection
remarks of hon. joseph p. addabbo of new york
mr. addabbo .
it is notably significant that so many members from both sides of the aisle express their respect and admiration for our beloved speaker the honorable sam rayburn
i purposely refrained from adding the usual distinction of saying that he was from the state of texas
i did so because i agree with so many here today that he is the beloved speaker of all the people of the united states
for the dignity the influence and the power of the legislative branch of our government it is a privilege for us to do honor to this great man who represents alone his own district but all the people of our country
to honor him is to honor ourselves
in this my first year as a member of this body i have experienced many memorable moments
many of these experiences are so important that they will be cherished forever by me
and like many of you here present i hold as the highlight of all the occasion of my first meeting with the honorable speaker of the house
at that time he afforded me the courtesy of his busy workday for such length as i may need to speak about my background my hopes my views on various national and local topics and any problems that i may have been vexed with at the time
he was fatherly in his handling of all subjects with me and tremendously wise in his counsel
in conclusion he wished me well and as kindly and humbly as this humane gentleman could express himself he asked to be remembered to my wife and children
in my short period here i believe that at no time has he been otherwise than the most popular man on both sides of the aisle
he is most effective in the ordinary business of the house and in the legislative accomplishments of this session he easily rose to great occasion even at the height of unpleasantness and exciting legislative struggle and as the nation witnessed these contests he rose even as admitted by those who differed with him to the proportions of a hero and a noble partisan
i am highly privileged today to commemorate the brilliant career of this parliamentary giant
he will ever be my example as a true statesman
one who is thoroughly human who affects no dignity and who is endowed with real ability genuine worth and sterling honesty all dedicated to secure the best interests of the country he has loved and served so long
may the divine speaker in heaven bless this country with sam rayburn 's continued service here for years to come
remarks of hon. wayne l. hays of ohio
mr. hays .
it is a matter of deep personal satisfaction for me to add my voice to the great and distinguished chorus of my colleagues in this paean of praise respect and affection for speaker sam rayburn
in this hour of crisis the wisdom the dedication the stabilizing force that he represents in current american government is an almost indispensable source of strength
he has become in this half century the grand old man of american history
it seems to me that the prayers of the whole free world must rise like some vast petition to providence that sam rayburn 's vigor and his life remain undiminished through the coming decades
here briefly in this humble tribute i have sought for some simple and succinct summation that would define the immense service of this patriot to his country
but the task is beyond me because i hold it impossible to compress in a sentence or two the complicated and prodigious contributions sam rayburn has made as an individual as a legislator as a statesman and as a leader and conciliator to the majestic progress of this nation
it happens that i am a legislator from ohio and that i feel deeply about the needs the aspirations the interests of my district and my state
what sam rayburn 's life proves to us all is the magnificent lesson in political science that one can devotedly and with absolute dedication represent the seemingly provincial interests of one 's own community one 's own district one 's own state and by that help himself represent even better the sweep and scope of the problems of this the greatest nation of all time
for sam rayburn never forgot bonham his home community and he never forgot texas
in the same way i like to think we owe our loyalty as legislators to our community our district our state
and if we follow the rayburn pattern as consciously or by an instinctual political sense i like to think i have followed it then the very nature of our loyalty to our own immediate areas must necessarily be reflected in the devotion of our services to our country
for what sam rayburn 's life in this house teaches us is that loyalty and character are divisive and there is no such thing as being for your country and neglecting your district
there is no such thing as being diligent about national affairs but indifferent about home needs
the two are as one
this may be the greatest but it certainly comes close to being the greatest lesson sam rayburn 's career up to this hour teaches all of us who would aspire to distinction in political life under our processes of government
more than that sam rayburn is the very living symbol of an iron-clad integrity so powerful in his nature and so constantly demonstrated that he can count some of his best friends in the opposition
through the most rancorous battles of political controversy and the most bitterly fought national and presidential campaigns his character shines as an example of dignity and honesty forthrightness and nobility
sam rayburn has never had to look back at any of his most devastating fights and ever feel ashamed of his conduct as a combatant under fire or his political manners in the heat of conflicting ambitions
this means much to the american tradition
it is an answer in its way individual and highly dramatic to the charge that the democratic process is necessarily vicious in its campaign characteristics
and the name rayburn is one of the most dominant in the history of american politics for the last half century
it is i insist hard to define the rayburn contribution to our political civilization because it is so massive and so widespread and so complicated and because it goes so deep
but this we know here is a great life that in every area of american politics gives the american people occasion for pride and that has invested the democratic process with the most decent qualities of honor decency and self-respect
i pray to god that he may be spared to us for many years to come for this is an influence the united states and the whole world can ill afford to lose
remarks of hon. melvin price of illinois
mr. price .
all but two of my nine terms in the house of representatives has been served under the speakership of sam rayburn
of this i am proud
i have a distinct admiration for this man we honor today because of the humility with which he carries his greatness
and sam rayburn is a great man one who will go down in american history as a truly great leader of the nation
he will be considered only great among his contemporaries but as great among all the americans who have played a part in the country 's history since the beginning
i pay my personal tribute to sam rayburn stalwart texan and great american only because today he establishes a record of having served as speaker of the house of representatives more than twice as long as henry clay but because of the contributions he has made to the welfare of the people of the nation during his almost half century of service as a member of congress
speaker rayburn has limited his leadership as a statesman to his direction of the house in the speaker 's chair
he had an outstanding record as a legislator since the start of his career in the house in #### the ##d congress
no one has sponsored more progressive and important legislation than has sam rayburn
he is the recognized father of the rural electrification administration and the security and exchange commission
but to run the gauntlet of the programs sam rayburn brought into being through his legislative efforts would fill the pages of today 's record
no greater pleasure has come to me in my own service in this house than to be present today to participate in this tribute to this great speaker this great legislator this great texan this great american
my sincere wish is that he continues to add to this record he sets here today
remarks of hon. john s. monagan of connecticut
sam rayburn is one of the greatest american public figures in the history of our country and i consider that i have been singly honored in the privilege of knowing sam rayburn and sharing with him the rights and obligations of a member of the house of representatives in the congress of the united states
others may speak of speaker rayburn 's uniquely long and devoted service
of his championship of many of the progressive social measures which adorn our statute books today and of his cooperation in times of adversity with presidents of both of our major parties in helping to pilot the ship of state through the shoals of today 's stormy international seas
i prefer to speak however of sam rayburn the person rather than sam rayburn the american institution
although sam rayburn affects a gruff exterior in many instances nevertheless he is fundamentally a man of warm heart and gentle disposition
no one could be more devoted than he to the american congress as an institution and more aware of its historical significance in the political history of the world and i shall never forget his moving talks delivered in simple yet eloquent words upon the meaning of our jobs as representatives in the operation of representative government and their importance in the context of today 's assault upon popular government
above all he is a person to whom a fledgling representative can go to discuss the personal and professional problems which inevitably confront a new congressman
in this role of father confessor he has always been most characteristic and most helpful
on september ## sam rayburn will have served as speaker twice as long as any predecessor and i am proud to join with others in marking this date and in expressing my esteem for that notable american sam rayburn
origin of state automobile practices .
the practice of state-owned vehicles for use of employees on business dates back over forty years
at least one state vehicle was in existence in ####
the state presently owns ### passenger vehicles in comparison to approximately ### in ####
the automobile maintenance unit or motor pool came into existence in #### and has been responsible for centralized maintenance and management of state-owned transportation since that time
the motor pool has made exceptional progress in automotive management including establishment of cost billing systems records keeping analyses of vehicle use and effecting economies in vehicle operation
cars were operated in #### for an average $.### per mile
purchase of state vehicles is handled similarly to all state purchases
unit prices to the state are considerably lower than to the general public because of quantity purchases and no payment of state sales or federal excise taxes
vehicle purchase , assignment and use policies .
the legislature 's role in policy determination concerning state-owned vehicles has been confined almost exclusively to appropriating funds for vehicles
the meaningful policies governing the purchase assignment use and management of state vehicles have been shaped by the state 's administrative officers
meaningful policies include a kinds of cars the state should own b when cars should be traded c the need and assignment of vehicles d use of cars in lieu of mileage allowances e employees taking cars home and f need for liability insurance on state automobiles
a review of these policies indicates #
the state purchases and assigns grades of cars according to need and position status of driver and use of vehicle
( # )
the purchase of compact economy cars is being made currently on a test basis
( # )
cars are traded mostly on a three-year basis in the interest of economy
( # )
the factors governing need and assignment of cars are flexible according to circumstances
( # )
unsuccessful efforts have been made to replace high mileage allowances with state automobiles
( # )
it is reasonably economical for the state to have drivers garage state cars at their homes
( # )
the state has recently undertaken liability insurance for drivers of state cars
automobile practices in other states .
a survey of practices and policies in other states concerning assignment and use of state automobiles reveals several points for comparison with rhode island 's practices
forty-seven states assign or provide vehicles for employees on state business
two other states provide vehicles but only with legislative approval
states which provide automobiles for employees assign them variously to the agency the individual or to a central pool
twenty-six states operate a central motor pool for acquisition allocation and maintenance of state-owned vehicles
nineteen states report laws policies or regulations for assigning state vehicles in lieu of paying mileage allowances
of these states the average change-over point at which a car is substituted for allowances is ##,### miles per year
mileage allowances .
mileage allowances for state employees are of two types a actual mileage and b fixed monthly allowances
actual mileage allowances are itemized reimbursements allowed employees for the use of personally-owned vehicles on state business at the rate of $.## per mile
fixed monthly allowances are reimbursements for the same purpose except on a non-itemized basis
both allowances are governed by conditions and restrictions set forth in detail in the state 's travel regulations
rhode island 's reimburseable rate of $.## per mile for use of personally-owned cars compares favorably with other states' rates
the average of states' rates is $.### per mile
rhode island 's rate of $.## per mile is considerably lower than reimburseable rates in the federal government and in industry nationally which approximate a $.## per mile average
actual mileage allowances are well-administered and unduly expensive for the state
the travel regulations requirements and procedures governing reimbursement are controlled properly and overly restrictive
fixed monthly allowances are a controversial subject
they have a great advantage in ease of audit time and payment
however they lend themselves to abuse and inadequate control measures
flat payments over $## per month are more expensive to the state than the assignment of state-owned vehicles
travel allowances .
travel allowances including subsistence have been revised by administrative officials recently and compare favorably with other states' allowances
with few exceptions travelers on state business are allowed actual travel expenses and $## per day subsistence
travel allowances are well-regulated and pose little problem in administration and audit control
origin of state automobile practices
general background .
it is difficult to pinpoint the time of origin of the state purchasing automobiles for use of employees in rhode island
few records are available concerning the subject prior to ####
those that are available shed little light
the registry of motor vehicles indicates that at least one state automobile was registered as far back as ####
it should be enough to say that the practice of the state buying automobiles is at least forty years old
the best reason that can be advanced for the state adopting the practice was the advent of expanded highway construction during the ####s and '##s
at that time highway engineers traveled rough and dirty roads to accomplish their duties
using privately-owned vehicles was a personal hardship for such employees and the matter of providing state transportation was felt perfectly justifiable
once the principle was established the increase in state-owned vehicles came rapidly
and reasons other than employee need contributed to the growth
table # immediately below shows the rate of growth of vehicles and employees
this rate of increase does signify anything in itself
it does indicate loose management ineffective controls or poor policy
but it does show that automobiles have increased steadily over the years and in almost the same proportion to the increase of state employees
in the past twenty years the ratio of state-owned automobiles per state employees has varied from # to ## then to # to ## now
whether there were too few automobiles in #### or too many now is problematical
the fact is simply that state-owned vehicles have remained in practically the same proportion as employees to use them
history and operation of the motor pool .
while the origin of state-owned automobiles may be obscured subsequent developments concerning the assignment use and management of state automobiles can be related more clearly
prior to #### automobiles were the individual responsibility of the agency to which assigned
this responsibility included all phases of management
it embraced determining when to purchase and when to trade vehicles who was to drive when and where repairs were to be made where gasoline and automobile services were to be obtained and other allied matters
in #### however the nation was at war
gasoline and automobile tires were rationed commodities
the state was confronted with transportation problems similar to those of the individual
it met these problems by the creation of the state automobile maintenance unit more popularly called the motor pool a centralized operation for the maintenance and control of all state transportation
the motor pool then as now had headquarter facilities in providence and other garages located throughout the state
it was organizationally the responsibility of the department of public works and was financed on a rotary fund basis with each agency of government contributing to the pool 's operation
in #### the pool 's operation was transferred to the newly-created department of administration an agency established as the central staff and auxiliary department of the state government
the management of state-owned vehicles since that time has been described in a recent report in the following manner
under this new management considerable progress appears to have been made
the agencies of government are now billed for the actual cost of services provided to each passenger car rather than the prior uniform charge for all cars
whereas the maintenance rotary fund had in the past sustained losses considerably beyond expectations the introduction of the cost-billing system plus other control refinements has resulted in keeping the fund on a proper working basis
one indication of the merits of the new management is found in the fact that during the period ####-#### while total annual mileage put on the vehicles increased ##% the total maintenance cost increased only ##%
in order to further refine the management of passenger vehicles on july # #### the actual title to every vehicle was transferred by executive order to the division of methods research and office services
the objective behind this action was to place in one agency the responsibility for the management assignment and replacement of all vehicles
note so far as state police cars are concerned only their replacement is under this division
this tied in closely with the current attempt to upgrade state-owned cars to the extent that vehicles are retained beyond the point where maintenance costs in light of depreciation become excessive
moreover it allows the present management to reassign vehicles so that mileage will be more uniformly distributed throughout the fleet
for example if one driver puts on ##,### miles per year and another driver #,### miles per year their cars will be switched so that both cars will have ##,### miles after two years rather than ##,### miles and related higher maintenance costs and ##,### miles respectively
the motor pool is a completely centralized and mechanized operation
it handles all types of vehicle maintenance but concentrates more on service station activities than on extensive vehicle repairs
it contracts with outside repair garages for much of the latter work
where the pool excels is in its compilation of maintenance and cost-data studies and analyses
pool records reveal in detail the cost per mile and miles per gallon of each vehicle the miles traveled in one year or three years the periods when vehicle costs become excessive and when cars should be traded for sound economies
from this motor pool personnel develop other meaningful and related data
in ####-## vehicles averaged an operating cost of $.### per mile
based on this figure and considering depreciation costs of vehicles pool personnel have determined that travel in excess of ##,### miles annually is more economical by state car than by payment of allowances for use of personally-owned vehicles
they estimate further that with sufficient experience and when cost-data of compact cars is compiled the break-even point may be reduced to #,### miles of travel per year
table # shows operating cost data of state vehicles selected at random
one matter of concern to the complete effectiveness of pool operations is the lack of adequate central garage facilities
present pool quarters at two locations in providence are crowded antiquated and in general make for inefficient operation in terms of dispersement of personnel and duplication of such operational needs as stock and repair equipment
good facilities would be a decided help to pool operations and probably reduce vehicle costs even more
purchasing practices .
the purchase of state-owned vehicles is handled in the same manner as all other purchases of the state
requests are made by the motor pool along with any necessary cooperation from the agencies to which assignments of cars will be made
bids are evaluated by the division of purchases with the assistance of pool staff and awards for the purchase of the automobiles are made to the lowest responsible bidders
unit prices for state vehicles are invariably lower than to the general public
the reasons are obvious # the state is buying in quantity and # it has no federal excise or state sales tax to pay
until #### the state was also entitled to a special type of manufacturers' discount through the dealers
in that ownership of all vehicles rests with the state motor pool cars are paid for with funds appropriated to the agencies but transferred to the rotary fund mentioned earlier
this is a normal governmental procedure which reflects more accurately cost-accounting principles
the assignment and use of vehicles after purchase is another matter to be covered in detail later
vehicle purchase , assignment , and use policies
probably the most important of all matters for review are the broad administrative policies governing the purchase assignment use and management of state vehicles
the legislature 's role in policy determination in this area for years has been confined almost solely to the amount of funds appropriated annually for the purchase and operation of vehicles
the more meaningful policies have been left to the judgment of the chief administrative officer of the state the director of administration
the rhode island property tax
there was a time some years ago when local taxation by the cities and towns was sufficient to support their own operations and a part of the cost of the state government as well
for many years a state tax on cities and towns was paid by the several municipalities to the state from the proceeds of the general property tax
this tax was discontinued in ####
since that time the demands of the citizens for new and expanded services have placed financial burdens on the state which could have been foreseen in earlier years
at the same time there has been an upgrading and expansion of municipal services as well
thus there has come into being a situation in which the state must raise all of its own revenues and in addition must give assistance to its local governments
this financial assistance from the state has become necessary because the local governments themselves found the property tax or at least at the rates then existing insufficient for their requirements
consequently there have developed several forms of grants-in-aid and shared taxes as well as the unrestricted grant to local governments for general purposes whose adoption accompanied the introduction of a sales tax at the state level
notwithstanding state aid the local governments are continuing to seek additional revenue of their own by strengthening the property tax
this is being done both by the revaluation of real property and by seeking out forms of personal property hitherto neglected or ignored
taxation of tangible movable property in rhode island has been generally of a hands off nature due possibly to several reasons # local assessors in the main are well paid and have inadequate office staffs # the numerous categories of this component of personal property make locating extremely difficult and # the inexperience of the majority of assessors in evaluating this type of property
problems of taxing personal property .
among the many problems in the taxing of personal property and of movable tangible property in particular two are significant # situs # fair and equitable assessment of value
these problems are local to rhode island but are recognized as common to all states
situs of property .
although the laws of the various states in general specify the situs of property i.e. residence or domicile of the owner or location of the property the exceptions regarding boats airplanes mobile homes etc. seem to add to the uncertainty of the proper origination point for assessment
rhode island law specifies that all real estate is taxable in the town in which it is situated
it also provides for the taxation of all personal property belonging to inhabitants of the state both tangible and intangible and the tangible personal property of non-residents in this state
in defining personal property it specifically mentions all ships or vessels at home or abroad
intangible property is taxable wherever the owner has a place of abode the greater portion of the year
although a similar situs for tangible property is mentioned in the statute this is cancelled out by the provision that definite kinds of property and all other tangible property situated or being in any town is taxable where the property is situated
this would seem to fix the tax situs of all movable personal property at its location on december ##
both boats and aircraft would fall within this category as well as motor vehicles
the location of the latter now is determined for tax purposes at the time of registration and it is now accepted practice to consider a motor vehicle as being situated where it is garaged
obviously it would be impossible to determine where every vehicle might be on the ##st day of december
in view of the acceptance accorded the status of motor vehicles for tax purposes in the absence of any specific provision it would seem entirely consistent to apply the same interpretation to boats or aircraft
a recent example of this problem is the flying of six airplanes on december ## #### from the newport airpark in middletown to the north central airport in smithfield
this situation resulted in both towns claiming the tax and probably justifiably
middletown bases its claim on the general provision of the law that all rateable property both tangible and intangible shall be taxed to the owner thereof in the town in which such owner shall have had his actual place of abode for the larger portion of the twelve ## months next preceding the first day of april in each year
the smithfield tax assessor in turn claims the tax under the provision of law and all other tangible personal property situated or being in any town in or upon any place of storage shall be taxed to such person in the town where said property is situated
assessment of value .
this problem of fair and equitable assessment of value is a difficult one to solve in that the determination of fair valuation is dependent on local assessors who in general are non-professional and part-time personnel taking an individualistic approach to the problem
this accounts for the wide variance in assessment practices of movable tangible property in the various municipalities in rhode island
this condition will undoubtedly continue until such time as a state uniform system of evaluation is established or through mutual agreement of the local assessing officials for a method of standard assessment practice to be adopted
the rhode island public expenditure council in its publication once commented
the most realistic way of facing up to this problem would be to have the state take over full responsibility for assessing all taxable property
an adequately staffed and equipped state assessing office could apply uniform methods and standards which would go far toward producing equitable assessments on all properties throughout the state
a single statewide assessing unit would eliminate the differences and complications that are inherent in a system of ## different and independent assessing units
the institute of public administration in its report to the state fiscal study commission in #### recommended consolidating and centralizing all aspects of property tax administration in a single state agency professionally organized and equipped for the job
the resulting setup it was declared would be similar to that which is in successful operation in a number of metropolitan counties as large or larger than rhode island
practices in rhode island .
to determine the practice and attitude of municipal governments concerning tangible movable property a questionnaire was sent to all local government assessors or boards of assessors in rhode island
the replies from each individual town are given in detail because the questions asked the personal opinion of the several assessors and are necessarily the established policy of the town in each case
there are legitimate reasons for differences of opinion among the assessors as a whole and among the public officials in each town
these opinions of the assessors are of significance in indicating what their thinking seems to be at the present time
in reply to a question of whether they now tax boats airplanes and other movable property excluding automobiles nineteen said that they did and twenty that they did
the wording of the question was quite general and may have been subject to different interpretations
one assessor checked boats only another trailers and tractors one mentioned house trailers and two others referred to trailers without specifying the type
in two cases airplanes only were indicated
it is difficult to tabulate exactly what was meant in each individual situation but the conclusion may be drawn that ## towns do assess movable personal property and of the remainder only certain types are valued for tax purposes
boats were indicated specifically by only one of the five towns known to tax boats
it would seem then that movable property and equipment is taxed as a whole but that certain types are taxed in towns where this is bound to be expedient for that particular kind of personal property
so few answered the question relating to their efforts to assess movable property that the results are inconclusive
only four towns indicated that they made any more than a normal effort to list property of this kind
of greater interest is a question as to whether movable property was assessed according to its location or ownership
fifteen stated that it was according to location four by residence of the owner and nineteen did answer
twenty-seven assessors stated that they were in favor of improved means for assessing movable personal property and only five were opposed
seven others expressed no opinion
on this point there was fairly general agreement that assessors would like to do more than they are doing now
it is clear however whether they are thinking of all movable property or only of boats trailers aircraft or certain other types of personal property whose assessment would be advantageous to their particular towns
another question that was asked of the assessors was whether they favored the assessment of movable property at its location or at the residence of the owner
eighteen voted for assessment by the town in which it is located and eleven preferred assessment by the town in which the owner resides
ten others made no reply
of those who have an opinion it seems that assessment by location is preferred
there was one vote for location being the place where the property is situated for the greater portion of the twelve months preceding the assessment date
to summarize it may be said that there is no one prevailing practice in rhode island with respect to the taxation of movable property that assessors would like to see an improvement and of those who have an opinion that assessment by the town of location is preferred on the basis of their present knowledge
the need for greater knowledge is evident from their replies
boats as personal property
taxing of boats .
interest has been shown for a number of years by local assessors in the possibility of taxing boats
assessors in rhode island are charged only with placing a valuation upon real and personal property but they also have the responsibility to raise by a tax a sum less than nor more than a specified amount as ordered by a city council or financial town meeting
it has been obvious to the assessors particularly those in shore communities that boats comprise the largest category of tangible personal property which they have been unable to reach
through their professional organization the rhode island tax officials association the question of taxing boats long has been debated and discussed
no satisfactory solution has been found but this is due more to the difficulties inherent in the problem than to a lack of interest or diligence on the part of the assessors
it has been estimated that the value of boats in rhode island waters is something in excess of fifty million dollars excluding commercial boats
it is obvious that this is a potential and lucrative source of revenue for the assessors of those towns where a substantial amount of such property would be subject to taxation
it is known that at least five towns barrington bristol narragansett newport and westerly place some value on some boats for tax purposes
however few are taxed and the owners and location of most boats are unknown to the assessors on the date of assessment of town valuations
no one really knows how many boats there actually are or what their aggregate value may be
slightly more than #,### boats were registered with the coast guard prior to the recent passage of the state boating law
only a few more than ##,### boats had been registered with the division of harbors and rivers at the end of the #### boating season but many had been taken out of the water early when the threat of a hurricane brought the season to an early close
the assessors' association meeting at narragansett in september #### devoted its session to a discussion of the boat problem
local industry 's investment in rhode island was the big story in #### 's industrial development effort
fifty-two companies started or committed themselves to new plant construction totaling #,###,### square feet and representing an investment of $##,###,###
a new post-world war # record
with minor exceptions this expansion was instituted either by firms based in rhode island or out-of-state manufacturers already operating here
what made these new location figures particularly impressive was the fact that although #### was a year of mild business recession throughout the nation rhode island scored marked progress in new industry new plants and new jobs
of the major expansions in #### three were financed under the r. i. industrial building authority 's ###% guaranteed mortgage plan collyer wire leesona corporation and american tube & controls
leading firms that arranged their own financing included speidel corporation cornell-dubilier photek inc. division of textron narragansett gray iron foundry w. r. cobb company and mays manufacturing company
expansion and relocation of industry in rhode island is the direct responsibility of the development council 's industrial division and the figures quoted above indicate a successful year 's operation
industrial division personnel worked with ## out-of-state and ## rhode island concerns during #### many of whom are still interested in a rhode island location
they are conscious of this state 's new feeling of optimism and assurance and are definitely impressed by the number of new plants and construction projects in rhode island
aids to small business
although much of the industrial division 's promotional effort is devoted to securing new locations and expansions by major industries small business is also afforded considerable attention
our office of foreign and domestic commerce carries on a vigorous program directly aimed at solving and expediting the problems of manufacturers in the lower employment categories
a primary function is the operation of a government bid center which receives bids daily from the federal government 's principal purchasing agencies
assistance is rendered to interested rhode island businessmen concerning interpretation of bid invitations where to obtain specifications and follow-ups concerning qualification
during the past year ##,### government bid invitations were received and #,### procurement leads were mailed to rhode island manufacturers
in addition the office 's domestic trade program provided consultant services to those seeking information on establishment of new businesses
how and where to apply for financial assistance
details on marketing
information concerning patents copyrights and trade marks availability of technical reports and other subjects of interest to small business
the office of foreign and domestic commerce is also active in the field of international trade assisting rhode island firms in developing and enlarging markets abroad
this office cooperates with the u. s. department of commerce in giving statewide coverage to services which include statistics on markets abroad
locating foreign agents buyers distributors etc.
information on foreign and domestic import duties and regulations licensing investments and establishing of branch representatives or plants abroad and documentary requirements concerning export shipments and arrangements for payment
during the year #### this office supplied ### visitors with information related to foreign and domestic commerce and made ## field visits
our media advertising continued during #### its previous effective program that stressed such specifics as ###% financing plant availabilities and location advantages
we also continued to run a series of ads featuring endorsement of rhode island by industrialists who had recently established new plants here
to reach a still greater audience of location-minded manufacturers our industrial advertising budget for the fiscal year was increased from $##,### to $##,### and the industrial building authority 's financial participation was upped from $##,### to $##,###
newspaper advertising was mainly concentrated in the new york times and the wall street journal eastern and midwestern editions which averaged two prominent ads per month and to a lesser degree the new york herald tribune and for the west coast the los angeles times and the wall street journal pacific coast edition
in addition to the regular schedule advertisements were run for maximum impact in special editions of the new york times boston herald american banker electronic news and for local promotion the providence sunday journal
magazine advertising included management methods the new englander u. s. investor and plant location
the direct mail campaign consisted of # intra-state mailings of #### letters each and # out-of-state directed to electronics plastics pharmaceutical and business machine manufacturers and to publishers
these totaled #,### pieces of correspondence
the #### advertising campaign brought a total of ### inquiries
### from media and ## from direct mail
two hundred and nineteen were received from ## of our ## united states and ## came from foreign countries
new york led in the number of inquiries followed by california new jersey massachusetts and pennsylvania
among foreign countries responding were germany canada brazil and india
an important operation in soliciting industrial locations involves what we term missionary calls by one of this division 's industrial promotion specialists
these consist of visits without previous announcement on top officials of manufacturing concerns located in highly industrialized areas
more than ## carefully selected cities were visited including new york brooklyn long island city newark elizabeth stamford waterbury new haven bridgeport boston cambridge worcester and waltham
out of a total of ### calls ### contacts were established with top executive personnel
we received ## out-of-state visitors interested in investigating rhode island 's industrial advantages and industrial division personnel made ## out-of-state follow-up visits
during #### two important conferences were organized by the development council 's industrial division
in june the office of foreign and domestic commerce in conjunction with local trade associations chambers of commerce and bank officials sponsored a world trade conference at the sheraton-biltmore hotel
its purpose was to find ways of offsetting the united states' declining balance of trade for #### and ####
approximately ### representatives of business attended this conclave and the r. i. export conference committee later voted to continue the activity as an annual event
on october #th of last year the industrial division sponsored the governor 's conference on industrial development at the former henry barnard school
a comprehensive program devoted to the various phases of the development effort attracted ### interested individuals
morning sessions included addresses by ward miller jr. of the u. s. dept. of commerce
richard preston executive director of the new hampshire state planning and development commission and edwin c. kepler of general electric company
workshop sessions in the afternoon featured development executives from pennsylvania connecticut and maine and rounded out a rewarding program
in connection with this conference a ##-page supplement was published in the october #nd edition of the providence sunday journal
devoted to the improvement in business climate and increase in industrial construction in rhode island it has proved a valuable mailing piece for this division
more than #### copies have been sent out to prospective clients
mailings and publications
other special mailings by the industrial division included copies of speeches delivered at the governor 's conference letters and brochures to conferees at med-chemical symposium at university of rhode island and letters and reprints of industrial advertisements to such organizations as society of industrial realtors
#### copies of the r. i. directory of manufacturers were distributed ### in-state and ### out-of-state
the industrial division published in #### a new attractive industrial brochure rhode island right for industry and prepared copy for a new edition of the directory of manufacturers to be printed shortly and for a new space catalogue
additional promotional activities included organizing the dedication program for operation turnkey the new automated post office and a conference with representatives of brown university providence college and university of rhode island and eight electronics concerns regarding the inauguration of a training program for electronics personnel
stated in its simplest terms the main job of the planning division is to plan for the future of the state of rhode island
the activities of the planning division are defined in considerable detail in the enabling act of the development council which assigns to the agency both broad responsibilities and specific duties in the field of planning
two years ago the institute of public administration issued an extremely comprehensive report entitled state-local relations in metropolitan rhode island
as the result of an exhaustive review of the recommendations contained in this report plus an analysis of our own enabling act the planning division developed a number of basic planning objectives which caused a reorientation of its work program
these objectives are stated here because of their importance in understanding the current activities of the planning division
( # )
first priority will be given to the preparation of a meaningful state guide plan to serve as a background for all other planning activities in the state
( # )
recognizing the truth of the statement by the institute of public administration that metropolian planning in rhode island means or should mean state planning the state guide plan will take into account the metropolitan nature of many of rhode island 's problems
( # )
it will continue to be an objective of this division to encourage the acceptance of planning as a proper and continuing responsibility of local government
to this end the community assistance program of the planning division will continue to be operated as a staff function to make available on a shared cost basis technical planning assistance to those communities in the state unable to maintain their own planning staff
( # )
the planning division will take the initiative in encouraging planning cooperation at all levels of government
among the operating departments of the state
between the cities and towns of the state
and on a regional basis between the six new england states
( # )
on the basis that all citizens of the state are entitled to benefit equally in the development of its resources plans for the provision of essential services such as water will be based on need regardless of arbitrary political boundaries within the framework of the state plan
( # )
the state development budget will reflect the capital needs of all the state agencies and the priority of the projects in the budget will be based on the state plan
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in preparing the state guide plan particular attention will be given means of strengthening the economy of the state through the development of industry and recreation
functionally the planning division carries out four activities long-range state planning current state planning local planning assistance
and the preparation of the state development budget
long-range state planning
the planning division has embarked on the most complete and comprehensive state planning program in the nation
the long-range aspects of this program are divided into four distinct phases basic mapping inventory analysis and plan and policy formation
the work program as it was originally proposed was to take five years to complete
recent events particularly the necessity of providing planning information for the statewide origin study of the department of public works indicate that this schedule will have to be accelerated
the basic mapping phase of the program has been completed and the inventory phase is scheduled for completion july # ####
since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps one at a scale of # inch to a mile and the second a series of ## sheets at a scale of # inch to #### feet covering the entire state
with these maps completed the inventory phase of the plan has been started
with the aid of matching federal funds available under section ### of the housing act of #### as amended the planning division began a one year program july # #### to complete the inventory phase of the state planning program
this phase consists of four items urban land use rural land use physical features and public utility service areas
since the validity of all subsequent planning depends on the accuracy of the basic inventory information great care is being taken that the inventory is as complete as possible
the urban land use study carried out by the planning division staff has consisted of identifying and mapping all urban land uses which are of significance to statewide planning
the rural land use study is being carried out under contract by the university of rhode island and identifies all agricultural land uses in the state by type of use
the mapping of important physical features such as slopes and types of soil and the collection of all available information pertaining to public utility service areas are being conducted as staff projects and like the other two inventory projects are scheduled for completion july # ####
the collection of information is meaningless unless it is understood and used for a definite purpose
special districts in rhode island .
it is within the scope of this report to elaborate in any great detail upon special districts in rhode island
however a word should be mentioned in regard to them as independent units of government
there are forty-seven special district governments in rhode island excluding two regional school districts four housing authorities and the kent county water authority
these forty-seven special purpose governments have the authority to levy taxes to borrow money own property sue and be sued and in general to exercise normal corporate powers
unlike cities and towns however they do have to submit any financial statements to the state bureau of audits
it is an exaggeration to say that the state government has little or no fiscal control over these units of government
in addition to the collection of service charges the special districts levy annual property taxes of approximately $###,###
fiscal years in other states
a review of practices in other states regarding fiscal uniformity is pertinent to this report
included in the findings are # .
forty-six states including rhode island end their fiscal year on june ##
the other four states end on varying dates alabama sept. ## new york march ## pennsylvania may ## and texas august ##
in sixteen states the fiscal year ending of the cities june ## is the same as that of the state alaska arizona california delaware massachusetts montana nevada new mexico north carolina north dakota oklahoma oregon vermont west virginia wyoming and hawaii
in eleven states the fiscal year of the cities ends on december ## while the state fiscal year ends on june ## arkansas colorado indiana kansas new hampshire new jersey ohio south dakota utah washington and wisconsin
in eight states whose fiscal years close on june ## a majority of their cities close their fiscal year on december ##
georgia iowa kentucky maine maryland minnesota virginia and south carolina
one state alabama closes its fiscal year on september ## and all cities in the state with one exception also close fiscal years on september ##
mississippi closes its fiscal year on june ## while all of its cities close their fiscal years on september ##
pennsylvania closes its fiscal year on may ##
all of its cities close their fiscal years on december ##
the remaining twelve states have varying fiscal years for the state city and local governments
however only illinois oregon louisiana and rhode island have a situation in which the sundry units of government vary widely in relation to fiscal uniformity
fiscal uniformity : advantages and disadvantages
an excellent summary of advantages concerning the uniform fiscal year and coordinated fiscal calendars was contained in a paper presented by a public finance authority recently
he listed among the values of fiscal uniformity # .
the uniform fiscal year requires compliance with common sense administration of local finances adoption of the budget or financial plan in advance of spending
the uniform fiscal year ensures conformance with another common sense rule that of having cash in the bank before checks are drawn
it enables towns to make more economical purchases and to take advantage of cash discounts
the uniform fiscal year promotes more careful budgeting and strengthens control over expenditures
by fixing the tax rate in advance of spending upper limits are set on expenditures
the uniform fiscal year brings the town 's fiscal year into line with that of the schools which expend the largest share of local disbursements
this greatly simplifies the town 's bookkeeping and financial reporting
the uniform fiscal year eliminates interest charges on money borrowed in the form of tax anticipation notes
furthermore tax collections immediately needed for current expenditures may be invested in short-term treasury notes augmenting the town 's miscellaneous revenues and reducing the tax levy
the uniform fiscal year facilitates inter-town comparison of revenues and expenditures
when towns have the same fiscal year it is relatively easy to make meaningful comparisons
and as the cost of local government increases the demand for such comparison also increases
towns having different fiscal years are difficult to compare
of all advantages probably none is more important than the elimination of tax anticipation notes
borrowing in anticipation of current taxes and other revenues is a routine procedure of the majority of municipalities at all times
it may be by bank loans sale of notes or warrants or by the somewhat casual method of issuance and registration of warrants
in any event it is a form of borrowing which could be and should be rendered unnecessary
its elimination would result in the saving of interest costs heavy when short-term money rates are high and in freedom from dependence on credit which is always available when needed most
this type of borrowing can be reduced to a minimum if quarterly installment payment of taxes is instituted and the first payment placed near the opening of the fiscal year
any approach toward such a system looks toward saving and security
it should be noted that there are other and equally important reasons for establishing meaningful intergovernmental reporting bases on a uniform fiscal year
both the federal and state governments commence their fiscal years on july #
both units of government contribute increasingly large sums of money to the several local governments in this state as indicated below
it has been said that when local government revenues were mostly produced locally from the property tax the lack of a uniform fiscal year was no great handicap
but with the growth of state and federal fiscal aid the emphasis on equalization and the state-local sharing of responsibility for certain important functions this is no longer true
the haphazard fiscal year calendar is an obstacle to the planning of clear and efficient state-local revenue and expenditure relationships
although there are many sound reasons for adopting uniform and coordinated fiscal years in rhode island there are also certain difficulties encountered
these involve more the mechanics employed in adjusting to fiscal uniformity than they do actual disadvantages to the principle
one problem is a matter of shifting dates
the other is how to finance the transition
little can be done about the changing of dates
this is an inherent part of adjusting fiscal calendars
it usually means a confused and disgruntled tax-paying public for a period of time
but cooperation and understanding between local officials and the citizenry help lessen this problem
the other problem is the matter of financing the transition period in the several cities and towns
this will be covered more fully later
it should be kept in mind that the ease or difficulty with which a town or city can convert to the proposed plan is directly dependent upon the financial condition of that town or city
fortunately there are no cities or towns in the state with one or two possible exceptions that are in too difficult a position to finance the proposed change
sacrifice will have to be made in some cases but it is to the municipality 's advantage to finance the change-over for a short period of time rather than pay interest on tax anticipation notes indefinitely
adjusting the fiscal calendars
the advantages of a uniform fiscal year and well synchronized fiscal and tax collection calendars are sufficiently great for rhode island municipalities to exert effort to secure them
the type of program desired can be determined by the nature and extent of the adjustments needed
two features are immediately evident
first the present situation is too varied to be systematized by any single formula
second the shift to a uniform july # to june ## fiscal year will of itself improve the tax collection calendars of the great majority of cities and towns
there are at least two problems to consider one is a matter of adjusting the fiscal calendar
the other is how to finance the adjustments when necessary
the latter matter is considered in detail in a later section
twelve cities and towns in rhode island presently indicate some plans to establish a uniform and coordinated fiscal tax year calendar
plans vary from the talking stage to establishing special committees to accomplish this end
what is important here is that many of the cities and towns recognize the need for improved fiscal practices and are taking the initiative to obtain them
an analysis of the fiscal tax collection year calendars throughout the state indicates that transition may be as painful as is commonly thought
however it must be stressed that much depends upon the financial condition of the individual cities and towns involved
the adjustments needed to establish a uniform and coordinated fiscal tax collection year calendar throughout rhode island based on a july # to june ## year are shown below
no adjustment needed .
six cities and towns are presently on a july # to june ## fiscal year and have coordinated their tax collection year with it
no change is required for these towns
these municipalities include barrington lincoln middletown newport north kingstown and south kingstown
adjustment of fiscal year .
one town and one city coventry and east providence require an adjustment of their fiscal year only
this change will automatically adjust their tax collection year calendar so as to make all tax installments due and payable in the fiscal year collectible within that year
adjustment of tax collection year .
six cities and towns are now on a july # to june ## fiscal year and will need only to adjust their tax collection year calendar to establish uniformity
these cities and towns include bristol glocester pawtucket cumberland central falls and woonsocket
simultaneous adjustments .
two cities to be considered providence and cranston are an enigma
both have excellent integration of their fiscal tax collection year calendars
however neither of these two cities is on the desired july # to june ## fiscal year
the adjustment to a uniform and coordinated fiscal period could be accomplished relatively easily for them
in that both cities end their fiscal years on september ## they could levy taxes for an interim period of nine months commencing with september ## and ending with june ##
these three installment dates would be october ## january ## and april ## providence and november ## february ## and may ## cranston
both would start their new fiscal year on july #
their tax collection calendar could then be july ## october ## january ## and april ## providence
and august ## november ## february ## and may ## cranston
under this plan both cranston and providence would be on the uniform fiscal year but would still be using the same installment periods
varying adjustments .
the remaining twenty-three towns have fiscal years which end prior to june ##
all of these towns will require adjustments of both their fiscal and tax collection years
assuming an adjustment to the july # to june ## fiscal year the required adjustment of the tax collection years and the towns involved are shown in table #
methods of financing adjustments
aside from the matter of adjusting the fiscal and tax calendars there is the problem of financing the adjustment when this is necessary
it should be emphasized strongly that adjustments in fiscal dates or adoption of interim budgets do necessarily mean financing over and above normal governmental requirements
in many communities there is simply no financial problem
it is only a matter of adjusting accounting methods careful fiscal planning and management or some like combination of techniques
in other municipalities the difficulties in overcoming the financial burden have been sufficiently great to dishearten proponents of fiscal year changes
fortunately such cases in rhode island are more the exception than the rule
as shown earlier in table # the several cities and towns use widely varied fiscal and tax collection calendars
in addition no two rhode island communities are identical in relation to their over-all financial condition
these factors practically insure that no single financing formula is feasible
each situation must be studied and a plan developed that takes into consideration such factors as the effect of the existing and prospective tax calendars the financial condition of the treasuries and the length of the transition interval
suitable plans range from those that are very easy to develop to those that are difficult to formulate and require borrowing ranging from short-term serial notes to long-term bonds
the financial problem where it exists usually stems from the adoption of a budget for the transitional or adjustment period
for those communities which have financial difficulties in effecting adjustments there are a number of alternatives any one of which alone or in combination with others would minimize if even eliminate the problem
rhode island heritage week proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
the theme of rhode island heritage week for #### will be independence and union
it commemorates the ###th anniversary of rhode island 's independence when upon may # #### the general assembly by its action established the first free republic in the new world
as this year marks the centennial of the beginning of the civil war this fact is being commemorated with several exhibits throughout the state but most of all paying tribute to the first rhode island volunteers who rushed to the defense of the city of washington putting at the disposal of president lincoln the only fully equipped and best trained regiment at this time
on april ## ceremonies commemorating the departure of these volunteers will take place at #:## p.m. at the dexter training grounds in providence
the independence day celebration will be properly observed with a big military and civic parade from west warwick to the greene homestead in anthony
and now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim the week of april ##th to may #th #### as rhode island heritage week advising our citizens that throughout this week many historic houses and beautiful gardens will be open to visitors as well as industrial plants craft shops museums and libraries and i earnestly urge all to take advantage of these opportunities to see as many of these places as they can during this outstanding week
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##st day of april in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and on independence the one hundred and eighty-fifth
armed forces day proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
the year #### marks the fourteenth anniversary of the unification of our armed forces under the national security act of ####
national defense like the continuing search for peace with freedom and justice for all is everybody 's business
our investment in this effort the greatest in our nation 's history reflects our determination to ensure the peace and the future of freedom
it is a sound investment
as the president has said only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain that they will never be employed
armed forces day is the annual report on this investment a public presentation designed to give our own people and the people of other lands who stand with us for peace with freedom and justice the best possible opportunity to see and understand what we have and why we have it
it is the purpose of armed forces day to give americans an opportunity to honor men of the armed forces those who have made the supreme sacrifice those who remain to preserve our security
freedom depends upon them
now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim saturday may ##th #### as armed forces day reminding our citizens that we should rededicate ourselves to our nation respecting the uniforms as the guardians of our precious liberty
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##th day of may in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-sixth
national maritime day proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
the president of the united states pursuant to a joint resolution of congress has issued a proclamation each year since #### declaring may ##nd to be national maritime day
this date in #### marked the sailing of the s. s. savannah from savannah georgia for liverpool
this voyage was the first successful crossing of the atlantic under steam propulsion
the day is now appropriately set aside to honor the american men and women who have contributed to the success of our merchant marine fleet in peace and war
the merchant marine is the fourth arm of defense for a strong and effective american merchant marine is essential to the economy and security of our nation
through trade and travel across the seas the american merchant marine is carrying out its historic mission of linking the united states of america with friendly nations across the seas
and now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim monday may ##nd #### as national maritime day reminding our citizens that american merchant ships and american seamen are ready at all times to serve our nation in the cause of freedom and justice
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##th day of april in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-fifth
miss rhode island pageant week proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
the miss rhode island pageant is sponsored by the rhode island junior chamber of commerce as a part of the nation-wide search for the typical american girl a miss america from rhode island
this is an official preliminary contest of the miss america pageant held each september in atlantic city
the ideal girl possessed of talent poise intelligence personality and beauty of face and figure is chosen each year to represent rhode island
many hours are given free by the jaycees to make this and all local pageants outstanding events
proceeds realized from these pageants are used by the jaycees to help support their various youth health welfare and community betterment activities throughout the state
miss sally may saabye miss rhode island #### says that within a short time on june ##th her reign will come to an end
she hopes that all will support the contestants from our own community by attending our pageants and the state pageant june ##
and now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim the week of june ##th to ##th #### as miss rhode island pageant week with deep appreciation to the jaycees local and statewide for the presentation of their beautiful pageants and the encouragement of all rhode island girls to participate
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##th day of june in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-sixth
united nations day proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
for the purpose of maintaining international peace and promoting the advancement of all people the united states of america joined in founding the united nations
the united nations charter sets forth standards which if adhered to will promote peace and justice throughout the world
it is extremely important for each american to realize that the theme the united nations is your business applies to him personally
the world desperately needs the united nations
united nations day is the birthday of the united nations mankind 's noblest attempt to establish lasting peace with justice
and now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim tuesday october ##th #### as united nations day calling upon all our citizens to engage in appropriate observances demonstrating faith in the united nations and thereby contributing to a better understanding of the aims of the united nations throughout the land
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this #th day of july in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-sixth
the state ballet of rhode island week proclamation by john a. notte , jr. , governor
the ballet originated in italy about ####
at that time it was a series of sophisticated social dances whose steps were often combined with other steps devised by the choreographer
ballet flowered in italy during the next hundred years and about #### was carried to france when the italian princess catherine de medicis married the king of france
the most famous ballet of that time was called ballet comique de la reine ####
dances alternated with sung or spoken verses
ballets were used in opera from its beginning
they were placed either in the middle of the acts or in the intermissions
the state ballet of rhode island the first incorporated group was formed for the purpose of extending knowledge of the art of ballet in the community to promote interest in ballet performances to contribute to the cultural life of the state and to provide opportunity for gifted dance students who for one reason or another are unable to pursue a career and to develop others for the professional state
and now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim the week of monday november ## #### as the state ballet of rhode island week requesting all rhode islanders to give special attention to this unusual event which should contribute to the cultural life of the state
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##d day of october in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-sixth
proclamation thanksgiving day by john a. notte , jr. , governor
as another thanksgiving draws near let us take time out from the often hectic pace of our lives to try and recapture the feelings that filled the hearts of the pilgrims on the first thanksgiving
the pilgrims gathered to thank the lord for his benevolence during their first year in the new land
they had been through trying times but their faith in the almighty had given them the courage and the strength to meet and overcome the many problems and difficulties that were the price they had to pay for freedom
and as the pilgrims bowed their heads in humble gratitude they shared another feeling the anticipation of what the future held for them and their posterity
they could guess that from their concepts of liberty and freedom would some day be born a new nation that for years would be the symbol of hope to the oppressed countries of the world
they simply turned to god filled with gratitude and faith
we who are living today may learn a valuable lesson from those who celebrated the first thanksgiving day
the lord has shown time and time again his love for us
we have only to compare the liberty and high standard of living we enjoy in this great country with the oppression and frugality of other nations to realize with humble gratitude that god 's providence has been with us since the very beginning of our country
and yet accompanying our gratitude is the realization that we are living in a crucial time
with world peace constantly being threatened most of us regard the future skeptically and even with fear
it is at this time that we should imitate the pilgrims by accompanying our prayers of thanks with the conviction that we shall continue to be in dire need for the lord 's protection in the future if we are to have peace
now therefore do i john a. notte jr. governor of the state of rhode island and providence plantations proclaim thursday november ##rd #### as thanksgiving day
and so let us remember on this day only to thank the almighty who gave hope and courage to the pilgrims but also to place our trust in him that he will continue to protect us in the future as he has in the past
in testimony whereof i have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the state to be affixed this ##st day of november in the year of our lord one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one and of independence the one hundred and eighty-sixth
john a. notte jr.
be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america in congress assembled that the act of july # #### ## stat. ### as amended ## u.s.c. ####-#### is further amended to read as follows section # .
in view of the increasing shortage of usable surface and ground water in many parts of the nation and the importance of finding new sources of supply to meet its present and future water needs it is the policy of the congress to provide for the development of practicable low-cost means for the large-scale production of water of a quality suitable for municipal industrial agricultural and other beneficial consumptive uses from saline water and for studies and research related thereto
as used in this act the term saline water includes sea water brackish water and other mineralized or chemically charged water and the term united states extends to and includes the district of columbia the commonwealth of puerto rico and the territories and possessions of the united states
sec. # .
in order to accomplish the purposes of this act the secretary of the interior shall ( a )
conduct encourage and promote fundamental scientific research and basic studies to develop the best and most economical processes and methods for converting saline water into water suitable for beneficial consumptive purposes
( b )
conduct engineering research and technical development work to determine by laboratory and pilot plant testing the results of the research and studies aforesaid in order to develop processes and plant designs to the point where they can be demonstrated on a large and practical scale
( c )
recommend to the congress from time to time authorization for construction and operation or for participation in the construction and operation of a demonstration plant for any process which he determines on the basis of subsections a and b above has great promise of accomplishing the purposes of this act such recommendation to be accompanied by a report on the size location and cost of the proposed plant and the engineering and economic details with respect thereto
( d )
study methods for the recovery and marketing of commercially valuable byproducts resulting from the conversion of saline water
and ( e )
undertake economic studies and surveys to determine present and prospective costs of producing water for beneficial consumptive purposes in various parts of the united states by the leading saline water processes as compared with other standard methods
sec. # .
in carrying out his functions under section # of this act the secretary may ( a )
acquire the services of chemists physicists engineers and other personnel by contract or otherwise
( b )
enter into contracts with educational institutions scientific organizations and industrial and engineering firms
( c )
make research and training grants
( d )
utilize the facilities of federal scientific laboratories
establish and operate necessary facilities and test sites at which to carry on the continuous research testing development and programing necessary to effectuate the purposes of this act
( f )
acquire secret processes technical data inventions patent applications patents licenses land and interests in land including water rights plants and facilities and other property or rights by purchase license lease or donation
( g )
assemble and maintain pertinent and current scientific literature both domestic and foreign and issue bibliographical data with respect thereto
( h )
cause on-site inspections to be made of promising projects domestic and foreign and in the case of projects located in the united states cooperate and participate in their development in instances in which the purposes of this act will be served thereby
( i )
foster and participate in regional national and international conferences relating to saline water conversion
( j )
coordinate correlate and publish information with a view to advancing the development of low-cost saline water conversion projects
and ( k )
cooperate with other federal departments and agencies with state and local departments agencies and instrumentalities and with interested persons firms institutions and organizations
sec. # .
( a )
research and development activities undertaken by the secretary shall be coordinated or conducted jointly with the department of defense to the end that developments under this act which are primarily of a civil nature will contribute to the defense of the nation and that developments which are primarily of a military nature will to the greatest practicable extent compatible with military and security requirements be available to advance the purposes of this act and to strengthen the civil economy of the nation
the fullest cooperation by and with atomic energy commission the department of health education and welfare the department of state and other concerned agencies shall also be carried out in the interest of achieving the objectives of this act
( b )
all research within the united states contracted for sponsored cosponsored or authorized under authority of this act shall be provided for in such manner that all information uses products processes patents and other developments resulting from such research developed by government expenditure will with such exceptions and limitations if any as the secretary may find to be necessary in the interest of national defense be available to the general public
this subsection shall be so construed as to deprive the owner of any background patent relating thereto of such rights as he may have thereunder
sec. # .
( a )
the secretary may dispose of water and byproducts resulting from his operations under this act
all moneys received from dispositions under this section shall be paid into the treasury as miscellaneous receipts
( b )
nothing in the act shall be construed to alter existing law with respect to the ownership and control of water
sec. # .
the secretary shall make reports to the president and the congress at the beginning of each regular session of the action taken or instituted by him under the provisions of this act and of prospective action during the ensuing year
sec. # .
the secretary of the interior may issue rules and regulations to effectuate the purposes of this act
sec. # .
there are authorized to be appropriated such sums to remain available until expended as may be necessary but more than $##,###,### in all a to carry out the provisions of this act during the fiscal years #### to #### inclusive
b to finance for more than two years beyond the end of said period such grants contracts cooperative agreements and studies as may theretofore have been undertaken pursuant to this act
and c to finance for more than three years beyond the end of said period such activities as are required to correlate coordinate and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this act provided that funds available in any one year for research and development may subject to the approval of the secretary of state to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the united states be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the united states and provided further that every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the united states for the use of the united states throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the united states
sec. # .
section # of the joint resolution of september # #### ## stat. ####
## u. s. c. #### is hereby amended to read
the authority of the secretary of the interior under this joint resolution to construct operate and maintain demonstration plants shall terminate upon the expiration of twelve years after the date on which this joint resolution is approved
upon the expiration of a period deemed adequate for demonstration purposes for each plant but to exceed such twelve-year period the secretary shall proceed as promptly as practicable to dispose of any plants so constructed by sale to the highest bidder or as may otherwise be directed by act of congress
upon such sale there shall be returned to any state or public agency which has contributed financial assistance under section # of this joint resolution a proper share of the net proceeds of the sale
approved september ## ####
be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america in congress assembled that the secretary of the interior is hereby authorized and directed to make or cause to be made a study covering ( # )
the causes of injuries and health hazards in metal and nonmetallic mines excluding coal and lignite mines
( # )
the relative effectiveness of voluntary versus mandatory reporting of accident statistics
the relative contribution to safety of inspection programs embodying ( a )
right-of-entry only and ( b )
right-of-entry plus enforcement authority
( # )
the effectiveness of health and safety education and training
( # )
the magnitude of effort and costs of each of these possible phases of an effective safety program for metal and nonmetallic mines ( excluding coal and lignite mines
and ( # )
the scope and adequacy of state mine-safety laws applicable to such mines and the enforcement of such laws
sec. # .
( a )
the secretary of the interior or any duly authorized representative shall be entitled to admission to and to require reports from the operator of any metal or nonmetallic mine which is in a state excluding any coal or lignite mine the products of which regularly enter commerce or the operations of which substantially affect commerce for the purpose of gathering data and information necessary for the study authorized in the first section of this act
( b )
as used in this section ( # )
the term state includes the commonwealth of puerto rico and any possession of the united states
and ( # )
the term commerce means commerce between any state and any place outside thereof or between points within the same state but through any place outside thereof
sec. # .
the secretary of the interior shall submit a report of his findings together with recommendations for an effective safety program for metal and nonmetallic mines excluding coal and lignite mines based upon such findings to the congress more than two years after the date of enactment of this act
approved september ## ####
be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america in congress assembled that the secretary of the interior is hereby authorized and directed to establish and maintain a program of stabilization payments to small domestic producers of lead and zinc ores and concentrates in order to stabilize the mining of lead and zinc by small domestic producers on public indian and other lands as provided in this act
sec. # .
( a )
subject to the limitations of this act the secretary shall make stabilization payments to small domestic producers upon presentation of evidence satisfactory to him of their status as such producers and of the sale by them of newly mined ores or concentrates produced therefrom as provided in this act
payments shall be made only with respect to the metal content as determined by assay
( b )
such payments shall be made to small domestic producers of lead as long as the market price for common lead at new york new york as determined by the secretary is below ##-# cents per pound and such payments shall be ## per centum of the difference between ##-# cents per pound and the average market price for the month in which the sale occurred as determined by the secretary
( c )
such payments shall be made to small domestic producers of zinc as long as the market price for prime western zinc at east saint louis illinois as determined by the secretary is below ##-# cents per pound and such payments shall be ## per centum of the difference between ##-# cents per pound and the average market price for the month in which the sale occurred as determined by the secretary
( d )
the maximum amount of payments which may be made pursuant to this act on account of sales of newly mined ores or concentrates produced therefrom made during the calendar year #### shall exceed $#,###,###
the maximum amount of such payments which may be made on account of such sales made during the calendar year #### shall exceed $#,###,###
the maximum amount of such payments which may be made on account of such sales made during the calendar year #### shall exceed $#,###,###
and the maximum amount of such payments which may be made on account of such sales made during the calendar year #### shall exceed $#,###,###
in the same period ### presentations by members of the staff were made to local national and international medical groups
the education function of the institute is carried on by the staff in the departments of pathology and its consultants
during fiscal year #### six courses were conducted forensic pathology application of histochemistry to pathology pathology of diseases of laboratory animals ophthalmic pathology pathology of the oral regions and a cardiovasculatory pathology seminar
during fiscal year #### seven courses were conducted application of histochemistry to pathology forensic pathology pathology of diseases of laboratory animals pathology of the oral regions ophthalmic pathology forensic sciences symposium and orthopedic pathology
from # july #### through ## january #### six courses were conducted workshop in resident training in pathology pathology of diseases of laboratory animals application of histochemistry of pathology orthopedic pathology forensic sciences symposium and forensic pathology
during fiscal years #### and #### there were ### military and civilian students who came to the institute for varying periods of special instruction
the institute is engaged in an extensive program of medico-military scientific research in both morphological and experimental pathology
among the specific areas of concentration in which the staff is engaged are such projects as biological and biochemical studies of the effects of microwaves
study of motor end plates in man and animals
investigation of respiratory diseases of laboratory animals
metabolic responses to reduced oxygen tension
neuropathology of nuclear and cosmic radiation
carcinoma of prostate
evaluation of histochemical techniques
and hip dysplasia in dogs
there has been an increase in cooperative research with other federal agencies and civilian institutions
during the period from # july #### through ## january #### additional research affiliations were effected with the u. s. army medical research and development command to conduct research in procedures for quantitative electron microscopy and for the study of biophysical and biological studies of the structure and function of ocular tissue
also the defense atomic support agency sponsored a long-range study at this institute on the response of massive suspension cultures of mammalian cells to acute radiation
other scientific agencies both federal and civilian supported studies in quantitative electron microscopical approach to microchemistry and microcytochemistry
the investigation of the relationship of diphosphopyridine nucleotide synthesizine enzyme to tumor growth
morphological study and classification of leukemia and lymphoma cases in animals
and the study of structural changes in m. leprae and other mycobacteria
medical illustration service
the medical illustration service is responsible for the collection publication exhibition and file of medical illustration material of medico-military importance to the armed forces
in addition to maintaining a permanent central file of illustrations of diseases wounds and injuries of military importance it provides facilities for clinical photography photomicrography and medical arts and operates a printing plant by permission of congressional committee for publication of an atlas of tumor pathology
it also maintains shops for the design and fabrication of exhibits training aids and instruments and libraries for the loan of films and teaching lantern slide sets
during this period a total of ### exhibits were presented at ### medical and scientific meetings
of these exhibits ### were newly constructed
twenty-nine exhibits received awards
visual and operable training aids developed by the medical illustration service were used in support of army medical service mass casualty exercises
members of the medical illustration service lectured and conducted demonstrations on the use of training aids to military personnel and various civilian medical organizations
demonstrations of new and projected training aids were conducted at the medical service instructor 's conference brooke army medical center texas
in support of the emphasis placed by the department of defense on instruction in emergency medical care the medical illustration service developed casualty simulation kits and rescue breathing manikins which are being field tested
and overhead projector transparency sets on the subjects of military sanitation first aid for soldiers
bandaging and splinting
the emergency medical treatment unit phase #
and emergency war surgery in support of the north atlantic treaty organization nato handbook
fifty lantern slide teaching sets on the subject of emergency war surgery nato were assembled and distributed to the medical military services of foreign governments associated with nato and south-east asia treaty organization
the british and canadian liaison officers as well as office of civil and defense mobilization the american red cross and similar interested organizations were informed from time to time as training aids were developed
nine veterinary lantern slide teaching sets were developed and distributed and lantern slide teaching sets on ## pathology subjects were added to the loan library of the medical illustration service
illustrations were prepared for ## department of the army manuals and one graphic training aid
sixteen lantern slide sets were loaned to the government of india and eight sets were forwarded to the u.s. embassy managua nicaragua for the educational exchange program
the senate subcommittee on reorganization and international organizations was provided samples of visual aids on first aid and personal health produced by the medical illustration service
six fascicles ##,### copies each of the atlas of tumor pathology were completed during the period of this report
the american registry of pathology
this consists of ## individual registries two of which were added during fiscal years ####-#### the registry of forensic pathology and the testicular tumor registry
these registries are sponsored by ## national medical dental and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance
the american registry of pathology operates as a cooperative enterprise in medical research and education between the armed forces institute of pathology and the civilian medical profession on a national and international basis under such conditions as may be agreed upon between the national research council and the surgeons general of the army navy and air force
the staff utilized the collected material in these registries for numerous lectures to national and international meetings exhibits and published studies
during the period of this report ##,### new cases were entered into the various registries
these were selected carefully and included only detailed clinical information but adequate pathology of value for research and educational purposes
in this same period six new fascicles of the atlas of tumor pathology were published and distributed to medical centers world-wide
there were ##,### copies of fascicles sold and ### copies distributed free during this period
forty-five new clinico-pathologic conferences were prepared bringing the total to ## available for loan distribution
nine new teaching clinico-pathologic conference sets were prepared which makes a total of ## types of teaching sets for loan
during this period #,### teaching sets were distributed on loan
the clinico-pathologic conferences have been acknowledged as of great value and in consequent great demand by the small isolated military hospitals
the demand for teaching sets continues unabated since they provide the means for the military physicians to review the pathology of selected disease processes or organ systems for review of basic sciences and correlation of clinical physiological behavior with structural changes
the medical museum
in fiscal year #### the medical museum was moved to chase hall a temporary building on independence avenue at ninth street southwest and continued to display to the public the achievements of the armed forces medical services
during the period of this report ## panel exhibits depicting the latest developments in medical research were displayed
of the ### exhibits of all types shown ### were new or refurbished
of the ### specimens newly mounted or refurbished ### were prepared for other agencies
eighty-five specimens were loaned for study purposes
an exhibit macropathology an ancient art a new science was presented at the annual meeting of the american medical association
a three-dimensional exhibit depicting a century of naval medicine was formally presented to the director by george s. squibb great-grandson of the founder of e. r. squibb and sons for permanent display in the museum
space was provided for short-time guest medical exhibits and the museum collected new accessions of microscopes medical surgical and diagnostic instruments uniform and similar items of historical medico-military significance
during the period the laboratory rendered centralized macropathological service to qualified requesters
specimens were mounted for military installations governmental agencies and medical schools
three hundred five copies of the manual of macropathological techniques were distributed
thirty-five military and civilian students received laboratory training
during fiscal years #### and #### there were ###,### visitors to the museum
during the period from # july #### through ## january #### the medical museum was required to move to temporary building s on the mall from chase hall
throughout the period and during the movement operation the museum continued its functional support of the armed forces institute of pathology
armed forces medical publication agency
the armed forces medical publication agency established in #### has published since january #### the united states armed forces medical journal as a triservice publication to furnish material of professional interest to medical department officers of the three military services
its supplement the medical technicians bulletin supplied similar material to enlisted medical personnel
these publications replaced the u. s. naval medical bulletin published continuously from #### through #### as well as the navy 's hospital corps quarterly and the bulletin of the u. s. army medical department published from #### to ####
in addition their establishment made it unnecessary to begin publication of a contemplated air force medical bulletin
estimated annual savings resulting from publication of the journal and bulletin on a triservice basis as compared with the cost of producing separate periodicals for each service were between $##,### and $##,###
additionally on the many ships at sea and in the smaller naval stations the availability of the journal removed the necessity of subscribing to several additional journals of civilian origin over and above the quantity now authorized in order to provide any reasonably comparable coverage
from # july #### to ## june #### ## numbers of the journal and nine of the bulletin were published
each journal contained articles of professional and clinical interest and departments devoted to military medical news reviews of new books and other features of interest to officers of the medical services
the council on national defense of the american medical association contributed a brief article to each issue entitled this is your a.m.a.
beginning with the october #### issue of the journal the method of production of copy for photo-offset reproduction was changed from varityping to hot typesetting
this resulted in an improved appearance but was followed by an increase in printing cost that necessitated the institution of major economies to keep within the total of allocated funds
the use of ### instead of ### substance paper plus the adoption of side stapling beginning with the may #### issue reduced costs sufficiently to allow completion of the fiscal year with nearly $#,### in unexpended funds
two special issues were published one for november #### on space medicine the other the tenth anniversary issue for january ####
the february #### issue marked the reinstitution of the section entitled the medical officer writes
replacing the discontinued medical technicians bulletin publication of which was suspended with the november-december #### issue a section called technical notes was inaugurated on a bimonthly basis beginning with the april #### issue
occasional features were published on historical medicine special reports bibliography and collector 's items
in may #### the armed forces institute of pathology began a series of articles on the medical museum and in june the institute started contributing a regular monthly case for diagnosis
the institute also planned to furnish a regular series of articles beginning in the fall of #### on its more significant scientific exhibits
the armed forces epidemiological board agreed to submit each month a report for one of its ## commissions so that each commission will report once a year on some phase of its work calculated to be of particular interest and value to medical officers of the armed forces
the first report in this continuing series appeared in the september #### issue of the journal
another recent achievement was the successful development of a method for the complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter of a metal in fluorine when the product is relatively non-volatile
this work gave a heat of formation of aluminum fluoride which closely substantiates a value which had been determined by a less direct method and raises this property to ## percent above that accepted a few years ago
similar measurements are being initiated to resolve a large discrepancy in the heat of formation of another important combustion product beryllium fluoride
the development and testing of new apparatus to measure other properties is nearing completion
in one of these an exploding-wire device to study systems thermodynamically up to #,### af and ### atmospheres pressure a major goal was achieved
the accuracy of measuring the total electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds was verified when two independent types of comparison with the heat energy produced had an uncertainty of less than # percent
this agreement is considered very good for such short time intervals
the method of calibration employs a fixed resistance element as a calorimeter
the element is inserted in the discharge circuit in place of the exploding wire and the calorimetric heating of the element is measured with high accuracy
this is used as a reference for comparing the ohmic heating and the electrical energy obtained from the measured current through the element and the measured voltage across the element
a high-speed shutter has been developed in order to permit photographic observation of any portion of the electrical wire explosion
the shutter consists of two parts a fast-opening part and a fast-closing part
using edgerton 's method the fast-closing action is obtained from the blackening of a window by exploding a series of parallel lead wires
the fast-opening of the shutter consists of a piece of aluminum foil approximately af placed directly in front of the camera lens so that no light may pass into the camera
the opening action is obtained when a capacitor charged to high voltage is suddenly discharged through the foil
during the discharge the magnetic forces set up by the passage of current cause the edges of the foil to roll inward toward its center line thus allowing light to pass into the camera
experiments have shown that the shutter is ## percent open in about ##-## microseconds
the shutter aperture may be made larger or smaller by changing the foil area and adjusting the electrical energy input to the foil
laboratory measurements of interstellar radio spectra
besides the well-known hydrogen line at ## cm wavelength the spectra of extraterrestrial radio sources may contain sharp lines characteristic of other atoms ions and small molecules
the detection and study of such line spectra would add considerably to present information on interstellar gas clouds and perhaps planetary atmospheres
among the most likely producers of detectable radio line spectra are the light diatomic hydrides oh and ch
somewhat less likely sources are the heavier hydrides sh sih and aj
very small concentrations of these hydrides should be detectable
in interstellar gas concentrations as low as af molecules per af may be sufficient as compared to the af hydrogen atom 's af required for detection of the ##-cm line
high sensitivity in radio telescopes is achieved by reducing the bandwidth of the receiver
therefore only with precise foreknowledge of the line frequencies is an astronomical search for the radio spectra of these molecules feasible
to secure precise measurements of these frequencies a research program in free radical microwave spectroscopy has been started
since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead
this involves the application of a strong magnetic field to the radical vapor which shifts the low-frequency spectra to a conveniently high microwave range where they may be measured with optimum sensitivity
the first diatomic hydride investigated by the paramagnetic resonance method was the oh radical
results of this experiment include the frequencies of the two strong spectral lines by which oh may be identified in interstellar gas
the frequencies are ####.## and ####.## af with an uncertainty of #.## af
success in observing these spectral lines has so far apparently been confined to the laboratory
extraterrestrial observations have yet to be reported
preparations are being made for similar experiments on ch and sh radicals
low temperature thermometry .
the bureau is pursuing an active program to provide a temperature scale and thermometer calibration services in the range #.# to ## af
the efforts and accomplishments fall into three main categories absolute thermometry based upon the velocity of sound in helium gas secondary thermometry involving principally studies of the behavior of germanium resistors and helium-# vapor-pressure measurements see p. ###
an acoustical interferometer has been constructed and used with helium gas as the thermometric fluid to measure temperatures near #.# and #.# af
such an interferometer provides a means of absolute temperature measurement and may be used as an alternative to the gas thermometer
when values of temperature derived with this instrument were compared with the accepted values associated with liquid helium-# vapor pressures differences of about ## and # millidegrees respectively were found
this result is preliminary and work is continuing
resistance thermometers .
carbon resistors and impurity-doped germanium resistors have been investigated for use as precision secondary thermometers in the liquid helium temperature region
several germanium resistors have been thermally cycled from ### to #.# af and their resistances have been found to be reproducible within # millidegree when temperatures were derived from a vapor pressure thermometer whose tubing is jacketed through most of the liquid helium
preliminary calibrations of the resistors have been made from #.## to #.## af at every #.# af
the estimated standard deviations of the data for two of the resistors were # millidegree
and for the third resistor #.# millidegrees
vapor pressure method .
the reproducibilities of helium vapor-pressure thermometers have been investigated in conjunction with a constant temperature liquid helium bath from #.# to #.# af
surface temperature gradients have been found to exist in liquid helium baths contained in ##- and ##-liter metallic storage dewars
the gradient was about one half of a millidegree at #.# af but increased to several millidegrees for bath temperatures slightly greater than the **yl point
a hydrostatic head correction has been neither necessary nor applicable in the determination of vapor pressures or temperatures for the bulk liquid helium
however the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb from the liquid helium surface
it has also been observed in helium # that large discrepancies can exist between surface vapor pressures and those pressures measured by a vapor pressure thermometer
this has been attributed to helium film flow in the vapor pressure thermometer
in this case also the design of the thermometer can be modified to reduce the helium film flow
pressure transducer for pvt measurements .
precise pressure-volume-temperature measurements on corrosive gases are dependent on a sensitive yet rugged pressure transducer
a prototype which fulfills the requirements was developed and thoroughly tested
the transducer is a null-type instrument and employs a stretched diaphragm #.### in. thick and # in. in diameter
a small pressure unbalance displaces the diaphragm and changes the capacitance between the diaphragm and an electrically insulated plate spaced #.### in. apart for af
spherical concave backing surfaces support the diaphragm when excessive pressures are applied and prevent the stresses within the diaphragm from exceeding the elastic limit
over a temperature range from ## to ### af and at pressures up to ### atm an overload of ### psi applied for a period of one day results in an uncertainty in the pressure of at most one millimeter of mercury
transport properties of air .
a #-year study of the transport properties of air at elevated temperatures has been completed
this project was carried out under sponsorship of the ballistic missile division of the air research and development command u.s. air force and had as its goal the investigation of the transport by diffusion of the heat energy of chemical binding
a significant effect discovered during the study is the existence of prandtl numbers reaching values of more than unity in the nitrogen dissociation region
another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present
the results of the study based on collision integrals computed from the latest critically evaluated data on intermolecular forces in air will be reported in the form of a table of viscosity thermal conductivity thermal diffusion and diffusion coefficients at temperatures of #,### to ##,### af and of logarithm of pressure in atmospheres from af to af times normal density
international cooperative activities .
in march #### representatives of the national laboratories of australia canada the netherlands united kingdom u.s.s.r. united states and west germany met at the nbs to devise means for reaching international agreement on a temperature scale between ## and ## af
as a first step toward this goal arrangements were worked out for comparing the scales now in use through circulation of a group of standard platinum resistance thermometers for calibration by each national laboratory
such a group of thermometers was obtained and calibrated at the aj
these thermometers have now been sent to the united kingdom for calibration at the national physical laboratory
temperature symposium .
during the last week of march #### columbus ohio was the site of the fourth symposium on temperature its measurement and control in science and industry
the symposium which was jointly sponsored by the american institute of physics the instrument society of america and the national bureau of standards attracted nearly one thousand registrants including many from abroad
the bureau contributed to the planning and success of the symposium through the efforts of mr. w. a. wildhack general chairman and dr. c. m. herzfeld program chairman
dr. a. v. astin nbs director opened the #-day session with introductory remarks following which a total of twenty-six papers were given throughout the week by nbs scientists from both the washington and boulder laboratories
in addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards spectroscopy solid state physics interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress the bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics
the programs in infrared spectroscopy are undergoing reorientation toward wavelength standards in the far infrared the application of infrared techniques to solid state studies and increased emphasis on high resolution instrumentation
two data centers have been established for the collection indexing critical evaluation and dissemination of bibliographies and critical values in the fields of transition probabilities and collision cross sections
laboratory astrophysics .
transition probabilities .
under the sponsorship of the office of naval research and the advanced research projects agency a data center was established to gather and index all published information on atomic transition probabilities
an exhaustive survey was made of the literature and a primary reference file of approximately ### references was catalogued
selected bibliographies and tables of available data are now in preparation
a wall-stabilized high-current arc source was constructed and used to study transition probabilities of atomic hydrogen and oxygen
this apparatus will also be used to measure transition probabilities of a large number of other elements
a study of the hydrogen line profiles indicates that a measurement of these profiles can be used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma that is reliable to about af percent
a set of tables containing spectral intensities for ##,### lines of ## elements as observed in a copper matrix in a d-c arc was completed and published
studies of the intensity data indicate that they may be converted to approximate transition probabilities
these data are of the precision obtainable by the methods previously mentioned but the vast number of approximate values available will be useful in many areas
atomic energy levels .
research continues on the very complex spectra of the rare earth elements
new computer and automation techniques were applied to these spectra with considerable success
( e )
in addition to the penalties provided in title ## united states code section #### any person guilty of any act as provided therein with respect to any matter under this title shall forfeit all rights under this title and if payment shall have been made or granted the commission shall take such action as may be necessary to recover the same
( f )
in connection with any claim decided by the commission pursuant to this title in which an award is made the commission may upon the written request of the claimant or any attorney heretofore or hereafter employed by such claimant determine and apportion the just and reasonable attorney 's fees for services rendered with respect to such claim but the total amount of the fees so determined in any case shall exceed ## per centum of the total amount paid pursuant to the award
written evidence that the claimant and any such attorney have agreed to the amount of the attorney 's fees shall be conclusive upon the commission provided however that the total amount of the fees so agreed upon does exceed ## per centum of the total amount paid pursuant to the award
any fee so determined shall be entered as a part of such award and payment thereof shall be made by the secretary of the treasury by deducting the amount thereof from the total amount paid pursuant to the award
any agreement to the contrary shall be unlawful and void
the commission is authorized and directed to mail to each claimant in proceedings before the commission notice of the provisions of this subsection
whoever in the united states or elsewhere pays or offers to pay or promises to pay or receives on account of services rendered or to be rendered in connection with any such claim compensation which when added to any amount previously paid on account of such services will exceed the amount of fees so determined by the commission shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined more than $#,### or imprisoned more than twelve months or both and if any such payment shall have been made or granted the commission shall take such action as may be necessary to recover the same and in addition thereto any such person shall forfeit all rights under this title
( g )
the attorney general shall assign such officers and employees of the department of justice as may be necessary to represent the united states as to any claims of the government of the united states with respect to which the commission has jurisdiction under this title
any and all payments required to be made by the secretary of the treasury under this title pursuant to any award made by the commission to the government of the united states shall be covered into the treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts
( h )
the commission shall notify all claimants of the approval or denial of their claims stating the reasons and grounds therefor and if approved shall notify such claimants of the amount for which such claims are approved
any claimant whose claim is denied or is approved for less than the full amount of such claim shall be entitled under such regulations as the commission may prescribe to a hearing before the commission or its duly authorized representatives with respect to such claim
upon such hearing the commission may affirm modify or revise its former action with respect to such claim including a denial or reduction in the amount theretofore allowed with respect to such claim
the action of the commission in allowing or denying any claim under this title shall be final and conclusive on all questions of law and fact and subject to review by the secretary of state or any other official department agency or establishment of the united states or by any court by mandamus or otherwise
( i )
the commission may in its discretion enter an award with respect to one or more items deemed to have been clearly established in an individual claim while deferring consideration and action on other items of the same claim
( j )
the commission shall comply with the provisons of the administrative procedure act of #### except as otherwise specifically provided by this title
sec. # .
the commission shall as soon as possible and in the order of the making of such awards certify to the secretary of the treasury and to the secretary of state copies of the awards made in favor of the government of the united states or of nationals of the united states under this title
the commission shall certify to the secretary of state upon his request copies of the formal submissions of claims filed pursuant to subsection b of section # of this act for transmission to the foreign government concerned
sec. # .
the commission shall complete its affairs in connection with settlement of united states-yugoslav claims arising under the yugoslav claims agreement of #### later than december ## ####
provided that nothing in this provision shall be construed to limit the life of the commission or its authority to act on future agreements which may be effected under the provisions of this legislation
sec. # .
( a )
subject to the limitations hereinafter provided the secretary of the treasury is authorized and directed to pay as prescribed by section # of this title an amount exceeding the principal of each award plus accrued interests on such awards as bear interest certified pursuant to section # of this title in accordance with the award
such payments and applications for such payments shall be made in accordance with such regulations as the secretary of the treasury may prescribe
( b )
there shall be deducted from the amount of each payment made pursuant to subsection c of section # as reimbursement for the expenses incurred by the united states an amount equal to # per centum of such payment
all amounts so deducted shall be covered into the treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts
( c )
payments made pursuant to this title shall be made only to the person or persons on behalf of whom the award is made except that ( # )
if such person is deceased or is under a legal disability payment shall be made to his legal representative provided that if the total award is over $### and there is no qualified executor or administrator payment may be made to the person or persons found by the comptroller general of the united states to be entitled thereto without the necessity of compliance with the requirements of law with respect to the administration of estates
( # )
in the case of a partnership or corporation the existence of which has been terminated and on behalf of which an award is made payment shall be made except as provided in paragraphs # and # to the person or persons found by the comptroller general of the united states to be entitled thereto
( # )
if a receiver or trustee for any such partnership or corporation has been duly appointed by a court of competent jurisdiction in the united states and has been discharged prior to the date of payment payment shall be made to such receiver or trustee in accordance with the order of the court
( # )
if a receiver or trustee for any such partnership or corporation duly appointed by a court of competent jurisdiction in the united states makes an assignment of the claim or any part thereof with respect to which an award is made or makes an assignment of such award or any part thereof payment shall be made to the assignee as his interest may appear
and ( # )
in the case of any assignment of an award or any part thereof which is made in writing and duly acknowledged and filed after such award is certified to the secretary of the treasury payment may in the discretion of the secretary of the treasury be made to the assignee as his interest may appear
( d )
whenever the secretary of the treasury or the comptroller general of the united states as the case may be shall find that any person is entitled to any such payment after such payment shall have been received by such person it shall be an absolute bar to recovery by any other person against the united states its officers agents or employees with respect to such payment
( e )
any person who makes application for any such payment shall be held to have consented to all the provisions of this title
( f )
nothing in the title shall be construed as the assumption of any liability by the united states for the payment or satisfaction in whole or in part of any claim on behalf of any national of the united states against any foreign government
sec. # .
( a )
there are hereby created in the treasury of the united states # a special fund to be known as the yugoslav claims fund
and # such other special funds as may in the discretion of the secretary of the treasury be required each to be a claims fund to be known by the name of the foreign government which has entered into a settlement agreement with the government of the united states as described in subsection a of section # of this title
there shall be covered into the treasury to the credit of the proper special fund all funds hereinafter specified
all payments authorized under section # of this title shall be disbursed from the proper fund as the case may be and all amounts covered into the treasury to the credit of the aforesaid funds are hereby permanently appropriated for the making of the payments authorized by section # of this title
( b )
the secretary of the treasury is authorized and directed to cover into ( # )
the yugoslav claims fund the sum of $##,###,### being the amount paid by the government of the federal people 's republic of yugoslavia pursuant to the yugoslav claims agreement of ####
( # )
a special fund created for that purpose pursuant to subsection a of this section any amounts hereafter paid in united states dollars by a foreign government which has entered into a claims settlement agreement with the government of the united states as described in subsection a of section # of this title
( c )
the secretary of the treasury is authorized and directed out of the sums covered into any of the funds pursuant to subsection b of this section and after making the deduction provided for in section # b of this title ( # )
to make payments in full of the principal of awards of $#,### or less certified pursuant to section # of this title
( # )
to make payments of $#,### on the principal of each award of more than $#,### in principal amount certified pursuant to section # of this title
( # )
to make additional payment of to exceed ## per centum of the unpaid principal of awards in the principal amount of more than $#,###
( # )
after completing the payments prescribed by paragraphs # and # of this subsection to make payments from time to time in ratable proportions on account of the unpaid principal of all awards in the principal amount of more than $#,### according to the proportions which the unpaid principal of such awards bear to the total amount in the fund available for distribution at the time such payments are made
and ( # )
after payment has been made of the principal amounts of all such awards to make pro rata payments on account of accrued interest on such awards as bear interest
( d )
the secretary of the treasury upon the concurrence of the secretary of state is authorized and directed out of the sum covered into the yugoslav claims fund pursuant to subsection b of this section after completing the payments of such funds pursuant to subsection c of this section to make payment of the balance of any sum remaining in such fund to the government of the federal people 's republic of yugoslavia to the extent required under article # c of the yugoslav claims agreement of ####
the secretary of state shall certify to the secretary of the treasury the total cost of adjudication borne by the claimants attributable to the yugoslav claims agreement of ####
such certification shall be final and conclusive and shall be subject to review by any other official or department agency or establishment of the united states
sec. # .
there is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any money in the treasury otherwise appropriated such sums as may be necessary to enable the commission to carry out its functions under this title
mr. dooley .
mr. speaker for several years now the commuter railroads serving our large metropolitan areas have found it increasingly difficult to render the kind of service our expanding population wants and is entitled to have
the causes of the decline of the commuter railroads are many and complex high taxes losses of revenue to government subsidized highway and air carriers to name but two
and the solutions to the problems of the commuter lines have been equally varied ranging all the way from government ownership to complete discontinuance of this important service
there have been a number of sound plans proposed
but none of these has been implemented
instead we have stood idly by watched our commuter railroad service decline and have failed to offer a helping hand
though the number of people flowing in and out of our metropolitan areas each day has increased tremendously since world war # total annual rail commutation dropped ### million for #### to ####
nowhere has this decline been more painfully evident than in the new york city area
here the new york central railroad one of the nation 's most important carriers has alone lost ##.# percent of its passengers since ####
at this time of crisis in our nation 's commuter railroads a new threat to the continued operations of the new york central has appeared in the form of the chesapeake & ohio railroad 's proposal for control of the baltimore & ohio railroads
the new york central has pointed out that this control if approved by the interstate commerce commission would give the combined c. & o. - b. & o. railroad a total of ### points served in common with the new york central
only is this kind of duplication wasteful but it gives the combined system the ability to take freight traffic away from the new york central and other railroads serving the area
the new york central notes
the freight traffic most susceptible to raiding by the c. & o. - b. & o. provides the backbone of central 's revenues
these revenues make it possible to provide essential freight and passenger service over the entire new york central system as well as the new york area commuter and terminal freight services
if these services are to be maintained the new york central must have the revenues to make them possible
the new york central today handles ## percent of all southbound commuter traffic coming into new york city
this is a $## million operation involving #,### employees who work on commuter traffic exclusively
a blow to this phase of the central 's operations would have serious economic consequences only to the railroad itself but to the ##,### people per day who are provided with efficient reasonably priced transportation in and out of the city
there is a workable alternative to this potentially dangerous and harmful c. & o. - b. & o. merger scheme
the central has pointed out
the logic of creating a strong balanced competitive two-system railroad service in the east is so obvious that b. & o. was publicly committed to the approach outlined here
detailed studies of the plan were well underway
though far from completion these studies indicated beyond a doubt that savings would result which would be of unprecedented benefit to the railroads concerned their investors their customers their users and to the public at large
then abandoning the studies in the face of their promising outlook for all concerned b. & o. entered on-again-off-again negotiations with c. & o. which resulted in the present situation
in the light of the facts at hand however new york central intends to pursue the objective of helping to create a healthy two-system eastern railroad structure in the public interest
the interstate commerce commission will commence its deliberations on the proposed c. & o. - b. & o. merger on june ##
obviously the interstate commerce commission will force the new york central to further curtail its commuter operations by giving undue competitive advantages to the lines that wish to merge
however there is a more profound consideration to this proposed merger than profit and loss
that is will it serve the long-range public interest
for the past ## years congress has advocated a carefully planned balanced and competitive railway system
we must ask ourselves which of the two alternatives will help the commuter the two-way b. & o. - c. & o. merger or the three-way new york central - b. & o. - c. & o. merger
which will serve only the best interest of the stockholders but the interests of all the traveling public
mr. lindsay .
mr. speaker i rise today to pay tribute to a great newspaper the new york times on the occasion of a major change in its top executive command
arthur hays sulzberger has been a distinguished publisher of this distinguished newspaper and it is fitting that we take due notice of his major contribution to american journalism on the occasion of his retirement
i am pleased to note that mr. sulzberger will continue to serve as chairman of the board of the new york times
mr. sulzberger 's successor as publisher is mr. orvil e. dryfoos who is president of the new york times co. and who has been with the times since ####
mr. dryfoos' outstanding career as a journalist guarantees that the high standards which have made the times one of the world 's great newspapers will be maintained
i am also pleased to note that mr. john b. oakes a member of the times staff since #### has been appointed as editorial page editor
mr. oakes succeeds charles merz editor since #### who now becomes editor emeritus
i should like at this time mr. speaker to pay warm tribute to arthur hays sulzberger and charles merz on the occasion of their retirement from distinguished careers in american journalism
my heartiest congratulations go to their successors orvil e. dryfoos and john b. oakes who can be counted upon to sustain the illustrious tradition of the new york times
the people of the ##th district of new york and i as their representative in congress take great pride in the new york times as one of the great and authoritative newspapers of the world
mr. stratton .
mr. speaker in my latest newsletter to my constituents i urged the imposition of a naval blockade of cuba as the only effective method of preventing continued soviet armaments from coming into the western hemisphere in violation of the monroe doctrine
yesterday i had the privilege of reading a thoughtful article in the u.s. news & world report of may # which discussed this type of action in more detail including both its advantages and its disadvantages
under leave to extend my remarks i include the relevant portion of my newsletter together with the text of the article from the u.s. news & world report your congressman , samuel s. stratton , reports from washington , may # , ####
cuban s.s.r. whatever may have been the setbacks resulting from the unsuccessful attempt of the cuban rebels to establish a beachhead on the castro-held mainland last week there was at least one positive benefit and that was the clear-cut revelation to the whole world of the complete conversion of cuba into a russian-dominated military base
in fact one of the major reasons for the failure of the ill-starred expedition appears to have been a lack of full information on the extent to which cuba has been getting this russian military equipment
somehow the pictures and stories of soviet t-## tanks on cuban beaches and russian mig jet fighters strafing rebel troops has brought home to all of us the stark blunt truth of what it means to have a russian military base ## miles away from home
russian tanks and planes in cuba jeopardize the security of the united states violate the monroe doctrine and threaten the security of every other latin american republic
once the full extent of this russian military penetration of cuba was clear president kennedy announced we would take whatever action was appropriate to prevent this even if we had to go it alone
but the latin american republics who have been rather inclined to drag their feet on taking action against castro also reacted swiftly last week by finally throwing cuba off the inter-american defense board
for years the united states had been trying to get these countries to exclude castro 's representative from secret military talks
but it took the pictures of the migs and the t-## tanks to do the job
there is a new atmosphere of urgency in washington this week
you can see it for example in the extensive efforts president kennedy has made to enlist solid bipartisan support for his actions toward both cuba and laos
efforts as i see it which are being directed by the way toward support for future actions for those already past
what the next move will be only time of course will tell
personally i think we ought to set up an immediate naval blockade of cuba
we simply can't tolerate further russian weapons including the possibility of long-range nuclear missiles being located in cuba
obviously we can't stop them from coming in however just by talk
a naval blockade would be thoroughly in line with the monroe doctrine would be a relatively simple operation to carry out and would bring an abrupt end to soviet penetration of our hemisphere
from u.s. news & world report may # ####
next for cuba : an arms blockade ? ?
look at castro now cockier than ever with arms and agents to threaten the americas
how can the united states act
blockade is one answer offered by experts
in it they see a way to isolate cuba stop infiltration maybe finish castro too
this is the question now facing president kennedy how to put a stop to the soviet buildup in cuba and to communist infiltration of this hemisphere
on april ## the white house reported that a total embargo of remaining u.s. trade with cuba was being considered
its aim to undermine further cuba 's economy
another strategy bolder and tougher was also attracting notice in washington a naval and air blockade to cut cuba off from the world destroy castro
blockade in the view of military and civilian experts could restore teeth to the monroe doctrine
it could halt a flood of communist arms and strategic supplies now reaching castro
it could stop cuban re-export of guns and propaganda materials to south america
it would be the most severe reprisal short of declared war that the united states could invoke against castro
it is the strategy of blockade therefore that is suddenly at the center of attention of administration officials members of congress officers in the pentagon
as a possible course of action it also is the center of debate and is raising many questions
among these questions what would a cuba blockade take ? ?
military experts say a tight naval blockade off cuban ports and at the approaches to cuban waters would require two naval task forces each built around an aircraft carrier with a complement of about ### planes and several destroyers
the navy on april ## announced it is bringing back the carrier shangri-la from the mediterranean increasing to four the number of attack carriers in the vicinity of cuba
more than ## other big navy ships are no less than a day 's sailing time away
to round out the blockading force submarines would be needed to locate identify and track approaching vessels
land-based radar would help with this task
so would radar picket ships
a squadron of navy jets and another of long-range patrol planes would add support to the carrier task forces
three requirements go with a blockade it must be proclaimed
the blockading force must be powerful enough to enforce it
and it must be enforced without discrimination
once these conditions of international law are met countries that try to run the blockade do so at their own risk
blockade runners can be stopped by gunfire if necessary searched and held at least temporarily
they could be sent to u.s. ports for rulings whether cargo should be confiscated
what could a blockade accomplish ? ?
plenty say the experts
in a broad sense it would reaffirm the monroe doctrine by opposing communist interference in the western hemisphere
it could by avoiding direct intervention provide a short-of-war strategy to meet short-of-war infiltration
primary target would be shipments of tanks guns aviation gasoline and ammunition coming from russia and czechoslovakia
shipments of arms from western countries could similarly be seized as contraband
in a total blockade action could also be taken against ships bringing in chemicals oils textiles and even foodstuffs
at times three ships a day from the soviet bloc are unloading in cuban ports
from its inception in #### with the passage of public law ### ##th congress the purpose of the vocational rehabilitation program has been to assist the states by means of grants-in-aid to return disabled men and women to productive gainful employment
the authority for the program was renewed several times until the vocational rehabilitation program was made permanent as title # of the social security act in ####
up to this time and for the next eight years the services provided disabled persons consisted mainly of training counseling and placement on a job
recognizing the limitations of such a program the ##th congress in #### passed p. l. ### which broadened the concept of rehabilitation to include the provision of physical restoration services to remove or reduce disabilities and which revised the financing structure
recent changes .
despite the successful rehabilitation of over a half million disabled persons in the first eleven years after #### the existing program was still seen to be inadequate to cope with the nation 's backlog of an estimated two million disabled
to assist the states therefore in rehabilitating handicapped individuals so that they may prepare for and engage in remunerative employment to the extent of their capabilities the ##rd congress enacted the vocational rehabilitation amendments of #### p. l. ###
these amendments to the vocational rehabilitation act were designed to help provide for more specialized rehabilitation facilities for more sheltered and half-way workshops for greater numbers of adequately trained personnel for more comprehensive services to individuals particularly to the homebound and the blind and for other administrative improvements to increase the program 's overall effectiveness
financial aspects .
under the law as it existed until #### the federal government made grants to the states on the basis of population matching state expenditures on a ##-## basis
under p. l. ### ##th congress the federal government assumed responsibility for ###% of necessary state expenditures in connection with administration and the counseling and placement of the disabled and for ##% of the necessary costs of providing clients with rehabilitation case services
throughout these years the statutory authorization was for such sums as were necessary to carry out the provisions of the act
the #### amendments completely changed the financing of the vocational rehabilitation program providing for a three-part grant structure for # basic support
# extension and improvement
and # research demonstrations training and traineeships for vocational rehabilitation and in addition for short-term training and instruction
the first part of the new structure that for supporting the basic program of vocational rehabilitation services is described in this section
subsequent sections on grants describe the other categories of the grant structure
the following table shows for selected years the authorizations appropriations allotment base federal grants to states and state matching funds for this part of the grant program
method of distributing funds
description of formula .
in order to assist the states in maintaining basic vocational rehabilitation services section # of the amended act provides that allotments to states for support of such services be based on # need as measured by a state 's population and # fiscal capacity as measured by its per capita income
the act further provides for a floor or minimum allotment set at the #### level which is called the base allotment and a ceiling or maximum allotment for each state
it stipulates in addition that all amounts remaining as a result of imposing the ceiling and used for insuring the floor be redistributed to those states still below their maximums
these provisions are designed to reflect the differences in wealth and population among the states with the objective that a vocationally handicapped person have access to needed services regardless of whether he resides in a state with a low or high per capita income or a sparsely or thickly populated state
the provisions are also designed to avoid disruption in state programs already in operation which might otherwise result from the allotment of funds on the basis of wealth and population alone
method of computing allotments .
the method used in computing the allotments is specifically set forth in the act
the term state means the several states the district of columbia the virgin islands guam and puerto rico
the term united states includes the several states and the district of columbia and excludes the virgin islands guam and puerto rico and prior to #### alaska and hawaii
the following steps are employed in calculations # .
for each state except puerto rico guam the virgin islands and prior to #### alaska and hawaii determine average per capita income based on the last three years
see source of data below for per capita income data to be used in this step
determine the average per capita income for the u. s. based on the last three years
see source of data below for per capita income data to be used in this step
determine the ratio of ##% to the average per capita income of the u. s. divide ## by the result obtained in item # above
determine for each state except the virgin islands guam and puerto rico and prior to #### alaska and hawaii that percentage which bears the same ratio to ##% as the particular state 's average per capita income bears to the average per capita income of the u. s.
multiply the result obtained in item # above by the result obtained for each state in item # above
determine the particular state 's allotment percentage
by law this is ##% for the virgin islands guam and puerto rico
alaska and hawaii had fixed allotment percentages in effect prior to fiscal year ####
in all other states it is the difference obtained by subtracting from ### the result obtained in item # above
except that no state shall have an allotment percentage less than ##-# nor more than ##%
if the resulting difference for the particular state is less or more than these extremes the state 's allotment percentage must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme
square each state 's allotment percentage
determine each state 's population
see source of data below for population data to be used in this step
multiply the population of each state by the square of its allotment percentage
multiply result obtained in item # above by result obtained in item # above
determine the sum of the products obtained in item # above for all the states
for each state make all computations set forth in items # to # above and then add the results obtained for each state in item #
determine the ratio that the amount being allotted is to the sum of the products for all the states
divide the amount being allotted by the result obtained in item # above
determine the particular state 's unadjusted allotment for the particular fiscal year
multiply the state product in item # above by the result obtained in item ## above
determine if the particular state 's unadjusted allotment result obtained in item ## above is greater than its maximum allotment and if so lower its unadjusted allotment to its maximum allotment
each state 's unadjusted allotment for any fiscal year which exceeds its minimum allotment described in item ## below by a percentage greater than one and one-half times the percentage by which the sum being allotted exceeds $##,###,### must be reduced by the amount of the excess
determine if the particular state 's unadjusted allotment result obtained in item ## above is less than its minimum base allotment and if so raise its unadjusted allotment to its minimum allotment
regardless of its unadjusted allotment each state is guaranteed by law a minimum allotment each year equal to the allotment which it received in fiscal year #### increased by a uniform percentage of #.####### which brings total #### allotments to all states up to $##,###,###
the funds recouped by reductions in item ## above are used first to increase the unadjusted allotments to the specified minimum in those states where the unadjusted allotment is less than the minimum allotment item ## above
and second to increase uniformly the allotments to those states whose allotments are below their maximums with adjustments to prevent the allotment of any state from thereby exceeding its maximum
additional note on allotments .
for the states which maintain two separate agencies one for the vocational rehabilitation of the blind and one for the rehabilitation of persons other than the blind the act specifies that their minimum base allotment shall be divided between the two agencies in the same proportion as it was divided in fiscal year ####
funds allotted in addition to their minimum allotment are apportioned to the two agencies as they may determine
explanation of matching formula .
as is the case with the allotment provisions for support of vocational rehabilitation services the matching requirements are also based on a statutory formula
prior to #### in order to provide matching for the minimum base allotment state funds had to equal #### state funds
prior to and since #### the rest of the support allotment is matched at rates related to the fiscal capacity of the state with a pivot of ##% state or ##% federal participation in total program costs
the percentage of federal participation in such costs for any state is referred to in the law as that state 's federal share
for purposes of this explanation this percentage is referred to as the state 's unadjusted federal share
beginning in #### the matching requirements for the base allotment are being adjusted upward or downward as required ##% a year so that by #### the entire support allotment will be matched on the basis of a ##% pivot state share with maximum and minimum state shares of ##% and ##% respectively
the pre-#### rate of federal participation with respect to any state 's base allotment as well as the adjusted rate in effect during the #### - #### period is designated by the statute as that state 's adjusted federal share
the provisions for determining a state 's unadjusted federal share are designed to reflect the varying financial resources among the states
the purpose of the adjusted federal share relating to the base allotment and of the transition provisions for reaching the unadjusted federal share is to prevent dislocations from abrupt changes in matching rates
method of computing federal shares .
the method used for computing the respective federal and state shares in total program costs is specifically set forth in the act
the term state means the several states the district of columbia the virgin islands guam and puerto rico
the term united states includes the several states and the district of columbia and excludes the virgin islands guam and puerto rico and prior to #### alaska and hawaii
the following steps are employed in the calculations # .
for each state except the virgin islands guam puerto rico and prior to #### alaska and hawaii determine the average per capita income for the last three years
the same amount used in item # under method of computing allotments above
determine the average per capita income for the united states for the last three years
the same amount used in item # under method of computing allotments above
determine the ratio of ##% to the average per capita income of the united states
divide ## by the amount used in item # above
determine for each state except the virgin islands guam puerto rico and prior to #### alaska and hawaii that percentage which bears the same ration to ##% as the particular state 's average per capita income bears to the average per capita income of the united states
multiply the result obtained in item # above by the amount used for each state in item # above
determine the particular state 's federal share
by law this is ##% for the virgin islands guam and puerto rico
alaska and hawaii had fixed federal share percentages in effect prior to fiscal year ####
in all other states it is the difference obtained by subtracting from ### the result obtained in item # above
except that no state shall have a federal share less than ##% nor more than ##%
if the resulting difference for the particular state is less or more than these extremes the state 's federal share must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme
at the entrance side of the shelter each roof beam is rested on the inside # inches of the block wall
the outside #-inch space is filled by mortaring blocks on edge
the wooden bracing between the roof beams is placed flush with the inside of the wall
mortar is poured between this bracing and the #-inch blocks on edge to complete the wall thickness for radiation shielding
for details see inset fig. #
the first one or two roof boards marked e in fig. # are slipped into place across the roof beams from outside the shelter
these boards are nailed to the roof beams by reaching up through the open space between the beams from inside the shelter
concrete blocks are passed between the beams and put on the boards
the roof blocks are in two layers and are mortared together
work on the roof continues in this way
the last roof boards are covered with blocks from outside the shelter
when the roof blocks are all in place the final rows of wall blocks are mortared into position
the structure is complete
see fig. #
building plans are on page ##
solid concrete blocks relatively heavy and dense are used for this shelter
these blocks are sold in various sizes so it seldom is necessary to cut a block to fit
solid blocks are recommended because hollow blocks would have to be filled with concrete to give effective protection
bricks are an alternative
if they are used the walls and roof should be ## inches thick to give the same protection as the #-inch solid concrete blocks
the illustrations in fig. # show how to lay a concrete block wall
more detailed instructions may be obtained from your local building supply houses and craftsmen
other sources of information include the national concrete masonry association ## south dearborn street chicago ill. the portland cement association ## west grand avenue chicago ill. and the structural clay products association washington d.c.
aboveground double-wall shelter
an outdoor aboveground fallout shelter also may be built with concrete blocks
see fig. # double-wall shelter
most people would have to hire a contractor to build this shelter
plans are on pages ## and ##
this shelter could be built in regions where water or rock is close to the surface making it impractical to build an underground shelter
two walls of concrete blocks are constructed at least ## inches apart
the space between them is filled with pit-run gravel or earth
the walls are held together with metal ties placed in the wet mortar as the walls are built
the roof shown here fig. # is a #-inch slab of reinforced concrete covered with at least ## inches of pit-run gravel
an alternate roof perhaps more within do-it-yourself reach could be constructed of heavy wooden roof beams overlaid with boards and waterproofing
it would have to be covered with at least ## inches of pit-run gravel
the materials for a double-wall shelter would cost about $###
contractors' charges would be additional
the shelter would provide almost absolute fallout protection
pre-shaped metal shelter
pre-shaped corrugated metal sections or pre-cast concrete can be used for shelters either above or below ground
these are particularly suitable for regions where water or rock is close to the surface
they form effective fallout shelters when mounded over with earth as shown in figure ##
materials for this shelter would cost about $###
a contractor probably would be required to help build it
his charges would be added to the cost of materials
this shelter as shown on page ## would provide almost absolute protection from fallout radiation
an alternate hatchway entrance shown on page ## would reduce the cost of materials $## to $###
the national lumber manufacturers association washington d. c. is developing plans to utilize specially treated lumber for underground shelter construction
the structural clay products institute washington d.c. is working to develop brick and clay products suitable for shelter construction
underground concrete shelter
an underground reinforced concrete shelter can be built by a contractor for about $#,### to $#,### depending on the type of entrance
the shelter shown would provide almost absolute fallout protection
the illustration fig. ## shows this shelter with the roof at ground level and mounded over
the same shelter could be built into an embankment or below ground level
plans for the shelter with either a stairway or hatchway entrance are shown on pages ## and ##
another type of shelter which gives excellent fallout protection can be built as an added room to the basement of a home under construction
it would add about $### to the total cost of the home
the shelter illustrated in figure ## is based on such a room built in a new home in the washington d.c. area in the spring of ####
important considerations common to each type of shelter are # .
arrangement of the entrance
the entrance must have at least one right-angle turn
radiation scatters somewhat like light
some will go around a corner
the rest continues in a straight line
therefore sharp turns in a shelter entrance will reduce radiation intensity inside the shelter
ventilation is provided in a concrete block basement shelter by vents in the wall and by the open entrance
a blower may be installed to increase comfort
a blower is essential for the double-wall shelter and for the underground shelters
it should provide less than # cubic feet per minute of air per person
vent pipes also are necessary as shown in figs. # ## and ## but filters are
radio reception is cut down by the shielding necessary to keep out radiation
as soon as the shelter is completed a radio reception check must be made
it probably will be necessary to install an outside antenna particularly to receive conelrad broadcasts
lighting is an important consideration
continuous low-level lighting may be provided in the shelter by means of a #-cell hot-shot battery to which is wired a ###-milliampere flashlight-type bulb
tests have shown that such a device with a fresh battery will furnish light continuously for at least ## days
with a spare battery a source of light for # weeks or more would be assured
a flashlight or electric lantern also should be available for those periods when a brighter light is needed
there should be a regular electrical outlet in the shelter as power may continue in many areas
if there are outside windows in the basement corner where you build a shelter they should be shielded as shown in the appendix page ##
other basement windows should be blocked when an emergency threatens
basement walls that project above the ground should be shielded as shown in the appendix page ##
in these shelters the entrance should be more than # feet wide
bunks or materials to build them may have to be put inside the enclosure before the shelter walls are completed
the basement or belowground shelters also will serve for tornado or hurricane protection
living in a shelter
the radioactivity of fallout decays rapidly at first
forty-nine hours after an atomic burst the radiation intensity is only about # percent of what it was an hour after the explosion
but the radiation may be so intense at the start that one percent may be extremely dangerous
therefore civil defense instructions received over conelrad or by other means should be followed
a battery-powered radio is essential
radiation instruments suitable for home use are available and would be of value in locating that portion of the home which offers the best protection against fallout radiation
there is a possibility that battery-powered radios with built-in radiation meters may become available
one instrument thus would serve both purposes
your local civil defense will gather its own information and will receive broad information from state and federal sources
it will tell you as soon as possible
how long to stay in your shelter
how soon you may go outdoors
how long you may stay outside
you should be prepared to stay in your shelter full time for at least several days and to make it your home for ## days or longer
a checklist in the appendix page ## tells what is needed
families with children will have particular problems
they should provide for simple recreation
there should be a task for everyone and these tasks should be rotated
part of the family should be sleeping while the rest is awake
to break the monotony it may be necessary to invent tasks that will keep the family busy
records such as diaries can be kept
the survival of the family will depend largely on information received by radio
a record should be kept of the information and instructions including the time and date of broadcast
family rationing probably will be necessary
blowers should be operated periodically on a regular schedule
there will come a time in a basement shelter when the radiation has decayed enough to allow use of the whole basement
however as much time as possible should be spent within the shelter to hold radiation exposure to a minimum
the housekeeping problems of living in a shelter will begin as soon as the shelter is occupied
food medical supplies utensils and equipment if already stored in the shelter must be quickly gathered up and carried into it
after the family has settled in the shelter the housekeeping rules should be spelled out by the adult in charge
sanitation in the confines of the family shelter will require much thought and planning
provision for emergency toilet facilities and disposal of human wastes will be an unfamiliar problem
a covered container such as a kitchen garbage pail might do as a toilet
a ##-gallon garbage can with a tightly fitting cover could be used to keep the wastes until it is safe to leave the shelter
water rationing will be difficult and should be planned carefully
a portable electric heater is advisable for shelters in cold climates
it would take the chill from the shelter in the beginning
even if the electric power fails after an attack any time that the heater has been used will make the shelter that much more comfortable
body heat in the close quarters will help keep up the temperature
warm clothing and bedding of course are essential
open-flame heating or cooking should be avoided
a flame would use up air
some families already have held weekend rehearsals in their home shelters to learn the problems and to determine for themselves what supplies they would need
if an attack finds you without a prepared shelter
few areas if any are as good as prepared shelters but they are worth knowing about
a family dwelling without a basement provides some natural shielding from fallout radiation
on the ground floor the radiation would be about half what it is outside
the best protection would be on the ground floor in the central part of the house
a belowground basement can cut the fallout radiation to one-tenth of the outside level
the safest place is the basement corner least exposed to windows and deepest below ground
if there is time after the warning the basement shielding could be improved substantially by blocking windows with bricks dirt books magazines or other heavy material
shelter in apartment buildings
large apartment buildings of masonry or concrete provide better natural shelter than the usual family dwellings
in general such apartments afford more protection than smaller buildings because their walls are thick and there is more space
the central area of the ground floor of a heavily constructed apartment building with concrete floors should provide more fallout protection than the ordinary basement of a family dwelling
the basement of such an apartment building may provide as much natural protection as the specially constructed concrete block shelter recommended for the basement of a family dwelling
the federal government is aiding local governments in several places to survey residential commercial and industrial buildings to determine what fallout protection they would provide and for how many people
the problem for the city apartment dweller is primarily to plan the use of existing space
such planning will require the cooperation of other occupants and of the apartment management
a former du pont official became a general motors vice president and set about maximizing du pont 's share of the general motors market
lines of communications were established between the two companies and several du pont products were actively promoted
within a few years various du pont manufactured items were filling the entire requirements of from four to seven of general motors' eight operating divisions
the fisher body division long controlled by the fisher brothers under a voting trust even though general motors owned a majority of its stock followed an independent course for many years but by #### and #### resistance had collapsed and its purchases from du pont compared favorably with purchases by other general motors divisions
competitors came to receive higher percentage of general motors business in later years but it is likely that this trend stemmed at least in part from the needs of general motors outstripping du pont 's capacity
the fact that sticks out in this voluminous record is that the bulk of du pont 's production has always supplied the largest part of the requirements of the one customer in the automobile industry connected to du pont by a stock interest
the inference is overwhelming that du pont 's commanding position was promoted by its stock interest and was gained solely on competitive merit
### u. s. at ###
this court agreed with the trial court that considerations of price quality and service were overlooked by either du pont or general motors
### u. s. at ###
however it determined that neither this factor nor the fact that all concerned in high executive posts in both companies acted honorably and fairly each in the honest conviction that his actions were in the best interests of his own company and without any design to overreach anyone including du pont 's competitors outweighed the government 's claim for relief
this claim as submitted to the district court and dismissed by it ### f.supp.### alleged violation only of # of the clayton act but also of # and # of the sherman act
the latter provisions proscribe any contract combination or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade and monopolization of or attempts combinations or conspiracies to monopolize such trade
however this court put to one side without consideration the government 's appeal from the dismissal of its sherman act allegations
it rested its decision solely on # which reads in pertinent part
no corporation engaged in commerce shall acquire directly or indirectly the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital of another corporation engaged also in commerce where the effect of such acquisition may be to substantially lessen competition between the corporation whose stock is so acquired and the corporation making the acquisition or to restrain such commerce in any section or community or tend to create a monopoly of any line of commerce
this section shall apply to corporations purchasing such stock solely for investment and using the same by voting or otherwise to bring about or in attempting to bring about the substantial lessening of competition
the purpose of this provision was thus explained in the court 's opinion
section # is designed to arrest in its incipiency only the substantial lessening of competition from the acquisition by one corporation of the whole or any part of the stock of a competing corporation but also to arrest in their incipiency restraints or monopolies in a relevant market which as a reasonable probability appear at the time of suit likely to result from the acquisition by one corporation of all or any part of the stock of any other corporation
the section is violated whether or actual restraints or monopolies or the substantial lessening of competition have occurred or are intended
### u. s. at ###
thus a finding of conspiracy to restrain trade or attempt to monopolize was excluded from the court 's decision
indeed as already noted the court proceeded on the assumption that the executives involved in the dealings between du pont and general motors acted honorably and fairly and exercised their business judgment only to serve what they deemed the best interests of their own companies
this however did bar finding that du pont had become pre-eminent as a supplier of automotive fabrics and finishes to general motors
that these products constituted a line of commerce within the meaning of the clayton act
that general motors' share of the market for these products was substantial
and that competition for this share of the market was endangered by the financial relationship between the two concerns
the statutory policy of fostering free competition is obviously furthered when no supplier has an advantage over his competitors from an acquisition of his customer 's stock likely to have the effects condemned by the statute
we repeat that the test of a violation of # is whether at the time of suit there is a reasonable probability that the acquisition is likely to result in the condemned restraints
the conclusion upon this record is inescapable that such likelihood was proved as to this acquisition
### u. s. at ###
on the basis of the findings which led to this conclusion the court remanded the case to the district court to determine the appropriate relief
the sole guidance given the court for discharging the task committed to it was this
the judgment must therefore be reversed and the cause remanded to the district court for a determination after further hearing of the equitable relief necessary and appropriate in the public interest to eliminate the effects of the acquisition offensive to the statute
the district courts in the framing of equitable decrees are clothed with large discretion to model their judgements to fit the exigencies of the particular case
international salt co. v. united states ### u. s. ### ###-###
### u. s. at ###-###
this brings us to the course of the proceedings in the district court
this court 's judgment was filed in the district court on july ## ####
the first pretrial conference held to appoint amici curiae to represent the interest of the stockholders of du pont and general motors and to consider the procedure to be followed in the subsequent hearings took place on september ## ####
at the outset the government 's spokesman explained that counsel for the government and for du pont had already held preliminary discussions with a view to arriving at a relief plan that both sides could recommend to the court
du pont he said had proposed disenfranchisement of its general motors stock along with other restrictions on the du pont - general motors relationship
the government deeming these suggestions inadequate had urged that any judgment include divestiture of du pont 's shares of general motors
counsel for the government invited du pont 's views on this proposal before recommending a specific program but stated that if the court desired or if counsel for du pont thought further discussion would be profitable the government was prepared to submit a plan within thirty days
counsel for du pont indicated a preference for the submission of detailed plans by both sides at an early date
no previous antitrust case he said had involved interests of such magnitude or presented such complex problems of relief
the submission of detailed plans would place the issues before the court more readily than would discussion of divestiture or disenfranchisement in the abstract
the court adopted this procedure with an appropriate time schedule for carrying it out
the government submitted its proposed decree on october ## ####
the plan called for divestiture by du pont of its ##,###,### shares of general motors stock by equal annual distributions to its stockholders as a dividend over a period of ten years
christiana securities company and delaware realty & investment company major stockholders in du pont and the stockholders of delaware were dealt with specially by provisions requiring the annual sale by a trustee again over a ten-year period of du pont 's general motors stock allocable to them as well as any general motors stock which christiana and delaware owned outright
if in the trustee 's judgment reasonable market conditions did prevail during any given year he was to be allowed to petition the court for an extension of time within the ten-year period
in addition the right to vote the general motors stock held by du pont was to be vested in du pont 's stockholders other than christiana and delaware and the stockholders of delaware
du pont christiana and delaware were to be enjoined from acquiring stock in or exercising control over general motors
du pont christiana and delaware were to be prohibited to have any director or officer in common with general motors and vice versa
and general motors and du pont were to be ordered to terminate any agreement that provided for the purchase by general motors of any specified percentage of its requirements of any du pont manufactured product or for the grant of exclusive patent rights or for a grant by general motors to du pont of a preferential right to make or sell any chemical discovery of general motors or for the maintenance of any joint commercial enterprise by the two companies
on motion of the amici curiae the court directed that a ruling be obtained from the commissioner of internal revenue as to the federal income tax consequences of the government 's plan
on may # #### the commissioner announced his rulings
the annual dividends paid to du pont stockholders in shares of general motors stock would be taxable as ordinary income to the extent of du pont 's earnings and profits
the measure for federal income tax purposes of the dividend to individual stockholders would be the fair market value of the shares at the time of each annual distribution
in the case of taxpaying corporate stockholders the measure would be the lesser of the fair market value of the shares or du pont 's tax basis for them which is approximately $#.## per share
the forced sale of the general motors stock owned by or allocable to christiana delaware and the stockholders of delaware and deposited with the trustee would result in a tax to those parties at the capital gains rate
du pont 's counterproposal was filed on may ## ####
under its plan du pont would retain its general motors shares but be required to pass on to its stockholders the right to vote those shares
christiana and delaware would in turn be required to pass on the voting rights to the general motors shares allocable to them to their own stockholders
du pont would be enjoined from having as a director officer or employee anyone who was simultaneously an officer or employee of general motors and no director officer or employee of du pont could serve as a director of general motors without court approval
du pont would be denied the right to acquire any additional general motors stock except through general motors' distributions of stock or subscription rights to its stockholders
on june # #### general motors submitted its objections to the government 's proposal
it argued inter alia that a divestiture order would severely depress the market value of the stock of both general motors and du pont with consequent serious loss and hardship to hundreds of thousands of innocent investors among them thousands of small trusts and charitable institutions
that there would be a similar decline in the market values of other automotive and chemical stocks with similar losses to the stockholders of those companies
that the tremendous volume of general motors stock hanging over the market for ten years would hamper the efforts of general motors and other automobile manufacturers to raise equity capital
and that all this would have a serious adverse effect on the entire stock market and on general business activity
general motors comprehensively contended that the government plan would be in the public interest as required by the mandate of this court
the decrees proposed by the amici curiae were filed in august of ####
these plans like du pont 's contained provisions for passing the vote on du pont 's general motors shares on to the ultimate stockholders of du pont christiana and delaware except that officers and directors of the three companies their spouses and other people living in their households as well as other specified persons were to be totally disenfranchised
both plans also prohibited common directors officers or employees between du pont christiana and delaware on the one hand and general motors on the other
it is a medieval mental quirk or an attitude unnourished by sense to believe that husbands and wives should be subjected to such a risk or that such a possibility should be permitted to endanger the confidentiality of the marriage relationship
while it is easy enough to ridicule hawkins' pronouncement in pleas of the crown from a metaphysical point of view the concept of the oneness of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage
by making inroads in the name of law enforcement into the protection which congress has afforded to the marriage relationship the court today continues in the path charted by the recent decision in wyatt v. united states ### u.s. ### where the court held that under the circumstances of that case a wife could be compelled to testify against her husband over her objection
one need waver in his belief in virile law enforcement to insist that there are other things in american life which are also of great importance and to which even law enforcement must accommodate itself
one of these is the solidarity and the confidential relationship of marriage
the court 's opinion dogmatically asserts that the husband-wife conspiracy doctrine does in fact protect this relationship and that hence the doctrine enthrones an unreality into a rule of law
i am easily persuaded that a rule accepted by so many people for so many centuries can be so lightly dismissed
but in any event i submit that the power to depose belongs to congress to this court
petitioner who claims to be a conscientious objector was convicted of violating ##a of the universal military training and service act by refusing to be inducted into the armed forces
he claims that he was denied due process of law in violation of the fifth amendment because # at a hearing before a hearing officer of the department of justice he was permitted to rebut statements attributed to him by the local board and # at the trial he was denied the right to have the hearing officer 's report and the original report of the federal bureau of investigation as to his claim
held on the record in this case the administrative procedures prescribed by the act were fully complied with
petitioner was denied due process
and his conviction is sustained
( a )
petitioner was denied due process in the administrative proceedings because the statement in question was in his file to which he had access and he had opportunities to rebut it both before the hearing officer of the department of justice and before the appeal board
( b )
petitioner was entitled to have the hearing officer 's notes and report especially since he failed to show any particular need for them and he did have a copy of the department of justice 's recommendation to the appeal board
( c )
petitioner was entitled either in the administrative hearing at the department of justice or at his trial to inspect the original report of the federal bureau of investigation since he was furnished a resume of it did challenge its accuracy and showed no particular need for the original report
haydn c. covington argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner
daniel m. friedman argued the cause for the united states
on the brief were solicitor general rankin assistant attorney general wilkey beatrice rosenberg and j. f. bishop
mr. justice clark delivered the opinion of the court
this is a prosecution for refusal to be inducted into the armed services in violation of the provisions of the universal military training and service act ## stat. ###,### ## u.s.c. app. aj ### a
petitioner who claims to be a conscientious objector contends that he was denied due process both in the proceedings before a hearing officer of the department of justice and at trial
he says that he was permitted to rebut before the hearing officer statements attributed to him by the local board and further that he was denied at trial the right to have the department of justice hearing officer 's report and the original report of the federal bureau of investigation as to his claim all in violation of the fifth amendment
the trial judge decided that the administrative procedures of the act were fully complied with and refused to require the production of such documents
petitioner was found guilty and sentenced to ## months' imprisonment
the court of appeals affirmed
### f. #d ###
we granted certiorari in view of the importance of the questions in the administration of the act
### u. s. ###
we have concluded that petitioner 's claims are controlled by the rationale of gonzales v. united states ### u.s. ### #### and united states v. nugent ### u.s. # #### and therefore affirm the judgment
petitioner registered with local board no. # boulder colorado on march ## ####
his answers to the classification questionnaire reflected that he was a minister of jehovah 's witnesses employed at night by a sugar producer
he claimed #-d classification as a minister of religion devoting a minimum of ### hours a month to preaching
on november ## #### he was classified in class #-a
on november ## #### he wrote the board protesting this classification
he again stated that he was a regular minister
that he was devoting an average of ### hours a month to actual preaching publicly in addition to ## to ## hours in other ministerial duties and that he opposed war in any form
thereafter he was classified #-o
on april # #### after some six months of full-time pioneering petitioner discontinued devoting ### hours a month to preaching but failed to so notify his local board
in a periodic review the local board on july ## #### reclassified him #-a and upheld this classification after a personal appearance by petitioner because of his willingness to kill in defense of his church and home
upon administrative approval of the reclassification he was ordered to report for induction on june ## #### but failed to do so
he was prosecuted however and his case was subsequently reopened in the light of sicurella v. united states ### u.s. ### ####
he was again reclassified #-a by the local board
there followed a customary department of justice hearing at which petitioner appeared
in his report to the attorney general the hearing officer suggested that the petitioner be exempt only from combatant training and service
on march ## #### however the department recommended approval of the #-a classification
its ground for this recommendation was that while petitioner claimed before the local board august ## #### as evidenced by its memorandum in his file of that date that he was devoting ### hours per month to actual preaching the headquarters of the jehovah 's witnesses reported that he was no longer doing so and on the contrary had relinquished both his pioneer and bible student servant positions
it reported that he now devoted only some #-# hours per month to public preaching and from ## to ## hours per month to church activities
his claim was therefore so highly exaggerated the department concluded that it cast doubt upon his veracity and consequently upon his sincerity and good faith
the appeal board furnished petitioner a copy of the recommendation
in his answer thereto he advised the board that he had made no such statement in #### and asserted that his only claim to pioneering was in ####
the appeal board however unanimously concurred in the department 's recommendation
upon return of the file to the local board petitioner was again ordered to report for induction and this prosecution followed his failure to do so
petitioner first contends that the department denied him procedural due process by giving him timely opportunity before its final recommendation to the appeal board to answer the statement of the local board as to his claim of devoting ### hours to actual preaching
but the statement of the local board attributing this claim to petitioner was in his file
he admitted that he knew it was open to him at all times and he could have rebutted it before the hearing officer
this he failed to do asserting that he did know it to be in his file
apparently he never took the trouble to find out
nevertheless he had ample opportunity to contest the statement before the appeal board
after the recommendation of the department is forwarded to the appeal board that is the appropriate place for a registrant to lodge his denial
this he did
we found in gonzales v. united states supra that this was the controlling reason why copies of the recommendation should be furnished a registrant
we said there that it was necessary that a registrant be given an opportunity to rebut the department 's recommendation when it comes to the appeal board the agency with the ultimate responsibility for classification
### u.s. at ###
we fail to see how such procedure resulted in any prejudice to petitioner 's contention which was considered by the appeal board and denied by it
as was said in gonzales it is the appeal board which renders the selective service determination considered final in the courts to be overturned unless there is no basis in fact
estep v. united states ### u.s. ###
### u. s. at ###-###
but there are other contentions which might be considered more difficult
at his trial petitioner sought to secure through subpoena duces tecum the longhand notes of the department 's hearing officer evensen as well as his report thereon
petitioner also claimed at trial the right to inspect the original federal bureau of investigation reports to the department of justice
he alleged no specific procedural errors or evidence withheld
nor did he elaborate just what favorable evidence the federal bureau of investigation reports might disclose
section #(j) of the act as we have held does require the department 's recommendation to be placed in a registrant 's file
gonzales v. united states supra
but there is nothing in the act requiring the hearing officer 's report to be likewise turned over to the registrant
while the regulations formerly required that the hearing officer 's report be placed in the registrant 's file this requirement was eliminated in ####
moreover the hearing officer 's report is but intradepartmental is directed to the attorney general and of course is the recommendation of the department
it is essentially different from a memorandum of an attorney in the department of justice of which the attorney general receives many and to which he may give his approval or rejection
it is but part of the whole process within the department that goes into the making of the final recommendation to the appeal board
it is also significant that neither this report nor the hearing officer 's notes were furnished to the appeal board
hence the petitioner had full opportunity to traverse the only conclusions of the department on file with the board
petitioner knew that the department 's recommendation was based on the hearing officer 's report but on the statement of the local board in his file
having had every opportunity to rebut the finding of the local board before both the hearing officer and the appeal board petitioner cannot now claim that he was denied due process because he did succeed
it appears to us that the same reasoning applies to the production of the hearing officer 's report and notes at the trial
in addition petitioner has failed to show any particular need for the report and notes
while there are now allegations of the withholding of favorable evidence developed at the hearing and a denial of a full and fair hearing no such claim was made by petitioner at any stage of the administrative process
moreover his testimony at trial never developed any such facts
in the light of these circumstances as well as the fact that the issue at trial in this respect centered entirely on the department 's recommendation which petitioner repudiated but which both the appeal board and the courts below found supported by the record we find no relevancy in the hearing officer 's report and notes
finally petitioner says that he was entitled to inspect the fbi report during the proceedings before the hearing officer as well as at the trial
he did receive a resume of it the same that was furnished the appeal board and he made no claim of its inaccuracy
even now no such claim is asserted
he bases his present contention on the general right to explore indicating that he hopes to find some discrepancy in the resume
but this is fully answered by united states v. nugent supra
there we held that the statutory scheme for review within the selective service system entitles conscientious objectors to no guarantee that the fbi reports must be produced for their inspection
### u.s. at #-#
even if we were bound by nugent petitioner here would be entitled to the report
the recommendation of the department as well as the decision of the appeal board was based entirely on the local board file on an fbi report
foreign policy in its total context
with this enlarged role in mind i should like to make a few suggestions what we in the united states do or do do will make a very large difference in what happens in the rest of the world
we in this department must think about foreign policy in its total context
we cannot regard foreign policy as something left over after defense policy or trade policy or fiscal policy has been extracted
foreign policy is the total involvement of the american people with peoples and governments abroad
that means that if we are to achieve a new standard of leadership we must think in terms of the total context of our situation
it is the concern of the department of state that the american people are safe and secure defense is a monopoly concern of the department of defense
it is also the concern of the department of state that our trading relationships with the rest of the world are vigorous profitable and active this is just a passing interest or a matter of concern only to the department of commerce
we can no longer rely on interdepartmental machinery somewhere upstairs to resolve differences between this and other departments
assistant secretaries of state will now carry an increased burden of active formulation and coordination of policies
means must be found to enable us to keep in touch as regularly and as efficiently as possible with our colleagues in other departments concerned with foreign policy
i think we need to concern ourselves also with the timeliness of action
every policy officer cannot help but be a planning officer
unless we keep our eyes on the horizon ahead we shall fail to bring ourselves on target with the present
the movement of events is so fast the pace so severe that an attempt to peer into the future is essential if we are to think accurately about the present
if there is anything which we can do in the executive branch of the government to speed up the processes by which we come to decisions on matters on which we must act promptly that in itself would be a major contribution to the conduct of our affairs
action taken today is often far more valuable than action taken several months later in response to a situation then out of control
there will of course be times for delay and inaction
what i am suggesting is that when we delay or when we fail to act we do so intentionally and through inadvertence or through bureaucratic or procedural difficulties
i also hope that we can do something about reducing the infant mortality rate of ideas an affliction of all bureaucracies
we want to stimulate ideas from the bottom to the top of the department
we want to make sure that our junior colleagues realize that ideas are welcome that initiative goes right down to the bottom and goes all the way to the top
i hope no one expects that only presidential appointees are looked upon as sources of ideas
the responsibility for taking the initiative in generating ideas is that of every officer in the department who has a policy function regardless of rank
further i would hope that we could pay attention to little things
while observing the operations of our government in various parts of the world i have felt that in many situations where our policies were good we have tended to ignore minor problems which spoiled our main effort
to cite only a few examples the wrong man in the wrong position perhaps even in a junior position abroad can be a source of great harm to our policy
the attitudes of a u.n. delegate who experiences difficulty in finding adequate housing in new york city or of a foreign diplomat in similar circumstances in our capital can easily be directed against the united states and all that it stands for
dozens of seemingly small matters go wrong all over the world
sometimes those who know about them are too far down the line to be able to do anything about them
i would hope that we could create the recognition in the department and overseas that those who come across little things going wrong have the responsibility for bringing these to the attention of those who can do something about them
if the department of state is to take primary responsibility for foreign policy in washington it follows that the ambassador is expected to take charge overseas
this does mean in a purely bureaucratic sense but in an active operational interested responsible fashion
he is expected to know about what is going on among the representatives of other agencies who are stationed in his country
he is expected to supervise to encourage to direct to assist in any way he can
if any official operation abroad begins to go wrong we shall look to the ambassador to find out why and to get suggestions for remedial action
the problems of a policy officer
it occurred to me that you might be interested in some thoughts which i expressed privately in recent years in the hope of clearing up a certain confusion in the public mind about what foreign policy is all about and what it means and of developing a certain compassion for those who are carrying such responsibilities inside government
i tried to do so by calling to their attention some of the problems that a senior departmental policy officer faces
this means practically everybody in this room
whether it will strike home for you or will be for you to determine
the senior policy officer may be moved to think hard about a problem by any of an infinite variety of stimuli an idea in his own head the suggestions of a colleague a question from the secretary or the president a proposal by another department a communication from a foreign government or an american ambassador abroad the filing of an item for the agenda of the united nations or of any other of dozens of international bodies a news item read at the breakfast table a question to the president or the secretary at a news conference a speech by a senator or congressman an article in a periodical a resolution from a national organization a request for assistance from some private american interests abroad et cetera ad infinitum
the policy officer lives with his antennae alerted for the questions which fall within his range of responsibility
his first thought is about the question itself is there a question here for american foreign policy and if so what is it
for he knows that the first and sometimes most difficult job is to know what the question is that when it is accurately identified it sometimes answers itself and that the way in which it is posed frequently shapes the answer
chewing it over with his colleagues and in his own mind he reaches a tentative identification of the question tentative because it may change as he explores it further and because if no tolerable answer can be found it may have to be changed into one which can be answered
meanwhile he has been thinking about the facts surrounding the problem facts which he knows can never be complete and the general background much of which has already been lost to history
he is appreciative of the expert help available to him and draws these resources into play taking care to examine at least some of the raw material which underlies their frequently policy-oriented conclusions
he knows that he must give the expert his place but he knows that he must also keep him in it
he is already beginning to box the compass of alternative lines of action including doing nothing
he knows that he is thinking about action in relation to a future which can be perceived but dimly through a merciful fog
but he takes his bearings from the great guidelines of policy well-established precedents the commitments of the united states under international charters and treaties basic statutes and well-understood notions of the american people about how we are to conduct ourselves in policy literature such as country papers and national security council papers accumulated in the department
he will be surprised to find that general principles produce conflicting results in the factual situation with which he is confronted
he must think about which of these principles must take precedence
he will know that general policy papers written months before may fit his problem because of crucial changes in circumstance
he is aware that every moderately important problem merges imperceptibly into every other problem
he must deal with the question of how to manage a part when it cannot be handled without relation to the whole when the whole is too large to grasp
he must think of others who have a stake in the question and in its answer
who should be consulted among his colleagues in the department or other departments and agencies of the government
which american ambassadors could provide helpful advice
are private interests sufficiently involved to be consulted
what is the probable attitude of other governments including those less directly involved
how and at what stage and in what sequence are other governments to be consulted
if action is indicated what kind of action is relevant to the problem
the selection of the wrong tools can mean waste at best and at worst an unwanted inflammation of the problem itself
can the president or the secretary act under existing authority or will new legislation and new money be required
should the action be unilateral or multilateral
is the matter one for the united nations or some other international body
for if so the path leads through a complex process of parliamentary diplomacy which adds still another dimension to the problem
respect for the opinions of mankind
what type of action can hope to win public support first in this country and then abroad
for the policy officer will know that action can almost never be secret and that in general the effectiveness of policy will be conditioned by the readiness of the country to sustain it
he is interested in public opinion for two reasons first because it is important in itself and second because he knows that the american public cares about a decent respect for the opinions of mankind
and given probable public attitudes about which reasonably good estimates can be made what action is called for to insure necessary support
may i add a caution on this particular point
we do want policy officers below the level of presidential appointees to concern themselves too much with problems of domestic politics in recommending foreign policy action
in the first place our business is foreign policy and it is the business of the presidential leadership and his appointees in the department to consider the domestic political aspects of a problem
mr. truman emphasized this point by saying you fellows in the department of state don't know much about domestic politics
this is an important consideration
if we sit here reading editorials and looking at public-opinion polls and other reports that cross our desks we should realize that this is raw undigested opinion expressed in the absence of leadership
what the american people will do turns in large degree on their leadership
we cannot test public opinion until the president and the leaders of the country have gone to the public to explain what is required and have asked them for support for the necessary action
i doubt for example that # months before the leadership began to talk about what came to be the marshall plan any public-opinion expert would have said that the country would have accepted such proposals
the problem in the policy officer 's mind thus begins to take shape as a galaxy of utterly complicated factors political military economic financial legal legislative procedural administrative to be sorted out and handled within a political system which moves by consent in relation to an external environment which cannot be under control
and the policy officer has the hounds of time snapping at his heels
while there should be no general age limit or restriction to one sex there will be particular projects requiring special maturity and some open only to men or to women
the peace corps should pay the expenses of a wife or family unless the wife is also accepted for full-time peace corps work on the same project
there should be no draft exemption because of peace corps service
in most cases service in the corps will probably be considered a ground for temporary deferment
peace corps volunteers obviously should be paid what they might earn in comparable activities in the united states
nor would it be possible in many cases for them to live in health or any effectiveness on what their counterparts abroad are paid
the guiding principle indeed should be anything like compensation for individual services
rather the principle should be akin to that of the allowance
peace corps volunteers should be given just enough to provide a minimum decent standard of living
they should live in modest circumstances avoiding all conspicuous consumption
wherever possible they should live with their host country counterparts
some special health requirements might have to be met
for example it probably will be necessary for the corps to have authority to pay medical expenses of volunteers
perhaps existing public health service state department and armed services medical facilities can be utilized
for readjustment to the u.s. volunteers should be given some separation allowance at the end of their overseas service based on the length of time served
in what part of the government should the peace corps be established ? ?
the idea of a peace corps has captured the imagination of a great many people
support for it cuts across party regional ethnic and other lines
the peace corps therefore offers an opportunity to add a new dimension to our approach to the world an opportunity for the american people to think anew and start afresh in their participation in world development
for this the peace corps should be administered by a small new alive agency operating as one component in our whole overseas operation
pending the reorganization of our foreign aid structure and program the peace corps should be established as an agency in the department of state
when the aid operations are reorganized the peace corps should remain a semi-autonomous functional unit
meanwhile the peace corps could be physically located in ica 's facilities and depend on the state department and ica for administrative support and when needed program assistance
in this way the peace corps can be launched with its own identity and spirit and yet receive the necessary assistance from those now responsible for united states foreign policy and our overseas operations
how and when should the peace corps be launched ? ?
the peace corps can either begin in very low gear with only preparatory work undertaken between now and when congress finally appropriates special funds for it or it can be launched now and in earnest by executive action with sufficient funds and made available from existing mutual security appropriations to permit a number of substantial projects to start this summer
the peace corps should be launched soon so that the opportunity to recruit the most qualified people from this year 's graduating classes will be lost
nor should we lose the opportunity to use this summer for training on university campuses
if launched in a careful but determined way within the next few weeks the peace corps could have several hundred persons in training this summer for placement next fall
within a year or two several thousand might be in service
it can then grow steadily as it proves itself and as the need for it is demonstrated
what would the first projects be ? ?
in the first year there should probably be considerable emphasis on teaching projects
the need here is most clearly felt and our capacity to recruit and train qualified volunteers in a short period of time is greatest
there would however be a variety of other skills medical agricultural engineering which would be called for in the first year through the private agency programs and through the provision of technician helpers to existing development projects
the first year 's projects should also be spread through several countries in latin america africa and asia
how will the peace corps be received abroad ? ?
although the need for outside trained manpower exists in every newly developing nation the readiness to receive such manpower or to receive it from the united states will vary from country to country
a certain skepticism about the coming of americans is to be expected in many quarters
unfriendly political groups will no doubt do everything in their power to promote active hostility
but there are indications that many developing nations will welcome peace corps volunteers and that if the volunteers are well chosen they will soon demonstrate their value and make many friends
it is important however that the peace corps be advanced as an arm of the cold war but as a contribution to the world community
in presenting it to other governments and to the united nations we could propose that every nation consider the formation of its own peace corps and that the united nations sponsor the idea and form an international coordinating committee
we should hope that peace corps projects will be truly international and that our citizens will find themselves working alongside citizens of the host country and also volunteers from other lands
in any case our peace corps personnel should be offered as technician helpers in development projects of the u.n. and other international agencies
the peace corps is a diplomatic or propaganda venture but a genuine experiment in international partnership
our aim must be to learn as much as we teach
the peace corps offers an opportunity to bring home to the united states the problems of the world as well as an opportunity to meet urgent host country needs for trained manpower
if presented in this spirit the response and the results will be immeasurably better
how will it be financed ? ?
the already appropriated funds within the discretion of the president and secretary of state under the mutual security act are the only immediately available source of financing this summer 's pilot programs of the peace corps
if it is decided to make a small shift which may be required from military aid or special assistance funds in order to carry out the purposes of the mutual security act through this new peaceful program this will be a hopeful sign to the world
congress should then be asked to give the peace corps a firm legislative foundation for the next fiscal year
specifically congress should consider authorizing the peace corps to receive contributions from american businesses unions civic organizations and the public at large
for this must be the project of the whole american people
an advisory council of outstanding public figures with experience in world affairs should be formed to give the program continuing guidance and to afford a focal point for public understanding
steps should also be taken to link the food for peace program with the peace corps so that foreign currencies accumulated by the sale of u.s. surplus food under p.l. ### can be put to use to pay some of the host country expenses of peace corps personnel
the extent to which participating bodies such as u. s. voluntary agencies universities international organizations and the host country or institutions in the host country can and should share the cost of the peace corps programs must be fully explored
is it worth the cost and the risks ? ?
no matter how well conceived and efficiently run there probably will be failures
these could be costly and have a serious effect both at home and abroad
but as the popular response suggests the potentiality of the peace corps is very great
it can contribute to the development of critical countries and regions
it can promote international cooperation and good will toward this country
it can also contribute to the education of america and to more intelligent american participation in the world
with thousands of young americans going to work in developing areas millions of americans will become more directly involved in the world than ever before
with colleges and universities carrying a large part of the program and with students looking toward peace corps service there will be an impact on educational curriculum and student seriousness
the letters home the talks later given by returning members of the peace corps the influence on the lives of those who spend two or three years in hard work abroad all this may combine to provide a substantial popular base for responsible american policies toward the world
and this is meeting the world 's need too since what the world most needs from this country is better understanding of the world
the peace corps thus can add a new dimension to america 's world policy one for which people here and abroad have long been waiting
as you said in your state of the union message the problems are towering and unprecedented and the response must be towering and unprecedented as well
to the congress of the united states :
i recommend to the congress the establishment of a permanent peace corps a pool of trained american men and women sent overseas by the u.s. government or through private organizations and institutions to help foreign countries meet their urgent needs for skilled manpower
i have today signed an executive order establishing a peace corps on a temporary pilot basis
the temporary peace corps will be a source of information and experience to aid us in formulating more effective plans for a permanent organization
in addition by starting the peace corps now we will be able to begin training young men and women for overseas duty this summer with the objective of placing them in overseas positions by late fall
this temporary peace corps is being established under existing authority in the mutual security act and will be located in the department of state
its initial expenses will be paid from appropriations currently available for our foreign aid program
throughout the world the people of the newly developing nations are struggling for economic and social progress which reflects their deepest desires
our own freedom and the future of freedom around the world depend in a very real sense on their ability to build growing and independent nations where men can live in dignity liberated from the bonds of hunger ignorance and poverty
one of the greatest obstacles to the achievement of this goal is the lack of trained men and women with the skill to teach the young and assist in the operation of development projects men and women with the capacity to cope with the demands of swiftly evolving economics and with the dedication to put that capacity to work in the villages the mountains the towns and the factories of dozens of struggling nations
the vast task of economic development urgently requires skilled people to do the work of the society to help teach in the schools construct development projects demonstrate modern methods of sanitation in the villages and perform a hundred other tasks calling for training and advanced knowledge
to meet this urgent need for skilled manpower we are proposing the establishment of a peace corps an organization which will recruit and train american volunteers sending them abroad to work with the people of other nations
this organization will differ from existing assistance programs in that its members will supplement technical advisers by offering the specific skills needed by developing nations if they are to put technical advice to work
they will help provide the skilled manpower necessary to carry out the development projects planned by the host governments acting at a working level and serving at great personal sacrifice
there is little doubt that the number of those who wish to serve will be far greater than our capacity to absorb them
wildlife habitat resources
in #### one-quarter of the ##.# million recreation visits to the national forests and grasslands were for the primary purpose of hunting and fishing
hunter and fisherman visits since #### have increased # times faster than the nationwide sale of hunting and fishing licenses
this use is expected to increase to about ## million visits by ####
the long-range objective of habitat management is to make it fully productive so as to support fish and game populations to contribute to the need for public use and enjoyment
the wildlife habitat management proposals for the ##-year period are # .
revise and complete wildlife habitat management and improvement plans for all administrative units assuring proper coordination between wildlife habitat management and other resources
inventory and evaluate wildlife habitat resources in cooperation with other federal agencies and with the states in which national forests and grasslands are located as a basis for orderly development of wildlife habitat improvement and coordination programs including a big-game gamebird and small-game habitat surveys and investigations on the ### million acres of national forests and grasslands b fishery habitat surveys and investigations on the ##,### miles of national forest fishing streams and nearly # million acres of lakes and impoundments and c participation in planning inspection and control phases of all habitat improvement land and water use projects conducted on national forest lands by states other federal agencies and private groups to assure that projects will benefit wildlife and be in harmony with other resource values
improve food and cover on #.# million acres of key wildlife areas
develop wildlife openings food patches and game ways in dense vegetation by clearing or controlled burning on ###,### acres
improve #,### miles of fishing streams and ##,### acres of lakes by stabilizing banks planting streamside cover and constructing channel improvements
the total adverse impact of disease insects fire weather destructive animals and other forces on the uses and values of forest resources is generally recognized
they kill and destroy retard or prevent reproduction and growth impair and damage values and disrupt uses
the loss in growth of sawtimber because of damage by destructive agencies in the united states in #### was estimated to be about ## billion board feet
if it were for the effect of destructive agencies sawtimber growth would have been nearly twice as great as the ## billion board feet in ####
about ## percent of the loss in growth was attributable to disease ## percent to insects ## percent to fire and ## percent to weather animals and various other causes
these destructive forces also have a seriously adverse effect upon the watersheds and their life-supporting waterflows and upon the other renewable forest resources
the long-range objective is to hold the damage from destructive agencies below the level which would seriously interfere with intensive management of the national forest system under principles of multiple use and high-level sustained yield of products and services
this can be accomplished substantially by a continued trend toward better facilities and techniques for fire control and more resources to cope with critical fire periods and a more intensive application of a program of prevention detection and control of insect and disease infestations
in addition to direct protection measures more intensive management of timber resources will assist in reduction of losses from insects and disease
protection from insects and disease
in the ##-year period it is proposed that insect and disease control on the national forest system be stepped up to a level of prevention detection and control of insect and disease infestations that will substantially reduce the occurrence of large infestations toward the end of the initial period
this will require about a ## percent increase over the present level of protection
the work will consist of # .
intensification of present activities through a quicker more extensive and more thorough surveys to detect incipient outbreaks
b more reliable evaluation of the potential of initial outbreaks to cause widespread damage
c quicker and more effective control action in the initial stages to prevent a large-scale epidemic
the initial suppression activities would cover about twice the acreage currently being treated
continuation of present blister rust control work plus extension of control to ###,### acres now protected but which should be managed for white pine production
the objective is to achieve sufficient effectiveness of control on all of the area now under treatment plus the additional acres so that after the initial period only maintenance control will be needed
initiating a program to control dwarf mistletoe on several hundred thousand acres of selected better stands of young softwood sawtimber on better growing sites
coordination of pest control objectives with timber management activities to reduce losses
protection from fire
it is proposed that in ## years all commercial timberlands all critical watersheds and other lands in the national forest system developed or proposed for intensive use will be given protection from fire adequate to meet the fire situation in the worst years and under serious peak loads
this will include ### million acres compared with ## million acres now receiving such protection
an additional ## million acres will be given a lesser degree of protection but adequate to meet the average fire situation
meeting these levels of protection from fire calls for # .
expansion modernization and development of fire control to a proficiency and strength of force which will prevent as many fires as possible and suppress fires before they spread beyond permitted standards
this is to be accomplished by nearly doubling the present level of preventive effort detection skilled fire-fighting crews and equipment use
this will include a stepped-up program of training and development of personnel
adoption and use of new and modern techniques being developed for prevention for suppression of fires while small and for stopping large fires while running and burning intensely
reduction of hazardous fuel conditions to minimize the chances of large fires developing and spreading to high-value areas
this work will cover the most serious one-fourth of all land needing such treatment and will consist of burning ###,### acres of highly hazardous debris concentration felling snags on ###,### acres of high lightning-occurrence areas prescribed burning on #.# million acres removing roadside fuel on ##,### acres and clearing and maintaining ##,### miles of firebreaks
protection from other damage
rodent control work for the ##-year period will be aimed at control of the most serious infestations of harmful rodents such as porcupines and mice on high-value areas of forage and commercial timberlands
these areas comprise about half of the total area of rodent infestation on the national forests
approximately #.# million acres of rangelands and #.# million acres of timberlands would be treated in this period
control would be limited to those rodents for which economical means of control are known
roads and trails
the transportation system which serves the national forests is a complex of highways and access roads and trails under various ownerships and jurisdictions
this system is divided into a forest highway system administered by the secretary of commerce and a forest development road and trail system administered by the secretary of agriculture
both of these systems are essential for the production development and use of the national forests
in the forest highway system there are now ##,### miles of public roads
these are mostly through highways that carry traffic going from one destination to another
because administration of the forest highway system is a responsibility of the secretary of commerce with maintenance provided by the states and counties this development program for the national forests does include estimates of the funds needed to maintain the forest highway system nor to construct the additions to it that are needed
it is estimated that about ##,### miles of forest highways will eventually be needed to fully serve the national forests
in the forest development road and trail system there are now ###,### miles of roads and ###,### miles of supplemental foot and horse trails
these roads are largely of less than highway standards and usually carry traffic which is related to use of the national forests
construction and maintenance of this system is a responsibility of the secretary of agriculture
it is estimated that about ###,### miles of forest development roads and ##,### miles of trails constitute the system that will eventually be needed to obtain the maximum practicable yield and use of the wood water forage and wildlife and recreation resources of the national forests on a continuing basis
the ultimate trail system will be of value primarily for recreation and wildlife utilization and fire protection
it will be carefully planned to maintain optimum service to these important resources and watersheds
the presence or lack of access by road or trail has a direct and controlling influence on all phases of forest management and utilization such as ( a )
the protection of forage timber and wildlife resources from fire insects and disease
( b )
the balanced use of recreation hunting and fishing areas
( c )
the volume of timber that can be marketed especially for small sales and the support of dependent communities and small business enterprises
( d )
the level of salvage cutting in dead and dying timber stands and the opportunity to promptly salvage losses resulting from fire windstorm insects and disease
( e )
the protection of watershed lands from erosion and overgrazing by animals
the existence of road systems permits an intensity of management and use for all national forest purposes that is otherwise possible
furthermore roads that give access to national forest timber are investments which pay their own way over a period of years
use of these roads by the public results in substantial benefits to the localities the roads serve
the long-range objective of this department is to provide and maintain a system of forest development roads and trails which will adequately service the national forest system at the levels needed to meet expected needs and optimum production of products and services
for the year #### this means servicing a the protection requirements of a watershed producing at least ### million acre-feet of water each year b recreation and wildlife resources used each year by ### million visitors c a timber resource supporting an annual cut of ## billion board feet and d ## million acres of rangelands
service at these levels of production and utilization will eventually require the construction of about ###,### miles of new roads and #,### miles of new trails along with the reconstruction to higher standards of about ###,### miles of roads and ##,### miles of trails
about ##,### miles of existing trails will be replaced in service by the construction of new roads
about ## percent of these long-range requirements should be met by the year ####
program proposals for forest development roads and trails for the ##-year period ####-#### are as follows # .
complete the construction and reconstruction of about ##,### miles of multiple-purpose roads and #,### miles of trails
this constitutes about ## percent of the long-range requirements for these facilities
approximately ## percent of the value of the work on roads for access to timber which are planned for this period will be constructed by purchasers of national forest timber but paid for by the government through adjustment of stumpage prices
provide maintenance to full standards on the ###,### miles of existing access roads and trails and on the new roads and trails constructed during the period
land adjustment , land purchase , land use
within the units in the national forest system the pattern of land ownership is quite irregular
in some units national forest ownership is well blocked together
in many others the previous patenting of land under the public land laws or the way in which land was available for purchase resulted in a scattered pattern of ownership
within exterior boundaries of national forests and national grasslands there are about ##,###,### acres in non-federal ownership
one consequence is the occurrence of occasional conflicts because private owners of some inholdings object to public programs of use on neighboring national forest or other federal land or because such ownerships are developed for uses that are compatible with use for the public of neighboring national forest land
some privately held inholdings are a source of direct damage to these federal lands
and some which are suitable for tree growing and for other national forest purposes are unmanaged or in need of expensive rehabilitation and are contributing nothing to the economy
there are no reasonable prospects that these conditions will be corrected or changed
lands in this last category are situated largely in the mountainous portions of the eastern states
the long-range objective is to bring about consolidation of ownership through use of land exchange authority and through purchase on a moderate scale of inholdings which comprise key tracts for recognized national forest programs such as recreation development or which are a source of damage to lands in national forests and national grasslands
strategy and tactics of the u.s. military forces are now undergoing one of the greatest transitions in history
the change of emphasis from conventional-type to missile-type warfare must be made with care mindful that the one type of warfare cannot be safely neglected in favor of the other
our military forces must be capable of contending successfully with any contingency which may be forced upon us from limited emergencies to all-out nuclear general war
forces and military personnel strength .
this budget will provide in the fiscal year #### for the continued support of our forces at approximately the present level a year-end strength of #,###,### men and women in the active forces
the forces to be supported include an army of ## divisions and ###,### men
a navy of ### active ships and ###,### men
a marine corps of # divisions and # air wings with ###,### men
and an air force of ## combat wings and ###,### men
if the reserve components are to serve effectively in time of war their basic organization and objectives must conform to the changing character and missions of the active forces
quality and combat readiness must take precedence over mere numbers
under modern conditions this is especially true of the ready reserve
i have requested the secretary of defense to reexamine the roles and missions of the reserve components in relation to those of the active forces and in the light of the changing requirements of modern warfare
last year the congress discontinued its previously imposed minimum personnel strength limitations on the army reserve
similar restrictions on the strength of the army national guard contained in the #### department of defense appropriation act should likewise be dropped
i strongly recommend to the congress the avoidance of mandatory floors on the size of the reserve components so that we may have the flexibility to make adjustments in keeping with military necessity
i again proposed a reduction in the army national guard and army reserve from their present strengths of ###,### and ###,### respectively to ###,### and ###,### by the end of the fiscal year ####
these strengths are considered adequate to meet the essential roles and missions of the reserves in support of our national security objectives
military personnel costs .
about ##% of the expenditures for the department of defense in #### are for military personnel costs including pay for active reserve and retired military personnel
these expenditures are estimated to be $##.# billion an increase of $### million over #### reflecting additional longevity pay of career personnel more dependents an increased number of men drawing proficiency pay and social security tax increases effective for the full year in #### compared with only # months in ####
retired pay costs are increased by $## million in #### over #### partly because of a substantial increase in the number of retired personnel
these increased costs are partially offset by a decrease of $## million in expenditures for the reserve forces largely because of the planned reduction in strength of the army reserve components during ####
traditionally rates of pay for retired military personnel have been proportionate to current rates of pay for active personnel
the #### military pay act departed from this established formula by providing for a #% increase rather than a proportionate increase for everyone retired prior to its effective date of june # ####
i endorse pending legislation that will restore the traditional relationship between retired and active duty pay rates
operation and maintenance .
expenditures for operating and maintaining the stations and equipment of the armed forces are estimated to be $##.# billion in #### which is $### million more than in ####
the increase stems largely from the growing complexity of and higher degree of maintenance required for newer weapons and equipment
a substantial increase is estimated in the cost of operating additional communications systems in the air defense program as well as in all programs where speed and security of communications are essential
also the program for fleet modernization will be stepped up in #### causing an increase in expenditures
further increases arise from the civilian employee health program enacted by the congress last year
other factors increasing operating costs include the higher unit cost of each flying hour up ##% in two years and of each steaming hour up ##%
in total these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures such as reduced numbers of units and installations smaller inventories of major equipment and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the armed forces
in the budget message for #### and again for #### i recommended immediate repeal of section ### of the act of september ## #### ## stat. ###
this section prevents the military departments and the office of civil and defense mobilization from carrying out certain transactions involving real property unless they come into agreement with the committees on armed services of the senate and the house of representatives
as i have stated previously the attorney general has advised me that this section violates fundamental constitutional principles
accordingly if it is repealed by the congress at its present session i shall have no alternative thereafter but to direct the secretary of defense to disregard the section unless a court of competent jurisdiction determines otherwise
basic long-line communications in alaska are now provided through federal facilities operated by the army air force and federal aviation agency
the growing communications needs of this new state can best be met as they have in other states through the operation and development of such facilities by private enterprise
legislation has already been proposed to authorize the sale of these government-owned systems in alaska and its early enactment is desirable
procurement , research , and construction .
approximately ##% of the expenditures for the department of defense are for procurement research development and construction programs
in #### these expenditures are estimated at $##.# billion compared to $##.# billion in ####
the decreases which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks vehicles guns and electronic devices
expenditures for shipbuilding are estimated at about the same level as in ####
new obligational authority for #### recommended in this budget for aircraft procurement excluding amounts for related research and construction totals $#,### million which is $#,### million below that enacted for ####
on the other hand the new authority of $#,### million proposed for missile procurement excluding research and construction in #### is $### million higher than for ####
these contrasting trends in procurement reflect the anticipated changes in the composition and missions of our armed forces in the years ahead
the department of defense appropriation acts for the past several years have contained a rider which limits competitive bidding by firms in other countries on certain military supply items
as i have repeatedly stated this provision is much more restrictive than the general law popularly known as the buy american act
i urge once again that the congress reenact this rider
the task of providing a reasonable level of military strength without endangering other vital aspects of our security is greatly complicated by the swift pace of scientific progress
the last few years have witnessed what have been perhaps the most rapid advances in military technology in history
some weapons systems have become obsolescent while still in production and some while still under development
furthermore unexpectedly rapid progress or a technological break-through on any one weapon system in itself often diminishes the relative importance of other competitive systems
this has necessitated a continuous review and reevaluation of the defense program in order to redirect resources to the newer and more important weapons systems and to eliminate or reduce effort on weapons systems which have been overtaken by events
thus in the last few years a number of programs which looked very promising at the time their development was commenced have since been completely eliminated
for example the importance of the regulus # a very promising aerodynamic ship-to-surface missile designed to be launched by surfaced submarines was greatly diminished by the successful acceleration of the much more advanced polaris ballistic missile launched by submerged submarines
another example is the recent cancellation of the f-### a long-range interceptor with a speed three times as great as the speed of sound which was designed for use against manned bombers in the period of the mid-#### 's
the substantial progress being made in ballistic missile technology is rapidly shifting the main threat from manned bombers to missiles
considering the high cost of the f-### system over $# billion for the force that had been planned and the time period in which it would become operational it was decided to stop further work on the project
meanwhile other air defense forces are being made effective as described later in this message
the size and scope of other important programs have been reduced from earlier plans
notable in this category are the jupiter and thor intermediate range ballistic missiles which have been successfully developed produced and deployed but the relative importance of which has diminished with the increasing availability of the atlas intercontinental ballistic missile
the impact of technological factors is also illustrated by the history of the high-energy fuel program
this project was started at a time when there was a critical need for a high-energy fuel to provide an extra margin of range for high performance aircraft particularly our heavy bombers
continuing technical problems involved in the use of this fuel coupled with significant improvements in aircraft range through other means have now raised serious questions about the value of the high-energy fuel program
as a result the scope of this project has been sharply curtailed
these examples underscore the importance of even more searching evaluations of new major development programs and even more penetrating and far-ranging analyses of the potentialities of future technology
the cost of developing a major weapon system is now so enormous that the greatest care must be exercised in selecting new systems for development in determining the most satisfactory rate of development and in deciding the proper time at which either to place a system into production or to abandon it
strategic forces .
the deterrent power of our armed forces comes from both their nuclear retaliatory capability and their capability to conduct other essential operations in any form of war
the first capability is represented by a combination of manned bombers carrier-based aircraft and intercontinental and intermediate range missiles
the second capability is represented by our deployed ground naval and air forces in essential forward areas together with ready reserves capable of effecting early emergency reinforcement
the strategic air command is the principal element of our long-range nuclear capability
one of the important and difficult decisions which had to be made in this budget concerned the role of the b-## a long-range supersonic bomber
this aircraft which was planned for initial operational use about #### would be complementary to but likewise competitive with the four strategic ballistic missile systems all of which are scheduled to become available earlier
the first atlas icbm 's are now operational the first two polaris submarines are expected to be operational this calendar year and the first titan icbm 's next year
the minuteman solid-fueled icbm is planned to be operational about mid-####
by #### several or all of these systems will have been fully tested and their reliability established
thus the need for the b-## as a strategic weapon system is doubtful
however i am recommending that development work on the b-## air-frame and engines be continued
it is expected that in #### two prototype aircraft will be available for flight testing
by that time we should be in a much better position to determine the value of that aircraft as a weapon system
i am recommending additional acquisitions of the improved version of the b-## the b-##h with the new turbofan engine and procurement of the b-## supersonic medium bomber together with the supporting refueling tankers in each case
these additional modern bombers will replace some of the older b-## medium bombers
one b-## can do the work of several b-## 's which it will replace
funds are also included in this budget to continue the equipping of the b-## wings with the hound dog air-to-surface missile
in the coming fiscal year additional quantities of atlas titan and polaris missiles also will be procured
purchase authorizations will include provisions relating to the sale and delivery of commodities including the classes types and varieties of food grain the time and circumstances of deposit of the rupees accruing from such sale and other relevant matters
the united states recognizes the desire of india to accumulate as quickly as possible a substantial part of the one million ton reserve stock of rice provided for in this agreement to assist in stabilizing the internal markets for this commodity in india
under this agreement the first annual review of rice availabilities will be made in august ####
at that time consideration will be given to whether in the light of the united states supplies of rice available for title # disposal india 's production consumption and stocks of food grains other imports from the united states and countries friendly to the united states india 's storage capacity and other related factors any increase would be possible in the portion of the total rice programmed which is currently planned for procurement during the first year
the two governments agree that the issuance of purchase authorizations for wheat and rice providing for purchase after june ## #### shall be dependent upon the determination by the united states government that these commodities are in surplus supply and available under title # of the act at that time
the united states government shall have the right to terminate the financing of further sales under this agreement of any commodity if it determines at any time after june ## #### that such action is necessitated by the existence of an international emergency
article # uses of rupees
the two governments agree that the rupees accruing to the government of the united states of america as a consequence of sales made pursuant to this agreement will be used by the government of the united states of america in such manner and order of priority as the government of the united states of america shall determine for the following purposes in the amounts shown ( a )
for united states expenditures under subsections a b d e f h through r of section ### of the act or under any of such subsections the rupee equivalent of $### million
( b )
for grant to the government of india under subsection e of section ### of the act the rupee equivalent of more than $### million for financing such projects to promote balanced economic development as may from time to time be mutually agreed
( c )
for loan to the government of india under subsection g of section ### of the act the rupee equivalent of more than $### million for financing such projects to promote balanced economic development as may be mutually agreed
the terms and conditions of the loan and other provisions will be set forth in a separate agreement by the two governments
in the event that agreement is reached on the use of the rupees for grant or loan purposes within six years from the date of this agreement the government of the united states of america may use the local currency for any purposes authorized by section ### of the act
in the event the total of rupees accruing to the government of the united states of america as a consequence of sales made pursuant to this agreement is different from the rupee equivalent of $#,### million the amounts available for the purposes specified in paragraph # article # will be adjusted proportionately
article # deposit of rupees
the deposit of rupees to the account of the government of the united states of america in payment for the commodities and for ocean transportation costs financed by the government of the united states of america except excess costs resulting from the requirement that united states flag vessels be used shall be made at the rate of exchange for united states dollars generally applicable to import transactions excluding imports granted a preferential rate in effect on the dates of dollar disbursement by united states banks or by the government of the united states of america as provided in the purchase authorizations
article # general undertakings
the government of india agrees that it will take all possible measures to prevent the resale or transshipment to other countries or the use for other than domestic purposes except where such resale transshipment or use is specifically approved by the government of the united states of america of the surplus agricultural commodities purchased pursuant to the provisions of this agreement and to assure that the purchase of such commodities does result in increased availability of these or like commodities for export from india
the two governments agree that they will take reasonable precautions to assure that all sales or purchases of surplus agricultural commodities pursuant to the agreement will displace usual marketings of the united states of america in these commodities or unduly disrupt world prices of agricultural commodities or normal patterns of commercial trade with friendly countries
in carrying out this agreement the two governments will seek to assure to the extent practicable conditions of commerce permitting private traders to function effectively and will use their best endeavors to develop and extend continuous market demand for agricultural commodities
the government of india agrees to furnish upon request of the united states of america information on the progress of the program particularly with respect to the arrival and condition of commodities and the provisions for the maintenance of usual marketings and information relating to exports of the same or like commodities
article # consultation
the two governments will upon the request of either of them consult regarding any matter relating to the application of this agreement or to the operation of arrangements carried out pursuant to this agreement
article # entry into force
the agreement shall enter into force upon signature
in witness whereof the respective representatives duly authorized for the purpose have signed the present agreement
done at washington in duplicate this fourth day of may ####
for the government of the united states of america
dwight d. eisenhower
for the government of india
s. k. patil excellency
i have the honor to refer to the agricultural commodities agreement signed today between the government of the united states of america and the government of india hereinafter referred to as the agreement and with regard to the rupees accruing to uses indicated under article # of the agreement to state that the understanding of the government of the united states of america is as follows # .
with respect to article # paragraph # a of the agreement ( # )
the government of india will provide facilities for the conversions of the rupee equivalent of $# million up to a maximum of $# million per year accruing under the subject agreement for agricultural market development purposes into currencies other than united states dollars on request of the government of the united states of america
this facility is needed for the purpose of securing funds to finance agricultural market development activities of the government of the united states in other countries
the government of the united states of america may utilize rupees in india to pay for goods and services including international transportation needed in connection with market development and other agricultural projects and activities in india and other countries
( # )
the rupee equivalent of $##.# million but more than # percent of the currencies received under the agreement will be used for loans to be made by the export-import bank of washington under section ### e of the agricultural trade development and assistance act as amended hereinafter referred to as the act and for administrative expenses of the export-import bank of washington in india incident thereto
it is understood that ( a )
such loans under section ### e of the act will be made to united states business firms and branches subsidiaries or affiliates of such firms in india for business development and trade expansion in india and to united states firms and to indian firms for the establishment of facilities for aiding in the utilization distribution or otherwise increasing the consumption of and markets for united states agricultural products
in the event the rupees set aside for loans under section ### e of the act are advanced within six years from the date of this agreement because the export-import bank of washington has approved loans or because proposed loans have been mutually agreeable to the export-import bank of washington and the department of economic affairs of the government of india the government of the united states of america may use the rupees for any purpose authorized by section ### of the act
( b )
loans will be mutually agreeable to the export-import bank of washington and the government of india acting through the department of economic affairs of the ministry of finance
the secretary department of economic affairs or his designate will act for the government of india and the president of the export-import bank of washington or his designate will act for the export-import bank of washington
( c )
upon receipt of an application which the export-import bank is prepared to consider the export-import bank will inform the department of economic affairs of the identity of the applicant the nature of the proposed business the amount of the proposed loan and the general purposes for which the loan proceeds would be expended
( d )
when the export-import bank is prepared to act favorably upon an application it will so notify the department of economic affairs and will indicate the interest rate and the repayment period which would be used under the proposed loan
the interest rate will be similar to those prevailing in india on comparable loans and the maturities will be consistent with the purposes of the financing
( e )
within sixty days after the receipt of notice that the export-import bank is prepared to act favorably upon an application the department of economic affairs will indicate to the export-import bank whether or the department of economic affairs has any objection to the proposed loan
unless within the sixty-day period the export-import bank has received such a communication from the department of economic affairs it shall be understood that the department of economic affairs has no objection to the proposed loan
when the export-import bank approves or declines the proposed loan it will notify the department of economic affairs
with respect to article # paragraphs # b and # c uses of section ### e and section ### g rupees the government of india will use the amount of rupees granted or loaned to it by the united states pursuant to paragraphs # b and # c for projects to promote economic development with emphasis upon the agricultural sector including food reserve storage structures and facilities as may from time to time be agreed upon by the authorized representatives of the united states and the authorized representatives of the government of india in the following sectors a .
industry including the production of fertilizer irrigation and power transport and communications and credit institutions
public health education and rehabilitation
other economic development projects consistent with the purposes of sections ### e and ### g of the act
the government of india further agrees in cooperation with the government of the united states to coordinate the use of grant and loan funds provided for in paragraphs # b and # c of article # with such direct dollar assistance as may be made available by the government of the united states of america so that both sources of financing may be channeled to specific and clearly identifiable economic development programs and projects
it is agreed that any goods delivered or services rendered after the date of this agreement for projects within categories a b and c under paragraph # above which may later be approved by the united states will be eligible for financing from currency granted or loaned to the government of india
with regard to the rupees accruing to uses indicated under article # of the agreement the understanding of the government of the united states of america with respect to both paragraphs # b and # c of article # is as follows ( # )
local currency will be advanced or reimbursed to the government of india for financing agreed projects under paragraphs # b and # c of article # of the agreement upon the presentation of such documentation as the united states may specify
( # )
the government of india shall maintain or cause to be maintained books and records adequate to identify the goods and services financed for agreed projects pursuant to paragraphs # b and # c of article # of the agreement to disclose the use thereof in the projects and to record the progress of the projects including the cost thereof
the books and records with respect to each project shall be maintained for the duration of the project or until the expiration of three years after final disbursement for the project has been made by the united states whichever is later
the two governments shall have the right at all reasonable times to examine such books and records and all other documents correspondence memoranda and other records involving transactions relating to agreed projects
the government of india shall enable the authorized representatives of the united states to observe and review agreed projects and the utilization of goods and services financed under the projects and shall furnish to the united states all such information as it shall reasonably request concerning the above-mentioned matters and the expenditures related thereto
this broad delegation leaves within our discretion subject to the always-present criterion of the public interest both the determination of what degree of interference shall be considered excessive and the methods by which such excessive interference shall be avoided
the present proceeding is concerned with the standard broadcast am band from ### kc. to #### kc.
whenever two or more standard broadcast stations operate simultaneously on the same or closely adjacent frequencies each interferes to some extent with reception of the other
the extent of such interference which may be so slight as to be undetectable at any point where either of the stations renders a usable signal or may be so great as to virtually destroy the service areas of both stations depends on many factors among the principal ones being the distance between the stations their respective radiated power and of particular significance here the time of day
other factors playing a part in the extent of am service and interference are the frequency involved the time of year the position of the year in the sunspot cycle ground conductivity along the transmission path atmospheric and manmade noise and others
with the existence of these many factors some of them variable it obviously has never been and is now possible for the commission to make assignments of am stations on a case-to-case basis which will insure against any interference in any circumstances
rather such assignments are made as they must be on the basis of certain overall rules and standards representing to some extent a statistical approach to the problem taking into account for each situation some of the variables e.g. power and station separations and averaging out others in order to achieve the balance which must be struck between protection against destructive interference and the assignment of a number of stations large enough to afford optimum radio service to the nation
an example of the overall standards applied is the ##-to-# ratio established for the determination of that degree of cochannel interference which is regarded as objectionable
by this standard it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved objectionable interference from station a exists at any point within the service area of station b where station a 's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station b 's signal at that point
the ##-to-# ratio for cochannel interference embodies one of the fundamental limiting principles which we must always take into account in am assignments and allocations that signals from a particular station are potential sources of objectionable interference over an area much greater than that within which they provide useful service
a second fundamental principle is that involved particularly in the present proceeding the difference between nighttime and daytime propagation conditions with respect to the standard broadcast frequencies
this is a phenomenon familiar to all radio listeners resulting from reflection of skywave signals at night from the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere
all am stations radiate both skywave and groundwave signals at all hours
but during the middle daytime hours these skywave radiations are reflected in any substantial quantity and during this portion of the day both skywave service and skywave interference are in general negligible
but during nighttime hours the skywave radiations are reflected from the ionosphere thereby creating the possibility of one station 's rendering service via skywave at a much greater distance than it can through its groundwave signal and at the same time vastly complicating the interference problem because of the still greater distance over which these skywave signals may cause interference to the signals of stations on the same and closely adjacent frequencies
because of the difference between daytime and nighttime propagation conditions it has been necessary to evolve different allocation structures for daytime and nighttime broadcasting in the am band with many more stations operating during the day than at night
it was recognized years ago that the transition from daytime to nighttime propagation conditions and vice versa is an instantaneous process but takes place over periods of time from roughly # hours before sunset until about # hours after sunset and again from roughly # hours before sunrise until some # hours after sunrise
during the period of about # hours around sunset skywave transmission conditions are building up until full nighttime conditions prevail
during the same period around sunrise skywave transmission is declining until at about # hours after sunrise it reaches a point where it becomes of little practical significance
however in this case as elsewhere it was necessary to arrive at a single standard to be applied to all situations representing an averaging of conditions and thus to fix particular points in time which would be considered the dividing points between daytime and nighttime conditions
it was determined that the hours of sunrise and sunset respectively should be used for this purpose
accordingly the ####-## rules adopted these hours as limitations upon the operation of daytime stations
class # stations operating on clear channels are required to cease operation or operate under nighttime restrictions beginning either at local sunset for daytime class # stations or sunset at the location of the dominant class # station where located west of the class # station for limited-time class # stations
the same restrictions apply after local sunset in the case of class # stations operating on regional channels which after that time are required to operate under nighttime restrictions in order to protect each other
with respect to nighttime assignments the degree of skywave service and interference is determined by skywave curves figs. # and # of sec. #.### of the rules giving average skywave values
these curves were derived by an analysis of extensive skywave measurement data
it was recognized that skywave signals because of their reflected nature are of great variability and subject to wide fluctuations in strength
for this reason the more uncertain skywave service was denominated secondary in our rules as compared to the steadier more reliable groundwave primary service and for both skywave service and skywave interference signal strength is expressed in terms of percentage of time a particular signal-intensity level is exceeded ## percent of the time for skywave service ## percent of the time for skywave interference
as mentioned the allocation of am stations represents a balance between protection against interference and the provision of opportunity for an adequate number of stations
the rules and policies to be applied in this process of course must be based on objectives which represent what is to be desired if radio service is to be of maximum use to the nation
our objectives as we have stated many times are ( # )
to provide some service to all listeners
( # )
to provide as many choices of service to as many listeners as possible
( # )
to provide service of local origin to as many listeners as possible
since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that all of them can be fully realized and to the extent that each is realized there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others
accordingly the commission has recognized that an optimum allocation pattern for one frequency does necessarily represent the best pattern for other frequencies and has assigned different frequencies for use by different classes of stations
some ## frequencies are assigned for use primarily by dominant class # a or class # b clear-channel stations designed to operate with adequate power and to provide service both groundwave and at night skywave over large areas and at great distances being protected against interference to the degree necessary to achieve this objective
in dealing with these frequencies the objective listed first above provision of service to all listeners was predominant
the other objectives were subordinated to it
the class # stations on these clear channels are protected to their #.#-mv. groundwave contours against daytime cochannel interference
with respect to skywave service rendered at night class # a stations are the only stations permitted to operate in the united states on clear channels specified for class # a operation and so render skywave service free from cochannel interference whereever they may be received
class # b stations are protected at night to their #.#-mv. ##-percent time skywave contours against cochannel interference
since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference only class # stations are capable of rendering skywave service
but nighttime operation by stations of other classes of course entails skywave interference to groundwave service interference which is substantial unless steps are taken to minimize it
with respect to other frequencies these are designated as regional or local and assigned for use by class # and class # stations respectively stations operating generally with lower power
in the allocation pattern worked out for these frequencies the provision of long-range service has to some extent been subordinated to the other two objectives assignment of multiple facilities and assignment of stations in as many communities as possible
as mentioned the primary allocation objective to be followed in the allocation of stations on clear channels is the provision of widespread service free from destructive interference
during nighttime hours because of the intense skywave propagation then prevailing no large number of stations can be permitted to operate on one of these channels if the wide area service for which these frequencies are assigned is to be rendered satisfactorily by the dominant stations which must be relied upon to render it
therefore under our longstanding allocation rules on some of these channels no station other than the dominant class # a station is permitted to operate at night so that the # a station can render service interference free wherever it can be received
on the remainder of the clear channels the dominant class # b stations are protected as described above and the relatively small number of secondary class # stations permitted to operate on these channels at night are required to operate directionally and with reduced power so as to protect the class # stations
in the daytime on the other hand since skywave transmission is relatively inefficient it is possible to assign a substantially larger number of stations on these channels
additional class # assignments for daytime operation can be made without causing destructive interference to the class # stations or to each other and by their operation provide additional service on these channels and additional local outlets for a large number of communities
such additional daytime class # assignments are appropriate if optimum use is to be made of these frequencies and the commission has over the years made a large number of them
similarly on the regional channels many class # stations have been assigned either to operate daytime only or to operate nighttime with directional antennas and lower power
essentially the question presented for decision in the present daytime skywave proceeding is whether our decision in ####-#### to assign stations on the basis of daytime conditions from sunrise to sunset is sound as a basis for am allocations or whether in the light of later developments and new understanding skywave transmission is of such significance during the hours immediately before sunset and after sunrise that this condition should be taken into account and some stations required to afford protection to other stations during these hours
the history of the proceeding
the decision reached in ####-## was made after the accumulation of a large amount of data and thorough study thereof
since then there has been a notable increase in the number of stations and also the accumulation of additional data and the development of new techniques for using it leading to a better understanding of propagation phenomena
in #### affidavits were filed with the commission by various clear-channel stations alleging that extensive interference was being caused to the service areas of these stations during daylight hours from class # stations whose signals were being reflected from the ionosphere so as to create skywave intereference
if you elect to use the standard deduction or the tax table and later find you should have itemized your deductions you may do so by filing an amended return within the time prescribed for filing a claim for refund
see you may claim a refund page ###
the same is true if you have itemized your deductions and later decide you should have used the standard deduction or tax table
the words amended return should be plainly written across the top of such return
when and where to file
april ## is usually the final date for filing income tax returns for most people because they use the calendar year ending on december ##
if you use a fiscal year a year ending on the last day of any month other than december your return is due on or before the ##th day of the #th month after the close of your tax year
saturday , sunday , or holiday .
if the last day due date for performing any act for tax purposes such as filing a return or making a tax payment etc. falls on saturday sunday or a legal holiday you may perform that act on the next succeeding day which is a saturday sunday or legal holiday
since april ## #### is on sunday your return for the calendar year #### will be timely filed if it is filed on or before monday april ## ####
if you mail a return or tax payment you must place it in the mails in ample time to reach the district director on or before the due date
declaration of estimated tax .
if you were required to file a declaration of estimated tax for the calendar year #### it is necessary to pay the fourth installment otherwise due on january ## #### if you file your income tax return form #### and pay your tax in full for the calendar year #### by january ## ####
the filing of an original or amended declaration otherwise due on january ## #### is also waived if you file your form #### for #### and pay the full tax by january ## ####
farmers for these purposes have until february ## #### to file form #### and pay the tax in full for the calendar year ####
fiscal year taxpayers have until the last day of the first month following the close of the fiscal year farmers until the ##th day of the #d month
see chapter ##
nonresident aliens living in canada or mexico who earn wages in the united states may be subject to withholding of tax on their wages the same as if they were citizens of the united states
their united states tax returns are due april ## ####
however if their united states income is subject to the withholding of tax on wages their returns are due june ## #### if they use a calendar year or the ##th day of the #th month after the close of their fiscal year
nonresident aliens in puerto rico .
if you are a nonresident alien and a resident of puerto rico your return is also due june ## #### or the ##th day of the #th month after the close of your fiscal year
if a taxpayer dies the executor administrator or legal representative must file the final return for the decedent on or before the ##th day of the #th month following the close of the deceased taxpayer 's normal tax year
suppose john jones who for #### filed on the basis of a calendar year died june ## ####
his return for the period january # to june ## #### is due april ## ####
the return for a decedent may also serve as a claim for refund of an overpayment of tax
in such a case form #### should be completed and attached to the return
this form may be obtained from the local office of your district director
returns of estates or trusts are due on or before the ##th day of the #th month after the close of the tax year
extensions of time for filing .
under unusual circumstances a resident individual may be granted an extension of time to file a return
you may apply for such an extension by filing form #### application for extension of time to file with the district director of internal revenue for your district or you may make your application in a letter
your application must include the following information # your reasons for requesting an extension # whether you filed timely income tax returns for the # preceding years and # whether you were required to file an estimated return for the year and if so whether you did file and have paid the estimated tax payments on or before the due dates
any failure to file timely returns or make estimated tax payments when due must be fully explained
extensions are granted as a matter of course and the reasons for your request must be substantial
if you are unable to sign the request because of illness or other good cause another person who stands in close personal or business relationship to you may sign the request on your behalf stating the reason why you are unable to sign
you should make any request for an extension early so that if it is refused your return may still be on time
see also interest on unpaid taxes below
extensions while abroad .
citizens of the united states who on april ## are in the united states or puerto rico are allowed an extension of time until june ## for filing the return for the preceding calendar year
an extension of # months beyond the regular due date for filing is also available to taxpayers making returns for a fiscal year
alaska and hawaii .
taxpayers residing or traveling in alaska are also allowed this extension of time for filing but those residing or traveling in hawaii are allowed this automatic extension
military or naval personnel on duty in alaska or outside the united states and puerto rico are also allowed this automatic extension of time for filing their returns
you must attach a statement to your return if you take advantage of this automatic extension showing that you were in alaska or were outside the united states or puerto rico on april ## or other due date
interest on unpaid taxes .
interest at the rate of #% a year must be paid on taxes that are paid on or before their due date
such interest must be paid even though an extension of time for filing is granted
when payment is due .
if your computation on form #### or form ####a shows you owe additional tax it should be remitted with your return unless you owe less than $# in which case it is forgiven
if payment is by cash you should ask for a receipt
if you file form ####a and the district director computes your tax you will be sent a bill if additional tax is due
this bill should be paid within ## days
payment by check or money order .
whether the check is certified or uncertified the tax is paid until the check is paid
if the check is good and the april ## or other due date deadline elapses additions to the tax may be incurred
furthermore a bad check may subject the maker to certain penalties
all checks and money orders should be made payable to internal revenue service
an overpayment of income and social security taxes entitles you to a refund unless you indicate on the return that the overpayment should be applied to your succeeding year 's estimated tax
if you file form ####a and the district director computes your tax any refund to which you are entitled will be mailed to you
if you file a form #### you should indicate in the place provided that there is an overpayment of tax and the amount you want refunded and the amount you want credited against your estimated tax
refunds of less than $# will be made unless you attach a separate application to your return requesting such a refund
where to file .
send your return to the director of internal revenue for the district in which you have your legal residence or principal place of business
if you have neither a legal residence nor a principal place of business in any internal revenue district your return should be filed with the district director of internal revenue baltimore # md.
if your principal place of abode for the tax year is outside the united states including alaska and hawaii puerto rico or the virgin islands and you have no legal residence or principal place of business in any internal revenue district in the united states you should file your return with the office of international operations internal revenue service washington ## d.c.
adjusted gross income
the deductions allowed in determining adjusted gross income put all taxpayers on a comparable basis
it is the amount you enter on line # page # of form ####
some deductions are subtracted from gross income to determine adjusted gross income
other deductions are subtracted only from adjusted gross income in arriving at taxable income
to compute your adjusted gross income you total all items of income
see chapter #
from this amount deduct the items indicated below
businessmen deduct all ordinary and necessary expenses attributable to a trade or business
rents or royalties .
if you hold property for the production of rents or royalties you subtract in computing adjusted gross income ordinary and necessary expenses and certain other deductions attributable to the property
see chapter ##
outside salesmen deduct all expenses attributable to earning a salary commission or other compensation
see chapter ##
employees deduct expenses of travel meals and lodging while away from home in connection with the performance of their services as employees
they also deduct transportation expenses incurred in connection with the performance of services as employees even though they are away from home
see chapter ##
if your employer reimburses you for expenses incurred you deduct such expenses if they otherwise qualify
see chapter ##
sick pay if included in your gross income is deducted in arriving at adjusted gross income
if your sick pay is included in your gross income you may deduct it
see chapter #
income from estates and trusts .
if you are a life tenant you deduct allowable depreciation and depletion
if you are an income beneficiary of property held in trust or an heir legatee or devisee you may deduct allowable depreciation and depletion if deductible by the estate or trust
deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable in determining your adjusted gross income
see chapter ##
##% of capital gains .
you also deduct ##% of the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses in determining adjusted gross income
see chapter ##
other deductions .
certain other deductions are allowed in determining adjusted gross income
they may be claimed only by itemizing them on page # of form ####
these deductions may be claimed if you elect to use the standard deduction or tax table
see chapters ## through ##
minors minors must also file returns if they earn $### or more during the year .
a minor is subject to tax on his own earnings even though his parent may under local law have the right to them and might actually have received the money
his income is required to be included in the return of his parent
a minor child is allowed a personal exemption of $### on his own return regardless of how much money he may earn
exemption also allowed parent .
if your child is under ## or is a student you may also claim an exemption for him if he qualifies as your dependent even though he earns $### or more
see chapter #
your ## year old son earned $### in ####
you spent $### for his support
since he had gross income of $### or more he must file a return in which he may claim an exemption deduction of $###
since you contributed more than half of his support you may also claim an exemption for him on your return
he may get a tax refund .
a minor who has gross income of less than $### is entitled to a refund if income tax was withheld from his wages
generally the refund may be obtained by filing form ####a accompanied by the withholding statement form w-#
if he had income other than wages subject to withholding he may be required to file form ####
see chapter #
if your child works for you you may deduct reasonable wages you paid to him for services he rendered in your business
you may deduct these payments even though your child uses the money to purchase his own clothing or other necessities which you are normally obligated to furnish him and even though you may be entitled to his services
the one- or two-season hunt of which there have been too many recently may do more harm than good
for such programs raise hopes of assistance toward achieving excellence in scholarship and the arts which are dashed when the programs are discontinued
and they are dashed no less by lack of skill in making selections of men and women for development toward the highest reaches of the mind and spirit
for the making of selections on the basis of excellence requires that any foundation making the selections shall have available the judgments of a corps of advisors whose judgments are known to be good such judgments can be known to be good only by the records of those selected by records made subsequent to their selection over considerable periods of time
the central group of the foundation 's advisors are at any one period of time the members of our advisory board consisting now of thirty-six men and women
they are chosen by the foundation 's board of trustees on the bases of their own first-rate accomplishments in their different fields of scholarship and the arts
their locations in all parts of the united states and their locations in the several kinds of educational and research institutions that are the principal homes of our intellectual and artistic strengths also are factors in the trustees' minds
for this concept of an advisory board ancillary to the board of trustees we are indebted to the late president of harvard university a. lawrence lowell a master of the subject of the structure of cultural institutions and their administration
that we had the wit and wisdom to adopt mr. lowell 's concept and make it the base for our processes of selection is one reason why our selections have been it may be said truly pretty uniformly good
for in accordance with mr. lowell 's concept of an advisory board our selections are made by experienced selectors who give both constancy and consistency to our processes and our choices
and lest we should become too consistent in the sense of becoming heedless of new fields of scholarship and new points of view in the arts the foundation 's board of trustees maintains a trickle a flow
of new members through the advisory board
two committees of members of the advisory board constitute the committees of selection one for the selection of fellows from canada the united states and the english-speaking caribbean area and one for the selection of fellows from the latin american republics and the republic of the philippines
to the members of our advisory board and most specially to its members who constitute our committees of selection the foundation is indebted for its successes of choice of fellows
we are as we know utterly dependent on the quality of advice we get
and quality of advice added to devotion to the foundation 's purposes and ideals we do get from our advisory board in measures so full that they can be appreciated only by those of us who work here every day
but the facts about our advisory board and its members' duties are only one of several sets of facts about the quest for advice both reliable and imaginative on which to base our selections of fellows
for example the interest of past members of the foundation 's advisory board remains such that they place their knowledge and judgments at our disposal much as they had done when they were formally members of that board
and besides there are a large number of scholars artists composers of music novelists poets essayists choreographers lawyers servants of government and men of affairs hundreds indeed who serve the foundation well with the advice they give us freely and gratis out of their experience
to all the foundation gives the kind of thanks which are more than thanks to them we are grateful beyond the possibility of conveying in words how grateful we are
it is a truism of business that no business can be better than its board of directors and its top management
the same is true of every foundation
during the biennium reviewed in this report our board of trustees named able men younger than the rest of us to the board and to top management to insure future continuance of the first-class administration of the foundation 's affairs
dr. james brown fisk physicist president of the bell telephone laboratories was elected to the board of trustees
he is a member both of the national academy of sciences and of the american philosophical society
and he has served our country well as a scientific statesman on international commissions
dr. gordon n. ray provost vice-president and professor of english in the university of illinois was appointed associate secretary general
the trustees of the foundation appointed dr. ray to that position with the stated expectation that he would succeed the present secretary general upon the latter 's eventual retirement
dr. ray is a fellow of the foundation appointed thrice to assist his studies of william makepeace thackeray and of h. g. wells and before his appointment to the foundation 's executive staff had been given our highest scholarly accolade appointment to the advisory board
referring further to the foundation 's officers dr. james f. mathias for eleven years our discerning colleague as associate secretary was promoted to be secretary
he is a historian with the great merit of a historian 's long view
also appointed to the foundation 's staff as assistant secretary is mr. j. kellum smith jr.
mr. smith like the present secretary general is a lawyer
and lawyers with the great virtues that they are trained to read the fine print carefully and are able out of professional experience to arrive at imaginative solutions to difficult problems in many fields are indispensable even in a foundation office
the present secretary general has been the foundation 's principal administrative officer continuously since the foundation 's establishment thirty-five years ago
but even he will last indefinitely and the above-noted new arrangements are quite simply made to assure qualitative continuity in the foundation 's policies and practices
the effective recognition of excellence and its nurture has to be learned and is learned in a day nor even in a year
we are given to lamentations neither personally nor in these reports
on the contrary if this be an apocalyptic era as is commonly said we see it as an era of opportunity
for granting that there are great present-day problems to be solved these problems make great demands
and by their demanding tend to create resources of men 's minds and hearts which problems with easy answers do bring forth
of this examples are legion pericles speaking his funeral oration in ancient greece 's extremity after thermopylae and making it a testament of freedom
jefferson writing the declaration of independence amid the catastrophes of revolution
christ preaching the sermon on the mount close to his ultimate sacrifice
shakespeare speaking with the indescribable gusto of the elizabethan voice
keats 's words in the days of the spanish armada 's threats
isaac newton at the age of twenty-three industriously calculating logarithms to two and fifty places during the great plague year in england ####
winston churchill 's olympian optimistic and resolute sayings when britain stood alone against the armed forces of tyranny less than twenty years ago
the present-day explorations of outer space answering age-old questions of science and philosophy in the face of possible wars of extinction
forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit as the roman poet virgil declared with much more historical sense than most writers of today
it gives indeed cause for rejoicing to remember what many catastrophes of the past produced
and it is to be noted also that confidence should grow from remembering that great men often appeared in the past to turn local catastrophe into future good for all mankind
for example out of the social evils of the english industrial revolution came the novels of charles dickens
and his genius moved his readers to seek solutions of those evils for all western men until today in the industrialized west these social evils substantially do exist
the solutions were arrived at by any theoreticians of the karl marx stripe but by men of government lawyers most of them and men of business
these were educated men who as mr. justice holmes was fond of saying formed their inductions out of experience under the burden of responsibility
that is to put it realistically they had to run their businesses at a profit or they had to get the votes to get elected
nevertheless they made naught of marx 's prophecy that capitalism would never pay the workers to use marx 's word more than a subsistence wage with the consequence that increased productivity must inevitably find its way into the capitalists' pockets with the result in turn that the gap between the rich and the poor would irrevocably widen and the misery of the poor increase
but as all understand who have eyes to see nothing of the kind has happened
indeed the contrary has happened
the gulf between the rich and the poor has narrowed in the industrialized western world to the point that the word poor is hardly applicable
and the reason this could happen is clear men of government business men lawyers and all who concerned themselves with the welfare of their fellow men did let their concern to run their businesses at a profit restrict the development of freedom and opportunity
some would say that they were permitted to run their businesses only for profit
and even putting it that way would prove that marx was anything but wrong
sir henry sumner maine a hundred years before communism was a force to be reckoned with wrote his brilliant legal generalization that the progress of society is from status to contract
the essence of contract is that one is free to make a choice of what one will or will do
hence the condition of freedom is a necessary condition for choice
the greater the range of freedom for individual men the greater the range of choice
the greater the range of choice the greater the rate of change
for change is dependent on the possibilities that individual men glimpse for the future
but when there is freedom and opportunity to choose men individual men must remain in status and society does cannot progress
the eternal truth is that progress due as it always is to individual creative genius is just as dependent on freedom as human life is dependent on the beating of the heart
and lest anybody think that considerations such as these are germane in a foundation report let me enlighten them with the truths that under communism there would have been no capital with which to endow the foundation and that there would be that individual freedom within which the fellows might proceed untrammeled in every way toward their discoveries their creative efforts for the good of mankind
during the year #### we granted ### fellowships
in #### we granted ###
as heretofore our fellowships are available to assist research in all fields of knowledge and creative effort in all the arts
we do favor one field over another we think that all inquiry all scholarly and artistic creation is good provided only that it contributes to a sense and understanding of the true ends of life as all first-rate scholarship and artistic creation does
indeed if pressed we would say what the late robert henri american painter said to a pupil anything will do for a subject it 's what you do with it that counts
thus we have no part and want none in current discussions of the relative importance of science the social studies the humanities the creative arts
we want no part in such discussions because we think them largely futile
and we think them largely futile because for true excellence of accomplishment every scholar and every artist must cross boundaries of knowledge and boundaries of points of view
when the brown & sharpe manufacturing company reached its ###th year as a going industrial concern during #### it became an almost unique institution in the mechanical world
with its history standing astride all but the very beginnings of the industrial revolution brown & sharpe has become over the years a singular monument to the mechanical foresight of its founder joseph r. brown and a world-renowned synonym for precision and progress in metalworking technology
joseph r. brown grew up in the bustle and enterprise of new england between #### and ####
he was early exposed to the mechanical world and in his youth often helped his father david brown master clock and watchmaker as he plied his trade
at the age of ## he became an apprentice machinist at the shop of walcott & harris in valley falls rhode island and following two or three other jobs in quick succession after graduation he went into business for himself in #### making lathes and small tools
this enterprise led to a father-and-son combination beginning in #### under the name d. brown & son a business which eventually grew into the modern corporation we now call brown & sharpe
the years of joseph 's partnership with his father were numbered
in #### a devastating fire gutted their small shop and soon thereafter david brown moved west to illinois settling on a land grant in his declining years
joseph brown continued in business by himself quickly rebuilding the establishment which had been lost in the fire and beginning those first steps which were to establish him as a pioneer in raising the standards of accuracy of machine shop practice throughout the world
much of his genius of course sprang from his familiarity with clock movements
during these early years the repair of watches and clocks and the building of special clocks for church steeples formed an important part of the young man 's occupation
he became particularly interested in graduating and precision measurement during the #### 's and his thinking along these lines developed considerably during this period
but his business also grew and we are told that mr. brown found it increasingly difficult to devote as much time to his creative thinking as his inclinations led him to desire
it must have been with some pleasure and relief that on september ## #### joseph brown made the momentous entry in his job book in his characteristically cryptic style lucian sharpe came to work for me this day as an apprentice
the young apprentice apparently did well by mr. brown for in the third year of his apprenticeship lucian was offered a full partnership in the firm
the company became j. r. brown & sharpe and entered into a new and important period of its development
mr. sharpe 's arrival in the business did indeed provide what mr. brown had most coveted time for tinkering and the opportunity of carrying out in the back room those developments in precision graduation which most interested him at that time
by #### the new partnership announced the precision vernier caliper as the first fruit of their joint efforts
the basic significance of this invention helped them to follow it rapidly in #### by the development of a unique precision gear cutting and dividing engine
that development in turn formed the foundation of still more significant expansions in later years in gear cutting in circular graduating in index drilling and in many other fields where accuracy was a paramount requirement
throughout their careers both mr. brown and mr. sharpe were interested in the problem of setting up standards of measurement for the mechanical trades
several efforts were made in this direction and though all of them survive to this day the brown & sharpe wire gage system was eventually adopted as the american standard and is still in common use today
as one development followed another the company 's reputation for precision in the graduating field brought it broader and broader opportunities for expansion in precision manufacture
in #### the partnership began manufacturing the willcox & gibbs sewing machine
as the story goes mr. gibbs who originally came from the back counties of the commonwealth of virginia saw an illustration in a magazine of the famous howe sewing machine
curious as to what made it work he built a crude model of it in wood and filed a piece of steel until he succeeded in making a metal pickup for the thread enabling the crude machine to take stitches
when he showed this model as his solution as to how the howe sewing machine operated he was told he was wrong and discovered to his amazement that the howe machine which was unknown to him in detail used two threads while the one that he had perfected used only one
thus was invented the single thread sewing machine which mr. gibbs in partnership with mr. willcox decided to bring to brown & sharpe with the proposal that the small company undertake its manufacture
the new work was a boon to the partnership only for its own value but particularly for the stimulation it provided to the imagination of j. r. brown toward yet further developments for production equipment
the turret screw machine now known as the brown & sharpe hand screw machine takes its ancestry directly from mr. brown 's efforts to introduce equipment to simplify the manufacture of the sewing machine
mr. brown made important additions to the arts in screw machine design by drastically improving the means for revolving the turret by introducing automatic feeding devices for the stock and reversible tap and die holders
in #### mr. brown 's attention was called to yet another basic production problem the manufacture of twist drills
at that time during the civil war union muskets were being manufactured in providence and the drills to drill them were being hand-filed with rattail files
this process neither satisfied the urgent production schedules nor mr. brown 's imagination of the possibilities in the situation
the child of this problem was mr. brown 's famous serial no. # universal milling machine the archtype from which is descended today 's universal knee-type milling machine used throughout the world
the original machine bearing its famous serial number is still on exhibition at the brown & sharpe precision center in providence
during the civil war period mr. brown also invented the brown & sharpe formed tooth gear cutter a basic invention which ultimately revolutionized the world 's gear manufacturing industry by changing its basic economics
up until that time it had been possible to make cutters for making gear teeth but they were good for only one sharpening
as soon as the time came for re-sharpening the precise form of the gear tooth was lost and a new cutter had to be made
this process made the economical manufacture of gears questionable until some way could be found to permit the repeated re-sharpening of gear tooth cutters without the loss of the precision form
mr. brown 's invention achieved this and as a byproduct formed the cornerstone of brown & sharpe 's position of leadership in the gear making equipment field which lasted until the #### 's when superceded by other methods
the micrometer caliper as a common workshop tool also owes much to j. r. brown
although mr. brown was himself its inventor it was a french idea it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use
so it was that when mr. brown and mr. sharpe first saw the french tool on exhibition in paris in #### they brought a sample with them to the united states and started brown & sharpe in yet another field where it retains its leadership to this day
the final achievement of mr. brown 's long and interesting mechanical career runs a close second in importance to his development of the universal milling machine
that achievement was his creation of the universal grinding machine which made its appearance in #### at the philadelphia centennial exposition
this machine like its milling counterpart was the antecedent of a machine-family used to this very day in precision metalworking shops throughout the world
along with j. r. brown 's other major developments the universal grinding machine was profoundly influential in setting the course of brown & sharpe for many years to come
following mr. brown 's death there came forward in the brown & sharpe organization many other men who contributed greatly to the development of the company
one such man was samuel darling
as head of the firm darling & swartz mr. darling began by challenging brown & sharpe to its keenest competition during the #### 's and early ## 's
in #### however a truce was called between the companies and the partnership of darling brown & sharpe was formed
between that year and the buying out of mr. darling 's interest in #### a large portion of the company 's precision tool business was carried out under the name of darling brown & sharpe and to this day many old precision tools are in use still bearing that famous trademark
perhaps the outstanding standard bearer of mr. brown 's tradition for accuracy was mr. oscar j. beale whose mechanical genius closely paralleled that of mr. brown and whose particular forte was the development of the exceedingly accurate measuring machinery that enabled brown & sharpe to manufacture gages and therefore its products with an accuracy exceeding anything then available elsewhere in the world
also important on the brown & sharpe scene at the turn of the century was mr. richmond viall works superintendent of the company from #### to ####
mr. viall possessed remarkable talents for the leadership and development of men
he was an ardent champion of the brown & sharpe apprentice program and personal counselor to countless able men who first developed their industrial talents with the company
in one sense it can be said that one of the most important brown & sharpe products over the years has been the men who began work with the company and subsequently came to places of industrial eminence throughout the nation and even abroad
commencing with the death of lucian sharpe in #### the name of henry d. sharpe was for more than ## years closely interwoven with the destiny of the company
during his presidency the company 's physical plant was enormously expanded and the length and breadth of the brown & sharpe machine tool line became the greatest in the world
during the early part of this century the brown & sharpe works in providence were unchallenged as the largest single manufacturing facility devoted exclusively to precision machinery and tool manufacture anywhere in the world
during these years the company 's product line followed the basic tenets laid down by mr. brown
it expanded from hand screw machines to automatic screw machines from simple formed-tooth gear cutting machines to gear hobbing machines and a large contract gear manufacturing business from rudimentary belt-driven universal milling machines to a broad line of elaborately controlled knee-type and manufacturing type milling machines
in the grinding machine field expansion went far from universal grinders alone and took in cylindrical grinders surface grinders and a wide variety of special and semi-special models
in #### henry d. sharpe jr. succeeded his father and continued the company 's development as a major factor in the metal-working equipment business
the company is still broadening its line and is now active on four major fronts
the machine tool division is currently producing brown & sharpe single spindle automatic screw machines grinding machines of many types and knee and bed-type milling machines
recently added is the brown & sharpe turret drilling machine which introduces the company to an entirely new field of tool development
in the industrial products division the company manufactures and markets a wide line of precision gaging and inspection equipment machinists' tools including micrometers vernier calipers and accessories
in the cutting tool division the principal products include a wide variety of high speed steel milling cutters end mills and saws
sales and net income for the year ended december ## #### showed an improvement over ####
net income was $#,###,### or $#.## per share on ###,### common shares currently outstanding as compared to $#,###,### or $#.## per share in #### adjusted to the same number of shares
sales and other operating income increased ##.#% from $##,###,### in #### to $##,###,### in ####
this increase was sufficient to overcome the effect on net income of higher costs of manufacture and increased expenditures on research and development
in spite of the fact that our largest market the textile industry was affected substantially by the current decline in business activity we have been able to produce and deliver our machines throughout the year #### at a rate materially higher than during ####
outlook for current year
our current rate of incoming orders has now contracted and unless this trend can be reversed our production for #### will be lower than for ####
however the healthy inventory position of the textile industry lends support to the broadly expressed belief that improvement in that industry can be expected by the second half of ####
need for sound tax policy
in connection with our continuing development of new and more efficient mill machinery a sounder u. s. income tax policy on depreciation of production equipment enabling the mills to charge off the cost of new machines on a more realistic basis could if adopted have favorable effects on leesona 's business in the next few years
such a depreciation policy would also we believe prove a very important factor in strengthening the competitive position of the u. s. textile and other industries thus helping to strengthen the position of the dollar in foreign exchange
research and development
our research and development program serving as it does an industry which must compete against low-cost production throughout the world continues to have primary emphasis at leesona
this program is based on the policy of designing and building efficient machines which will help produce better textile values fabrics whose cost in relation to quality fashion and utility provide the consumer with better textile products for the money
such policy involves continuing effort to improve on existing mill equipment in terms of efficiency and versatility
but more important we believe it must concentrate on the development of entirely new concepts in textile processing as do the unifil loom winder and our more recent uniconer automatic coning machine
on this basis our already substantial budget for research and development has been further increased in recent years in order to finance the continuing engineering and design work essential to leesona 's future growth in sales and earnings
much of this necessary increase in research and development though properly chargeable to current expenses is reflected in earnings until projects are completed and the new machines sold in quantity usually over a period of several years
stretch yarn machines
in december we began to ship our ultra-high-speed stretch yarn machines
these machines produce the higher quality stretch yarns required in weaving stretch and textured fabrics
during the past year great progress has been made by the weaving mills in creating new stretch and textured fabrics
fashion centers are now predicting broad acceptance of sports apparel and improved wash and wear dresses and blouses made from these fabrics
this machine operating at speeds up to ###,### revolutions per minute is believed to provide one of the fastest mechanical operations in industry today
it transfers yarn directly from the producers' largest package into ideal supply packages for use on unifil loom winders in weaving stretch yarn fabrics
our new large-package ring twister for glass fiber yarns is performing well in our customers' mills
later in the year additional types of this leesona twister will be made available to mills for other man-made fibers and natural yarns
these machines are designed to provide higher operating speeds larger yarn packages and greater flexibility of application to different types of yarn
this we believe will substantially broaden the potential market for the equipment
major activity at providence in #### will involve the scheduled completion of tooling for production of the uniconer automatic coning machine
this work is progressing on schedule and we expect to make initial shipments in the fourth quarter of this year
this machine was demonstrated in two textile machinery exhibitions last year and was well received by the industry
the potential market for the machine should be comparable to that of the unifil loom winder
the uniconer has several outstanding features it operates with much greater efficiency than existing equipment
it incorporates an automatic knot-tying device on each spindle and it will knot a break in the yarn in ## seconds as well as tie in new bobbins as the running end is exhausted
because the bobbin-to-cone winding process is a relatively high-cost operation for the mill the almost complete automation provided by the uniconer can mean important economies in textile production at the same time upgrading quality
many mills have already placed firm orders for this machine
new unifil application
a new application for the unifil loom winder running single filling for box looms will broaden mill use of this equipment
a new spinning take-up machine has been developed to facilitate the use of our take-up machine in the production of thermoplastic yarns
it is equipped with electronic controls that can be set to hold precise tension and speed
this new machine takes up filament yarn from spinneret or extruder and winds large packages at speeds up to #,### feet per minute
it is equipped with an automatic threading device to reduce waste and handling time
our take-up machines and our twister-coners are undergoing important pilot plant testing for application with new high polymer yarns in several fiber producing plants
we look forward to a stronger position in this expanding field
we are interested in further diversification into other fields of capital goods or components for industrial products and have recently intensified our efforts in that direction
patterson moos research
our patterson moos research division has made further very encouraging progress in development of fuel cells
the cooperation of our exclusive american licensee pratt & whitney aircraft division of united aircraft corporation has been important in this work
in addition to its major effort on fuel cells patterson moos research division is continuing to carry on research in other fields both under contract for the defense department other government agencies and for our own account
pmr is currently supplying components vital to the titan and minuteman programs
we have recently entered into an agreement with compagnie generale de telegraphie sans fil csf of france for the exclusive exchange of technical information on thermoelectric materials
the agreement gives us rights for manufacturing and marketing of such materials in the united states
initially we will import the thermoelectric materials and modules from france but later we will manufacture in this country
there is a rapidly growing demand for this material primarily from the military
further research we believe will develop important commercial applications
a project for the air force has been completed in which the nair infrared detecting device was developed for area monitoring of noxious or dangerous gases
we are initiating research on the use of solid state materials for infrared detection using a method which will require cooling of materials to attain high sensitivity
the rapid advance in science today suggests many other avenues of investigation
our plan is to keep abreast of these advances and select for development those fields which seem most promising for our special capabilities
new plant facilities
early in august we broke ground for a new $#,###,### plant in warwick rhode island which will house our textile and coil winding machinery operations
construction is well along and the plant is scheduled for completion in november of this year
all operations now carried on at our plant at cranston will be transferred to warwick
operations in the new plant should be producing efficiently early in ####
an architect 's sketch of the new plant is shown on the front cover
the building will contain ###,### square feet approximately the same as our present plant
however its modern one-story layout is designed to increase our production capacity permit more efficient manufacturing and substantially reduce current repair and maintenance costs
a major consideration in the choice of the warwick site four miles from cranston was the fact that it permits retention of our present trained and highly skilled work force
we have entered into an agreement for the sale of the present cranston properties effective as soon as we have completed removal to our new plant
during the year our british subsidiary leesona-holt limited expanded its plant in darwen england and added machine tool capacity
the operations of its other plant in rochdale and leesona 's former operations in manchester were transferred to a recently acquired plant in the adjoining town of heywood
layout and equipment were modernized and improved to obtain increased production on an efficient basis
the area available at heywood is approximately three times the size of the former rochdale and manchester locations
in addition land has been purchased to permit doubling the size of the plant in the future
the new warwick plant is being built at our expense and under our direction
it will be transfered on completion to the industrial foundation of rhode island a non-profit organization which will reimburse us for the cost of construction
we will then occupy the new plant under lease with an option to purchase
these arrangements are in our opinion very favorable to leesona
interim financing of construction costs is provided by a short term loan from the chase manhattan bank
in addition to expenditures on the warwick plant we have invested approximately $#,###,### for machinery and equipment at cranston and for new machinery plant and equipment at leesona-holt limited
we believe that these improved facilities will contribute income and effect savings which will fully justify the investment
long term loans have been reduced by $###,### to $#,###,###
inventories increased $###,### to $#,###,### during the year and should decline in coming months
thus we enter #### in a strong financial position
in accordance with the two-year contract signed in may #### with the international association of machinists afl-cio wages of hourly employees were increased by #% in may #### and pay levels for non-exempt salaried employees were increased proportionately
in addition blue cross coverage for all employees and their dependents was extended to provide the full cost of semi-private hospital accommodations
in addition to direct salaries and wages the company paid or accrued during the year the following amounts for the benefit of employees
during the pension year ended december ## #### ## employees retired making a total of ### currently retired under the company 's pension plan
at december ## #### the fund held by the industrial national bank of providence as trustee for payment of past and future service pensions to qualified members of the plan totaled $#,###,###
the basic market for textiles is growing with the expansion of the population that began ## years ago
another growth factor is increased consumer demand for better quality and larger quantities of fabrics that go with a rising standard of living
as in many other industries rising costs and intense competition both domestic and foreign have exerted increasing pressure on earnings of the textile industry in recent years
in textiles as elsewhere a major part of the solution lies in greater efficiency and higher productivity
as a designer and manufacturer of textile production machinery leesona and other companies in its industry have sought to meet this challenge with new or improved equipment and methods that would increase production yet maintain both quality and flexibility
problems of shifting styles
the problem of efficient production in textiles is complicated by the fact that the industry serves large markets which shift quickly with changes of fashion in apparel or home decoration
production must be adjusted accordingly at minimum cost and quickly
in addition production machinery must in many cases be designed to handle with equal efficiency both natural fibers and the increasing number of synthetics as well as blends
following the term of service in japan each emissary returns for a brief visit to the campus to interpret his experience to the college community
the carleton service fund provides the financial support for this program
the college was one of the first to recognize the importance of music only as a definite part of the curriculum but as a vital adjunct to campus life
extensive facilities for group performance are provided by maintaining under skilled direction the choir the orchestra the band the glee club and smaller ensembles of wind and string players
all students are invited to participate in any of the musical organizations for which they qualify
orchestra band and choir have auditions during the week preceding the first day of classes
the glee club is open to all students and faculty with no auditions necessary for membership
in addition to the many appearances of these organizations throughout the college year there are concerts by students of the music department by members of the music faculty and by visiting artists
student musical organizations are the knights of carleton and the overtones men 's vocal groups and the keynotes a women 's singing group
these student-directed organizations include eight to ten members each
they perform at many campus social events
from the founding of the college those responsible for its management have planned to provide its students favorable conditions for personal religious development and to offer opportunities through the curriculum and otherwise for understanding the meaning and importance of religion
courses are offered in ethics the philosophy and history of religion christian thought and history and the bible
carleton aims throughout its entire teaching program to represent a point of view and a spirit which will contribute to the moral and religious development of its students
a college service of worship is held each sunday morning at eleven o'clock in the chapel
the sermons are given by the college chaplain by members of the faculty or by guest preachers
music is furnished by the carleton college choir
chapel services are held weekly
these services at which attendance is voluntary are led by the chaplain by the president of the college by selected faculty members students and visitors
the service is brief and variety in forms of worship is practiced
a sunday evening program provides theological lectures music drama and films related to the issues of the judeo-christian tradition
attendance is required at the college service of worship or at the sunday evening program or at any regularly organized service of public worship
each semester every student must attend ten of the services or religious meetings
attendance at the chapel service is voluntary
religious organizations include the groups described below
the y.m.c.a. and y.w.c.a. at carleton are connected with the corresponding national organizations and carry out their general purposes
occasional meetings are held for the whole membership usually with a guest speaker while smaller discussion groups meet more frequently
the associations sponsor many traditional campus events and provide students with opportunities to form new friendships to broaden their interests and to engage in worthwhile service projects
there are other organizations representing several of the denominational groups
included are the following baptist student movement canterbury club episcopal christian science organization friends' meeting for worship hillel jewish liberal religious fellowship lutheran student association newman club roman catholic presbyterian student fellowship united student fellowship congregational-baptist and wesley fellowship methodist
student religious organizations are co-ordinated under the religious activities committee a standing committee of the carleton student association
the northfield churches include the following alliance congregational-baptist episcopal lutheran norwegian danish missouri synod and bethel methodist moravian pentecostal and roman catholic
the purpose of producing plays at the college is three-fold to provide the carleton students with the best possible opportunity for theater-going within the limits set by the maturity and experience of the performers and the theatrical facilities available
to encourage the practice of attending the theater
and to develop a discriminating audience for good drama and sensitive performance
dramatic activity at the college is organized and carried on by the carleton players which is to say by all students who are so inclined to advance these aims
for the ####-#### season the carleton players have announced blood wedding by federico garcia lorca the knight of the burning pestle by beaumont and fletcher and a moon for the misbegotten by eugene o'neill with a pre-season production of the glass menagerie by tennessee williams
this workshop located in boliou hall provides facilities for students to work in ceramics weaving enameling welding woodworking textile printing printmaking and lapidary
these extra-curricular activities are conducted under supervision of the director of the student workshop
the workshop is open five afternoons and two evenings each week
a student organization bottega is open to any student interested in increasing his understanding and appreciation of the graphic and ceramic arts in their historical technical and productive contexts
the group meets once a week in the boliou student workshop
they are assisted and advised by members of the art department
the athletic program at carleton is considered an integral part of the activities of the college and operates under the same budgetary procedure and controls as the academic work
the physical education program for men recognizes the value of participation in competitive sports in the development of the individual student and aims to give every man an opportunity to enter some form of athletic competition either intercollegiate or intramural
the same standards for admission for eligibility to receive scholarships or grants-in-aid and for scholastic performance at college apply to all students
a faculty committee on athletics responsible to the faculty as a whole exercises control over the athletic program of the college
it concerns itself with # .
the policies which govern the program # .
the preservation of desirable balance between the athletic and academic programs of the college # .
the approval of athletic schedules # .
the maintenance of midwest conference eligibility standards
carleton is a member of the midwest collegiate athletic conference and abides by its eligibility rules
in addition to these rules carleton has added the following # .
a student who while in attendance at carleton college participates in an athletic contest during the school year other than that sponsored by the college shall be permanently ineligible to participate in intercollegiate athletics at carleton college and will also face permanent suspension from the institution
the school year does end for any student until he has completed his last examination of the semester
a student to be eligible for the captaincy of any carleton team must have a scholastic record of at least #.##
the c club is composed of the men of the college who have won an official letter in carleton athletics
the purpose of the club is to promote better athletic teams at carleton and to increase interest in them among the student body
this is done by encouraging the entire male student body to participate in either the intercollegiate or intramural sports program and by sponsoring the carleton cheerleaders
soccer club .
the soccer club was organized by undergraduate men interested in playing soccer and promoting the sport
membership consists of both beginners and experienced players
practices are held regularly and the schedule of games is prepared by the student coach and the officers of the club
women 's recreation association .
this association organized in #### is affiliated with the athletic federation of college women
the purpose of the organization is to further the interest of women students in recreational activities as a means of promoting physical efficiency sportsmanship and play for play 's sake
the association is governed by a board made up of representatives from each of the four classes
membership is open to any woman student in the college
active groups sponsored by the organization include the saddle club orchesis golf club tennis club and dolphins
the saddle club open to students proficient in horsemanship presents the annual spring riding exhibition and during the year it offers speakers movies breakfast rides and trips to broaden their knowledge of the sport
orchesis for students interested in the modern dance contributes to the may fete and offers earlier in the year a modern dance demonstration
tennis club participates in a dual tennis tournament with the university of minnesota each fall and also sponsors a two-day state invitational tennis meet at carleton in may
the dolphins present a three-night water show the week of the may fete
under the auspices of the women 's recreation association interclass competition is organized in badminton basketball field hockey golf tennis and swimming
the association participates in the winter sports carnival and sponsors several play days with st. olaf and other nearby colleges
with the co-operation of the department of physical education for men the women 's recreation association arranges mixed tournaments in tennis and golf in the fall and spring
throughout the year there are social events such as picnics breakfast hikes canoe trips banquets and indoor parties
in addition to the miscellaneous pamphlets and other printed matter which it issues the college maintains regular publications as follows
the bulletin in five issues the report of the president in august
the alumni fund report in september
the annual catalog in march
an alumni reunion bulletin in april
and a special bulletin in june
the college also publishes each year the report of the treasurer and a monthly newsletter entitled carleton college comments
in co-operation with the alumni association of carleton college an alumni magazine the voice of the carleton alumni is edited and mailed seven times a year by the college 's publications office and the alumni office
at intervals an alumni directory is issued
these publications may be secured as follows the annual catalog from the director of admissions and other issues from the publications office
in january #### the first issue of the carleton miscellany a quarterly literary magazine was published by the college
the magazine edited by members of the carleton department of english includes contributions by authors from both within and beyond the carleton community
the carletonian the college newspaper is edited by students and published by the college under the supervision of the publications board
see page ###
it is issued weekly throughout the college year
the publications board holds annual competitive examinations for places on the editorial and business staffs
the editor sports editor and student business manager are chosen in december the new staff assuming responsibility for the paper at the beginning of the second semester
the paper affords excellent practice for students interested in the field of journalism
the algol the college annual is published in the fall of each year
the algol serves as a record of campus organizations and student activities during the year
the publications board receives applications for the positions of editor and business manager and makes the appointments in the spring previous to the year of publication
members of the algol staff are nominated by the editor and business manager and appointed by the publications board
manuscript a quarterly literary magazine is published by the students of the college
it is the purpose of this magazine to serve as an outlet for student creative writing
the editor and business manager of manuscript are appointed by the publications board
campus broadcasting station
a low-power carrier-current broadcasting station karl heard only in the campus dormitories is owned and operated by the students to provide an outlet for student dramatic musical literary technical and other talents and to furnish information music and entertainment for campus listeners
over a hundred students participate in the planning and production of the daily program schedule
karl provides experience for students who wish to pursue careers in radio
the carleton student association includes all students in college and is intended to work for the betterment of carleton college by providing student government and student participation with the college administration in the formulation and execution of policies which pertain to student life and activities
the carleton social co-operative is a standing committee of the carleton student association
week-end activities for the entire campus are planned by the co-op board
in recent months much attention has been given to the probable extent of the current downtrend in business and economists are somewhat divided as to the outlook for the near future
and yet despite some disappointment with the performance of this first year of the new decade #### has been a good year in many ways with many overall measures of business having reached new peaks for the year as a whole
the shift in sentiment from excessive optimism early in the year to the present mood of caution has probably been a good thing in that it has prevented the accumulation of the burdensome inventories that have characterized many previous swings in the business cycle
this caution has been particularly noticeable in a tendency of retailers and distributors to shift the inventory burden back on the supplier and the fact stocks at retail are low in many lines has escaped attention because of the presence of higher stocks at the manufacturing level
in the electronics industry this tendency is well illustrated by inventories of tv sets
factory stocks in recent months have been the highest they have been in three years while those at retail are below ####
the total value of our industry 's shipments at factory prices increased from $#.# billion in #### to approximately $##.# billion as a result of increases in all of the major segments of our business home entertainment military industrial and replacement
i believe a further gain is in prospect for ####
home entertainment sales up
reflecting the largest percentage of high-end sets such as consoles and combinations since #### dollar value of home entertainment electronics in #### was about $#.# billion compared to $#.# billion in ####
sales of tv sets at retail ran ahead of the like months of #### through july
set production excluding those destined for the export market also ran ahead in the early months but was curtailed after the usual vacation shutdowns in the face of growing evidence that some of the early production plans had been overly optimistic
for the year as a whole retail sales of tv sets probably came to #.# million against #.# million in ####
however production came to only #.# million compared to #.# million
in contrast to the lower turnout of tv total radio production increased from ##.# million sets to ##.# million excluding export
both home and auto radios were in excellent demand with retail sales of home sets ahead of #### in every month of the first eleven
sales and production of home sets were about equal at ##.# million units
auto set production came to about #.# million compared to #.# million in ####
separate phonographs also had a good year reflecting the growing popularity of stereo sound and the same tendency on the part of the consumer to upgrade that characterized the radio-tv market
the outlook for entertainment electronics in #### is certainly far from clear at present but recent surveys have shown a desire on the part of consumers to step up their buying plans for durable goods
i would expect that sales at retail in the first half of #### might be below #### by some ## - ##% but that second-half levels should show a favorable comparison with a possibility of quite strong demand late in the year if business conditions recover as some recent forecasts suggest they will
i look for tv sales and production to be approximately equal at #.# million sets for the year but i look for some decline in radios from the high rate in #### to more nearly the #### level of ##.# - ##.# million sets
i therefore believe it is realistic to assume a modest drop in the total value of home entertainment electronics to about $#.# million slightly below #### but above ####
military electronics to grow
#### witnessed another substantial increase in our industry 's shipments of military electronics which totalled about $#.# billion compared to $#.# billion in ####
it is interesting to note that the present level of military electronics procurement is greater than the industry 's total sales to all markets in ####-#### which were good years for our industry with television enjoying its initial period of rapid consumer acceptance
it has been correctly pointed out by well-informed people in the industry that it is probably unrealistic to expect a continuation of the yearly growth of ##% or better that characterized the decade of the #### 's and that our military markets may be entering upon a new phase in which procurement of multiple weapons systems will give way to concentration of still undeveloped areas of our defense capability
while this may well be true in general i believe it is also important to keep in mind that some recent developments suggest that over the next year or so military electronics may be one of the most strongly growing areas in an economy which is expanding rapidly in other directions
among the items scheduled for acceleration in the near future are the polaris and b## programs strengthening of the airborne alert system of the strategic air command and improved battlefield surveillance systems
research and development expenditures connected with the reconnaissance satellite samos and the future development of ballistic missile defense systems such as nike-zeus are expected to increase substantially
research development test and evaluation funds devoted to missiles in #### were # to # times as large as those devoted to aircraft and actual missile procurement is expected to exceed aircraft procurement by ####
still later the realm of space technology will show substantial gains
it has been estimated that spending by the national aeronautics and space administration will rise from less than $### million in fiscal #### to more than $# billion by #### and that the electronic industry 's share of these expenditures will be closer to ##% than the current ##%
the stepped-up defense procurement called for in the #### budget has already begun to make itself felt in an upturn in orders for military electronic equipment and the components that go into it and it has been suggested that an additional $# billion increase in total defense spending may be requested for fiscal ####
although the impact of these increases on our industry 's shipments will be gradual on balance i look for another good increase in shipments in the coming year to at least $# billion
industrial electronic equipment
paced by the continuing rapid growth of electronic data processing sales of industrial and commercial electronic equipment totalled $#.# billion compared to $#.# billion in ####
the market for computers and other data-handling continues to expand at the rate of about ##% annually reaching some $### million in ####
informed estimates look for this market to approximately quadruple by the late #### 's under the stimulus of new applications in the fields of banking and retailing industrial process control and information storage and retrieval
in the industrial field prospects for higher expenditures on electronic testing and measuring equipment are also quite bright
for the near term however it must be realized that the industrial and commercial market is somewhat more sensitive to general business conditions than is the military market and for this reason i would expect that any gain in #### may be somewhat smaller than those of recent years
sales should slightly exceed #### however and reach $#.# billion
in addition to the three major original equipment segments of the electronics business the steady growth in the market for replacement parts continues year by year
this is now a $#.# billion business up from $#.# billion in #### and should reach $#.# billion in ####
the markets for electronic parts in #### have reflected the changing patterns of the various end equipment segments of the industry
demand for parts for home entertainment was strong in the first half but purchases were cut back to lower levels during the fall as set manufacturers reduced their own operating rates
in the military field incoming orders turned down early in the year and remained rather slow until late fall when the upturn in procurement of equipment began to make itself felt in rising orders for components
sales of transistors in #### exceeded $### million compared to $### million in #### despite substantial price reductions in virtually all types
production totalled about ### million units against ## million in #### and i look for a further gain to ### million units worth approximately $### million in ####
sales of passive components such as capacitors and resistors although growing as fast as those of semi-conductors were ahead of #### this year and should increase again in ####
in sum i look for another good year for the electronics industry in #### with total sales increasing about #% to $##.# billion despite the uncertainties in the business outlook generally
as i have indicated above i base this feeling on a belief that current weakness in the market for consumer durable goods may continue through the early months of the year but will give way to a sufficiently strong recovery later on to bring the full-year figures close to those of ####
on prospects for continued increases in defense spending
and on continued growth in the applications of electronics to the complex problems of manufacturing and trade in the expanding but competitive economy of the #### 's
the appointment of gilbert b. devey as general manager of vectrol engineering inc. of stamford connecticut a leading manufacturer of thyratron and silicon controlled rectifier electrical controls has been announced by david b. peck vice president special products
mr. devey will be responsible for the commercial expansion of vectrol 's line of electronic and electrical power control components as furnished to end equipment manufacturers working closely with walter j. brown president and director of engineering of the recently acquired sprague subsidiary
mr. brown will at the same time undertake expansion of vectrol 's custom design program for electronic control users with a greatly increased engineering staff
mr. devey 's new responsibilities are in addition to those of his present post as marketing manager of sprague 's special products group which manufactures a wide line of digital electronic components packaged component assemblies and high temperature magnet wires
mr. devey first came to sprague in #### as a product specialist in the field engineering department coming from the office of naval research in washington d. c. where he was an electronic scientist engaged in undersea warfare studies
during world war # he was a lieutenant commander in the united states navy
mr. devey is a graduate of the massachusetts institute of technology and attended the united states naval academy post-graduate school specializing in electronic engineering
he was named product manager of the special products division of sprague when it was founded in #### and was later promoted to his present post
mr. devey is a member of the institute of radio engineers and is chairman of the electronic industries association committee on printed and modular components
mr. brown well-known english-born inventor prior to founding vectrol was at various times section leader in radio research at metropolitan vickers electrical co. ltd.
chief engineer of the radio set division of electric and musical industries ltd. the largest electronic equipment manufacturer in great britain
director of engineering at philco of great britain ltd. and vice president in charge of production and assistant to the president at the brush development co. cleveland ohio
he has a bachelor of science from the university of manchester england
mr. brown presently has over ### patents to his credit dating back to ####
he is a fellow of the american institute of electrical engineers and a senior member of the institute of radio engineers
he is a member of the institution of electrical engineers london a registered professional engineer in connecticut and ohio and a chartered electrical engineer in great britain
the promotion of robert e. swift to the position of assistant manager of the interference control field service department was announced early in december by frederick s. scarborough manager of interference control field service
the appointment was made in a move to expand the engineering services offered to the designers of electronic systems through assistance in electro-magnetic compatability problems
between meetings he helps the president keep track of delegated matters
since these duties fit neatly with those of the proposed presidential aide one person with adequate staff assistance could fill both jobs
since faculty see themselves as self-employed professionals rather than as employees enthusiasm in a common enterprise is proportionate to the sense of ownership they have in it by virtue of sharing in the decisions that govern its course
the faculty believes that broad autonomy is necessary to preserve its freedom in teaching and scholarship
the president expects faculty members to remember in exercising their autonomy that they share no collective responsibility for the university 's income nor are they personally accountable for top-level decisions
he may welcome their appropriate participation in the determination of high policy but he has a right to expect in return that they will leave administrative matters to the administration
how well do faculty members govern themselves
there is little evidence that they are giving any systematic thought to a general theory of the optimum scope and nature of their part in government
they sometimes pay more attention to their rights than to their own internal problems of government
they too need to learn to delegate
letting the administration take details off their hands would give them more time to inform themselves about education as a whole an area that would benefit by more faculty attention
although faculties insist on governing themselves they grant little prestige to a member who actively participates in college or university government
there are nevertheless several things that the president can do to stimulate participation and to enhance the prestige of those who are willing to exercise their privilege
he can for example present significant university-wide issues to the senate
he can encourage quality in faculty committee work in various ways by seeing to it that the membership of each committee represents the thoughtful as well as the action-oriented faculty
by making certain that no faculty member has too many committee assignments
by assuring good liaison between the committees and the administration
by minimizing the number of committees
despite the many avenues for the exchange of ideas between faculty and administration complaints of a lack of communication persist
the cause is as often neglect as hesitance to disclose
a busy president conversant with a problem and its ramifications and beset by pressures to meet deadlines tends naturally to assume that others must be as familiar with a problem as he is
the need for interchange and understanding makes vital the full use of all methods of consultation
to increase faculty influence and decrease tension many presidents have established a standing advisory committee with which they can discuss problems frankly
the president has little influence in day-by-day curricular changes but if he looks ahead two three or five years to anticipate issues and throw out challenging ideas he can open the way for innovation and he can also have a great deal to say as to what path it will take
success will require tact sensitivity to faculty prerogatives patience and persistence
the critical task for every president and his academic administrative staff is to assure that the college or university continually rebuilds and regenerates itself so that its performance will match changing social demands
great professors do automatically reproduce themselves
deans can form an important bridge between the president and the faculty
they serve only as spokesmen for their areas but they also contribute to top-level decision making
the president who appoints strong men who have an all-college or university point of view and a talent and respect for administration can count on useful assistance
faculty members depend on their department chairmen to promote their interests with the administration
the administration at the same time looks to the chairmen for strategic aid in building stronger departments
one way that this can be done other than by hiring new high-priced professors is by constantly encouraging the department members to raise their standards of performance
the quality of a president 's leadership is measured first by his success in building up the faculty
by supporting the efforts of the many faculty members who are working to attain ever higher standards the president can encourage faculty leadership
indirectly he can best help them by insuring that rigorous criteria for appointment and promotion are clearly set forth and adhered to
the academic dean should take a direct long-term interest in faculty development
an alert dean will confer all through the year on personnel needs plans for the future qualifications of those on the job and bright prospects elsewhere
for the maintenance of a long-term program the departments and particularly their chairmen are strategic
they evaluate and nominate candidates for appointment and promotion
to provide an independent judgment for the president the academic dean also investigates candidates thoroughly
at some colleges and universities a faculty committee reviews and reports to the administration on the qualifications of candidates
some faculty members and many administrators oppose faculty review groups because they either repeat department 's actions or act pro forma
they can be effective however if their members set high standards for candidates and devote substantial time to the work
at one university the president cites the faculty review committee as a valued partner of the administration in guarding and promoting the quality of the faculty
before the president recommends a candidate to the trustees the administration collects the views of colleagues in the same field of knowledge on campus and elsewhere
the president or dean reads some of his publications to form the truest possible evaluation of the quality of his mind
no good way to evaluate teaching ability has yet been discovered although some institutions use inventory sheets for a list of criteria
to avoid passing over quiet unaggressive teachers as well as to decide whether others merit promotion review of the right of faculty members to promotion or salary increases should be made periodically whether or they have been recommended for advancement by their departments
there are certain aspects of personnel development in which a president must involve himself directly
he should personally consider the potential of a faculty member proposed for tenure to guard against the mistake of making this profoundly serious commitment turn solely upon the man 's former achievements
no one can be as effective as the president in inspiring older men to welcome imaginative new teachers whose philosophy or approach to their specialties is quite different
in particular the president may have to summon all his oratorical powers to persuade department members to accept an outstanding man above the normal salary scale
on those rare occasions when a faculty member on tenure is meeting the standards of the institution the president must also bear the ultimate burden of decision and action
a true university like most successful marriages is a unity of diversities without forcing all components into a single pattern the preparation of a master plan is an opportunity to consider interrelation of knowledge at its highest level which a university in contrast to a multiversity should stand for
recently colleges and universities have begun to translate their educational philosophy into institution-wide goals
each year a few more institutions are deciding such questions as shall we require a liberal education built around a humanities core for all undergraduates
or shall we permit early specialization in scientific and technological subjects
in the first instance adequate appropriate reading materials and library accommodations must be planned
in the second more shops laboratories and staff will be required
for the president a master plan looking ahead five years the maximum reach for sound forecasting offers several practical advantages
trustees faculty and administration can consider the consequences of decisions before they are made instead of afterwards
physical plant and equipment can be efficiently developed
proposed new programs can be examined for appropriateness to goals and for present and future financial fitness
more than one president has found that a long-range plan helps him to attract major gifts
it inspires confidence in his institution 's determination to establish goals and to achieve them
before deciding where it is going however a college or university must know where it is
the first step is a comprehensive self study made by faculty by outside consultants or by a combination of the two
it should sternly appraise curricula faculty organization buildings faculty work loads and potential for growth in stature and size
implementation of the master plan will inevitably be uneven
some departments will attack their new goals enthusiastically
others may drag their feet
funds may be readily donated for some purposes but others
a plan must therefore be brought up to date periodically possibly with the assistance of a permanent planning officer
to provide the continuous flow of information basic to administrative decisions a number of institutions have established offices of institutional research
some offices have very broad responsibilities touching on almost all aspects of a university 's instructional program
their duties include evaluation of the information collected and preparation of recommendations
more often these offices are restricted to the gathering of empirical data
the president 's opportunity for influencing education reaches its highest point as he decides which projects he will cut back which he will advance by increased allowances or new fund-raising efforts
no matter how high the hopes and dreams of educators budget making adjusts them to the cold realities of dollars and cents
when the budget goes to trustees for approval it is the president 's budget to which his faith and credit are committed
its principal features should be a product of his most considered judgment
he cannot of course examine each proposal from scratch
he reviews and shapes the work of others to mold a single joint product that will best promote the aims of the institution
budgeting must be flexible to allow adaptation to the rapid changes in scientific and technological scholarship
because scientific instruction and research involve increasingly large sums of money an institution should choose its fields of prominence
otherwise it will be headed for bankruptcy at worst and at best towards starvation of other less dramatic but socially and culturally indispensable branches of learning
in the national interest even the affluent universities must consider some division of labor among them to replace their present ambitions to keep up with the joneses in all branches
supporting activities business management public relations fund-raising offer presidents one of their best chances to buy freedom for attention to education
here the reasonable mastery of the elements of administration can do much to free a president for his primary role
in the areas that do relate directly to the educational program expert subordinates will serve the college or university better than close presidential attention
the president should find strong subordinates and delegate the widest discretion to them
higher education cannot compete with the salary scales of the business world but an educational institution can offer many potent intangible attractions to members of the business community that will offset the differences in income
just as the entire faculty should know the president 's educational philosophy and objectives so should non-academic officers
they will better understand the relationship of their activities to the academic program and they will be able to explain their actions to faculty in terms of mutual goals
a president is frequently besieged to serve in non-academic civic and governmental capacities to make speeches to lay groups and to make numerous ceremonial appearances on and off campus
since he can neither accept nor reject them all he must be governed by the time and energy available for his prime professional obligations
declinations and substitutions are better received when he explains why his obligations to his institution preclude his acceptance
by sharing the load of important speeches with his colleagues the president can develop a cadre of able spokesmen who will help to create a public perception of the university as an institution something more than the lengthened shadow of one man
it has recently become practical to use the radio emission of the moon and planets as a new source of information about these bodies and their atmospheres
the results of present observations of the thermal radio emission of the moon are consistent with the very low thermal conductivity of the surface layer which was derived from the variation in the infrared emission during eclipses e.g. garstung ####
when sufficiently accurate and complete measurements are available it will be possible to set limits on the thermal and electrical characteristics of the surface and subsurface materials of the moon
observations of the radio emission of a planet which has an extensive atmosphere will probe the atmosphere to a greater extent than those using shorter wave lengths and should in some cases give otherwise unobtainable information about the characteristics of the solid surface
radio observations of venus and jupiter have already supplied unexpected experimental data on the physical conditions of these planets
the observed intensity of the radio emission of venus is much higher than the expected thermal intensity although the spectrum indicated by measurements at wave lengths near # cm and ## cm is like that of a black body at about ###-degrees
this result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence
for the case of jupiter the radio emission spectrum is definitely like the spectrum of a black-body radiator and it seems very likely that the radiation reaching the earth is a combination of thermal radiation from the atmosphere and non-thermal components
of the remaining planets only mars and saturn have been observed as radio sources and very much information is available
mars has been observed twice at about #-cm wave length and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of mars
the low intensity of the radiation from saturn has limited observations but again the measured radiation seems to be consistent with a thermal origin
no attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported and because of their distances small diameters or low temperatures the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity
in spite of this the very large radio reflectors and improved amplifying techniques which are now becoming available should make it possible to observe the radio emission of most of the planets in a few years
the study of the radio emission of the moon and planets began with the detection of the thermal radiation of the moon at #.##-cm wave length by dicke and beringer ####
this was followed by a comprehensive series of observations of the #.##-cm emission of the moon over three lunar cycles by piddington and minnett ####
they deduced from their measurements that the radio emission from the whole disk of the moon varied during a lunation in a roughly sinusoidal fashion
that the amplitude of the variation was considerably less than the amplitude of the variation in the infrared emission as measured by pettit and nicholson #### and pettit ####
and that the maximum of the radio emission came about #-# days after full moon which is again in contrast to the infrared emission which reaches its maximum at full moon
piddington and minnett explained their observations by pointing out that rocklike materials which are likely to make up the surface of the moon would be partially transparent to radio waves although opaque to infrared radiation
the infrared emission could then be assumed to originate at the surface of the moon while the radio emission originates at some depth beneath the surface where the temperature variation due to solar radiation is reduced in amplitude and shifted in phase
since the absorption of radio waves in rocklike material varies with wave length it should be possible to sample the temperature variation at different depths beneath the surface and possibly detect changes in the structure or composition of the lunar surface material
the radio emission of a planet was first detected in #### when burke and franklin #### identified the origin of interference-like radio noise on their records at about ## meters wave length as emission from jupiter
this sporadic type of planetary radiation is discussed by burke chap. ## and gallet chap. ##
steady radiation which was presumably of thermal origin was observed from venus at #.## and #.# cm and from mars and jupiter at #.## cm in #### mayer mccullough and sloanaker #### a b c and from saturn at #.## cm in #### drake and ewen ####
in the relatively short time since these early observations venus has been observed at additional wave lengths in the range from #.# to ##.# cm and jupiter has been observed over the wave-length range from #.## to ## aj
the observable characteristics of planetary radio radiation are the intensity the polarization and the direction of arrival of the waves
the maximum angular diameter of any planetary disk as observed from the earth is about # minute of arc
this is much smaller than the highest resolution of even the very large reflectors now under construction and consequently the radio emission of different regions of the disk cannot be resolved
it should be possible however to put useful limits on the diameters of the radio sources by observing with large reflectors or with interferometers
measurements of polarization are presently limited by apparatus sensitivity and will remain difficult because of the low intensity of the planetary radiation at the earth
there have been few measurements specifically for the determination of the polarization of planetary radiation
the measurements made with the nrl ##-foot reflector which is altitude-azimuth-mounted would have shown a systematic change with local hour angle in the measured intensities of venus and jupiter if a substantial part of the radiation had been linearly polarized
recent interferometer measurements radhakrishnan and roberts #### have shown the ###-mc emission of jupiter to be partially polarized and to originate in a region of larger diameter than the visible disk
other than this very significant result most of the information now available about the radio emission of the planets is restricted to the intensity of the radiation
the concept of apparent black-body temperature is used to describe the radiation received from the moon and the planets
the received radiation is compared with the radiation from a hypothetical black body which subtends the same solid angle as the visible disk of the planet
the apparent black-body disk temperature is the temperature which must be assumed for the black body in order that the intensity of its radiation should equal that of the observed radiation
the use of this concept does specify the origin of the radiation and only if the planet really radiates as a black body will the apparent black-body temperature correspond to the physical temperature of the emitting material
the radio radiation of the sun which is reflected from the moon and planets should be negligible compared with their thermal emission at centimeter wave lengths except possibly at times of exceptional outbursts of solar radio noise
the quiescent level of centimeter wave-length solar radiation would increase the average disk brightness temperature by less than #-degree
at meter wave lengths an increase of the order of ##-degrees in the average disk temperatures of the nearer planets would be expected
therefore neglecting the extreme outbursts reflected solar radiation is expected to cause sizable errors in the measurements of planetary radiation in the centimeter- and decimeter-wave-length range
radio observations of the moon have been made over the range of wave lengths from #.# mm to ## cm and the results are summarized in table #
observations have also been made at #.# mm using optical techniques sinton #### ####
see also chap. ##
all the observers have used the same procedures or made the same assumptions about the lunar brightness distribution when reducing the data and this together with differences in the methods of calibrating the antennae and receivers must account for much of the disagreement in the measured radio brightness temperatures
in the observations at #.# mm coates #### the diameter of the antenna beam #'.# was small enough to allow resolution of some of the larger features of the lunar surface and contour diagrams have been made of the lunar brightness distribution at three lunar phases
these observations indicate that the lunar maria heat up more rapidly and also cool off more rapidly than do the mountainous regions
mare imbrium seems to be an exception and remains cooler than the regions which surround it
these contour diagrams also suggest a rather rapid falloff in the radio brightness with latitude
very recently observations have been made at #-mm wave length with a reflector ## meters in diameter with a resultant beam width of only about #' amenitskii noskova and salomonovich ####
the constant-temperature contours are much smoother than those observed at #.# mm by coates #### and apparently the emission at # mm is nearly so sensitive to differences in surface features
such high-resolution observations as these are needed at several wave lengths in order that the radio emission of the moon can be properly interpreted
the observations of mayer mccullough and sloanaker at #.## cm and of sloanaker at ##.# cm have previously been published and will be briefly described
measurements at #.## cm were obtained on ## days spread over the interval may # to june ## #### using the ##-foot reflector at the u. s. naval research laboratory in washington
the half-intensity diameter of the antenna beam was about #' and the angle subtended by the moon included the entire main beam and part of the first side lobes
the antenna patterns and the power gain at the peak of the beam were both measured mayer mccullough and sloanaker #### so that the absolute power sensitivity of the antenna beam over the solid angle of the moon was known
the ratio of the measured antenna temperature change during a drift scan across the moon to the average brightness temperature of the moon over the antenna beam assuming that the brightness temperature of the sky is negligible was found by graphical integration of the antenna directivity diagram to be #.##
the measured brightness temperature is a good approximation to the brightness temperature at the center of the lunar disk because of the narrow antenna beam and because the temperature distribution over the central portion of the moon 's disk is nearly uniform
the result of the observations is af where the phase angle q is measured in degrees from new moon and the probable errors include absolute as well as relative errors
this result is plotted along with the #.#-mm observations of gibson #### in figure # a
the variation in the #-cm emission of the moon during a lunation is very much less than the variation in the #.#-mm emission as would be expected from the explanation of piddington and minnett ####
in the discussion which follows the time average of the radio emission will be referred to as the constant component and the superimposed periodic variation will be called the variable component
the ##.#-cm observation of sloanaker was made on may ## #### using the ##-foot reflector at the maryland point observatory of the u. s. naval research laboratory
the age of the moon was about # days
the half-intensity diameter of the main lobe of the antenna was about ##'.# and the brightness temperature was reduced by assuming a gaussian shape for the antenna beam and a uniformly bright disk for the moon
experiments were made on an electric arc applying a porous graphite anode cooled by a transpiring gas argon
thus the energy transferred from the arc to the anode was partly fed back into the arc
it was shown that by proper anode design the net energy loss of the arc to the anode could be reduced to approximately ##% of the total arc energy
a detailed energy balance of the anode was established
the anode ablation could be reduced to a negligible amount
the dependence of the arc voltage upon the mass flow velocity of the transpirating gas was investigated for various arc lengths and currents between ### amp and ### aj
qualitative observations were made and high-speed motion pictures were taken to study flow phenomena in the arc at various mass flow velocities
the high heat fluxes existing at the electrode surfaces of electric arcs necessitate extensive cooling to prevent electrode ablation
the cooling requirements are particularly severe at the anode
in free-burning electric arcs for instance approximately ##% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of af as measured by the authors the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere
in plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than ##% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode
the higher heat transfer rates at the anode compared with those at the cathode can be explained by the physical phenomena occurring in free burning arcs
in plasma generators the superimposed forced convection may modify the picture somewhat
the heat transfer to the anode is due to the following effects #
heat of condensation work function plus kinetic energy of the electrons impinging on the anode
this energy transfer depends on the current the temperature in the arc column the anode material and the conditions in the anode sheath
heat transfer by molecular conduction as well as by radiation from the arc column
the heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs is enhanced by a hot gas jet flowing from the cathode towards the anode with velocities up af
this phenomenon has been experimentally investigated in detail by maecker ref. #
the pressure gradient producing the jet is due to the nature of the magnetic field in the arc rapid decrease of current density from cathode to the anode
hence the flow conditions at the anode of free burning arcs resemble those near a stagnation point
it is apparent from the above and from experimental evidence that the cooling requirements for the anode of free burning arcs are large compared with those for the cathode
the gas flow through a plasma generator will modify these conditions
however the anode is still the part receiving the largest heat flux
an attempt to improve the life of the anodes or the efficiency of the plasma generators must therefore aim at a reduction of the anode loss
the following possibilities exist for achieving this #
the use of high voltages and low currents by proper design to reduce electron heat transfer to the anode for a given power output
continuous motion of the arc contact area at the anode by flow or magnetic forces
feedback of the energy transferred to the anode by applying gas transpiration through the anode
the third method was to our knowledge successfully applied for the first time by c. sheer and co-workers ref. #
the purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage
gas injection through a porous anode transpiration cooling only feeds back the energy transferred to the anode by the above mentioned processes but also modifies the conditions in the arc itself
a detailed study of this latter phenomenon was attempted in this paper
argon was used as a blowing gas to exclude any effects of dissociation or chemical reaction
the anode material was porous graphite
sintered porous metals should be usable in principle
however technical difficulties arise by melting at local hot spots
the experimental arrangement as described below is based on the geometry of free burning arcs
thus direct comparisons can be drawn with free burning arcs which have been studied in detail during the past years and decades by numerous investigators ref. #
figures # to # show photographic and schematic views of the test stand and of two different models of the anode holder
the cathode consisted of a # diameter thoriated tungsten rod attached to a water cooled copper tube
this tube could be adjusted in its axial direction by an electric drive to establish the required electrode spacing
the anode in figure # was mounted by means of the anode holder which was attached to a steel plug and disk
the transpiring gas ejected from the anode formed a jet directed axially towards the cathode below
inflow of air from the surrounding atmosphere was prevented by the two disks shown in figure #
argon was also blown at low velocities mass flow rate af through a tube coaxial with the cathode as an additional precaution against contamination of the arc by air
the anode consisted of a # inch diameter porous graphite plug # inch long
the graphite was national carbon nc ## which has a porosity of ##% and an average pore size of ##
this small pore size was required to ensure uniformity of the flow leaving the anode
the anode plug figure # was inserted into a carbon anode holder
a shielded thermocouple was used to measure the upstream temperature of the transpiring gas
it was exposed to a high velocity gas jet
a plug and a tube with holes in its cylindrical walls divided the chamber above the porous plug into two parts
this arrangement had the purpose to prevent heated gas to reach the thermocouple by natural convection
two pyrometers shown in figure # and # pyrometer instrument co. model ## served for simultaneous measurement of the anode surface temperature and the temperature distribution along the anode holder
three thermocouples were placed at different locations in the aluminum disk surrounding the anode holder to determine its temperature
another anode holder used in the experiments is shown in figure #
in this design the anode holder is water cooled and the heat losses by conduction from the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant
to reduce heat transfer from the hot gas to this anode holder outside the regime of the arc a carbon shield was attached to the surface providing an air gap of # inch between the plate and the surface of the anode holder
in addition the inner surface of the carbon shield was covered with aluminum foil to reduce radiation
temperatures of the shield and of the surface of the water-cooled anode holder were measured by thermocouples to account for heat received by the coolant but originating from the anode plug
the argon flow from commercial bottles was regulated by a pressure regulator and measured with a gas flow rator
the power source was a commercial d. c. rectifier
at ### amp the ### cycle ripple was less than #.# v peak to peak with a resistive load
the current was regulated by means of a variable resistor and measured with a ## mv shunt and millivoltmeter
the arc voltage was measured with a voltmeter whose terminals were connected to the anode and cathode holders
because of the falling characteristic of the rectifier no ballast resistor was required for stability of operation
a high frequency starter was used to start the arc
experimental procedure and error analysis
transpiration cooled anode with carbon anode holder
the anode holder shown in figure # was designed with two goals in mind
the heat losses of the holder were to be reduced as far as possible and they should be such that an accurate heat balance can be made
in order to reduce the number of variable parameters all experiments were made with a constant arc length of #.#'' and a current of ### aj
the argon flow through the porous anode was varied systematically between af and af
the lower limit was determined by the fact that for smaller flow rates the arc started to strike to the anode holder instead of to the porous graphite plug and that it became highly unstable
the upper limit was determined by the difficulty of measuring the characteristic anode surface temperature see below since only a small region of the anode was struck by the arc
this region which had a higher temperature than the rest of the anode surface changed size and location continuously
for each mass flow rate the arc voltage was measured
to measure the surface temperature of the anode plug the surface was scanned with a pyrometer
as it turned out a very hot region occurred on the plug
its temperature was denoted by af
the size of this hot region was estimated by eye
the rest of the surface had a temperature which decreased towards the outer diameter of the plug
the mean temperature of this region was approximated by the temperature measured halfways between the edge of the hot spot and the rim of the plug
it was denoted by af
the mean temperature of the surface was then computed according to the following relation af where x is the fraction of the plug area covered by the hot spot
assuming thermal equilibrium between the anode surface and the transpiring argon the gas enthalpy rise through the anode was calculated according to the relation af whereby the specific heat of argon was taken as af
this calculation results in an enthalpy rise which is somewhat high because it assumes a mass flow equally distributed over the plug cross section whereas in reality the mass velocity is expected to be smaller in the regions of higher temperatures
the upstream gas temperature measured with the thermocouple shown in figure # was af
the af values are listed in table # together with the measured surface temperatures and arc voltages
simultaneously with the anode surface temperature and voltage measurements pyrometer readings were taken along the cylindrical surface of the carbon anode holder as indicated on figure #
some of these temperatures are plotted in figure #
they showed no marked dependence on the flow rate within the accuracy of these measurements
thus the dotted line shown in figure # was taken as typical for the temperature distribution for all blowing rates
the thermocouples in the aluminum disk shown in figure # indicated an equilibrium temperature of the surface of af
this temperature was taken as environmental temperature to which the anode holder was exposed as far as radiation is concerned
it is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements
the reflection of radiation originating from the anode holder and reflected back to it by the surrounding metal surfaces should also be small because of the peculiar characteristic of the metal surfaces and of the specific geometry
the total heat loss through the anode holder included also the heat conducted through the base of the cylindrical piece into the adjacent metal parts
it was calculated from the temperature gradient af at af inch as af
the total heat flux from the porous plug into the plug holder is thereby af
the temperature distribution of figure # gives af for all blowing rates assuming af
the temperature dependent value of **ye was taken from ref. #
the radiation loss from the anode surface was computed according to af where af is the mean of the fourth powers of the temperatures af and af calculated analogously to equation #
a band viscometer is shown in figure #
it consists of two blocks with flat surfaces held apart by shims
there is a small well in the top in which the fluid or paste to be tested is placed
a tape of cellulose acetate is pulled between the blocks and the tape pulls the fluid or paste with it between the parallel faces of the blocks
in normal use weights are hung on the end of the tape and allowed to pull the tape and the material to be tested between the blocks
after it has reached terminal velocity the time for the tape to travel a known distance is recorded
by the use of various weights data for a force-rate of shear graph can be obtained
the instrument used for this work was a slight modification of that previously described
in this test a af tape was pulled between the blocks with a motor and pulley at a rate of af with a clearance of #.###'' on each side of the tape
this gives a rate of shear of af
this however can only be considered approximate as the diameter of the pulley was increased by the build-up of tape and the tape was occasionally removed from the pulley during the runs
the face of one block contained a hole # in diameter which led to a manometer for the measurement of the normal pressure
although there were only four fluids tested it was apparent that there were two distinct types
two of the fluids showed a high-positive normal pressure when undergoing shear and two showed small negative pressures which were negligible in comparison with the amount of the positive pressures generated by the other two
figure # shows the data on a silicone fluid labeled ##,### cps which gave a high positive normal pressure
although the tape was run for over # hr. a steady state was reached and it was concluded that the reason for this was that the back pressure of the manometer was built up from the material fed from between the blocks and this was available at a very slow rate
a system had to be used which did depend upon the feeding of the fluid into the manometer if measurements of the normal pressure were to be made in a reasonable time
a back pressure was then introduced and the rise or fall of the material in the manometer indicated which was greater the normal pressure in the block or the back pressure
by this method it was determined that the normal pressure exerted by a sample of polybutene molecular weight reported to be ### was over half an atmosphere
the actual pressure was determined because the pressure was beyond the upper limit of the apparatus on hand
the two fluids which gave the small negative pressures were polybutenes with molecular weights which were stated to be ### and ###
these are fluids which one would expect to be less viscoelastic or more newtonian because of their lower molecular weight
the maximum suction was #.##'' of test fluid measured from the top of the block and steady states were apparently reached with these fluids
it is presumed that this negative head was associated with some geometric factor of the assembly since different readings were obtained with the same fluid and the only apparent difference was the assembly and disassembly of the apparatus
this negative pressure is explained by the velocity head af since this is sufficient to explain the readings by several magnitudes
these experiments can be considered exploratory only
however they do demonstrate the presence of large normal pressures in the presence of flat shear fields which were forecast by the theory in the first part of the paper
they also give information which will aid in the design of a more satisfactory instrument for the measurement of the normal pressures
such an instrument would be useful for the characterization of many commercial materials as well as theoretical studies
the elasticity is a parameter of fluids which is subject to simple measurement at present and it is a parameter which is probably varying in an unknown manner with many commercial materials
such an instrument is expected to be especially useful if it could be used to measure the elasticity of heavy pastes such as printing inks paints adhesives molten plastics and bread dough for the elasticity is related to those various properties termed length shortness spinnability etc. which are usually judged by subjective methods at present
the actual change af caused by a shear field is calculated by multiplying the pressure differential times the volume just as it is for any gravitational or osmotic pressure head
if the volume is the molal volume then af is obtained on a molal basis which is the customary terminology of the chemists
although the af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects
consider a shear field with a height of h and a cross-sectional area of a opposed by a manometer with a height of h referred to the same base as h and a cross-sectional area of a
if af is the change per unit volume in gibbs function caused by the shear field at constant p and t and **yr is the density of the fluid then the total potential energy of the system above the reference height is af
af is the work necessary to fill the manometer column from the reference height to h
the total volume of the system above the reference height is af and h can be eliminated to obtain an equation for the total potential energy of the system in terms of h
the minimum total potential energy is found by taking the derivative with respect to h and equating to zero
this gives af which is the pressure
this is interesting for it combines both the thermodynamic concept of a minimum gibbs function for equilibrium and minimum mechanical potential energy for equilibrium
this method can be extended to include the concentration differences caused by shear fields
the relation between osmotic pressure and the gibbs function may also be developed in an analogous way
in the above development we have applied the thermodynamics of equilibrium referred to by some as thermostatics to the steady state
this can be justified thermodynamically in this case and this will be done in a separate paper which is being prepared
this has an interesting analogy with the assumption stated by philippoff that the deformational mechanics of elastic solids can be applied to flowing solutions
there is one exception to the above statement as has been pointed out and that is that fluids can relax by flowing into fields of lower rates of shear so the statement should be modified by stating that the mechanics are similar
if the mechanics are similar we can also infer that the thermodynamics will also be similar
the concept of the strain energy as a gibbs function difference af and exerting a force normal to the shearing face is compatible with the information obtained from optical birefringence studies of fluids undergoing shear
essentially these birefringence studies show that at low rates of shear a tension is present at ##-degrees to the direction of shear and as the rate of shear increases the direction of the maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of shear
according to philippoff the recoverable shear s is given by af where **yc is the angle of extinction
from this and the force of deformation it should be possible to calculate the elastic energy of deformation which should be equal to the af calculated from the pressure normal to the shearing face
there is another means which should show the direction and relative value of the stresses in viscoelastic fluids that is mentioned as such in the literature and that is the shape of the suspended drops of low viscosity fluids in shear fields
these droplets are distorted by the normal forces just as a balloon would be pulled or pressed out of shape in one 's hands
these droplets appear to be ellipsoids and it is mathematically convenient to assume that they are
if they are ellipsoids the conclusions will be a reasonable approximation
the direction of the tension of minimum pressure is of course given by the direction of the major axis of the ellipsoids
mason and taylor both show that the major axis of the ellipsoids is at ##-degrees at low rates of shear and that it approaches the direction of shear with increased rates of shear
some suspensions break up before they are near to the direction of shear and some become asymptotic to it without breakup
this is of course a similar type of behavior to that indicated by birefringence studies
the relative forces can be calculated from the various radii of curvature if we assume a the surface tension is uniform on the surface of the drop
b that because of the low viscosity of the fluid the internal pressure is the same in all directions
c the kinetic effects are negligible
d since the shape of the drop conforms to the force field it does appreciably affect the distribution of forces in the fluid
these are reasonable assumptions with low viscosity fluids suspended in high viscosity fluids which are subjected to low rates of shear
just as the pressure exerted by surface tension in a spherical drop is af and the pressure exerted by surface tension on a cylindrical shape is af the pressure exerted by any curved surface is af where **yg is the interfacial tension and af and af are the two radii of curvature
this formula is given by rumscheidt and mason
if a is the major axis of an ellipsoid and b and c are the other two axes the radius of curvature in the ab plane at the end of the axis af and the difference in pressure along the a and b axes is af
there are no data published in the literature on the shape of low viscosity drops to confirm the above formulas
however there are photographs of suspended drops of cyclohexanol phthalate viscosity ### poises suspended in corn syrup of ## poises in a paper by mason and bartok
this viscosity of the material in the drops is of course negligible
measurements on the photograph in this paper give af at the maximum rate of shear of af
if it is assumed that the formula given by lodge of cosec af applies the pressure difference along the major axes can be calculated from the angle of inclination of the major axis and from this the interfacial tension can be calculated
its value was af from the above data
this appears to be high as would be expected from the appreciable viscosity of the material in the drops
it is appropriate to call attention to certain thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas that are analogous to rubber-like deformation
the internal energy of an ideal gas depends on temperature only and is independent of pressure or volume
in other words if an ideal gas is compressed and kept at constant temperature the work done in compressing it is completely converted into heat and transferred to the surrounding heat sink
this means that work equals q which in turn equals af
there is a well-known relationship between probability and entropy which states that af where **zq is the probability that state i.e. volume for an ideal gas could be reached by chance alone
this is known as conformational entropy
this conformational entropy is in this case equal to the usual entropy for there are no other changes or other energies involved
note that though the ideal gas itself contains no additional energy the compressed gas does exert an increased pressure
the energy for any isothermal work done by the perfect gas must come as thermal energy from its surroundings
a proton magnetic resonance study of polycrystalline af as a function of magnetic field and temperature is presented
af is paramagnetic and electron paramagnetic dipole as well as nuclear dipole effects lead to line broadening
the lines are asymmetric and over the range of field af gauss and temperature af the asymmetry increases with increasing af and decreasing t
an isotropic resonance shift of af to lower applied fields indicates a weak isotropic hyperfine contact interaction
the general theory of resonance shifts is used to derive a general expression for the second moment af of a polycrystalline paramagnetic sample and is specialized to af
the theory predicts a linear dependence of af on af where j is the experimentally determined curie-weiss constant
the experimental second moment af conforms to the relation af in agreement with theory
hence the electron paramagnetic effects slope can be separated from the nuclear effects intercept
the paramagnetic dipole effects provide some information on the particle shapes
the nuclear dipole effects provide some information on the motions of the hydrogen nuclei but the symmetry of the af bond in af remains in doubt
the magnetic moment of an unpaired electron associated nearby may have a tremendous influence on the magnetic resonance properties of nuclei
it is important to consider and experimentally verify this influence since quantitative nuclear resonance is becoming increasingly used in investigations of structure
af appeared to be well suited for the study of these matters since it is a normal paramagnet with three unpaired electrons on the chromium its crystal structure is very simple and the unknown position of the hydrogen in the strong af bond provides structural interest
we first discuss the af bond in af
we then outline the theory of the interaction of paramagnetic dipoles with nuclei and show that the theory is in excellent agreement with experiment
indeed it is possible to separate electron paramagnetic from nuclear effects
the information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the af bond in af
af bond in af
theoretical studies of the hydrogen bond generally agree that the af bond will be linear in the absence of peculiarities of packing in the solid
moreover it will be asymmetric until a certain critical af distance is reached below which it will become symmetric
there is ample evidence from many sources that the af bond in af is symmetric
the af distance in af is #.## aj
there is evidence though less convincing than for af that the af bond in nickel dimethylglyoxime is symmetric
here the af distance is #.## aj
a number of semiempirical estimates by various workers lead to the conclusion that the af bond becomes symmetric when the af bond length is about #.# to #.# a but aside from the possible example of nickel dimethylglyoxime there have been no convincing reports of symmetric af bonds
douglass has studied the crystal structure of af by x-ray diffraction
he finds the structure contains an af bond with the af distance of af
there is then the possibility that this af bond is symmetric although douglass was unable to determine its symmetry from his x-ray data
douglass found af to be trigonal laue symmetry af with af af
x-ray and experimental density showed one formula unit in the unit cell corresponding to a paramagnetic ion density of af
the x-ray data did permit douglass to determine uniquely the space group but a negative test for piezoelectricity led him to assume a center of symmetry
under this assumption the space group must be af and the following are the positions of the atoms in the unit cell
this space group requires the hydrogen bond to be symmetric
douglass found powder intensity calculations and measurements to agree best for af
these data lead to a structure in which sheets of cr atoms lie between two sheets of o atoms
the o atoms in each sheet are close packed and each cr atom is surrounded by a distorted octahedron of o atoms
the af layers are stacked normal to the ### axis with the lower oxygens of one layer directly above the upper oxygens of the neighboring lower layer in such a manner that the repeat is every three layers
the separate layers are joined together by hydrogen bonds
a drawing of the structure is to be found in reference #
the gross details of the structure appear reasonable
the structure appears to be unique among ooh compounds but is the same as that assumed by af
the bond angles and distances are all within the expected limits and the volume per oxygen is about normal
however the possible absence of a center of symmetry only moves the hydrogen atom off af but also allows the oxygen atoms to become nonequivalent with af at af and af at af space group af where af represents the oxygens on one side of the af layers and af those on the other side
however any oxygen nonequivalence would shorten either the already extremely short af interlayer distance of #.## a or the non-hydrogen-bonded af interlayer interactions which are already quite short at #.## aj
hence it is difficult to conceive of a packing of the atoms in this material in which the oxygen atoms are far from geometrical equivalence
the only effect of lack of a center would then be to release the hydrogen atoms to occupy general rather than special positions along the ### axis
if the af bond is linear then there are three reasonable positions for the hydrogen atoms # the hydrogen atoms are centered and hence all lie on a sheet midway between the oxygen sheets
# all hydrogen atoms lie on a sheet but the sheet is closer to one oxygen sheet than to the other
# hydrogen atoms are asymmetrically placed either randomly or in an ordered way so that some hydrogen atoms are closer to the upper oxygen atoms while others are closer to the lower oxygen atoms
position # appears to us to be unlikely in view of the absence of a piezoelectric effect and on general chemical structural grounds
a randomization of ups and downs is more likely than ordered ups and downs in position # since the hydrogen atoms are well separated and so the position of one could hardly affect the position of another and also since ordered up and down implies a larger unit cell for which no evidence exists
therefore the only unknown structural feature would appear to be whether the hydrogen atoms are located symmetrically # or asymmetrically #
douglass prepared his sample of af by thermal decomposition of aqueous chromic acid at ### - ###-degrees-c
dr. douglass was kind enough to lend us about # grams of his material
this material proved to be unsatisfactory since we could obtain reproducible results on various portions of the sample
subsequently we learned from douglass that his sample contained a few percent af impurity
since af is ferromagnetic we felt that any results obtained from the magnetically contaminated af would be suspect
plane suggested another preparation of af which we used here
### ml of #m aqueous af with # af added are heated in a bomb at ###-degrees-c for ## hours
a very fine gray solid about ## g is formed water-washed by centrifugation and dried at ###-degrees-c
differential thermal analysis showed a very small endothermic reaction at ###-degrees-c and a large endothermic reaction at ###-degrees-c
this latter reaction is in accord with the reported decomposition of af
thermogravimetric analysis showed a weight loss of #.#% centered at ###-degrees-c and another weight loss of ##.#% at ###-degrees-c
the expected weight loss for af going to af and af is ##.#%
mass spectrometric analysis of gases evolved upon heating to ###-degrees-c indicated nitrogen oxides and water vapor
the small reaction occurring at ###-degrees-c is probably caused by decomposition of occluded nitrates and perhaps by a small amount of some hydrous material other than af
all subsequent measurements were made on material which had been heated to ###-degrees-c for one hour
emission spectra indicated af calcium and all other impurities much lower
chromium analysis gave ##.#% cr as compared with ##.#% theory
however af adsorbs water from the atmosphere and this may account for the low chromium analysis and high total weight loss
the x-ray diffraction pattern of the material taken with cuk**ya radiation indicated the presence of no extra lines and was in good agreement with the pattern of douglass
magnetic analyses by r. g. meisenheimer of this laboratory indicated no ferromagnetic impurities
af was found to be paramagnetic with three unpaired electrons per chromium atom and a molecular susceptibility of af where af
for exactly three unpaired electrons the coefficient would be #.##
an infrared spectrum obtained by h. a. benesi and r. g. snyder of this laboratory showed bands in the positions found by jones
electron microscopic examination of the af sample showed it to be composed of nearly isotropic particles about #.#m in diameter
the particles appeared rough and undoubtedly the single-crystal domains are smaller than this
the x-ray data are consistent with particle sizes of #### a or greater
we found no obvious effects due to preferred orientation of the crystallites in this sample nor would we expect to on the basis of the shape found from electron microscopic examination
nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) measurements
the magnetic resonance absorption was detected by employing a varian model af broad line spectrometer and the associated ##-inch electromagnet system
one measurement at ## mc was obtained with the varian model af unit
a bridged-t type of bridge was used in the ## - ## mc range
the rf power level was maintained small enough at all times to prevent obvious line shape distortions by saturation effects
a modulation frequency of ## cps with an amplitude as small as possible commensurate with reasonably good signal-to-noise quality was used
background spectra were obtained in all cases
the spectrometer was adjusted to minimize the amount of dispersion mode mixed in with the absorption signal
a single value of the thermal relaxation time af at room temperature was measured by the progressive saturation method
the value of af estimated at ### gauss was af microseconds
a single measurement of the spin - spin relaxation time af was obtained at ## mc by pulse methods
this measurement was obtained by w. blumberg of the university of california berkeley by observing the breadth of the free induction decay signal
the value derived was ## microseconds
field shifts were derived from the mean value of the resonance line defined as the field about which the first moment is zero
second moments of the spectra were computed by numerical integration
corrections were applied for modulation broadening apparatus background and field shift
spectra were obtained over the temperature range of ## - ###-degrees-k
for the low-temperature measurements the sample was cooled by a cold nitrogen gas flow method similar to that of andrew and eades
the temperature was maintained to within about af for the period of time required to make the measurement usually about one hour
one sample which had been exposed to the atmosphere after evacuation at ###-degrees-c showed the presence of adsorbed water about #.# wt as evidenced by a weak resonance line which was very narrow at room temperature and which disappeared due to broadening at low temperature
the data reported here are either from spectra from which the adsorbed water resonance could easily be eliminated or from spectra of samples evacuated and sealed off at ###-degrees-c which contain no adsorbed water
the measured powder density of the af used here was about af approximately one-third that of the crystal density af
such a density corresponds to a paramagnetic ion density of about af
spectra were obtained from a powdered sample having the shape of a right circular cylinder with a height-to-diameter ratio of #
the top of the sample was nearly flat and the bottom hemispherical
spectra were also obtained from a sample in a spherical container which was made by blowing a bubble on the end of a capillary glass tube
the bubble was filled to the top and special precautions were taken to prevent any sample from remaining in the capillary
spectra were also obtained from a third sample of af which had been diluted to three times its original volume with powdered anhydrous alundum af
this sample was contained in a cylindrical container similar to that described above
polyphosphates gave renewed life to soap products at a time when surfactants were a threat though expensive and these same polyphosphates spelled the decline of soap usage when the synergism between polyphosphates and synthetic detergent actives was recognized and exploited
the market today for detergent builders is quite diverse
the best known field of application for builders is in heavy-duty spray-dried detergent formulations for household use
these widely advertised products which are used primarily for washing clothes are based on high-sudsing synthetic organic actives sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates and contain up to ##% by weight of sodium tripolyphosphate or a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate
in the household market there are also low-sudsing detergent formulations based on nonionic actives with about the same amount of phosphate builder
light-duty synthetic detergents with much less builder
and the dwindling built-soap powders as well as soap flakes and granules none of which are now nationally advertised
a well-publicized entrant which has achieved success only recently is the built liquid detergent with which the major problem today is incorporation of builder and active into a small volume using a sufficiently high builder ratio
hard-surface cleaning in household application is represented by two classes of alkaline products # the formulations made expressly for machine dishwashers and # the general-purpose cleaners used for walls and woodwork
the better quality products in both of these lines contain phosphate builders
in addition many of the hard-surface cleaners used for walls and woodwork had their genesis in trisodium orthophosphate which is still the major ingredient of a number of such products
many scouring powders now also contain phosphates
these hard-surface cleaners are discussed in chapter ##
the cleaning process
cleaning or detergent action is entirely a matter of surfaces
wet cleaning involves an aqueous medium a solid substrate soil to be removed and the detergent or surface-active material
an oversimplified differentiation between soft- and hard-surface cleaning lies in the magnitude and kind of surface involved
one gram of cotton has been found to have a specific surface area of af
in contrast a metal coupon af in size would have a magnitude from ###,### to a million less
even here there is room for some variation for metal surfaces vary in smoothness absorptive capacity and chemical reactivity
spring used a brush surface-analyzer in a metal-cleaning study and showed considerable differences in soil removal depending upon surface roughness
there are considerable differences between the requirements for textile and hard-surface cleaning
exclusive of esthetic values such as high- or low-foam level perfume content etc. the requirements for the organic active used in washing textiles are high
no matter how they are formulated a large number of organic actives are simply suitable for this application since they do give adequate soil removal
this is best demonstrated by practical washing tests in which cloth articles are repeatedly washed with the same detergent formulation
a good formulation will keep the clothes clean and white after many washings
whereas with a poor formulation the clothes exhibit a build-up of tattle-tale grey and dirty spots sometimes with bad results even after the first wash
since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents
harris has indicated that two devices the launder-ometer and terg-o-tometer are most widely used for rapid detergent testing and he has listed the commercially available standard soiled fabrics
also given are several laboratory wash procedures in general use
the soiled fabrics used for rapid testing of detergent formulations are made in such a way that only part of the soil is removed by even the best detergent formulation in a single wash
in this way numerical values for the relative efficacy of various detergent formulations can be obtained by measuring the reflectance whiteness of the cloth swatches before and after washing
soil redeposition is evaluated by washing clean swatches with the dirty ones
as is the case with the surface-active agent the requirements for builders to be used in detergent compositions for washing textiles are also high
large numbers of potential builders have been investigated but none have been found to be as effective as the polyphosphates over the relatively wide range of conditions met in practice
the problems of hard-surface cleaning are nearly as complex
in hard-surface cleaning the inorganic salts are more important than the organic active
indeed when the proper inorganic constituents are employed practically any wetting or surface-active agent will do a reasonably good job when present in sufficient amount in a hard-surface cleaning formulation
hydroxides orthophosphates borates carbonates and silicates are important inorganic ingredients of hard-surface cleaners
in addition the polyphosphates are also used probably acting more as peptizing agents than anything else
the importance of the inorganic constituents in hard-surface cleaning has been emphasized in a number of papers
physical chemistry of washing
although there is no question but that the process of washing fabrics involves a number of phenomena which are related together in an extremely complicated way and that these phenomena and their interrelations are well understood at the present this section attempts to present briefly an up-to-date picture of the physical chemistry of washing either fabrics or hard surfaces
the purpose of washing is obviously to remove soils which are arbitrarily classed in the four major categories given below # .
dirt which is here defined as particulate material which is usually inorganic and is very often extremely finely divided so as to exhibit colloidal properties
greasy soils which are typified by hydrocarbons and fats esters of glycerol with long-chain organic acids
stains which include the wide variety of nonparticulate materials which give color even when present in very low concentration on the soiled object
miscellaneous soils which primarily include sticky substances and colorless liquids which evaporate to leave a residue
the dirt on the soiled objects is mechanically held by surface irregularities to some extent
however a major factor in binding dirt is the attraction between surfaces that goes under the name of van der waal 's forces
this is a theoretically complicated dipole interaction which causes any extremely small uncharged particle to agglomerate with other small uncharged particles or to stick to an uncharged surface
obviously if colloidal particles bear charges of opposite sign or if one kind is charged and the other kind is the attraction will be intensified and the tendency to agglomerate will be greatly reinforced
likewise a charged particle will tend to stick to an uncharged surface and vice versa and a charged particle will be very strongly attracted to a surface exhibiting an opposite charge
in addition dirt particles can be held onto a soiled surface by sticky substances or by the surface tension of liquids including liquid greases
greases stains and miscellaneous soils are usually sorbed onto the soiled surface
in most cases these soils are taken up as liquids through capillary action
in an essentially static system an oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface unless the interfacial tensions of the water phase are reduced by a surface-active agent
the washing process whereby soils are removed consists basically of applying mechanical action to loosen the dirt particles and dried matter in the presence of water which helps to float off the debris and acts to some extent as a dissolving and solvating agent
greasy soils are hardly removed by washing in plain water
and natural waters in addition often contain impurities such as calcium salts which can react with soils to make them more difficult to remove
therefore detergents are used
the detergent active is that substance which primarily acts to remove greasy soils
the other constituents in a built detergent assist in this and in the removal of dirty stains and the hydrophilic sticky or dried soils
as is well known detergent actives belong to the chemical class consisting of moderately high molecular weight and highly polar molecules which exhibit the property of forming micelles in solution
physicochemical investigations of anionic surfactants including the soaps have shown that there is little polymerization or agglomeration of the chain anions below a certain region of concentration called the critical micelle concentration
# below the critical micelle concentration monomers and some dimers are present
# in the critical micelle region there is a rapid agglomeration or polymerization to give the micelles which have a degree of polymerization averaging around ## - ##
# for anionics these micelles appear to be roughly spherical assemblages in which the hydrocarbon tails come together so that the polar groups the ionized ends face outward towards the aqueous continuous phase
obviously hydrophobic oleophilic substances such as greases oils or particles having a greasy or oily surface are more at home in the center of a micelle than in the aqueous phase
micelles can imbibe and hold a considerable amount of oleophilic substances so that the micelle volume may be increased as much as approximately two-fold
although the matter has been unequivocally demonstrated the available data show that micelles in themselves do contribute significantly to the detergency process
related to micelle formation is the technologically important ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil - water interfaces in such a manner that the polar or ionized end of the molecule is directed towards the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon chain towards the oily phase
in the cleaning process sorbed greasy soils become coated in this manner with an oriented film of surfactant
then during washing the greasy soil rolls back at the edges so that emulsified droplets can disengage themselves from the sorbed oil mass with the aid of mechanical action and enter the aqueous phase
obviously a substance which is permanently or temporarily sorbed on the surface in place of the soil will tend to accelerate this process and effectively push off the greasy soil
substances other than detergent actives also tend to be strongly sorbed from aqueous media onto surfaces of other contiguous condensed phases
this is particularly true of highly charged ions especially those ions which fall into the class of polyelectrolytes
whereas the usual organic surface-active agent is strongly sorbed at oil - water interfaces the highly charged ions are most strongly sorbed at interfaces between water and insoluble materials exhibiting an ionic structure see table ##-# on p. ####
thus for aqueous media we can think of the idealized organic active as an oleophilic or hydrophobic surface-active agent and of an idealized builder as a oleophobic or hydrophilic surface-active agent
from the equilibrium sorption data which are available it seems logical to expect that polyphosphate ions would be strongly sorbed on the surface of the dirt especially clay soils so as to give it a greatly increased negative charge
the charged particles then repel each other and are also repelled from the charged surface which almost invariably bears a negative charge under washing conditions
the negatively charged dirt particles then leave the surface and go into the aqueous phase
this hypothesis is evolved in analogy to the demonstrated action of organic actives in detergency
it does consider the kinetic effects of the phosphate builders on sorption-desorption phenomena which will be discussed later see pp. #### - ####
the crude picture of the detergency process thus far developed can be represented as af
the influence of mechanical action on the particles of free soil may be compared to that of kinetic energy on a molecular scale
freed soil must be dispersed and protected against flocculation
cleaned cloth must be protected against the redeposition of dispersed soil
it is evident that the requirements imposed by these effects upon any one detergent constituent acting alone are severe
upon consideration of the variety of soils and fabrics normally encountered in the washing process it is little wonder that the use of a number of detergent constituents having synergistic properties has gained widespread acceptance
in the over-all process it is difficult to assign a pure role to each constituent of a built-detergent formulation
and indeed there is no more reason to separate the interrelated roles of the active builder antiredeposition agent etc. than there is to assign individual actions to each of the numerous isomers making up a given commercial organic active
the thermal exchange of chlorine between af and liquid af is readily measurable at temperatures in the range of ###-degrees and above
the photochemical exchange occurs with a quantum yield of the order of unity in the liquid phase at ##-degrees using light absorbed only by the af
in the gas phase with af of af and af of af quantum yields of the order of af have been observed at ##-degrees
despite extensive attempts to obtain highly pure reagents serious difficulty was experienced in obtaining reproducible rates of reaction
it appears possible to set a lower limit of about af for the activation energy of the abstraction of a chlorine atom from a carbon tetrachloride molecule by a chlorine atom to form af radical
the rate of the gas phase exchange reaction appears to be proportional to the first power of the absorbed light intensity indicating that the radical intermediates are removed at the walls or by reaction with an impurity rather than by bimolecular radical combination reactions
because of the simplicity of the molecules isotopic exchange reactions between elemental halogens and the corresponding carbon tetrahalides would appear to offer particularly fruitful possibilities for obtaining unambiguous basic kinetic data
it would appear that it should be possible to determine unique mechanisms for the thermal and photochemical reactions in both the liquid and gas phases and to determine values for activation energies of some of the intermediate reactions of atoms and free radicals as well as information on the heat of dissociation of the carbon-halogen bond
the reaction of chlorine with carbon tetrachloride seemed particularly suited for such studies
it should be possible to prepare very pure chlorine by oxidation of inorganic chlorides on a vacuum system followed by multiple distillation of the liquid
it should be possible to free carbon tetrachloride of any interfering substances by the usual purification methods followed by prechlorination prior to addition of radioactive chlorine
furthermore the exchange would be expected to be sensitive to trace amounts of impurities because it would be apt to be a chain reaction since the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine by a chlorine atom would be expected to be too high
also it would be expected that af would compete very effectively with any impurities as a scavenger for af radicals
contrary to these expectations we have found it impossible to obtain the degree of reproducibility one would wish even with extensive efforts to prepare especially pure reagents
we are reporting these investigations here briefly because of their relevancy to problems of the study of apparently simple exchange reactions of chlorine and because the results furnish some information on the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine atoms from carbon tetrachloride
matheson highest purity tank chlorine was passed through a tube of resublimed af into an evacuated pyrex system where it was condensed with liquid air
it was then distilled at least three times from a trap at -##-degrees to a liquid air trap with only a small middle fraction being retained in each distillation
the purified product was stored at -##-degrees in a tube equipped with a break seal
of several methods employed for tagging chlorine with radiochlorine the exchange of inactive chlorine with tagged aluminum chloride at room temperature was found to be the most satisfactory
to prepare the latter silver chloride was precipitated from a solution containing af obtained from the oak ridge national laboratory
the silver chloride was fused under vacuum in the presence of aluminum chips with the resultant product of af which was sublimed into a flask on the vacuum line
previously purified chlorine was subsequently admitted and the exchange was allowed to take place
the radiochlorine was stored at -##-degrees in a tube equipped with a break seal
liter quantities of mallinckrodt low sulfur reagent grade carbon tetrachloride were saturated with af and af and illuminated for about ## hours with a #### watt tungsten lamp at a distance of a few inches
the mixture was then extracted with alkali and with water following which the carbon tetrachloride was distilled on a vigreux column a ##% center cut being retained which was then degassed under vacuum in the presence of af
purified inactive chlorine was then added from one of the tubes described above and the mixture frozen out and sealed off in a flask equipped with a break seal
this chlorine-carbon tetrachloride solution was illuminated for a day following which the flask was resealed onto a vacuum system and the excess chlorine distilled off
the required amount of carbon tetrachloride was distilled into a series of reaction cells on a manifold on a vacuum line
the desired amounts of inactive chlorine and radioactive chlorine were likewise condensed in these cells on the vacuum line following which they were frozen down and the manifold as a whole was sealed off
the contents of the manifold for liquid phase experiments were then mixed by shaking redistributed to the reaction tubes frozen down and each tube was then sealed off
the reactants for the gas phase experiments were first frozen out in a side-arm attached to the manifold and then allowed to distil slowly into the manifold of pre-cooled reaction cells before sealing off
this method in general solved the problem of obtaining fairly equal concentrations of reactants in each of the six cells from a set
reaction conditions and analysis .
the samples for liquid phase thermal reaction studies were prepared in pyrex capillary tubing #.# mm. i.d. and about ## cm. long
in a few experiments the tubes were made from standard # mm. i.d. pyrex tubing of # mm. wall thickness
both types of tube withstood the pressure of approximately ## atmospheres exerted by the carbon tetrachloride at ###-degrees
the photochemical reaction cells consisted of ## mm. i.d. pyrex tubing #.# cm. long diffraction effects being minimized by the fact that the light passed through only liquid-glass interfaces and gas-glass interfaces
these cells were used rather than square pyrex tubing because of the tendency of the latter to shatter when thawing frozen carbon tetrachloride
the round cells were reproducibly positioned in the light beam which entered the thermostated mineral oil-bath through a window
two types of light source were used a thousand watt projection lamp and an ah# high pressure mercury arc
the light was filtered by the soft glass window of the thermostat thus ensuring that only light absorbed by the chlorine and by the carbon tetrachloride could enter the reaction cell
relative incident light intensities were measured with a thermopile potentiometer system
changes of intensity on the cell were achieved by use of a wire screen and by varying the distance of the light source from the cell
following reaction the cells were scratched with a file and opened under a ##% aqueous sodium iodide solution
carrier af was added and the aqueous and organic phases were separated cells containing gaseous reactants were immersed in liquid air before opening under sodium iodide
after titration of the liberated af with af aliquots of the aqueous and of the organic phase were counted in a solution-type geiger tube
in the liquid phase runs the amount of carbon tetrachloride in each reaction tube was determined by weighing the tube before opening and weighing the fragments after emptying
the fraction of exchange was determined as the ratio of the counts  minute observed in the carbon tetrachloride to the counts  minute calculated for the carbon tetrachloride fractions for equilibrium distribution of the activity between the chlorine and carbon tetrachloride empirically determined correction being made for the difference in counting efficiency of af in af and af
the thermal reaction .
in studying the liquid phase thermal reaction some ## tubes from ## different manifold fillings were prepared and analyzed
experiments were done at ### ### ### and ###-degrees
following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes
in addition to the method described in the section above chlorine and radiochlorine were prepared by the electrolysis of a af eutectic on the vacuum line and by exchange of af with molten af
calcium hydride was substituted for af as a drying agent for carbon tetrachloride
no correlation between these variables and the irreproducibility of the results was found
the reaction rates observed at ###-degrees ranged from af of the chlorine exchanged per hour to #.# exchanged per hour
in most cases the chlorine concentration was about af
sets of reaction tubes containing #.# of an atmosphere of added oxygen in one case and added moisture in another both gave reaction rates in the range of #.# to #.# of the chlorine exchanged per hour
no detectable reaction was found at room temperature for reaction mixtures allowed to stand up to # hours
the liquid phase photochemical reaction .
the liquid phase photochemical exchange between chlorine and carbon tetrachloride was more reproducible than the thermal exchange although still erratic
the improvement was most noticeable in the greater consistency among reaction cells prepared as a group on the same manifold
rather large differences were still found between reaction cells from different manifold fillings
some ## reaction tubes from ## manifold fillings were illuminated in the temperature range from ## to ##-degrees in a further endeavor to determine the cause of the irreproducibility and to obtain information on the activation energy and the effect of light intensity
in all cases there was readily measurable exchange after as little as one hour of illumination
by comparing reaction cells sealed from the same manifold temperature dependency corresponding to activation energies ranging from ## to ## af was observed while dependence on the first power of the light intensity seemed to be indicated in most cases
it was possible to make estimates of the quantum yield by observing the extent of reduction of a uranyl oxalate actinometer solution illuminated for a known time in a typical reaction cell and making appropriate conversions based on the differences in the absorption spectra of uranyl oxalate and of chlorine and considering the spectral distribution of the light source
these estimates indicated that the quantum yield for the exchange of chlorine with liquid carbon tetrachloride at ##-degrees is of the order of magnitude of unity
when typical reaction cells to which #.# of an atmosphere of oxygen had been added were illuminated chlorine and phosgene were produced
exchange was also observed in these cells which had chlorine present at af
the photochemical exchange in the gas phase .
although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate
data on such comparisons together with data on the effect of light intensity are given in table #
in series # the relative light intensity was varied by varying the distance of the lamp from the reaction cell over the range from ##.# to ##.# cm.
the last column shows the rate of exchange that would have been observed at a relative intensity of # ##.# cm. distance calculated on the assumptions that the incident light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the lamp from the cell and that the rate is directly proportional to the incident light intensity
direct proportionality of the rate to the incident intensity has also been assumed in obtaining the value in the last column for the fourth sample of series # where the light intensity was reduced by use of a screen
the poynting-robertson effect robertson ####
wyatt and whipple #### which is a retardation of the orbital motion of particles by the relativistic aberration of the repulsive force of the impinging solar radiation causes the dust to spiral into the sun in times much shorter than the age of the earth
the radial velocity varies inversely as the particle size a ####-m-diameter particle near the orbit of mars would reach the sun in about ## million years
whipple #### extends the effects to include the solar-corpuscular-radiation pressure which increases both the minimum particle size and the drag
further the corpuscular radiation i.e. the solar-wind protons must sputter away the surface atoms of the dust and cause a slow diminution in size with a resultant increase in both the poynting-robertson effect and the ratio of the repulsive force to the gravitational force
the poynting-robertson effect causes the semi-major axis of orbits to diminish more rapidly than the semi-minor axis with a consequent tendency toward circular orbits as the particles move toward the sun
also planetary gravitational attraction increases the dust concentration near the plane of the ecliptic as the sun is approached
at one astronomical unit from the sun the earth 's distance the dust orbits are probably nearly circular
if such is the case the particles within a distance of about af of the earth will have relative to the earth a kinetic energy less than their potential energy and they will be captured into orbits about the earth
de jager #### has calculated the times required for these particles to reach the atmosphere under the influence of the poynting-robertson effect which in this case causes the orbits to become more and more eccentric without changing the semi-major axis
this effect can give rise to a blanket of micrometeorites around the earth
since there is a continual loss of micrometeoritic material in space because of the radiation effects there must be a continual replenishment otherwise micrometeorites would have disappeared from interplanetary space
there are several possible sources
according to whipple #### cometary debris is sufficient to replenish the material spiraling into the sun maintaining a fairly steady state
asteroidal collisions are also thought to contribute material
it is also possible that some of the dust in the vicinity of the earth originated from meteoritic impacts upon the moon
#.# direct measurements of micrometeorite flux
one cannot make a very satisfactory guess about the micrometeorite flux in space
even in the neighborhood of the earth where information has been obtained both directly and indirectly the derived flux values vary by at least four orders of magnitude
this large discrepancy demonstrates the inadequacies of the experimental methods and the lack of understanding of the various phenomena involved
beyond a few million kilometers from the earth but still in the region of the earth 's orbit a prediction of the flux of dust is even more unreliable
at greater distances from the sun the situation is still less certain
there are several sources of evidence on the micrometeorite environment
direct information has been obtained from rockets and satellites equipped with impact sensors
in addition the size distribution obtained from visual and radar observations of meteors may be extrapolated to the micrometeorite domain
from the brightness of the f component of the solar corona and the brightness of the zodiacal light an estimate of the particle sizes concentrations and spatial distribution can be derived for regions of space near the ecliptic plane
another important source of evidence only recently receiving much attention is the analysis of atmospheric dust for a meteoritic component
the cores of deep-sea sediments and content of collectors in remote regions are valuable in this category
the data provide a measure of the total mass of cosmic material incident upon the earth
the direct evidence on the micrometeorite environment near the earth is obtained from piezoelectric sensors essentially microphones and from wire gages
these instruments are installed on rockets satellites and space probes
statistically the most significant data have been collected from the sensors on #### alpha explorer # #### delta # sputnik # and #### eta vanguard #
these vehicles with large sensitive areas have collected data for long enough times to give reliable impact rates for the periods of exposure
many other vehicles with smaller sensitive-area exposure-time products contribute some information
the impact rate on #### alpha for ### events was af for particles of mass greater than af dubin ####
this mass threshold was derived from the detector calibration and an assumed impact velocity of af
the data show daily and diurnal variations
ninety per cent of the ### recorded impacts occurred between midnight and noon and from day to day the variation of the rate was as much as an order of magnitude
one may conclude that most of the detected micrometeoritic material is concentrated in orbital streams which intersect the earth 's orbit
there have been contradictory reports from #### delta # and the data quoted here are believed to be the more reliable
on may ## a very large increase occurred with af of mass between af and af
for the next two days the impact rate was af
and for the next nine days the impact rate was less than af nazarova ####
the data for the first day indicate a meteor stream with a very high concentration of particles and may have led to the high estimates of micrometeorite flux
preliminary data from #### eta give an average impact rate of af for masses larger than af for about #### events in a ##-day period lagow and alexander ####
the day-to-day rate varied by less than a factor of #.#
the data have yet been analyzed for diurnal variations
note that the mass threshold is four times that of #### alpha and that the flux is one fifth as large
if one assumes that the average flux did change between measurements a mass-distribution curve is obtained which relates the flux of particles larger than a given radius to the inverse # power of the radius
space probes have yielded little information
pioneer # recorded a decrease in flux with distance from the earth on the basis of ## counts in # hours
with detectors sensitive to three mass intervals and based on a few counts the second and third russian space probes indicate that the flux of the smallest particles detected is less than that of larger ones
being based on so few events these results are of dubious validity
the calibration of piezoelectric sensors in terms of the particle parameters is very uncertain
many workers believe that the response is proportional to the incident momentum of the particles a relation deduced from laboratory results linearly extrapolated to meteoritic velocities
however one must expect that vaporization and ejection of material by hypervelocity impacts would cause a deviation from a linear relationship
in the united states most of the sensors are calibrated by dropping small spheres on their sensitive surfaces
the russian experimenters claim that only a small fraction of the impulse from the sensors is caused by the incident momentum with the remainder being momentum of ejected material from the sensor
this ejection momentum is linearly related to the particle energy
they quote about the same mass threshold as that of the u.s. apparatus but a momentum threshold about ## times greater
there is a difference in the experimental arrangement in that the u.s. microphones are attached directly to the vehicle skin while the russian instruments are isolated from the skin
the threshold mass is derived from the momentum threshold with the assumption of a mean impact velocity of af in the u.s. work and af in the u.s.s.r. work
the threshold mass of about af corresponds to a ##-m-diameter sphere of density af
however the conversion from mass to size is unreliable since many photographic meteors give evidence of a fluffy loosely bound meteorite structure with densities as low as af
to what extent such low density applies to micrometeorites is unknown
the velocity value used is also open to some question
if a substantial fraction of the dust is orbiting about the earth only about one third the above-mentioned average velocity should be used in deriving the mass
zodiacal light and the gegenschein give some evidence for such a dust blanket a phenomenon also to be expected if the dust before capture is in circular orbits about the sun as indicated by the trend of the smaller visible meteors
the diurnal variation in the observed flux may be partly due to the dependence of the detector sensitivity on the incident velocity
the flux of micrometeorites in the neighborhood of the earth can be estimated by extrapolation from radar and visual meteor data
a summary of meteorite data prepared by whipple #### on the basis of photographic visual and radar evidence is given in table #-#
from an estimated mass of ## g for a zero-magnitude meteorite the other masses are derived with the assumption of a mass decrease by a factor of #.### for each unit increase in magnitude
the radius is calculated from the mass by assuming spheres of density af except for the smallest particles which must have a higher mass density to remain in the solar system in the presence of solar-radiation pressure
the flux values are for all particles with masses greater than the given mass and are based on an estimate of the numbers of visual meteors
it is assumed that the flux values increase by a factor of #.### per magnitude in accordance with the opinion that the total mass flux in each unit range in magnitude is constant
the values agree with the data from #### alpha and #### eta
the figures in the next-to-last column are derived with the assumption of ## per cent shielding by the earth
hence these figures apply immediately above the earth 's atmosphere
the unshielded flux is given in the last column
these figures constitute the best estimate for the flux in interplanetary space near the earth
of course if there is a dust blanket around the earth the fluxes in interplanetary space should be less than the figures given here
note that the mass scale is one to two orders of magnitude greater than some previously used
for example jacchia #### derived a scale of #.## g for a af zero-magnitude meteorite
the older scales were based on theoretical estimates of the conversion efficiency of kinetic energy into light
the mass scale used in table #-# was derived on the assumption that the motion of the glowing trail is related to the momentum transfer to the trail by the meteorite permitting the calculation of the mass if the velocity is known cook and whipple ####
a concentration distribution has been derived from radar observations sensitive to the fifteenth magnitude manning and eshleman ####
extrapolation of this relationship through the thirtieth magnitude covers the range of micrometeorites
the approximate equation is af where n is the number of af with electron line-density greater than or equal to af and q is proportional to the mass of the meteorite
therefore n is inversely proportional to the radius cubed and in fair agreement with the inverse # power derived from #### alpha and #### eta data
at the fifteenth magnitude af and at the twenty-fifth magnitude af
these extrapolated fluxes are about an order of magnitude less than the values from the satellite data and the figures in whipple 's table
the extrapolation may be in error for several reasons
the observational data determining the concentration distribution have a range of error which is magnified in the extension into the micrometeorite region
the solar-electromagnetic- and corpuscular-radiation pressure and the associated poynting-robertson effect increase in effectiveness as the particle size decreases and modify the distribution and limit sizes to larger than a few microns
also it has been suggested that the source of all or part of the dust may be the same as that for visual or radar meteorites best #### and the same distribution would be expected
indirect indications of micrometeorite flux
a measure of the total mass accretion of meteoritic material by the earth is obtained from analyses of deep-sea sediments and dust collected in remote regions pettersson ####
most meteoritic material by the time it reaches the earth 's surface has been reduced to dust or to spherules of ablated material in its passage through the atmosphere
for all meteorites the average nickel content is about #.# per cent
this is much higher than the nickel content of terrestrial dusts and sediments and provides a basis for the determination of the meteoritic mass influx
present data indicate an accretion of about af tons per year over the entire globe or about af
biological warfare is the intentional use of living microorganisms or their toxic products for the purpose of destroying or reducing the military effectiveness of man
it is the exploitation of the inherent potential of infectious disease agents by scientific research and development resulting in the production of bw weapons systems
man may also be injured secondarily by damage to his food crops or domestic animals
biological warfare is considered to be primarily a strategic weapon
the major reason for this is that it has no quick-kill effect
the incubation period of infectious disease plus a variable period of illness even before a lethal effect render this weapon unsuitable for hand-to-hand encounter
a man can be an effective fighting machine throughout the incubation period of most infectious diseases
thus an enemy would probably use this weapon for attack on static population centers such as large cities
an important operational procedure in bw for an enemy would be to create an areosol or cloud of agent over the target area
this concept has stimulated much basic research concerning the behavior of particulate biological materials the pathogenesis of respiratory infections the medical management of such diseases and defense against their occurrence
the biological and physical properties of infectious particles have been studied intensively during the past fifteen years
much new equipment and many unique techniques have been developed for the quantitative exposure of experimental animals to aerosols of infectious agents contained in particles of specified dimensional characteristics
much information has been gathered relative to quantitative sampling and assesment techniques
much of the older experimental work on respiratory infections was accomplished by very artificial procedures
the intranasal instillation of a fluid suspension of infectious agent in an anesthetized animal is far different from exposure through natural respiration to aerosolized organisms
the importance of particle size in such aerosols has been thoroughly demonstrated
the natural anatomical and physiological defensive features of the upper respiratory tract such as the turbinates of the nose and the cilia of the trachea and larger bronchi are capable of impinging out the larger particles to which we are ordinarily exposed in our daily existence
very small particles however in a size range of # to # microns in diameter are capable of passing these impinging barriers and entering the alveolar bed of the lungs
this area is highly susceptible to infection
the entrance and retention of infectious particles in the alveoli amounts almost to an intratissue inoculation
the relationship between particle size and infectious dose is illustrated in table #
in considering bw defense it must be recognized that a number of critical meterological parameters must be met for an aerosol to exhibit optimum effect
for example bright sunlight is rapidly destructive for living microorganisms suspended in air
there are optimal humidity requirements for various agents when airborne
neutral or inversion meteorological conditions are necessary for a cloud to travel along the surface
it will rise during lapse conditions
there are of course certain times during the ##-hour daily cycle when most of these conditions will be met
certain other properties of small particles in addition to those already mentioned in connection with penetration of the respiratory tract are noteworthy in defense considerations
the smaller the particle the further it will travel downwind before settling out
an aerosol of such small particles moreover diffuses through structures in much the same manner as a gas
there may be a number of secondary effects resulting from diffusion through buildings such as widespread contamination of kitchens restaurants food stores hospitals etc.
depending on the organism there may be multiplication in some food or beverage products i.e. in milk for example
the secondary consequences from this could be very serious and must be taken into consideration in planning for defense
something of the behavior of clouds of small particles can be illustrated by the following field trials
in the first trial an inert substance was disseminated from a boat travelling some ten miles off shore under appropriately selected meteorological conditions
zinc cadmium sulfide in particles of # microns in size were disseminated
this material fluoresces under ultraviolet light which facilitates its sampling and assessment
four hundred and fifty pounds was disseminated while the ship was traveling a distance of ### miles
figure # describes the results obtained in this trial
the particles traveled a maximum detected distance of some ### miles
from these dosage isopleths it can be seen that an area of over ##,### square miles was covered
these dosages could have been increased by increasing the source strength which was small in this case
the behavior of a biological aerosol on a much smaller scale is illustrated by a specific field trial conducted with a non-pathogenic organism
an aqueous suspension of the spores of b. subtilis var. niger generally known as bacillus globigii was aerosolized using commercially available nozzles
a satisfactory cloud was produced even though these nozzles were only about # per cent efficient in producing an initial cloud in the size range of # to # microns
in this test ### gallons of a suspension having a count of af organisms per ml or a total of approximately af spores was aerosolized
the spraying operation was conducted from the rear deck of a small naval vessel cruising two miles off-shore and vertical to an on-sure breeze
spraying continued along a two-mile course
this operation was started at #:## p.m. and lasted for ## minutes
there was a slight lapse condition a moderate fog and ### per cent relative humidity
a network of sampling stations had been set up on shore
these were located at the homes of government employees in government offices buildings and reservations within the trial area
a rough attempt was made to characterize the vertical profile of the cloud by taking samples from outside the windows on the first ninth and fifteenth floors of a government office building
all samplers were operated for a period of two hours except one which was operated for four hours
in this instance there was a dosage of ### during the first two hours and a total dosage of #### for the four-hour period a four-fold increase
this suggests that the sampling period particularly at the more distant locations should have been increased
as can be seen from figure # an extensive area was covered by this aerosol
the maximum distance sampled was ## miles from the source
as can be seen from these dosage isopleths approximately ### square miles was covered within the area sampled
it is quite likely that an even greater area was covered particularly downwind
the dosages in the three levels of the vertical profile were af
this was of course enough sampling to give a satisfactory description of the vertical diffusion of the aerosol
a number of unique medical problems might be created when man is exposed to an infectious agent through the respiratory route rather than by natural portal of entry
some agents have been shown to be much more toxic or infectious to experimental animals when exposed to aerosols of optimum particle size than by the natural portal
botulinal toxin for example is several thousand-fold more toxic by this route than when given per os
in some instances a different clinical disease picture may result from this route of exposure making diagnosis difficult
in tularemia produced by aerosol exposure one would expect to find the classical ulcer of rabbit fever on a finger
an enemy would obviously choose an agent that is believed to be highly infectious
agents that are known to cause frequent infections among laboratory workers such as those causing q fever tularemia brucellosis glanders coccidioidomycosis etc. belong in this category
an agent would likely be selected which would possess sufficient viability and virulence stability to meet realistic minimal logistic requirements
it is obviously a proper goal of research to improve on this property
in this connection it should be capable of being disseminated without excessive destruction
moreover it should be so fastidious in its growth requirements as to make production on a militarily significant scale improbable
an aggressor would use an agent against which there was a minimal naturally acquired or artificially induced immunity in a target population
a solid immunity is the one effective circumstance whereby attack by a specific agent can be neutralized
it must be remembered however that there are many agents for which there is no solid immunity and a partial or low-grade immunity may be broken by an appropriate dose of agent
there is a broad spectrum of organisms from which selection for a specified military purpose might be made
an enemy might choose an acutely debilitating microorganism a chronic disease producer or one causing a high rate of lethality
it is possible that certain mutational forms may be produced such as antibiotic resistant strains
mutants may also be developed with changes in biochemical properties that are of importance in identification
all of these considerations are of critical importance in considering defense and medical management
biological agents are of course highly host-specific
they do destroy physical structures as is true of high explosives
this may be of overriding importance in considering military objectives
the question of epidemic disease merits some discussion
only a limited effort has been devoted to this problem
some of those who question the value of bw have assumed that the only potential would be in the establishment of epidemics
they then point out that with our present lack of knowledge of all the factors concerned in the rise and fall of epidemics it is unlikely that a planned episode could be initiated
they argue further and somewhat contradictorily that our knowledge and resources in preventive medicine would make it possible to control such an outbreak of disease
this is why this approach to bw defense has been given major attention
our major problem is what an enemy might accomplish in an initial attack on a target
this of course does eliminate from consideration for this purpose agents that are associated naturally with epidemic disease
a hypothetical example will illustrate this point
let us assume that it would be possible for an enemy to create an aerosol of the causative agent of epidemic typhus rickettsia prowazwki over city a and that a large number of cases of typhus fever resulted therefrom
no epidemic was initiated nor was one expected because the population in city a was lousy
lousiness is a prerequisite for epidemic typhus
in this case then the military objective was accomplished with an epidemic agent solely through the results secured in the initial attack
this was done with full knowledge that there would be no epidemic
on the other hand a similar attack might have been made on city b whose population was known to be lousy
one might expect some spread of the disease in this case resulting in increased effectiveness of the attack
the major defensive problems are concerned with the possibility of overt military delivery of biological agents from appropriate disseminating devices
it should be no more difficult to deliver such devices than other weapons
the same delivery vehicles whether they be airplanes submarines or guided missiles should be usable
if it is possible for an enemy to put an atomic bomb on a city it should be equally possible to put a cloud of biological agent over that city
biological agents are moreover suitable for delivery through enemy sabotage which imposes many problems in defense
a few obvious target areas of great importance might be mentioned
the air conditioning and ventilating systems of large buildings are subject to attack
america is rapidly becoming a nation that uses processed precooked and even predigested foods
this is an enormous industry that is subject to sabotage
one must include the preparation of soft drinks and the processing of milk and milk products
huge industries are involved also in the production of biological products drugs and cosmetics which are liable to this type of attack
a variety of techniques have been directed toward the isolation and study of blood group antibodies
these include low-temperature ethanol cohn fractionation electrophoresis ultracentrifugation and column chromatography on ion exchange celluloses
modifications of the last technique have been applied by several groups of investigators
abelson and rawson using a stepwise elution scheme fractionated whole sera containing abo and rh antibodies on diethylaminoethyl deae cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose
speer and coworkers in a similar study of blood group antibodies of whole sera used a series of gradients for elution from aj
fahey and morrison used a single continuous gradient at constant ph for the fractionation of anti-a and anti-b agglutinins from preisolated **yg-globulin samples
in the present work whole sera have been fractionated by chromatography on deae-cellulose using single gradients similar to those described by sober and peterson and certain chemical and serological properties of the fractions containing antibodies of the abo and rh systems have been described
materials and methods
serum samples were obtained from normal group a group b and group o donors
three of the anti-rh sera used were taken from recently sensitized individuals
one contained complete antibody and had a titer of # : ### in saline
the second contained incomplete antibody and showed titers of # : ### in albumin and # : #### by the indirect coombs test
the third containing the mixed type of complete and incomplete antibodies had titers of # : ### in saline # : ### in albumin and # : #### by the indirect coombs test
in addition one serum was obtained from a donor r. e. who had been sensitized # years previously
this serum exhibited titers of # : ## in albumin and # : ### by the indirect coombs test
these antibody titers were determined by reaction with homozygous af red cells
serological technique .
anti-a and anti-b activities were determined in fractions from the sera of group a group b or group o donors by the following tube agglutination methods
one drop of each sample was added to one drop of a #% suspension of group af or group b red cells in a small af test tube
in several instances group o cells were also used as controls
the red cells were used within # days after donation and were washed with large amounts of saline before use
the mixtures of sample plus cell suspension were allowed to stand at room temperature for # aj
the tubes were then centrifuged at #### rpm for # min and examined macroscopically for agglutination
for the albumin method equal volumes of ##% bovine albumin sample and #% cells suspended in saline were allowed to stand at room temperature for # hr and then were centrifuged at #### rpm for # aj
all samples were tested by both the saline and albumin methods
the activities of fractions of sera containing rh antibodies were tested by the saline albumin and indirect coombs techniques
homozygous and heterozygous af cells af and homozygous and heterozygous af cells were used to test each sample
however in the interest of clarity and conciseness only the results obtained with homozygous af and homozygous af cells will be presented here
the saline and albumin tests were performed as described for the abo samples except that the mixture was incubated for # hr at ##-degrees-c before centrifugation
the saline tubes were saved and used for the indirect coombs test in the following manner
the cells were washed three times with saline anti-human serum was added the cells were resuspended and the mixture was centrifuged at #### rpm for # min and examined for agglutination
the anti-human sera used were prepared by injecting whole human serum into rabbits
those antisera shown by immunoelectrophoresis to be of the broad spectrum type were selected for use in the present study
the red cells for the rh antibody tests were used within # days after drawing except for the af cells which had been glycerolized and stored at -##-degrees-c for approximately # year
these cells were thawed at ##-degrees-c for ## min and were deglycerolized by alternately centrifuging and mixing with descending concentrations of glycerol solutions ## ## ## # # and #%
the cells were then washed three times with saline and resuspended to #% in saline
blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for # hr centrifuged and the serum was removed
the serum was measured volumetrically and subsequently dialyzed in the cold for at least ## hr against three to four changes approximately ### ml each of starting buffer
this buffer ph #.# was #.### m in af and #.### m in tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminometha tris
after dialysis the sample was centrifuged and the supernatant placed on a af cm column of eeae-cellulose equilibrated with starting buffer
the deae-cellulose containing #.## meq of n was prepared in our laboratory by the method of peterson and sober # from powdered cellulose ### - ### mesh
the small amount of insoluble material which precipitated during dialysis was suspended in approximately # ml of starting buffer centrifuged resuspended in #.# ml of isotonic saline and tested for antibody activity
the chromatography was done at #-degrees-c using gradient elution essentially according to sober and peterson
the deep concave gradient employed fig. # was obtained with a nine-chambered gradient elution device varigrad reference # and has been described elsewhere
the other a shallow concave gradient fig. # was produced with a so-called cone-sphere apparatus the cone being a #-liter erlenmeyer flask and the sphere a #-liter round-bottom flask
each initially contained #### ml of buffer
in the sphere was starting buffer and in the cone was final buffer #.## m in both af and tris ph #.#
a flow rate of ## af was used and ## ml fractions were collected
approximately ### fractions were obtained from each column
these were read at ### m**ym in a beckman model du spectrophotometer and tested for antibody activity as described above
paper electrophoresis .
for protein identification fractions from the column were concentrated by pervaporation against a stream of air at #-degrees-c or by negative pressure dialysis in an apparatus which permitted simultaneous concentration of the protein and dialysis against isotonic saline
during the latter procedure the temperature was maintained at #-degrees-c by surrounding the apparatus with ice
because negative pressure dialysis gave better recovery of proteins permitted detection of proteins concentrated from very dilute solutions and was a gentler procedure it was used in all but the earliest experiments
paper electrophoresis was carried out on the concentrated samples in a spinco model r cell using barbital buffer ph #.# ionic strength #.### at room temperature on whatman #mm filter paper
five milliamperes were applied for ## hr after which the strips were stained with bromphenol blue and densitometry was carried out using a spinco analytrol
when paper electrophoresis was to be used for preparation eight strips of a whole serum sample or a chromatographic fraction concentrated by negative pressure dialysis were run under the conditions described above
at the end of the run the strips in the third and sixth positions in each chamber were dried stained for # hr washed and dried while the other strips were maintained in a horizontal position at #-degree-c
the unstained strips were then marked using the stained ones as a guide and cut transversely so as to separate the various protein bands
the strip sections containing a given protein were pooled eluted with #.# ml of isotonic saline and the eluates were tested for antibody activity
fractions from the column which were to be subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation were concentrated by negative pressure dialysis and dialyzed for ## hr in the cold against at least ### volumes of phosphate-buffered saline ph #.# ionic strength #.###
they were then centrifuged at ##,### pm for ## to ## min at ##-degrees-c in a spinco model e ultracentrifuge at a protein concentration of #.## to #.##%
sedimentation coefficients were computed as af values and relative amounts of the various components were calculated from the schlieren patterns
for preparative ultracentrifugation fractions from the column were concentrated by negative pressure dialysis to volumes of # ml or less transferred to cellulose tubes and diluted to ## ml with isotonic saline
ultracentrifugation was then carried out in a spinco model l ultracentrifuge at ##,### rpm for ### to ### min refrigeration being used throughout the run
successive #-ml fractions were then drawn off with a hypodermic syringe starting at the top of the tube and tested for agglutinin activity
other methods will be described below
experimental and results
the insoluble material which precipitated during dialysis against starting buffer always showed intense agglutinin activity regardless of the blood group of the donor
with either of the gradients described chromatography on deae-cellulose separated agglutinins of the abo series into at least three regions figs. # and # one of extremely low anionic binding capacity one of low anionic binding capacity and one of high anionic binding capacity
these have been labeled regions # # and # respectively in fig. #
when the early part of the gradient was flattened either by using the gradient shown in fig. # or by allowing the cone-sphere gradient to become established more slowly region # activity could sometimes be separated into two areas donors p. j. and r. s. fig. # and e. m. fig. #
the latter procedure gave rise to a small active protein peak region #a between regions # and #
in # of ## experiments on whole serum a region of agglutinin activity with intermediate anionic binding capacity was detected region # fig. #
moreover after concentration using negative pressure dialysis agglutinin activity could sometimes be detected in the region designated #a donors p. j. d. a. and j. f. fig. #
all these regions exhibited equal agglutinating activity as evidenced by titer and the extent of the active areas
in all cases most of the activity lay in the region of high anionic binding capacity
this was particularly noticeable in group a and group b sera in which cases activity in regions # and # was usually detectable without prior concentration and occasionally could be detected at all
there appeared to be no difference in the distribution of anti-a and anti-b activity in group o serum though in two group o donors j. f. and e. m. only one type of agglutinin was found in the regions of low anionic binding capacity figs. # and #
several samples of citrated plasma were fractionated in our laboratory by method # of cohn et al
these fractions were tested for abo agglutinin activity using fractions from group ab plasma as a control
as expected most of the activity was found in fraction af with slight activity seen in fraction #-#
a sample of fraction af from group o plasma was dissolved in starting buffer dialyzed against this buffer and subjected to chromatography using the gradient shown in fig. #
once again both anti-a and anti-b activities were found in the insoluble material precipitated during dialysis
similarly both types of antibodies were found in three regions of the chromatographic eluate having extremely low low and high anionic binding capacity respectively fig. #
chromatography of whole sera revealed that the areas of rh antibody activity were generally continuous and wide
the incomplete antibody activity appeared in the early part of the chromatogram
the complete in the latter part
the serum containing the mixed type of complete and incomplete antibodies showed activity in both regions fig. #
in all cases the activity against af cells was spread over a wider area than that with af cells regardless of the type of test saline albumin indirect coombs used for comparison
the insoluble material resulting from dialysis against starting buffer always showed strong activity
in fact agglutination of af cells in saline could be produced by the insoluble material from sera containing only incomplete antibody activity
this was later known to be the result of concentrating the minute amount of complete antibody found in these sera
when the insoluble fraction was suspended in a volume of saline equal to that of the original serum sample no complete antibody activity could be detected
apart from the honeybee practically all bees and bumblebees hibernate in a state of torpor
occasionally you may come across one or two bumblebees in the cold season when you are turning over sods in your garden but you have to be a really keen observer to see them at all
they keep their wings and feet pressed tightly against their bodies and in spite of their often colorful attire you may very well mistake them for lumps of dirt
i must add at once that these animals are what we call queens young females that have mated in the previous summer or autumn
it is on them alone that the future of their race depends for all their relatives mothers husbands brothers and unmated sisters have perished with the arrival of the cold weather
even some of the queens will die before the winter is over falling prey to enemies or disease
the survivors emerge on some nice sunny day in march or april when the temperature is close to ##-degrees and there is too much wind
now the thing for us to do is to find ourselves a couple of those wonderful flowering currants such as the red ribes sanguineum of our pacific northwest or otherwise a good sloe tree or perhaps some nice pussy willow in bloom preferably one with male or staminate catkins
the blooms of ribes and of the willow and sloe are the places where large numbers of our early insects will assemble honeybees bumblebees and other wild bees and also various kinds of flies
it is a happy buzzing crowd
each male willow catkin is composed of a large number of small flowers
it is difficult to see that the stamens of the catkin are always arranged in pairs and that each individual flower is nothing but one such pair standing on a green black-tipped little scale
by scrutinizing the flowers one can also notice that the scale bears one or two tiny warts
those are the nectaries or honey glands fig. ## page ##
the staminate willow catkins then provide their visitors with both nectar and pollen
a marvelous arrangement for it provides exactly what the bee queens need to make their beebread a combination of honey and pollen with which the young of all species are fed
the only exception to this is certain bees that have become parasites
i will deal with these later on
quite often honeybees form a majority on the willow catkins
as we have already seen in the first chapter bumblebees are bigger hairier and much more colorful than honeybees exhibiting various combinations of black yellow white and orange
let us try to key them out at this stage of the game and let us just call them bombus
there must be several dozen species in the united states alone
if you really insist on knowing their names an excellent book on the north american species is bumblebees and their ways by o. e. plath
if we manage to keep track of a bombus queen after she has left her feeding place we may discover the snug little hideout which she has fixed up for herself when she woke up from her winter sleep
as befits a queen a bumblebee female is rather choosy and may spend considerable time searching for a suitable nesting place
most species seem to prefer a ready-made hollow such as a deserted mouse nest a bird house or the hole made by a woodpecker
some show a definite liking for making their nest in moss
once she has made up her mind the queen starts out by constructing in her chosen abode a small floor of dried grass or some woolly material
on this she builds an egg compartment or egg cell which is filled with that famous pollen-and-nectar mixture called beebread
she also builds one or two waxen cups which she fills with honey
then a group of eggs is deposited in a cavity in the beebread loaf and the egg compartment is closed
the queen afterward keeps incubating and guarding her eggs like a mother hen taking a sip from time to time from the rather liquid honey in her honey pots
when the larvae hatch they feed on the beebread although they also receive extra honey meals from their mother
she continues to add to the pollen supply as needed
the larvae kept warm by the queen are full grown in about ten days
each now makes a tough papery cocoon and pupates
after another two weeks the first young emerge four to eight small daughters that begin to play the role of worker bees collecting pollen and nectar in the field and caring for the new young generation while the queen retires to a life of egg laying
the first worker bees do mate or lay eggs
males and mating females do emerge until later in the season
the broods of workers that appear later tend to be bigger than the first ones probably because they are better fed
by the middle of the summer many of the larvae apparently receive such a good diet that it is optimal and it is then that young queens begin to appear
simultaneously males or drones are produced mostly from the unfertilized eggs of workers although a few may be produced by the queen
the young queens and drones leave the nest and mate and after a short period of freedom the fertilized young queens will begin to dig in for the winter
it is an amazing fact that in some species this will happen while the summer is still in full swing for instance in august
the temperature then is still very high
at the old nest the queen will in the early fall cease to lay the fertilized eggs that will produce females
as a result the proportion of males which leave the nest increases and eventually the old colony will die out completely
the nest itself the structure that in some cases housed about #,### individuals when the season was at its peak is now rapidly destroyed by the scavenging larvae of certain beetles and moths
always though does the development of a bumblebee colony take place in the smooth fashion we have just described
some members of the bee family have become idlers social parasites that live at the expense of their hardworking relatives
bumblebees can thus suffer severely from the onslaughts of psithyrus the cuckoo-bumblebee as it is called in some european countries
female individuals of psithyrus look deceptively like the workers and queens of the bumblebees they victimize
the one sure way to tell victim and villain apart is to examine the hind legs which in the case of the idler psithyrus lack the pollen baskets naturally
the female parasite spends much time in her efforts to find a nest of her host
when she succeeds she usually manages to slip in unobtrusively to deposit an egg on a completed loaf of beebread before the bumblebees seal the egg compartment
the hosts never seem to recognize that something is amiss so that the compartment afterward is sealed normally
thus the larvae of the intruder can develop at the expense of the rightful inhabitants and the store of beebread
later on they and the mother psithyrus are fed by the bombus workers
worse still in a number of cases it has been claimed that the psithyrus female kills the bombus queen
but let us return after this gruesome interlude to our willow catkins in the spring
there are other wild bees that command our attention
it is almost certain that some of these usually a trifle smaller than the honeybees are andrenas or mining bees
there are about ### different kinds of andrena in europe alone
one of my favorites is a. armata a species very common in england where it is sometimes referred to as the lawn bee
the females like to burrow in the short turf of well-kept lawns where their little mounds of earth often appear by the hundreds
almost equal in size to a honeybee a. armata is much more beautiful in color at least in the female of the species a rich velvety rusty red
the males are much duller
after having mated an andrena female digs a hole straight down into the ground forming a burrow about the size of a lead pencil
the bottom part of a burrow has a number of side tunnels or cells each of which is provided with an egg plus a store of beebread
the development of the andrena larvae is very rapid so that by the end of spring they have already pupated and become adults
but they are still enclosed in their larval cells and remain there throughout the summer fall and winter
their appearance next spring coincides in an almost uncanny way with the flowering of their host plants
in the sacramento valley in california for instance it has been observed that there was one day 's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
this must be due to a completely identical response to the weather in the plant and the animal
after the male and female andrenas have mated the cycle is repeated
although andrena is gregarious so that we may find hundreds and hundreds of burrows together we must still call it a solitary bee
its life history is much simpler than that of the truly colonial bumblebees and can serve as an example of the life cycle of many other species
after all social life in the group of the bees is by no means general although it certainly is a striking feature
on the basis of its life history we like to think that andrena is more primitive than the bumblebees
the way in which it transports its pollen is so perfect either
it lacks pollen baskets and possesses only a large number of long branched hairs on its legs on which the pollen grains will collect
still andrena will do a reasonably good job so that an animal with a full pollen load looks like a gay little piece of yellow down floating in the wind
closely related to the andrenas are the nomias or alkali bees
nomia melanderi can be found in tremendous numbers in certain parts of the united states west of the great plains for example in utah and central washington
in the united states department of agriculture 's yearbook of agriculture #### which is devoted entirely to insects george e. bohart mentions a site in utah which was estimated to contain ###,### nesting females
often the burrows are only an inch or two apart and the bee cities cover several acres
the life history of the alkali bee is similar to that of andrena but the first activity of the adults does take place until summer and the individuals hibernate in the prepupal stage
in most places there are two generations a year a second brood of adults appearing late in the summer
i must plead guilty to a special sympathy for nomias
this may just be pride in my adopted state of washington but certainly i love to visit their mound cities near yakima and prosser in july or august when the bees are in their most active period
the name alkali bee indicates that one has to look for them in rather inhospitable places
sometimes although by no means always these are indeed alkaline
the thing is that these bees love a fine-grained soil that is moist
yet the water in the ground should be stagnant either
they dislike dense vegetation
where does one find such conditions
the best chance of course is offered by gently sloping terrain where the water remains close to the surface and where the air is dry so that a high evaporation leaves salty deposits which permit only sparse plant growth
many other probably nearly all snakes at maturity are already more than half their final length
laurence m. klauber put length at maturity at two thirds the ultimate length for some rattlesnakes and charles c. carpenter 's data on michigan garter and ribbon snakes thamnophis show that the smallest gravid females are more than half as long as the biggest adults
felix kopstein states that when the snake reaches its maturity it has already reached about its maximal length but goes on to cite the reticulate python as an exception with maximum length approximately three times that at maturity
it is hard to understand how he concluded that most snakes do grow appreciably after attaining maturity
he was working with species of java so perhaps some tropical snakes are unusual in this respect
certain individual giants recorded later did fail to show a reasonable difference after maturity but it is impossible to know whether this is due to captive conditions
additional records of slow growth have been omitted
it is possible to make a few generalizations about the six giants themselves
there seems to be a rough correlation between the initial and ultimate lengths starting with the smallest boa constrictor and ending with the largest anaconda
data on the former are scanty but there can be little doubt that the latter is sometimes born at a length greater than that of any of the others thereby lending support to the belief that the anaconda does indeed attain the greatest length
for four of the six the anaconda and the amethystine python cannot be included for lack of data there is also a correlation between size at maturity and maximum length the boa constrictor being the smallest and the indian python the next in size at the former stage
let us speculate a little on the maximum size of the anaconda
if in a certain part of the range it starts life # foot longer than do any of the other relatively large giants and reaches maturity at let us guess ## inches longer than the others a quadrupling of the maturity length would result in a maximum of nearly ## feet
when it comes to rate of early growth the indian python leads with a figure of about # feet # inches per year for the first two years more or less
the african rock python a close second is followed in turn by the reticulate python
there are few data on the boa constrictor those for the anaconda are unconvincing and there is nothing at all on the amethystine python
it seems likely that the indian python comes out ahead because records of its growth have been made more carefully and frequently
it responds exceptionally well to captivity and does reach proportions that make it hard to keep
i cannot make sense out of the figures for post maturity growth
at best the annual increase appears to be a matter of inches rather than feet
until better records have been kept over longer periods of time and much more is known about the maximum dimensions it will be wise to refrain from drawing conclusions
it is often stated that the largest snakes require five years to attain maturity but this apparently is an overestimation
the best way to determine the correct figure in captives is by direct observation of pairs isolated from birth a method that produced surprising results maturing of a male indian python in less than two years his mate in less than three
data on the boa constrictor about match this
another approach is to estimate from the rate of growth and the smallest size at maturity
results from this approach amply confirm the direct observations about three years are required there being a possible slight difference between males and females in the time required
only the amethystine python and the anaconda must be excluded for lack or paucity of data
the following information on snakes varying greatly in size but all with less than a ##-foot maximum shows when considered with the foregoing that there is probably no correlation between the length of a snake and the time required for it to mature
oliver in his summary of the habits of the snakes of the united states could supply data on the maturing period for only three species in addition to the rattlers which i shall consider separately
these three were much alike lined snake tropidoclonion one year and nine months
red-bellied snake storeria two years
cottonmouth ancistrodon two years
klauber investigated the rattlesnakes carefully himself and also summarized what others have found
he concluded that in the southern species which are rapidly growing types females mate at the age of two and a half and bear the first young when they are three
other herpetologists have ascertained that in the northern united states the prairie rattlesnake may give first birth until it is four or even five years old and that the young may be born every other year rather than annually
carpenter 's study showed that female common garter and ribbon snakes of michigan mature at about the age of two
oversized monsters are never brought home either alive or preserved and field measurements are obviously open to doubt because of the universal tendency to exaggerate dimensions
measurements of skins are of little value
every snake hide is noticeably longer than its carcass and intentional stretching presents no difficulty to the unscrupulous explorer
in spite of all the pitfalls there is a certain amount of agreement on some of the giants
the anaconda proves to be the fly in the ointment but the reason for this is clear
the relatively wild conditions still found in tropical south america might be responsible
there are three levels on which to treat the subject
the first is the strictly scientific which demands concrete proof and therefore may err on the conservative side by waiting for evidence in the flesh
this approach rejects virtually all field measurements
the next level attempts to weigh varied evidence and come to a balanced sensible conclusion
field measurements by experienced explorers are rejected and even reports of a less scientific nature are duly evaluated
the third level leans on a belief that a lot of smoke means some fire
the argument against this last approach is comparable to that which rejects stories about hoop snakes about snakes that break themselves into many pieces and join up again or even of ghosts that chase people out of graveyards
the mere piling up of testimony does prove to the scientific mind the existence of hoop snakes joint snakes or ghosts
oliver has recently used the second-level approach with the largest snakes and has come to these conclusions the anaconda reaches a length of at least ## feet the reticulate python ## the african rock python ## the amethystine python at least ## the indian python ## and the boa constrictor ##-#
bernard heuvelmans also treats of the largest snakes but on the third level and is chiefly concerned with the anaconda
he reasons that as anacondas ## feet long are often found some might be ## and occasional monstrous freaks over ##
he rejects dimensions of ## feet and more
his thirteenth chapter includes many exciting accounts of huge serpents with prodigious strength but these seem to be given to complete his picture to be believed
detailed information on record lengths of the giants is given in the section that follows
growth of the six giants
discussions of the giants one by one will include as far as possible data on these aspects of growth size at which life is started and at which sexual maturity is reached
time required to reach maturity
rate of growth both before and after this crucial stage
and maximum length with confirmation or amplification of oliver 's figures
definite information on the growth of senile individuals is lacking
at birth this species varies considerably in size
a brood of twenty-eight born at brookfield zoo near chicago ranged in length from ## to ##-# inches and averaged ## inches
lawrence e. griffin gives measurements of nineteen young anacondas presumably members of a brood from south america
the extreme measurements of these fall between the lower limit of the brookfield brood and its average
raymond l. ditmars had two broods that averaged ## inches
r. r. mole and f. w. urich give approximately ## inches as the average length of a brood of thirty from the region of the orinoco estuaries
william beebe reports ## inches and #.# ounces this snake must have been emaciated for the length and the weight of a young anaconda from british guiana
in contrast ditmars recorded the average length of seventy-two young of a ##-foot female as ## inches and four young were born in london at a length of ## or ## inches and a weight of from ## to ## ounces
beebe had a #-foot anaconda that weighed only #.# ounces
a difference between subspecies might explain the great range in size
i have little information on the anaconda 's rate of growth
hans schweizer had one that increased from ##-# inches to # feet # inches in five years and j. j. quelch records a growth of from less than # feet to nearly ## in about six years
it is very unlikely that either of these anacondas was growing at a normal rate
in #### afranio do amaral the noted brazilian herpetologist wrote a technical paper on the giant snakes
he concluded that the anaconda 's maximum length is ## or ## perhaps ## meters which would approximate from ## to ## feet ## meters is slightly less than ## feet
thus his estimate lies between oliver 's suggestion of at least ## feet and the ##-foot monstrous freaks intimated by heuvelmans
the most convincing recent measurement of an anaconda was made in eastern colombia by roberto lamon a petroleum geologist of the richmond oil company and reported in #### by emmett r. dunn
however as a field measurement it is open to question
oliver 's ##-# feet is partly based on this report and can be accepted as probable
however many herpetologists remain skeptical and would prefer a tentative maximum of about ## feet
it is possible that especially large anacondas will prove to belong to subspecies limited to a small area
in snakes difference in size is a common characteristic of subspecies
boa constrictor :
a colombian female 's brood of sixteen boa constrictors born in the staten island zoo averaged ## inches
this birth length seems to be typical
when some thirteen records of newly and recently born individuals are collated little or no correlation between length and distribution can be detected
the range is from ## to ## inches
the former figure is based on a somewhat unusual birth of four by a central american female see chapter on laying brooding hatching and birth the latter on a normal newly born individual
however as so many of the records are certainly based on newborn snakes these data must be taken tentatively
final conclusions will have to await the measurements of broods from definite localities
alphonse r. hoge 's measurements of several very young specimens from brazil suggest that at birth the female is slightly larger than the male
i have surprisingly little information on the size and age at maturity
carl kauffeld has written to me of sexual activity in february #### of young born in march ####
one female collected on an island off the coast of nicaragua was gravid and measured # feet # inches from snout to vent her tail should be between # and # inches long
the female from central america which gave birth to four was only # feet ## inches long
what data there are on growth indicate considerable variation in rate
unfortunately no one has kept complete records of one individual whereas many have been made for a very short period of time
the results are too varied to allow generalization
the bronchus and pulmonary artery in this lung type maintain a close relationship throughout
the pulmonary vein however without the limiting supportive tissue septa as in type # follows a more direct path to the hilum and does maintain this close relationship figs. # ##
another marked difference is noted here
the pulmonary artery in addition to supplying the distal portion of the respiratory bronchiole the alveolar duct and the alveoli continues on and directly supplies the thin pleura fig. #
the bronchial artery except for a small number of short branches in the hilum contributes none of the pleural blood supply
it does as in type # supply the hilar lymph nodes the pulmonary artery the pulmonary vein the bronchi and the bronchioles terminating in a common capillary bed with the pulmonary artery at the level of the respiratory bronchiole
no bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses were noted in this group
lung type # fig. # is to some degree a composite of types # and #
it is characterized by the presence of incompletely developed secondary lobules
well defined but haphazardly arranged interlobular septa and a thick remarkably vascular pleura fig. #
the most distal airways are similar to those found in type # being composed of numerous apparently true terminal bronchioles and occasional poorly developed respiratory bronchioles figs. ## ##
in this instance because of incomplete septation the secondary lobule does constitute in itself what appears to be a small individual lung as in type #
air-drifts from one area to another are therefore conceivable
distally the bronchus is situated between a pulmonary artery on one side and a pulmonary vein on the other as in type # fig. ##
this relationship however is maintained centrally
here the pulmonary vein as in type # is noted to draw away from the bronchus and to follow a more direct independent course to the hilum figs. ## ##
the bronchial artery in its course and distribution differs somewhat from that found in other mammals
as seen in types # and # it supplies the hilar lymph nodes vasa vasorum to the pulmonary artery and vein the bronchi and the terminal bronchioles
as in type # it provides arterial blood to the interlobular septa and an extremely rich anastomotic pleural supply is seen figs. # ##
this pleural supply is derived both from hilar and interlobular bronchial artery branches
such a dual derivation was strikingly demonstrated during the injection process where initial filling would be noted to occur in several isolated pleural vessels at once
some of these were obviously filling from interlobular branches of the bronchial arteries while others were filling from direct hilar branches following along the pleural surface
with completion of filling net-like anastomoses were noted to be present between these separately derived branches
an unusual increase in the number of bronchial arteries present within the substance of the lung was noted
this was accounted for primarily by the presence of a bronchial artery closely following the pulmonary artery
the diameter of this bronchial artery was much too large for it to be a mere vasa vasorum figs. ## ## ##
in distal regions its diameter would be one-fourth to one-fifth that of the pulmonary artery
this vessel could be followed to the parenchyma where it directly provided bronchial arterial blood to the alveolar capillary bed figs. ## ##
also three other direct pathways of alveolar bronchial arterial supply were noted via the pleura
through the interlobular septa
and along the terminal bronchiole figs. ## ## ## ##
one bronchial arteriolar-pulmonary arteriolar anastomosis was noted at the terminal bronchiolar level fig. ##
it is evident that many marked and striking differences exist between lungs when an inter-species comparison is made
the significance of these differences has been studied nor has the existence of corresponding physiologic differences been determined
however the dynamics of airflow from morphologic considerations alone may conceivably be different in the monkey than in the horse
the volume and perhaps even the characteristics of bronchial arterial blood flow might be different in the dog than in the horse
also interlobular air drifts may be all but nonexistent in the cow
probably occur in the horse much as in the human being
and in contrast are present to a relatively immense degree on a segmental basis in the dog where lobules are absent van allen and lindskog '##
a reason for such wide variation in the pulmonary morphology is entirely lacking at present
within certain wide limits anatomy dictates function and if one is permitted to speculate potential pathology should be included in this statement as well
for example the marked susceptibility of the monkey to respiratory infection might be related to its delicate long alveolar ducts and short large bronchioles situated within a parenchyma entirely lacking in protective supportive tissue barriers such as those found in types # and #
one might also wonder if monkeys are capable of developing bronchiolitis as we know it in man or the horse
in addition it would be difficult to imagine chronic generalized emphysema occurring in a cow considering its marked lobular development but conversely difficult to imagine this occurring in the horse or the dog
anatomically the horse lung appears to be remarkably like that of man insofar as this can be ascertained from comparison of our findings in the horse with those of others birnbaum '## in the human being
the only area in which one might find major disagreement in this matter is in regard to the alveolar distribution of the bronchial arteries
as early as #### le fort claimed an alveolar distribution of the bronchial arteries in human beings
in #### this was reaffirmed by cudkowicz
the opposition to this point of view has its staunchest support in the work of miller '##
apparently however miller has relied heavily on the anatomy in dogs and cats and he has been criticized for using pathologic human material in his normal study loosli '##
although miller noted in #### that a difference in the pleural blood supply existed between animals nowhere in his published works is it found that he did a comparative study of the intrapulmonary features of various mammalian lungs other than in the dog and cat miller '##
the meaning of this variation in distribution of the bronchial artery as found in the horse is clear
however this artery is known to be a nutrient vessel with a distribution primarily to the proximal airways and supportive tissues of the lung
the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles are primarily diffusing tissues
theoretically they are capable of extracting their required oxygen either from the surrounding air ghoreyeb and karsner '## or from pulmonary arterial blood comroe '##
therefore an explanation of this alveolar bronchial artery supply might be the nutritive requirement of an increased amount of supportive tissue primarily diffusing in nature in the region of the alveolus
if this be true the possibility exists that an occlusive lesion of the bronchial arteries might cause widespread degeneration of supportive tissue similar to that seen in generalized emphysema
one would expect such an event to occur in animals possessing lungs of types # or #
the presence of normally occurring bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses was first noted in #### by ruysch and thereafter by many others
nakamura '## verloop '## marchand gilroy and watson '## von hayek '## and tobin '## have all claimed their normal but relatively nonfunctional existence in the human being
miller '## is the principal antagonist of this viewpoint
in criticism of the latter 's views his conclusions were based upon dog lung injection studies in which all of the vascular channels were first filled with a solution under pressure and then were injected with various sized colored particles designed to stop at the arteriolar level
as early as #### ghoreyeb and karsner demonstrated with perfusion studies in dogs that bronchial artery flow would remain constant at a certain low level when pressure was maintained in the pulmonary artery and vein but that increases in bronchial artery flow would occur in response to a relative drop in pulmonary artery pressure
berry brailsford and daly in #### and nakamura in #### reaffirmed this
our own studies in which bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses were demonstrated were accomplished by injecting the bronchial artery first with no pressure on the pulmonary artery or vein and then by injecting the pulmonary artery and vein afterwards
it is distinctly possible therefore that simultaneous pressures in all three vessels would have rendered the shunts inoperable and hence uninjectable
this viewpoint is further supported by verloop 's '## demonstration of thickened bronchial artery and arteriolar muscular coats which are capable of acting as valves
in other words the anastomoses between the bronchial artery and pulmonary artery should be considered as functional or demand shunts
in addition little work has been done on a comparative basis in regard to the normal existence of bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses
'## found these shunts in the human being but was unable to find them in rats
ellis grindlay and edwards '## also were unable to find them in rats
nakamura '## was unable to demonstrate their existence either by anatomic or physiologic methods in dogs
the possibility that the absence or presence of these shunts is species-dependent is therefore inferred
certainly the mere fact of failing to demonstrate them in one or another species does conclusively deny their existence in that species
it is however highly suggestive and agrees well with our own findings in which we also failed to demonstrate normally occurring bronchial artery-pulmonary artery shunts in certain species especially the dog
in conclusion these findings suggest the need for a comparative physiology pathology and histology of mammalian lungs
in addition a detailed interspecies survey of the incidence of generalized pulmonary emphysema in mammals would be interesting and pertinent
also for the present great caution should be exercised in the choice of an experimental animal for pulmonary studies if they are to be applied to man
this is especially so if the dog cat or monkey are to be used in view of their marked anatomical differences from man
finally it is suggested that in many respects the horse lung may be anatomically more comparable to that of the human than any other presently known species
the main subgross anatomical features of the lungs of various mammals are presented
a tabulation of these features permits the lungs to be grouped into three distinctive subgross types
type # is represented by the cow sheep and pig
type # by the dog cat and monkey
type # by the horse
lobularity is extremely well developed in type #
absent in type #
imperfectly developed in type #
the pleura and interlobular septa are thick in types # and #
the pleura is extremely thin in type # and septa are absent
arterial supply to the pleura in types # and # is provided by the bronchial artery and in type # by the pulmonary artery
in types # # and # the bronchial artery terminates in a capillary bed shared in common with the pulmonary artery at the level of the distal bronchiole
in type # the bronchial artery also provides blood directly to the alveolar capillary bed
true terminal bronchioles comprise the most frequent form taken by the distal airways in types # and # although small numbers of poorly developed respiratory bronchioles are present
well developed respiratory bronchioles on the other hand appear to be the only form taken by the distal airways in type #
in type # the pulmonary vein closely follows the course of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery from the periphery to the hilum
this may be due to the heavy interlobular connective tissue barriers present
in type # this general relationship is maintained peripherally but centrally where the pulmonary vein follows a more independent path to the hilum as is the case throughout the lung in type #
some of the features of the top portions of figure # and figure # were mentioned in discussing table #
first the onset profile spreads across approximately ## years for boys and ## years for girls
in contrast ## of the ## lines in the completion profile excluding center # for boys and # for girls are bunched and extend over a much shorter period approximately ## months for boys and ## months for girls
the maturity chart for each sex demonstrates clearly that onset is a phenomenon of infancy and early childhood whereas completion is a phenomenon of the later portion of adolescence
second for both sexes the ## transverse lines in the onset profile vary more in individual spread than those in the completion profile
although the standard deviation values on which spread of the lines is based are relatively larger for those centers which begin to ossify early table # there are considerable differences in this value between centers having the closely timed onsets
third the process of calcification is seen to begin later and to continue much longer for these boys than for the girls a fact which confirms data for other groups of children
the onset profile and completion profile are constructed to serve as norms for children
it is convenient to classify a child 's onset ages and completion ages as advanced moderate modal or delayed according to whether the child 's age equivalent dots appeared to the left of upon or to the right of the appropriate short transverse line
when a dot appears close to the end of the transverse line the moderate rating may be further classified according to the position of the dot with respect to the vertical marking denoting the mean age
such classifications may be called somewhat advanced or somewhat delayed as the case may be reserving moderate for dots upon or close to the mean
in the lower portion of each chart the skeletal age hand of boy ## and girl # may be similarly classified
there the middle one of the three curves denotes mean skeletal age for the maturity series boys and girls
the upper curve denotes the mean plus one standard deviation and the lower curve represents the mean minus one standard deviation
thus a child 's skeletal age dots may be classified as advanced when they appear above the middle curve moderate when they appear immediately above or below the middle curve and delayed when they appear below the lower curve
to summarize the purpose of the skeletal maturity chart each contains two kinds of skeletal maturity norms which show two quite different methods of depicting developmental level of growth centers
first the upper portion requires series of films for every child consisting of those from hand elbow shoulder knee and foot
the lower portion necessitates only films of hand
second the upper portion permits comparison of maturity levels of an equal number of growth centers from the long short and round bones of the five regions
the lower portion permits comparison of maturity levels of short and round bones predominantly since only two long bones are included in hand and wrist as a region
third the upper portion deals with only two indicators of developmental level onset and completion
the lower portion utilizes the full complement of intermediate maturity indicators of each hand center as well as their onset and completion
fourth the two indicators are for the most part widely separated chronologically with the extensive age gap occurring during childhood for all but one growth center
the lower portion provides a rating at any stage between infancy and adulthood
onsets completions and skeletal ages hand of boy ## and girl # may be directly compared and classified using only those skeletal ages which appear immediately below the onset profile and the completion profile
it may be assumed that differences in ratings due to selection of growth centers from specific regions of the body will be small according to existing tables of onset age and completion age for centers throughout the body
accordingly maturity level ratings by means of the upper portion and lower portion of the chart respectively should be somewhat similar since skeletal age assessments are dependent upon onsets during infancy and upon completions during adolescence
it is clear that there are some differences in the ratings but there is substantial agreement
since a skeletal age rating can be made at any age during growth from elbow shoulder knee or foot as well as hand it seems to be the method of choice when one wishes to study most aspects of skeletal developmental progress during childhood
as stated earlier in the paper onsets and completions particularly the former provide a different tool or indicator of expectancy in osseous development each within a limited age period
such an indicator or indicators are needed as means of recognizing specific periods of delay in skeletal developmental progress
it was stated earlier that one purpose of this study was to extend the analysis of variability of onset and completion in each of the ## growth centers somewhat beyond that provided by the data in tables # and #
as one approach to doing this figures # and # have be constructed from the mean ages and the individual onset and completion ages for boy ## and girl #
the differences between onset age and completion age with respect to the corresponding mean age have been brought into juxtaposition by means of a series of arrows
the data for boy ## appear in figure # and for girl # in figure #
the numbering system used in tables # and # and figures # and # was continued for the ## growth centers
the dot on one end of each arrow indicates extent of difference in months between the child 's onset age and the corresponding mean age for the growth center
the tip of the arrow represents extent of difference between the child 's completion age and the corresponding mean age for the growth center
thus the alignment of the dots and tips respectively indicate individual variability of the ## growth centers of each child with respect to the mean values for these boys and girls
the direction in which the arrow points shows how the maturity level of the growth center was changed at completion from the level at onset
when the dot and tip coincide the classification used in this paper is same schedule
the length of the arrow indicates amount of slowing or acceleration at completion over that at onset and the difference in months can be read roughly by referring the arrow to the age scale along the base of each figure or more precisely by referring to the original data in the appropriate tables
the difference between the sequence of onset of ossification for the sexes governs the numbering sequence in figures # and #
this difference is readily clarified by referring to table #
for example arrow ## in figure # portrays the proximal radial epiphysis for boy ## whereas the same epiphysis for girl # is portrayed by arrow ## in figure #
for the boy this epiphysis was markedly delayed at onset but near the mean at completion
thus the span of its ossification was shortened and the center 's ability to catch up in ossification is demonstrated
in contrast for the girl the epiphysis was slightly advanced at onset and delayed at completion
obviously the slowing for her may have occurred at any point between onset and completion
the skeletal age curve in the lower portion of figure # shows that slowing may have occurred for her during the prepubescent period
length of the shaft of these arrows may be evaluated according to the standard deviation values for each center in table #
we have attempted to simplify the extensive task of analyzing onset ages and completion ages of each child more than #### values for the entire group by constructing figures for each of the ## centers so that the data for all ## boys and ## of the girls will appear together for each growth center
figures # and # are examples of our method of analyzing the results for each growth center
forty other figures similar to # and # and the original data used in the construction of all figures and tables in this monograph have been included in the appendix
the principles used in making each arrow for figures # and # were applied to the construction of figures # and # as well as all figures in the appendix
one growth center in a short bone distal phalanx of the second finger was chosen as an example for discussion here primarily because epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion the maturity indicator for completion in long and short bones occurs in this center for girls near the menarche and for boys near their comparable pubescent stage
its completion thus becomes one of the convenient maturity indicators to include in studies of growth dietary patterns and health during adolescence
the following summary based on figures # and # is an example of one way of interpreting the ## figures constructed from onset ages and completion ages of individual children with respect to the appropriate mean age for each growth center
at the top of figure # for example the onset range and completion range lines for the chosen growth center have been drawn for girls according to their mean and standard deviation values in table #
the ## arrows denoting onset age plus completion age deviations have been arrayed in an onset sequence which begins with girl ## who had the earliest onset of the ## girls
the growth center depicted here in the distal phalanx of the second finger is listed as the fifth of those in the seven short bones
the mean onset age was ##.# months table # and the average span of the osseous stage was ### months
the correlation table # between onset age and completion age was -.## and that between onset age and span was -.##
with due consideration for the limits of precision in assessing expected rate of change in ossification of girls age # years and the known variations in rate of ossification of these children as described in our preceding paper in the supplement each arrow with a shaft length of four months or less was selected as indicating same schedule at onset and completion for this particular epiphysis
accordingly girls ## ## ## ## ## ## # # ## ## ## ## ## ## # ## ## and ## may be said to have the same schedule at onset and completion
it seems clear from the counter-balanced shape of the series of arrows in figure # that there was about an equal number of early and late onsets and completions for the ## girls
accordingly if epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion occurs in this phalanx near menarche early and late menarches might have been forecast rather precisely at the time of onset of ossification for the ## girls with same schedule
as an example of the interpretation of an arrow in the figure which exceeds four months in shaft length in conjunction with its position in the figure girl # had a delayed onset and further delayed completion
it is of interest that her menarche was somewhat later than the average for the girls in this group
a similar analysis of figure # for the ## boys would necessitate quite a different conclusion about the predictive value of onset age in forecasting their attainment of the pubescent stage
boys ## ## ## ## ## ## and ## had same schedule at onset and completion
thus early forecasting of the pubescent stage would appear possible for only seven boys
boy ## like girl # did have same schedule
his arrow crosses the line denoting the mean
the dot on his arrow indicates early onset and the tip indicates relatively later completion
after the ## figures had been drawn like figures # and # classifications of the onset ages and completion ages were summarized from them
interestingly enough the effect of the digitalis glycosides is inhibited by a high concentration of potassium in the incubation medium and is enhanced by the absence of potassium wolff ####
organification of iodine
the precise mechanism for organification of iodine in the thyroid is as yet completely understood
however the formation of organically bound iodine mainly mono-iodotyrosine can be accomplished in cell-free systems
in the absence of additions to the homogenate the product formed is an iodinated particulate protein fawcett and kirkwood ####
taurog potter and chaikoff ####
taurog potter tong and chaikoff ####
serif and kirkwood ####
de groot and carvalho ####
this iodoprotein does appear to be the same as what is normally present in the thyroid and there is no evidence so far that thyroglobulin can be iodinated in vitro by cell-free systems
in addition the iodoamino acid formed in largest quantity in the intact thyroid is di-iodotyrosine
if tyrosine and a system generating hydrogen peroxide are added to a cell-free homogenate of the thyroid large quantities of free mono-iodotyrosine can be formed alexander ####
it is clear whether this system bears any resemblance to the in vivo iodinating mechanism and a system generating peroxide has been identified in thyroid tissue
on chemical grounds it seems most likely that iodide is first converted to af and then to af as the active iodinating species
in the thyroid gland it appears that proteins chiefly thyroglobulin are iodinated and that free tyrosine and thyronine are iodinated
iodination of tyrosine however is enough for the synthesis of hormone
the mono- and di-iodotyrosine must be coupled to form tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine
the mechanism of this coupling has been studied in some detail with non-enzymatic systems in vitro and can be simulated by certain di-iodotyrosine analogues pitt-rivers and james ####
there is so far no evidence to indicate conclusively that this coupling is under enzymatic control
the chemical nature of the iodocompounds is discussed below pp. ## et seq.
little is known of the synthetic mechanisms for formation of thyroglobulin
its synthesis has been demonstrated in cell-free systems nor has its synthesis by systems with intact thyroid cells in vitro been unequivocally proven
there is some reason to think that thyroglobulin synthesis may proceed independently of iodination for in certain transplantable tumours of the rat thyroid containing essentially no iodinated thyroglobulin a protein that appears to be thyroglobulin has been observed in ultracentrifuge experiments wolff robbins and rall ####
similar findings have been noted in a patient with congenital absence of the organification enzymes whose thyroid tissue could only concentrate iodide
in addition depending on availability of dietary iodine thyroglobulin may contain varying quantities of iodine
since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine cf. section c it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion
the presence of several proteases and peptidases has been demonstrated in the thyroid
one of the proteases has ph optimum of about #.# and another of about #.# mcquillan stanley and trikojus ####
alpers robbins and rall ####
the finding that the concentration of one of these proteases is increased in thyroid glands from tsh-treated animals suggests that this protease may be active in vivo
there is no conclusive evidence yet that either of the proteases has been prepared in highly purified form nor is their specificity known
a study of their activity on thyroglobulin has shown that thyroxine is preferentially released and that the degradation proceeds stepwise with the formation of macromolecular intermediates alpers petermann and rall ####
besides proteolytic enzymes the thyroid possesses de-iodinating enzymes
a microsomal de-iodinase with a ph optimum of around # and requiring reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide for activity has been identified in the thyroid stanbury ####
this de-iodinating enzyme is effective against mono- and di-iodotyrosine but does de-iodinate thyroxine or tri-iodothyronine
it is assumed that the iodine released from the iodotyrosines remains in the iodide pool of the thyroid where it is oxidised and re-incorporated into thyroglobulin
the thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine released by proteolysis and so escaping de-iodination presumably diffuse into the blood stream
it has been shown that thyroglobulin binds thyroxine but the binding does appear to be particularly strong
it has been suggested that the plasma thyroxine-binding proteins which have an extremely high affinity for thyroxine compete with thyroglobulin for thyroxine ingbar and freinkel ####
antithyroid drugs are of two general types
one type has a small univalent anion of the thiocyanate-perchlorate-fluoro type
this ion inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by interfering with iodide concentration in the thyroid
it does appear to affect the iodinating mechanism as such
the other group of antithyroid agents or drugs is typified by thiouracil
these drugs have no effect on the iodide concentrating mechanism but they inhibit organification
the mechanism of action of these drugs has been completely worked out but certain of them appear to act by reducing the oxidised form of iodine before it can iodinate thyroglobulin astwood ####
on the other hand there are a few antithyroid drugs of this same general type such as resorcinol possessing no reducing activity and possibly acting through formation of a complex with molecular iodine
any of the antithyroid drugs of either type if given in large enough doses for a long period of time will cause goitre owing to inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis with production of hypothyroidism
the anterior lobe of the pituitary then responds by an increased output of tsh causing the thyroid to enlarge
the effect of drugs that act on the iodide-concentrating mechanism can be counteracted by addition of relatively large amounts of iodine to the diet
the antithyroid drugs of the thiouracil type however are antagonised by such means
besides those of the thiouracil and resorcinol types certain antithyroid drugs have been found in naturally occurring foods
the most conclusively identified is l-#-vinyl-#-thio-oxazolidone which was isolated from rutabaga greer ####
it is presumed to occur in other members of the brassica family
there is some evidence that naturally occurring goitrogens may play a role in the development of goitre particularly in tasmania and australia clements and wishart ####
there it seems that the goitrogen ingested by dairy animals is itself inactive but is converted in the animal to an active goitrogen which is then secreted in the milk
besides the presence of goitrogens in the diet the level of iodine itself in the diet plays a major role in governing the activity of the thyroid gland
in the experimental animal and in man gross deficiency in dietary iodine causes thyroid hyperplasia hypertrophy and increased thyroid activity money rall and rawson ####
stanbury brownell riggs perinetti itoiz and del castillo ####
in man the normal level of iodine in the diet and the level necessary to prevent development of goitre is about ### **ymg per day
with lower levels thyroid hypertrophy and increased thyroid blood-flow enable the thyroid to accumulate a larger proportion of the daily intake of iodine
further the gland is able to re-use a larger fraction of the thyroid hormone de-iodinated peripherally
in the presence of a low iodine intake thyroglobulin labelled in vivo with af is found to contain more mono-iodotyrosine than normal the amounts of di-iodotyrosine and iodothyronines being correspondingly reduced
this appears to result from both a reduced amount of the iodine substrate and a more rapid secretion of newly iodinated thyroglobulin
if the deficiency persists long enough it is reasonable to suppose that the af label will reflect the af distribution in the thyroglobulin
similar results might be expected from the influence of drugs or pathological conditions that limit iodide trapping or organification or accelerate thyroglobulin proteolysis
the thyroid-stimulating hormone
the name thyroid-stimulating hormone tsh has been given to a substance found in the anterior pituitary gland of all species of animal so tested for its presence
the hormone has also been called thyrotrophin or thyrotrophic hormone
at the present time we do know by what biochemical mechanism tsh acts on the thyroid but for bio-assay of the hormone there are a number of properties by which its activity may be estimated including release of iodine from the thyroid increase in thyroid weight increase in mean height of the follicular cells and increase in the thyroidal uptake of af
here we shall restrict discussion to those methods that appear sufficiently sensitive and precise for determining the concentration of tsh in blood
brown #### has reviewed generally the various methods of assaying tsh and the reader is referred to her paper for further information on the subject
chemical constitution and physical properties of pituitary tsh
as long ago as #### it was pointed out by niepce #### that there is a connection between the pituitary and the thyroid
this connection was clarified by smith and smith #### who showed that saline extracts of fresh bovine pituitary glands could re-activate the atrophied thyroids of hypophysectomised tadpoles
the first attempts to isolate tsh came a decade later when janssen and loeser #### used trichloroacetic acid to separate the soluble tsh from insoluble impurities
after their work other investigators applied salt-fractionation techniques to the problem as well as fractionation with organic solvents such as acetone
albert #### has concluded that the most active preparations of tsh made during this period from #### to #### were probably about ### to ### times as potent as the starting material
much of this work has been reviewed by white #### and by albert ####
developments up to about #### have been discussed by sonenberg ####
in the last few years the application of chromatographic and other modern techniques to the problem of isolating tsh has led to further purification bates and condliffe ####
pierce carsten and wynston ####
the most active preparations obtained by these two groups of investigators appear to be similar in potency composition and physical properties
two problems present themselves in considering any hormone in blood
first is the circulating form of the hormone the same as that found in the gland where it is synthesised and stored
second what is its concentration in normal circumstances and in what circumstances will this concentration depart from the normal level and in which direction
it is therefore necessary to consider the properties of pituitary tsh if the fragmentary chemical information about blood tsh is to be discussed rationally
the importance of knowing in what chemical forms the hormone may exist is accentuated by the recent observation that there exists an abnormally long-acting tsh in blood drawn from many thyrotoxic patients adams ####
whether this abnormal tsh differs chemically from pituitary tsh or is alternatively normal tsh with its period of effectiveness modified by some other blood constituent cannot be decided without chemical study of the activity in the blood of these patients and a comparison of the substance responsible for the blood activity with pituitary aj
in evaluating data on the concentration of tsh in blood one must examine critically the bio-assay methods used to obtain them
the introduction of the united states pharmacopoeia reference standard in #### and the redefinition and equating of the usp and international units of thyroid-stimulating activity have made it possible to compare results published by different investigators since that time
we should like to re-emphasise the importance of stating results solely in terms of international units of tsh activity and of avoiding the re-introduction of biological units
for the most part this discussion will be confined to results obtained since the introduction of the reference standard
standard preparations and units of thyroid-stimulating activity
the international unit u. adopted to make possible the comparison of results from different laboratories mussett and perry #### has been defined as the amount of activity present in ##.# mg of the international standard preparation
the international unit is equipotent with the usp unit adopted in #### which was defined as the amount of activity present in ## mg of the usp reference substance
muscle weakness is now recognized as an uncommon though serious complication of steroid therapy with most of the synthetic adrenal corticosteroids in clinical use
although biopsies have shown structural changes in some of the reported cases of steroid-induced weakness this case provides the only example known to us in which necropsy afforded the opportunity for extensive study of multiple muscle groups
the case described in this paper is that of an older man who developed disabling muscular weakness while receiving a variety of steroids for a refractory anemia
report of case
this patient was a ##-year-old white male accountant who entered the new york hospital for his fourth and terminal admission on june ## #### because of disabling weakness and general debility
in #### the patient developed an unexplained anemia for which ## blood transfusions were given over a period of # years
splenomegaly was first noted in #### and a sternal marrow biopsy at that time showed scattered foci of fibrosis suggestive of myelofibrosis
no additional transfusions were necessary after the institution of prednisone in july #### in an initial dose of ## mg. daily with gradual tapering to ## mg. daily
this medication was continued until february ####
in february #### the patient suffered a myocardial infarction complicated by pulmonary edema
additional findings at this time included cardiomegaly peripheral arteriosclerosis obliterans and cholelithiasis
the hemoglobin was ##.# gm.
therapy included digitalization and anticoagulation
later chlorothiazide and salt restriction became necessary to control the edema of chronic congestive failure
because of increasing anemia triamcinolone # mg. daily was started on feb. ## #### and was continued until july ####
in september #### the patient developed generalized weakness and fatigue which was concurrent with exacerbation of his anemia
the hemoglobin was ##.# gm.
in an attempt to reverse the downhill trend by stimulating the bone marrow and controlling any hemolytic component triamcinolone ## mg. daily was begun on sept. ## #### and continued until feb. ## ####
at first the patient felt stronger and the hemoglobin rose to ##.# gm. but on oct. ## #### he complained of caving in in his knees
by nov. # #### weakness specifically involving the pelvic and thigh musculature was pronounced and a common complaint was difficulty in stepping up on to curbs
prednisone ## mg. daily was substituted for triamcinolone from nov. ## until dec. # #### without any improvement in the weakness
serum potassium at this time was #.# meq. per liter and the hemoglobin was ##.# gm. by dec. # #### the weakness in the pelvic and quadriceps muscle groups was appreciably worse and it became difficult for the patient to rise unaided from a sitting or reclining position
triamcinolone ## mg. daily was resumed and maintained until feb. ## ####
chlorothiazide was omitted for a #-week period but there was no change in the muscle weakness
at this time a detailed neuromuscular examination revealed diffuse muscle atrophy that was moderate in the hands and feet but marked in the shoulders hips and pelvic girdle with hypoactive deep-tendon reflexes
no fasciculations or sensory defects were found
electromyography revealed no evidence of lower motor neuron disease
thyroid function tests yielded normal results
the protein-bound iodine was #.# mg. and the radioactive iodine uptake over the thyroid gland was ##% in ## hours with a conversion ratio of ##%
a schilling test demonstrated normal absorption of vitamin af
in february #### during the second admission to the new york hospital a biopsy specimen of the left gastrocnemius showed striking increase in the sarcolemmal sheath nuclei and shrunken muscle fibers in several sections
serial serum potassium levels remained normal
the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase was ## units per ml. per min.
the clinical impression at this time was either muscular dystrophy or polymyositis
on feb. ## #### purified corticotropin acth gel ## units daily intramuscularly was started but had to be discontinued # weeks later because of excessive fluid retention
from march # to may # #### the patient was maintained on dexamethasone # to # mg. daily
in may #### prednisone ## mg. daily replaced the dexamethasone
muscle weakness did improve and the patient needed first a cane then crutches
in spite of normal thyroid function tests a trial of propylthiouracil ### mg. daily for one week was given but served only to intensify muscle weakness
repeated attempts to withdraw steroids entirely were unsuccessful because increased muscle weakness resulted as well as fever malaise anorexia anxiety and an exacerbation of the anemia
these reactions were interpreted as being manifestations of hypoadrenocorticism
severe back pain in june #### prompted a third hospital admission
extensive osteoporosis with partial collapse of d# was found
a high-protein diet calcium lactate supplements and norethandrolone failed to change the skeletal complaint or the severe muscle weakness
the terminal hospital admission on june ## #### was necessitated by continued weakness and debility complicated by urinary retention and painful thrombosed hemorrhoids
x-ray films of the vertebral column showed progression of the demineralization
on july # #### the patient developed marked abdominal pain and distension went into shock and died
findings at necropsy
the body was that of a well-developed somewhat debilitated white man weighing ### lb.
there were bilateral pterygia and arcus senilis and the mouth was edentulous
the heart weighed ### gm. and at the outflow tracts the left and right ventricles measured ## and # mm. respectively
the coronary arteries were sclerotic and diffusely narrowed throughout their courses and the right coronary artery was virtually occluded by a yellow atheromatous plaque #.# cm. distal to its origin
the myocardium of the posterior base of the left ventricle was replaced by gray scar tissue over a #.# cm. area
the valves were normal except for thin yellow plaques on the inferior surface of the mitral leaflets
microscopically sections from the posterior base of the left ventricle of the heart showed several large areas of replacement of muscle by fibrous tissue
in addition other sections contained focal areas of recent myocardial necrosis that were infiltrated with neutrophils
many of the myocardial fibers were hypertrophied and had large irregular basophilic nuclei
the intima of the larger coronary arteries was thickened by fibrous tissue containing fusiform clefts and mononuclear cells
the intimal surface of the aorta was covered with confluent yellow-brown hard friable plaques along its entire course and there was a marked narrowing of the orifices of the large major visceral arteries
in particular the orifices of the right renal and celiac arteries were virtually occluded and both calcified common iliac arteries were completely occluded
the lungs weighed together ### gm.
on the surfaces of both lungs there were emphysematous blebs measuring up to # cm. in diameter
the parenchyma was slightly hyperemic in the apex of the left lung and there were several firm gray fibrocalcific nodules measuring as large as # mm.
microscopically there was emphysema fibrosis and vascular congestion
macrophages laden with brown pigment were seen in some of the alveoli and the intima of some of the small arteries was thickened by fibrous tissue
the firm red spleen weighed ### gm. and its surface was mottled by discrete small patches of white material
the endothelial cells lining the sinusoids were prominent and many contained large quantities of hemosiderin
some of the sinusoids contained large numbers of nucleated red cells and cells of the granulocytic series were found in small numbers
there were slight fibrosis and marked arteriolosclerosis
the liver weighed #,### gm. was brown in color and the cut surface was mottled by irregular pale areas
microscopically there was hyperemia of the central veins and there was some atrophy of adjacent parenchyma
some liver cord cells contained vacuolated cytoplasm while others had small amounts of brown hemosiderin pigment
the gallbladder contained about ## cc. of green-brown bile and # smooth dark-green calculi measuring up to # cm. in diameter
the mucosa of the stomach was atrophic and irregularly blackened over a ## cm. area
the small and large intestines were filled with gas and the jejunum was dilated to about # times its normal circumference
the small intestine and colon contained approximately ### cc. of foul-smelling sanguineous material and the mucosa throughout was hyperemic and mottled green-brown
a careful search failed to show occlusion of any of the mesenteric vessels
microscopically the mucosa of the stomach showed extensive cytolysis and contained large numbers of gram-negative bacterial rods
the submucosa was focally infiltrated with neutrophils
the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum showed similar changes and in some areas the submucosa was edematous and contained considerable numbers of neutrophils
some of the small vessels were filled with fibrin thrombi and there was extensive interstitial hemorrhage
a section of the colon revealed intense hyperemia and extensive focal ulcerations of the mucosa associated with much fibrin and many neutrophils
cultures taken from the jejunum yielded monilia albicans pseudomonas pyocanea aerobacter aerogenes and streptococcus anhemolyticus
the kidneys were pale and weighed right ### gm. and left ### gm.
the surfaces were coarsely and finely granular and punctuated by clear fluid-filled cysts measuring up to # cm. in diameter
on the surface of the right kidney there were also # yellow firm friable raised areas measuring up to # cm. in diameter
microscopically both kidneys showed many small cortical scars in which there was glomerular and interstitial fibrosis tubular atrophy and an infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
occasional tubules contained hyaline casts admixed with neutrophils
throughout there were marked arteriolosclerosis and hyalinization of afferent glomerular arterioles
these changes were more marked in the atrophic right kidney than in the left
in addition there were # small papillary adenomas in the right kidney
the bone of the vertebral bodies ribs and sternum was soft and was easily compressed
the marrow of the vertebral bodies was pale and showed areas of fatty replacement
microscopically there were many areas of hypercellularity alternating with areas of hypocellularity
the cells of the erythroid myeloid and megakaryocytic series were normal except for their numbers
there was no evidence of fibrosis
the muscles of the extremities chest wall neck and abdominal wall were soft pale and atrophic
microscopic studies of the gastrocnemius pectoralis major transversus abdominis biceps brachii and diaphragm showed atrophy as well as varying degrees of injury ranging from swelling and vacuolization to focal necrosis of the muscle fibers
these changes were most marked in the gastrocnemius and biceps and less evident in the pectoralis diaphragm and transversus
in the gastrocnemius and biceps there were many swollen and homogeneous necrotic fibers such as that shown in figure #
such swollen fibers were deeply eosinophilic contained a few pyknotic nuclei and showed loss of cross-striations obliteration of myofibrils and prominent vacuolization
the necrosis often involved only a portion of the length of a given fiber and usually the immediately adjacent fibers were normal
as shown in figure # the protoplasm of other fibers was pale granular or flocculated and invaded by phagocytes
inflammatory cells were strikingly absent
in association with these changes in the fibers there were striking alterations in the muscle nuclei
these were increased both in number and in size contained prominent nucleoli and were distributed throughout the fiber figs. # - #
in contrast to the nuclear changes described above another change in muscle nuclei was seen usually occurring in fibers that were somewhat smaller than normal but that showed distinct cross-striations and myofibrillae
the nuclei of these fibers as is shown in figures # and # showed remarkable proliferation and were closely approximated forming a chainlike structure at either the center or the periphery of the fiber
individual nuclei were usually oval to round though occasionally elongated and frequently small and somewhat pyknotic
at times clumps of ## to ## closely-packed nuclei were also observed
occasionally there were small basophilic fibers that were devoid of myofibrillae and contained many vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli fig. #
these were thought to represent regenerating fibers
trichrome stains failed to show fibrosis in the involved muscles
in all of the sections examined the arterioles and small arteries were essentially normal
purification of the conjugates
in attempting to improve specificity of staining the fluorescein-labeled antisera used in both direct and indirect methods were treated in one of several ways # they were passed through dowex-#-chloride twice and treated with acetone insoluble powders coons #### prepared from mouse liver or from healthy sweet clover stems or crown gall tissue produced by agrobacterium tumefaciens e. f. smith & townsend on sweet clover stems
# the conjugates as well as the intermediate sera were absorbed for ## minutes with ## - ## mg of proteins extracted from healthy sweet clover stems
the proteins were extracted with # volumes of af in af to give a nearly neutral extract and precipitated by ##% saturation with af
the precipitate was washed twice with an ##% saturated solution of af dissolved in a small quantity of #.# m neutral phosphate buffer dialyzed against cold distilled water till free from ammonium ions and lyophilized using liquid nitrogen
# in other experiments the indirect conjugate was treated with # volumes of ethyl acetate as recommended by dineen and ade ####
# the conjugates were passed through a diethylaminoethyl deae cellulose column equilibrated with neutral phosphate buffer pbs containing af potassium phosphate and af
preparation of frozen sections
the technique of cutting sections was essentially the same as that described by coons et al ####
root and stem tumors from sweet clover plants infected with wtv were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen embedded in ice and cut at # - # **ym in a cryostat maintained at -##-degrees to -##-degrees
the sections were mounted on cold slides smeared with haupts' adhesive johansen #### in earlier experiments and in later experiments with a different mixture of the same components reported by schramm and rottger ####
the latter adhesive was found to be much more satisfactory
the sections were then thawed by placing a finger under the slide and dried under a fan for ## minutes
until used they were stored for as long as # weeks
indirect method .
the sections were fixed in acetone for ## minutes and dried at ##-degrees for ## minutes
some of them were then covered with a drop of af in a moist chamber at ##-degrees for ## - ## minutes
as controls other sections were similarly covered with aj
sections were then washed with pbs for ## - ## minutes
after blotting out most of the saline around the sections a drop of af was layered over each of the sections allowed to react for ## minutes and then washed with pbs for ## - ## minutes
after blotting out most of the liquid around the sections the latter were mounted in buffered glycerine # parts glycerine to # parts of pbs
direct method .
after drying the sections under the fan fixing in acetone and drying at ##-degrees as in the indirect method the sections were treated with conjugated af or af undiluted unless mentioned otherwise for # - ## minutes
as controls other sections were similarly treated with af or conjugated antiserum to the new york strain of potato yellow-dwarf virus wolcyrz and black ####
the sections were then washed with pbs for ## - ## minutes and mounted in buffered glycerine
stained or unstained sections were examined under dark field illumination in a zeiss fluorescence microscope equipped with a mercury vapor lamp osram hbo ###
the light beam from the lamp was filtered through a half-standard thickness corning #### filter
in the eyepiece a wratten # b filter was used to filter off residual ultra-violet light
a red filter zeiss barrier filter with the code schott designation bg ## was also used in the ocular lens assembly as it improved the contrast between specific and nonspecific fluorescence
specificity of staining
indirect method .
in the first few experiments af was passed through dowex-#-chloride twice and absorbed twice with ## - ### mg sweet clover tissue powder
the intermediate sera were also similarly absorbed with tissue powder
sections of sweet clover stem and root tumors were treated with # : ## solution of af for ## minutes washed in buffered saline for ## minutes stained with af for ## minutes and washed for ## minutes in aj
such sections showed bright yellow-green specific fluorescence in the cells of the pseudophloem tissue lee and black ####
this specific fluorescence was readily distinguished from the light green nonspecific fluorescence in consecutive sections stained with # : ## dilution of ns and af or with af alone
unstained sections mounted in buffered glycerine or sections treated only with ns or af did show such green fluorescence
sections of crown gall tissue similarly stained with either af and af or ns and af also showed only the light green nonspecific fluorescence
however the nonspecific staining by the af in tumor sections was considered bright enough to be confused with the staining of small amounts of wtv antigen
two absorptions of af with ethyl acetate or two absorptions of af which had been passed through dowex-#-chloride ns and af with crown gall tissue powder or mouse liver powder did further improve the specificity of staining
treatment of all the sera with sweet clover proteins greatly reduced nonspecific fluorescence especially when the treated conjugate was diluted to # : # with #.##% saline
in all the above procedures when the intermediate sera were diluted to # : ## or # : ### with #.##% saline the specific and nonspecific fluorescence were appreciably reduced whereas a dilution of the intermediate sera to # : ### or diluting the af to # : # greatly reduced specific fluorescence
rinsing the sections with pbs before layering the intermediate sera did improve the staining reaction
in addition to other treatments treating the sections with normal sheep serum for half an hour before layering af did reduce nonspecific staining
the only treatment by which nonspecific staining could be satisfactorily removed was by passing the conjugate through a deae-cellulose column
when # ml of conjugate was passed through a column af the first and second milliliter fractions collected were the most specific and gave no nonspecific staining in some experiments and very little in others
in the latter cases an additional treatment of the deae-cellulose-treated af with ## mg of sweet clover stem tissue powder further improved the specificity
after these treatments the conjugate did stain healthy or crown gall sweet clover tissues or stained them a very faint green which was easily distinguishable from the bright yellow-green specific staining
with this purified conjugate the best staining procedure consisted of treating the sections with # : ## dilution of af for ## minutes washing with pbs for ## minutes staining with af for ## minutes and washing with pbs for ## minutes
the specificity of staining in wtv tumors with af and af but with ns and af or with antiserum to potato yellow-dwarf virus and af and the absence of such staining in crown gall tumor tissue from sweet-clover indicate that an antigen of wtv was being stained
direct method .
af was first conjugated with ## mg of fitc per gram of globulin
this conjugate was passed twice through dowex-#-chloride and treated with various tissue powders in the same manner as described for the indirect method
in all cases a disturbing amount of nonspecific staining was still present although it was still distinguishable from specific fluorescence
in later experiments af and af were prepared by conjugating # mg of fitc per gram of globulin
these conjugates af had much less nonspecific staining than the previous conjugate with ## mg fitc per gram of globulin while the specific staining was similar in both cases
nonspecific staining could be satisfactorily eliminated by passing these conjugates through a deae-cellulose column as described for af
the best staining procedure with this purified af consisted of staining with the conjugate for ## minutes and washing in pbs for ## minutes
the specificity of staining with af was established as follows af specifically stained tumor sections but sections of healthy sweet clover stems or of crown gall tumor tissue from sweet clover
sections of tumors incited by wtv were similarly stained with conjugated normal serum or conjugated antiserum to potato yellow-dwarf virus
after passing af through deae-cellulose the titer of antibodies to wtv in the specific fraction was # : # of the titer before such passage precipitin ring tests by r. f. whitcomb
but mere dilution of the conjugate to # : # did satisfactorily remove nonspecific staining
this indicates that increase in specificity of af after passing it through deae-cellulose was merely due to dilution
specific staining by deae-cellulose treated af and af although clearly distinguishable under the microscope from either nonspecific staining or autofluorescence of cells was satisfactorily photographed to show such differences in spite of many attempts with black and white and color photography
this was chiefly because of the bluish white autofluorescence from the cells
the autofluorescence from the walls of the xylem cells was particularly brilliant
distribution of virus antigen
results of specific staining by the direct and the indirect methods were similar and showed the localization of wtv antigen in certain tissues of tumors
the virus antigen was concentrated in the pseudophloem tissue
frequently a few isolated thick-walled cells or rarely groups of such cells in the xylem region were also specifically stained but there was no such staining in epidermis cortex most xylem cells ray cells or pith
within the pseudophloem cells the distribution of wtv antigen was irregular in the cytoplasm
no antigen was detectable in certain dark spherical areas in most cells
these areas are thought to represent the nuclei
in some tumor sections small spherical bodies possibly inclusion bodies littau and black #### stained more intensely than the rest of cytoplasm and probably contained more antigen
in all cases studied tissues of the stem on which the tumor had developed did contain detectable amounts of wtv antigen
in both the direct and indirect methods of staining the conjugates had nonspecifically staining fractions
in the indirect method this was evident from the fact that tumor sections were stained light green even when stained with ns and af or with af only
in the direct method af further treated stained certain tissues of healthy sweet clover stems nonspecifically and wtv tumor sections were similarly stained by comparable af
after af and af were passed through dowex-#-chloride twice and treated twice with healthy sweet clover tissue powder nonspecific staining was greatly reduced but a disturbing amount of such staining was still present
treatment of the conjugates with ethyl acetate and the conjugates which had been passed through dowex-#-chloride with mouse liver powder sweet clover crown gall tissue powder or healthy sweet clover proteins did satisfactorily remove nonspecifically staining substances in the conjugates
such treatments of the conjugates have usually been successful in eliminating nonspecific staining in several other systems coons ####
schramm and rottger #### did report any such nonspecific staining of plant tissues with fluorescein isocyanate-labeled antiserum to tobacco mosaic virus
the reason for the failure of these treatments to eliminate nonspecific staining in the conjugates in our system is known
in our work the best procedure for removing substances causing nonspecific staining in order to obtain specific conjugates was to pass the conjugates through a deae-cellulose column and in some cases to absorb the first and second milliliter fractions with sweet clover tissue powder
the specific staining by both direct and indirect methods showed that wtv antigen was concentrated in the pseudophloem tissue and in a few thick-walled cells in the xylem region but was detectable in any other tissues of the root and stem tumors
a study of the distribution of wtv antigen within the pseudophloem cells indicates that it is irregularly distributed in the cytoplasm
wound-tumor virus is a leafhopper transmitted virus easily transmissible by mechanical inoculation black ####
brakke et al ####
the concentration and apparent localization of the wtv antigen in pseudophloem tissue of the tumor may indicate that the virus preferentially multiplies in the phloem and may need to be directly placed in this tissue in order to infect plants
since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man in addition by complex symbols one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex
in experiments with topical application of strychnine on the cerebral cortex the transmission of impulses from the cortex to the hypothalamus was demonstrated
moreover the responsiveness of the hypothalamus to nociceptive stimulation is greatly increased under these conditions
even more complex and obviously cortically induced forms of emotional arousal could be elicited in monkey a on seeing monkey b but a rabbit in emotional stress
a previously extinguished conditioned reaction was restored in monkey a and was associated with typical signs of emotional excitement including sympathetic discharges
it seems to follow that by and large an antagonism exists between the paleo- and the neocortex as far as emotional reactivity is concerned and that the balance between the two systems determines the emotional responsiveness of the organism
in addition the neocortical-hypothalamic relations play a great role in primates as mirsky 's interesting experiment on the communication of affect demonstrates
but even in relatively primitive laboratory animals such as the rat sex activity closely identified with the hypothalamus and the visceral brain is enhanced by the neocortex
maclean stressed correctly the importance of the visceral brain for preservation of the individual and the species as evidenced by the influence of the limbic brain including the hypothalamus on emotions related to fight and flight and also on sexual functions
it should be added that in man neocortical-hypothalamic interrelations probably play a role in the fusion of emotional processes with those underlying perception memory imagination and creativity
previous experiences are obviously of great importance for the qualitative and quantitative emotional response
the visceral brain as well as the neocortex is known to contribute to memory but this topic is beyond the scope of this paper
hypothalamic balance and its significance
after this brief discussion of neo- paleocortical and cortico-hypothalamic relations let us return once more to the problem of hypothalamic balance and its physiological and pathological significance
facilitatory processes take place between neocortex and hypothalamus via ascending and descending pathways
thus cortico-fugal discharges induced by topical application of strychnine to a minute area in the neocortex summate with spikes present in the hypothalamus and cause increased convulsive discharges
on the other hand the temporary reduction in hypothalamic excitability through the injection of a barbiturate into the posterior hypothalamus causes a lessening in frequency and amplitude of cortical strychnine spikes until the hypothalamic excitability is restored
apparently a positive feedback exists between the posterior hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex
consequently if for any reason the hypothalamic excitability falls below the physiological level the lessened hypothalamic-cortical discharges lead to a diminished state of activity in the cortex with consequent reduction in the cortico-fugal discharges
obviously a vicious cycle develops
this tendency can be broken either by restoring hypothalamic excitability directly or via cortico-hypothalamic pathways
it is believed that drug therapy and electroshock involve the former and psychotherapy the latter mechanism
before we comment further on these pathological conditions we should remember that changes in the state of the hypothalamus within physiological limits distinguish sleep from wakefulness
thus a low intensity of hypothalamic-cortical discharges prevails in sleep and a high one during wakefulness resulting in synchronous eeg potentials in the former and asynchrony in the latter condition
moreover the dominance in parasympathetic action with reciprocal inhibition of the sympathetic at the hypothalamic level induces by its peripheral action the autonomic symptoms of sleep and by its action on the cortex a lessening in the reactivity of the sensory and motor apparatus of the somatic nervous system
with the dominance of the sympathetic division of the hypothalamus the opposite changes occur
since electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produces the effects of wakefulness while stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus induces sleep it may be said that the reactivity of the whole organism is altered by a change in the autonomic reactivity of the hypothalamus
similar effects can be induced reflexly via the baroreceptor reflexes in man and animals
of particular importance is the study of the actions of drugs in this respect
although no drugs act exclusively on the hypothalamus or a part of it there is sufficient specificity to distinguish drugs which shift the hypothalamic balance to the sympathetic side from those which produce a parasympathetic dominance
the former comprise analeptic and psychoactive drugs the latter the tranquilizers
specific differences exist in the action of different drugs belonging to the same group as for instance between reserpine and chlorpromazine
important as these differences are they should obscure the basic fact that by shifting the hypothalamic balance sufficiently to the parasympathetic side we produce depressions whereas a shift in the opposite direction causes excitatory effects and eventually maniclike changes
the emotional states produced by drugs influence the cortical potentials in a characteristic manner
synchrony prevails in the eeg of the experimental animal after administration of tranquilizers but asynchrony after application of analeptic and psychoactive drugs
the shock therapies act likewise on the hypothalamic balance
physiological experiments and clinical observations have shown that these procedures influence the hypothalamically controlled hypophyseal secretions and increase sympathetic discharges
they shift the hypothalamic balance to the sympathetic side
this explains the beneficial effect of electroshock therapy in certain depressions and a shift in the reaction from hypo- to normal reactivity of the sympathetic system as shown by the mecholyl test
some investigators have found a parallelism between remissions and return of the sympathetic reactivity of the hypothalamus to the normal level as indicated by the mecholyl test and conversely between clinical impairment and increasing deviation of this test from the norm
nevertheless the theory that the determining influence of the hypothalamic balance has a profound influence on the clinical behavior of neuropsychiatric patients has yet been tested on an adequate number of patients
the mecholyl and noradrenalin tests applied with certain precautions are reliable indicators of this central autonomic balance but for the sake of correlating autonomic and clinical states and of studying the effect of certain therapeutic procedures on central autonomic reactions additional tests seem to be desirable
it was assumed that the shift in autonomic hypothalamic balance occurring spontaneously in neuropsychiatric patients from the application of certain therapeutic procedures follows the pattern known from the sleep-wakefulness cycle
a change in the balance to the parasympathetic side leads in the normal individual to sleep or in special circumstances to cardiovascular collapse or nausea and vomiting
in both conditions the emotional and perceptual sensitivity is diminished but no depression occurs such as is seen clinically or may be produced in normal persons by drugs
the fundamental differences between physiological and pathological states of parasympathetic and also of sympathetic dominance remain to be elucidated
perhaps a clue to these and related problems lies in the fact that changes in the intensity of hypothalamic discharges which are associated with changes in its balance lead also to qualitative alterations in reactivity
a state of parasympathetic tuning of the hypothalamus induced experimentally causes only an increase in the parsympathetic reactivity of this structure to direct and reflexly induced stimuli but leads also to an autonomic reversal a stimulus acting sympathetically under control conditions elicits in this state of tuning a parasympathetic response
furthermore conditioned reactions are fundamentally altered when the hypothalamic sympathetic reactivity is augmented beyond a critical level and several types of behavioral changes probably related to the degree of central autonomic tuning are observed
if for instance such a change is produced by one or a few insulin comas or electroshocks previously inhibited conditioned reactions reappear
however if these procedures are applied more often conditioned emotional responses are temporarily abolished
in other studies loss of differentiation in previously established conditioned reflexes resulted from repeated convulsive metrazol treatments suggesting a fundamental disturbance in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory cerebral processes
it has further been shown that # an experimental neurosis in its initial stages is associated with a reversible shift in the central autonomic balance
# drugs altering the hypothalamic balance alter conditioned reactions
# in a state of depression the positive conditioned stimulus may fail to elicit a conditioned reaction but cause an increased synchrony instead of the excitatory desynchronizing alerting effect on the aj
these are few and seemingly disjointed data but they illustrate the important fact that fundamental alterations in conditioned reactions occur in a variety of states in which the hypothalamic balance has been altered by physiological experimentation pharmacological action or clinical processes
on the physiological basis of some form of psychotherapy
the foregoing remarks imply that the hypothalamic balance plays a crucial role at the crossroads between physiological and pathological forms of emotion
if this is the case one would expect that only the various procedures just mentioned which alter the hypothalamic balance would influence emotional state and behavior but that emotion itself would act likewise
we pointed out that emotional excitement may lead to psychosomatic disorders and neurotic symptoms particularly in certain types of personality but it is also known that the reliving of a strong emotion abreaction may cure a battle neurosis
this phenomenon raises the question whether the guidance of the emotions for therapeutic ends may have an even wider application in the area of the neuroses
being a strictly physiological procedure one may expect from such a study additional information on the nature of the emotional process itself
wolpe 's experiments and therapeutic work lie in this area
he showed convincingly that anxiety is a learned conditioned reaction and is the basis of experimental and clinical neuroses and assumed therefore that the neuronal changes which underlie the neuroses are functional and reversible
an important observation of pavlov served as a guide post to achieve such a reversibility by physiological means
in a conditioning experiment he demonstrated the antagonism between feeding and pain
a mild electrical shock served as a conditioned stimulus and was followed by feeding
the pain became thus the symbol for food and elicited salivary secretion conditioned reflex
even when the intensity of the shocks was increased gradually it failed to evoke any signs of pain
since strong nociceptive stimuli produce an experimental neurosis during which the animals fail to eat in the experimental situation wolpe thought that he could utilize the feeding-pain antagonism to inhibit the neurotic symptoms through feeding
appropriate experiments showed that this is indeed possible
he then applied this principle of reciprocal inhibition to human neuroses
he took advantage of the antagonism between aggressive assertiveness and anxiety and found a relatively rapid disappearance of anxiety when the former attitude was established
for the interpretation of these significant investigations it should be remembered that reciprocal relations exist in the hypothalamus with respect to autonomic and somatic functions which are closely associated with the emotions
the feeding-pain antagonism seems to be based on this reciprocal relation between the tropho- and ergotropic systems
furthermore a functional antagonism exists between an aggressive attitude and a state of anxiety
although in both emotions sympathetic symptoms are present different autonomic-somatic patterns underlie aggression and anxiety respectively as indicated by the rate of the excretion of the catecholamines the state of the muscle tone and the mecholyl test
the psychological incompatibility of these emotional states seems to be reflected in or based on this marked difference
in our attempt to interpret the emotions in their physiological and pathological range we emphasized the importance of the degree of activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the hypothalamic system and their influence on the inhibitory and excitatory systems respectively
we stressed the reciprocal relation of these systems with respect to the autonomic-somatic downward discharge as well as regarding the hypothalamic-cortical discharge
although we are still far from a complete understanding of these problems as a first approximation it is suggested that alterations in the hypothalamic balance with consequent changes in the hypothalamic-cortical discharges account for major changes in behavior seen in various moods and states of emotions in man and beast under physiological circumstances in experimental and clinical neurosis and as the result of psychopharmacological agents
in view of the important role which emotional disturbances play in the genesis of neurotic and psychotic disorders and the parallelism observed between autonomic states and psychological behavior in several instances it is further suggested that a hypothalamic imbalance may play an important role in initiating mental changes
the primary decomposition theorem
we are trying to study a linear operator t on the finite-dimensional space v by decomposing t into a direct sum of operators which are in some sense elementary
we can do this through the characteristic values and vectors of t in certain special cases i.e. when the minimal polynomial for t factors over the scalar field f into a product of distinct monic polynomials of degree #
what can we do with the general t
if we try to study t using characteristic values we are confronted with two problems
first t may have a single characteristic value
this is really a deficiency in the scalar field namely that it is algebraically closed
second even if the characteristic polynomial factors completely over f into a product of polynomials of degree # there may be enough characteristic vectors for t to span the space v
this is clearly a deficiency in t
the second situation is illustrated by the operator t on af f any field represented in the standard basis by af
the characteristic polynomial for a is af and this is plainly also the minimal polynomial for a or for t
thus t is diagonalizable
one sees that this happens because the null space of af has dimension # only
on the other hand the null space of af and the null space of af together span v the former being the subspace spanned by af and the latter the subspace spanned by af and af
this will be more or less our general method for the second problem
if remember this is an assumption the minimal polynomial for t decomposes af where af are distinct elements of f then we shall show that the space v is the direct sum of the null spaces of af
the diagonalizable operator is the special case of this in which af for each i
the theorem which we prove is more general than what we have described since it works with the primary decomposition of the minimal polynomial whether or the primes which enter are all of first degree
the reader will find it helpful to think of the special case when the primes are of degree # and even more particularly to think of the proof of theorem ## a special case of this theorem
theorem ## .
( primary decomposition theorem ) .
let t be a linear operator on the finite-dimensional vector space v over the field f
let p be the minimal polynomial for t af where the af are distinct irreducible monic polynomials over f and the af are positive integers
let af be the null space of af
then a af
b each af is invariant under t
c if af is the operator induced on af by t then the minimal polynomial for af is af
the idea of the proof is this
if the direct-sum decomposition a is valid how can we get hold of the projections af associated with the decomposition
the projection af will be the identity on af and zero on the other af
we shall find a polynomial af such that af is the identity on af and is zero on the other af and so that af etc.
for each i let af
since af are distinct prime polynomials the polynomials af are relatively prime theorem # chapter #
thus there are polynomials af such that af
note also that if af then af is divisible by the polynomial p because af contains each af as a factor
we shall show that the polynomials af behave in the manner described in the first paragraph of the proof
since af and p divides af for af we have af
thus the af are projections which correspond to some direct-sum decomposition of the space v
we wish to show that the range of af is exactly the subspace af
it is clear that each vector in the range of af is in af for if **ya is in the range of af then af and so af because af is divisible by the minimal polynomial p
conversely suppose that **ya is in the null space of af
if af then af is divisible by af and so af i.e. af
but then it is immediate that af i.e. that **ya is in the range of af
this completes the proof of statement a
it is certainly clear that the subspaces af are invariant under t
if af is the operator induced on af by t then evidently af because by definition af is # on the subspace af
this shows that the minimal polynomial for af divides af
conversely let g be any polynomial such that af
thus af is divisible by the minimal polynomial p of t i.e. af divides af
it is easily seen that af divides g
hence the minimal polynomial for af is af
if af are the projections associated with the primary decomposition of t then each af is a polynomial in t and accordingly if a linear operator u commutes with t then u commutes with each of the af i.e. each subspace af is invariant under u
in the notation of the proof of theorem ## let us take a look at the special case in which the minimal polynomial for t is a product of first-degree polynomials i.e. the case in which each af is of the form af
now the range of af is the null space af of af
let us put af
by theorem ## d is a diagonalizable operator which we shall call the diagonalizable part of t
let us look at the operator af
now af af so af
the reader should be familiar enough with projections by now so that he sees that af and in general that af
when af for each i we shall have af because the operator af will then be # on the range of af
let n be a linear operator on the vector space v
we say that n is nilpotent if there is some positive integer r such that af
theorem ## .
let t be a linear operator on the finite-dimensional vector space v over the field f
suppose that the minimal polynomial for t decomposes over f into a product of linear polynomials
then there is a diagonalizable operator d on v and a nilpotent operator n in v such that a af b af
the diagonalizable operator d and the nilpotent operator n are uniquely determined by a and b and each of them is a polynomial in t
we have just observed that we can write af where d is diagonalizable and n is nilpotent and where d and n only commute but are polynomials in t
now suppose that we also have af where d' is diagonalizable n' is nilpotent and af
we shall prove that af
since d' and n' commute with one another and af we see that d' and n' commute with t
thus d' and n' commute with any polynomial in t
hence they commute with d and with n
now we have af or af and all four of these operators commute with one another
since d and d' are both diagonalizable and they commute they are simultaneously diagonalizable and af is diagonalizable
since n and n' are both nilpotent and they commute the operator af is nilpotent
for using the fact that n and n' commute af and so when r is sufficiently large every term in this expression for af will be #
actually a nilpotent operator on an n-dimensional space must have its t power #
if we take af above that will be large enough
it then follows that af is large enough but this is obvious from the above expression
now af is a diagonalizable operator which is also nilpotent
such an operator is obviously the zero operator
for since it is nilpotent the minimal polynomial for this operator is of the form af for some af
but then since the operator is diagonalizable the minimal polynomial cannot have a repeated root
hence af and the minimal polynomial is simply x which says the operator is #
thus we see that af and af
let v be a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field f e.g. the field of complex numbers
then every linear operator t in v can be written as the sum of a diagonalizable operator d and a nilpotent operator n which commute
these operators d and n are unique and each is a polynomial in t
from these results one sees that the study of linear operators on vector spaces over an algebraically closed field is essentially reduced to the study of nilpotent operators
for vector spaces over non-algebraically closed fields we still need to find some substitute for characteristic values and vectors
it is a very interesting fact that these two problems can be handled simultaneously and this is what we shall do in the next chapter
in concluding this section we should like to give an example which illustrates some of the ideas of the primary decomposition theorem
we have chosen to give it at the end of the section since it deals with differential equations and thus is purely linear algebra
example ## .
in the primary decomposition theorem it is necessary that the vector space v be finite dimensional nor is it necessary for parts a and b that p be the minimal polynomial for t
if t is a linear operator on an arbitrary vector space and if there is a monic polynomial p such that af then parts a and b of theorem ## are valid for t with the proof which we gave
let n be a positive integer and let v be the space of all n times continuously differentiable functions f on the real line which satisfy the differential equation af where af are some fixed constants
if af denotes the space of n times continuously differentiable functions then the space v of solutions of this differential equation is a subspace of af
if d denotes the differentiation operator and p is the polynomial af then v is the null space of the operator p because af simply says af
let us now regard d as a linear operator on the subspace v
if we are discussing differentiable complex-valued functions then af and v are complex vector spaces and af may be any complex numbers
we now write af where af are distinct complex numbers
if af is the null space of af then theorem ## says that af
in other words if f satisfies the differential equation af then f is uniquely expressible in the form af where af satisfies the differential equation af
thus the study of the solutions to the equation af is reduced to the study of the space of solutions of a differential equation of the form af
this reduction has been accomplished by the general methods of linear algebra i.e. by the primary decomposition theorem
to describe the space of solutions to af one must know something about differential equations
that is one must know something about d other than the fact that it is a linear operator
however one does need to know very much
it is very easy to establish by induction on r that if f is in af then af
that is af etc.
thus af if and only if af
a function g such that af i.e. af must be a polynomial function of degree af or less af
thus f satisfies af if and only if f has the form af
accordingly the functions af span the space of solutions of af
since af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros these r functions af form a basis for the space of solutions
examples of binomial experiments
some experiments are composed of repetitions of independent trials each with two possible outcomes
the binomial probability distribution may describe the variation that occurs from one set of trials of such a binomial experiment to another
we devote a chapter to the binomial distribution only because it is a mathematical model for an enormous variety of real life phenomena but also because it has important properties that recur in many other probability models
we begin with a few examples of binomial experiments
marksmanship example .
a trained marksman shooting five rounds at a target all under practically the same conditions may hit the bull's-eye from # to # times
in repeated sets of five shots his numbers of bull's-eyes vary
what can we say of the probabilities of the different possible numbers of bull's-eyes
inheritance in mice .
in litters of eight mice from similar parents the number of mice with straight instead of wavy hair is an integer from # to #
what probabilities should be attached to these possible outcomes
aces ( ones ) with three dice .
when three dice are tossed repeatedly what is the probability that the number of aces is # or # or # or #
general binomial problem .
more generally suppose that an experiment consists of a number of independent trials that each trial results in either a success or a non-success failure and that the probability of success remains constant from trial to trial
in the examples above the occurrence of a bull's-eye a straight-haired mouse or an ace could be called a success
in general any outcome we choose may be labeled success
the major question in this chapter is what is the probability of exactly x successes in n trials
in chapters # and # we answered questions like those in the examples usually by counting points in a sample space
fortunately a general formula of wide applicability solves all problems of this kind
before deriving this formula we explain what we mean by problems of this kind
experiments are often composed of several identical trials and sometimes experiments themselves are repeated
in the marksmanship example a trial consists of one round shot at a target with outcome either one bull's-eye success or none failure
further an experiment might consist of five rounds and several sets of five rounds might be regarded as a super-experiment composed of several repetitions of the five-round experiment
if three dice are tossed a trial is one toss of one die and the experiment is composed of three trials
or what amounts to the same thing if one die is tossed three times each toss is a trial and the three tosses form the experiment
mathematically we shall distinguish the experiment of three dice tossed once from that of one die tossed three times
these examples are illustrative of the use of the words trial and experiment as they are used in this chapter but they are quite flexible words and it is well to restrict them too narrowly
example # .
student football managers .
ten students act as managers for a high-school football team and of these managers a proportion p are licensed drivers
each friday one manager is chosen by lot to stay late and load the equipment on a truck
on three fridays the coach has needed a driver
considering only these fridays what is the probability that the coach had drivers all # times
exactly # times
note that there are # trials of interest
each trial consists of choosing a student manager at random
the # possible outcomes on each trial are driver or nondriver
since the choice is by lot each week the outcomes of different trials are independent
the managers stay the same so that af is the same for all weeks
we now generalize these ideas for general binomial experiments
for an experiment to qualify as a binomial experiment it must have four properties # there must be a fixed number of trials # each trial must result in a success or a failure a binomial trial # all trials must have identical probabilities of success # the trials must be independent of each other
below we use our earlier examples to describe and illustrate these four properties
we also give for each property an example where the property is absent
the language and notation introduced are standard throughout the chapter
there must be a fixed number n of repeated trials .
for the marksman we study sets of five shots af
for the mice we restrict attention to litters of eight af
and for the aces we toss three dice af
experiment without a fixed number of trials .
toss a die until an ace appears
here the number of trials is a random variable a fixed number
binomial trials .
each of the n trials is either a success or a failure
success and failure are just convenient labels for the two categories of outcomes when we talk about binomial trials in general
these words are more expressive than labels like a and not-a
it is natural from the marksman 's viewpoint to call a bull's-eye a success but in the mice example it is arbitrary which category corresponds to straight hair in a mouse
the word binomial means of two names or of two terms and both usages apply in our work the first to the names of the two outcomes of a binomial trial and the second to the terms p and af that represent the probabilities of success and failure
sometimes when there are many outcomes for a single trial we group these outcomes into two classes as in the example of the die where we have arbitrarily constructed the classes ace and not-ace
experiment without the two-class property .
we classify mice as straight-haired or wavy-haired but a hairless mouse appears
we can escape from such a difficulty by ruling out the animal as constituting a trial but such a solution is always satisfactory
all trials have identical probabilities of success .
each die has probability af of producing an ace
the marksman has some probability p perhaps #.# of making a bull's-eye
note that we need know the value of p for the experiment to be binomial
experiment where p is not constant .
during a round of target practice the sun comes from behind a cloud and dazzles the marksman lowering his chance of a bull's-eye
the trials are independent .
strictly speaking this means that the probability for each possible outcome of the experiment can be computed by multiplying together the probabilities of the possible outcomes of the single binomial trials
thus in the three-dice example af af and the independence assumption imply that the probability that the three dice fall ace not-ace ace in that order is af
experimentally we expect independence when the trials have nothing to do with one another
examples where independence fails .
a family of five plans to go together either to the beach or to the mountains and a coin is tossed to decide
we want to know the number of people going to the mountains
when this experiment is viewed as composed of five binomial trials one for each member of the family the outcomes of the trials are obviously independent
indeed the experiment is better viewed as consisting of one binomial trial for the entire family
the following is a less extreme example of dependence
consider couples visiting an art museum
each person votes for one of a pair of pictures to receive a popular prize
voting for one picture may be called success for the other failure
an experiment consists of the voting of one couple or two trials
in repetitions of the experiment from couple to couple the votes of the two persons in a couple probably agree more often than independence would imply because couples who visit the museum together are more likely to have similar tastes than are a random pair of people drawn from the entire population of visitors
table #-# illustrates the point
the table shows that #.# of the boys and #.# of the girls vote for picture a
therefore under independent voting af or #.## of the couples would cast two votes for picture a and af or #.## would cast two votes for picture b
thus in independent voting af or #.## of the couples would agree
but table #-# shows that af or #.## agree too many for independent voting
each performance of an n-trial binomial experiment results in some whole number from # through n as the value of the random variable x where af
we want to study the probability function of this random variable
for example we are interested in the number of bull's-eyes which shots were bull's-eyes
a binomial experiment can produce random variables other than the number of successes
for example the marksman gets # shots but we take his score to be the number of shots before his first bull's-eye that is # # # # # or # if he gets no bull's-eye
thus we do score the number of bull's-eyes and the random variable is the number of successes
the constancy of p and the independence are the conditions most likely to give trouble in practice
obviously very slight changes in p do change the probabilities much and a slight lack of independence may make an appreciable difference
for instance see example # of section #-# on red cards in hands of #
on the other hand even when the binomial model does describe well the physical phenomenon being studied the binomial model may still be used as a baseline for comparative purposes
that is we may discuss the phenomenon in terms of its departures from the binomial model
to summarize :
a binomial experiment consists of af independent binomial trials all with the same probability af of yielding a success
the outcome of the experiment is x successes
the random variable x takes the values af with probabilities af or more briefly af
we shall find a formula for the probability of exactly x successes for given values of p and n
when each number of successes x is paired with its probability of occurrence af the set of pairs af is a probability function called a binomial distribution
the choice of p and n determines the binomial distribution uniquely and different choices always produce different distributions except when af
then the number of successes is always #
the set of all binomial distributions is called the family of binomial distributions but in general discussions this expression is often shortened to the binomial distribution or even the binomial when the context is clear
binomial distributions were treated by james bernoulli about #### and for this reason binomial trials are sometimes called bernoulli trials
random variables .
each binomial trial of a binomial experiment produces either # or # success
therefore each binomial trial can be thought of as producing a value of a random variable associated with that trial and taking the values # and # with probabilities q and p respectively
the several trials of a binomial experiment produce a new random variable x the total number of successes which is just the sum of the random variables associated with the single trials
example # .
the marksman gets two bull's-eyes one on his third shot and one on his fifth
the numbers of successes on the five individual shots are then # # # # #
the number of successes on each shot is a value of a random variable that has values # or # and there are # such random variables here
their sum is x the total number of successes which in this experiment has the value af
consider a simple closed plane curve c which is a real-analytic image of the unit circle and which is given by af
these are real analytic periodic functions with period t
in the following paper it is shown that in a certain definite sense exactly an odd number of squares can be inscribed in every such curve which does contain an infinite number of inscribed squares
this theorem is similar to the theorem of kakutani that there exists a circumscribing cube around any closed bounded convex set in af
the latter theorem has been generalized by yamabe and yujobo and cairns to show that in af there are families of such cubes
here for the case of squares inscribed in plane curves we remove the restriction to convexity and give certain other results
a square inscribed in a curve c means a square with its four corner points on the curve though it may lie entirely in the interior of c
indeed the spiral af with the two endpoints connected by a straight line possesses only one inscribed square
the square has one corner point on the straight line segment and does lie entirely in the interior
on c from the point p at af to the point q at af we construct the chord and upon the chord as a side erect a square in such a way that as s approaches zero the square is inside c
as s increases we consider the two free corner points of the square af and af adjacent to p and q respectively
as s approaches t the square will be outside c and therefore both af and af must cross c an odd number of times as s varies from zero to t
the points may also touch c without crossing
suppose af crosses c when af
we now have certain squares with three corners on c
for any such square the middle corner of these will be called the vertex of the square and the corner on the curve will be called the diagonal point of the square
each point on c as a vertex may possess a finite number of corresponding diagonal points by the above construction
to each paired vertex and diagonal point there corresponds a unique forward corner point i.e. the corner on c reached first by proceeding along c from the vertex in the direction of increasing t
if the vertex is at af and if the interior of c is on the left as one moves in the direction of increasing t then every such corner can be found from the curve obtained by rotating c clockwise through ##-degrees about the vertex
the set of intersections of af the rotated curve with the original curve c consists of just the set of forward corner points on c corresponding to the vertex at af plus the vertex itself
we note that two such curves c and af cannot coincide at more than a finite number of points
otherwise being analytic they would coincide at all points which is impossible since they do coincide near af
with each vertex we associate certain numerical values namely the set of positive differences in the parameter t between the vertex and its corresponding forward corner points
for the vertex at af these values will be denoted by af
the function f{t} defined in this way is multi-valued
we consider now the graph of the function f{t} on af
we will refer to the plane of c and af as the c-plane and to the plane of the graph as the aj
the graph as a set may have a finite number of components
we will denote the values of f{t} on different components by af
each point with abscissa t on the graph represents an intersection between c and af
there are two types of such intersections depending essentially on whether the curves cross at the point of intersection
an ordinary point will be any point of intersection a such that in every neighborhood of a in the c-plane af meets both the interior and the exterior of c
any other point of intersection between c and af will be called a tangent point
this terminology will also be applied to the corresponding points in the aj
we can now prove several lemmas
lemma # .
in some neighborhood in the f-plane of any ordinary point of the graph the function f is a single-valued continuous function
we first show that the function is single-valued in some neighborhood
with the vertex at af in the c-plane we assume that af is the parametric location on c of an ordinary intersection q between c and af
in the f-plane the coordinates of the corresponding point are af
we know that in the c-plane both c and af are analytic
in the c-plane we construct a set of rectangular cartesian coordinates u v with the origin at q and such that both c and af have finite slope at q
near q both curves can be represented by analytic functions of u
in a neighborhood of q the difference between these functions is also a single-valued analytic function of u
furthermore one can find a neighborhood of q in which the difference function is monotone for since it is analytic it can have only a finite number of extrema in any interval
now to find af one needs the intersection of c and af near q
but af is just the curve af translated without rotation through a small arc for af is always obtained by rotating c through exactly ##-degrees
the arc is itself a segment of an analytic curve
thus if e is sufficiently small there can be only one intersection of c and af near q for if there were more than one intersection for every e then the difference between c and af near q would be a monotone function
therefore af is single-valued near q
it is also seen that af since the change from af to af is accomplished by a continuous translation
thus af is also continuous at af and in a neighborhood of af which does contain a tangent point
we turn now to the set of tangent points on the graph
this set must consist of isolated points and closed intervals
the fact that there can be any limit points of the set except in closed intervals follows from the argument used in lemma # namely that near any tangent point in the c-plane the curves c and af are analytic and therefore the difference between them must be a monotone function in some neighborhood on either side of the tangent point
this prevents the occurrence of an infinite sequence of isolated tangent points
lemma # .
in some neighborhood of an isolated tangent point in the f-plane say af the function af is either double-valued or has no values defined except at the tangent point itself where it is single-valued
a tangent point q in the c-plane occurs when c and af are tangent to one another
a continuous change in t through an amount e results in a translation along an analytic arc of the curve af
there are three possibilities a af remains tangent to c as it is translated
b af moves away from c and does intersect it at all for af
c af cuts across c and there are two ordinary intersections for every t in af
the first possibility results in a closed interval of tangent points in the f-plane the end points of which fall into category b or c
in the second category the function af has no values defined in a neighborhood af
in the third category the function is double-valued in this interval
the same remarks apply to an interval on the other side of af
again the analyticity of the two curves guarantees that such intervals exist
in the neighborhood of an end point of an interval of tangent points in the f-plane the function is two-valued or no-valued on one side and is a single-valued function consisting entirely of tangent points on the other side
with the above results we can make the following remarks about the graph of f
first for any value of t for which all values of f{t} are ordinary points the number of values of f{t} must be odd
for it is clear that the total number of ordinary intersections of c and af must be even otherwise starting in the interior of c af could finally return to the interior and the center of rotation at t is the argument of the function a value
therefore for any value of t the number of values of f{t} is equal to the finite number of tangent points corresponding to the argument t plus an odd number
the number of ordinary values of the function f{t} at t will be called its multiplicity at t
lemma # .
the graph of f has at least one component whose support is the entire interval aj
then every component of the graph of f must be defined over a bounded sub-interval
suppose af is defined in the sub-interval af
now af and af must both be tangent points on the t component in the f-plane
otherwise by lemma # the component would extend beyond these points
further we see by lemma # that the multiplicity of f can only change at a tangent point and at such a point can only change by an even integer
thus the multiplicity of af for a given t must be an even number
this is true of all components which have such a bounded support
but this is a contradiction for we know that the multiplicity of f{t} is odd for every t
we have shown that the graph of f contains at least one component whose inverse is the entire interval {#,t} and whose multiplicity is odd
there must be an odd number of such components which will be called complete components
the remaining incomplete components all have an even number of ordinary points at any argument and are defined only on a proper sub-interval of aj
we must now show that on some component of the graph there exist two points for which the corresponding diagonal points in the c-plane are on opposite sides of c
we again consider a fixed point p at af and a variable point q at af on c
we erect a square with pq as a side and with free corners af and af adjacent to p and q respectively
as s varies from zero to t the values of s for which af and af cross c will be denoted by af and af respectively
we have af plus tangent points
these s-values are just the ordinary values of af
lemma # .
the values af are the ordinary values at af of a multi-valued function g{t} which has components corresponding to those of f{t}
we first define a function b{t} as follows given the set of squares such that each has three corners on c and vertex at t b{t} is the corresponding set of positive parametric differences between t and the backward corner points
the functions f and b have exactly the same multiplicity at every argument t
now with p fixed at af af-values occur when the corner af crosses c and are among the values of s such that af
the roots of this equation are just the ordinates of the intersections of the graph of b with a straight line of unit slope through af in the b-plane the plane of the graph of b
we define these values as af and define g{t} in the same way for each t
thus we obtain g{t} by introducing an oblique g{t}-axis in the aj
in # we investigate a new series of line involutions in a projective space of three dimensions over the field of complex numbers
these are defined by a simple involutorial transformation of the points in which a general line meets a nonsingular quadric surface bearing a curve of symbol af
then in # we show that any line involution with the properties that a it has no complex of invariant lines and b its singular lines form a complex consisting exclusively of the lines which meet a twisted curve is necessarily of the type discussed in #
no generalization of these results to spaces of more than three dimensions has so far been found possible
let q be a nonsingular quadric surface bearing reguli af and af and let **zg be a af curve of order k on q
a general line l meets q in two points af and af through each of which passes a unique generator of the regulus af whose lines are simple secants of aj
on these generators let af and af be respectively the harmonic conjugates of af and af with respect to the two points in which the corresponding generator meets aj
the line af is the image of l
clearly the transformation is involutorial
we observe first that no line l can meet its image except at one of its intersections with q
for if it did the plane of l and l' would contain two generators of af which is impossible
moreover from the definitive transformation of intercepts on the generators of af it is clear that the only points of q at which a line can meet its image are the points of aj
hence the totality of singular lines is the t order complex of lines which meet aj
the invariant lines are the lines of the congruence of secants of **zg since each of these meets q in two points which are invariant
the order of this congruence is af since af secants of a curve of symbol b on a quadric surface pass through an arbitrary point
the class of the congruence is af since an arbitrary plane meets **zg in k points
since the complex of singular lines is of order k and since there is no complex of invariant lines it follows from the formula af that the order of the involution is af
there are various sets of exceptional lines or lines whose images are unique
the most obvious of these is the quadratic complex of tangents to q each line of which is transformed into the entire pencil of lines tangent to q at the image of the point of tangency of the given line
thus pencils of tangents to q are transformed into pencils of tangents
it is interesting that a # : # correspondence can be established between the lines of two such pencils so that in a sense a unique image can actually be assigned to each tangent
for the lines of any plane **yp meeting q in a conic c are transformed into the congruence of secants of the curve c' into which c is transformed in the point involution on q
in particular tangents to c are transformed into tangents to c'
moreover if af and af are two planes intersecting in a line l tangent to q at a point p the two free intersections of the image curves af and af must coincide at p' the image of p and at this point af and af must have a common tangent l'
hence thought of as a line in a particular plane **yp any tangent to q has a unique image and moreover this image is the same for all planes through l
each generator **yl of af is also exceptional for each is transformed into the entire congruence of secants of the curve into which that generator is transformed by the point involution on q
this curve is of symbol af since it meets **yl and hence every line of af in the af invariant points on **yl and since it obviously meets every line of af in a single point
the congruence of its secants is therefore of order af and class af
a final class of exceptional lines is identifiable from the following considerations since no two generators of af can intersect it follows that their image curves can have no free intersections
in other words these curves have only fixed intersections common to them all
now the only way in which all curves of the image family of af can pass through a fixed point is to have a generator of af which is a secant but a tangent of **zg for then any point on such a generator will be transformed into the point of tangency
since two curves of symbol af on q intersect in af points it follows that there are af lines of af which are tangent to aj
clearly any line l of any bundle having one of these points of tangency t as vertex will be transformed into the entire pencil having the image of the second intersection of l and q as vertex and lying in the plane determined by the image point and the generator of af which is tangent to **zg at t
a line through two of these points af and af will be transformed into the entire bilinear congruence having the tangents to **zg at af and af as directrices
a conic c being a # # curve on q meets the image of any line of af which we have already found to be a af curve on q in af points
hence its image c' meets any line of af in af points
moreover c' obviously meets any line af in a single point
hence c' is a af curve on q
therefore the congruence of its secants that is the image of a general plane field of lines is of order af and class af
finally the image of a general bundle of lines is a congruence whose order is the order of the congruence of invariant lines namely af and whose class is the order of the image congruence of a general plane field of lines namely af
the preceding observations make it clear that there exist line involutions of all orders greater than # with no complex of invariant lines and with a complex of singular lines consisting exclusively of the lines which meet a twisted curve aj
we now shall show that any involution with these characteristics is necessarily of the type we have just described
to do this we must first show that every line which meets **zg in a point p meets its image at p
to see this consider a general pencil of lines containing a general secant of aj
by # the image of this pencil is a ruled surface of order af which is met by the plane of the pencil in a curve c of order af
on c there is a af correspondence in which the af points cut from c by a general line l of the pencil correspond to the point of intersection of the image of l and the plane of the pencil
since c is rational this correspondence has k coincidences each of which implies a line of the pencil which meets its image
however since the pencil contains a secant of **zg it actually contains only af singular lines
to avoid this contradiction it is necessary that c be composite with the secant of **zg and a curve of order af as components
thus it follows that the secants of **zg are all invariant
but if this is the case then an arbitrary pencil of lines having a point p of **zg as vertex is transformed into a ruled surface of order af having af generators concurrent at p
since a ruled surface of order n with n concurrent generators is necessarily a cone it follows finally that every line through a point p of **zg meets its image at p as asserted
now consider the transformation of the lines of a bundle with vertex p on **zg which is effected by the involution as a whole
from the preceding remarks it is clear that such a bundle is transformed into itself in an involutorial fashion
moreover in this involution there is a cone of invariant lines of order af namely the cone of secants of **zg which pass through p
hence it follows that the involution within the bundle must be a perspective de jonquieres involution of order af and the invariant locus must have a multiple line of multiplicity either af or af
the first possibility requires that there be a line through p which meets **zg in af points
the second requires that there be a line through p which meets **zg in af points
in each case lines of the bundles are transformed by involutions within the pencils they determine with the multiple secant
in the first case the fixed elements within each pencil are the multiple secant and the line joining the vertex p to the intersection of **zg and the plane of the pencil which does lie on the multiple secant
in the second the fixed elements are the lines which join the vertex p to the two intersections of **zg and the plane of the pencil which do lie on the multiple secant
the multiple secants of course are exceptional and in each case are transformed into cones of order af
observations similar to these can be made at each point of aj
hence **zg must have either a regulus of af-fold secants or a regulus of af-fold secants
moreover if af no two of the multiple secants can intersect
for if such were the case either the plane of the two lines would meet **zg in more than k points or alternatively the order of the image regulus of the pencil determined by the two lines would be too high
but if no two lines of the regulus of multiple secants of **zg can intersect then the regulus must be quadratic or in other words **zg must be either a af or a af curve on a nonsingular quadric surface
we now observe that the case in which **zg is a af curve on a quadric is impossible if the complex of singular lines consists exclusively of the lines which meet aj
for any pencil in a plane containing a af-fold secant of **zg has an image regulus which meets the plane of the pencil in af lines namely the images of the lines of the pencil which pass through the intersection of **zg and the multiple secant plus an additional component to account for the intersections of the images of the general lines of the pencil
however if there is no additional complex of singular lines the order of the image regulus of a pencil is precisely af
this contradicts the preceding observations and so under the assumption of this paper we must reject the possibility that **zg is a af curve on a quadric surface
continuing with the case in which **zg is a af curve on a quadric q we first observe that the second regulus of q consists precisely of the lines which join the two free intersections of **zg and the planes through any one of the multiple secants
for each of these lines meets q in three points namely two points on **zg and one point on one of the multiple secants
now consider an arbitrary line l meeting q in two points af and af
if **ya is the multiple secant of **zg which passes through af and **yb is the simple secant of **zg which passes through af and if af are the points in which **ya meets **zg and if af is the image of af on the generator **yb it follows that the image of the line af is af
these societies can expect to face difficult times
as the historic processes of modernization gradually gain momentum their cohesion will be threatened by divisive forces the gaps between rulers and subjects town and country will widen
new aspirants for power will emerge whose ambitions far exceed their competence
old rulers may lose their nerve and their sense of direction
national leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship to guide their people through times of uncertainty and confusion which destroy men 's sense of identity
feelings of a community of interest will have to be recreated in some of the new nations indeed they must be built for the first time on a new basis which looks toward the future and does rely only on shared memories of the past
nevertheless with foresight and careful planning some of the more disruptive and dangerous consequences of social change which have troubled other countries passing through this stage can be escaped
the united states can help by communicating a genuine concern with the problems these countries face and a readiness to provide technical and other appropriate forms of assistance where possible
our central goal should be to provide the greatest positive incentive for these societies to tackle boldly the tasks which they face
at the same time we should recognize that the obstacles to change and the lack of cohesion and stability which characterize these countries may make them particularly prone to diversions and external adventures of all sorts
it may seem to some of them that success can be purchased much less dearly by fishing in the murky waters of international politics than by facing up to the intractable tasks at home
we should do what we can to discourage this conclusion both by offering assistance for their domestic needs and by reacting firmly to irresponsible actions on the world scene
when necessary we should make it clear that countries which choose to derive marginal advantages from the cold war or to exploit their potential for disrupting the security of the world will only lose our sympathy but also risk their own prospects for orderly development
as a nation we feel an obligation to assist other countries in their development
but this obligation pertains only to countries which are honestly seeking to become responsible members of a stable and forward-moving world community
when we look at countries like iran iraq pakistan and burma where substantial progress has been made in creating a minimum supply of modern men and of social overhead capital and where institutions of centralized government exist we find a second category of countries with a different set of problems and hence different priorities for policy
the men in power are committed in principle to modernization but economic and social changes are proceeding only erratically
isolated enterprises have been launched but they are yet related to each other in a meaningful pattern
the society is likely to be characterized by having a fairly modernized urban sector and a relatively untouched rural sector with very poor communications between the two
progress is impeded by psychological inhibitions to effective action among those in power and by a failure on their part to understand how local resources human and material can be mobilized to achieve the national goals of modernization already symbolically accepted
most countries in this second category share the difficulty of having many of the structures of a modern political and social system without the modern standards of performance required to make them effective
in these rapidly changing societies there is also too little appreciation of the need for effort to achieve goals
the colonial period has generally left people believing that government can if it wishes provide all manner of services for them and that with independence free men do have to work to realize the benefits of modern life
for example in accordance with the fashion of the times most transitional societies have announced economic development plans of varying numbers of years
such is the mystique of planning that people expect that fulfillment of the plan will follow automatically upon its announcement
the civil services in such societies are generally inadequate to deal competently with the problems facing them
and their members often equate a government career with security and status rather than with sacrifice self-discipline and competence
american policy should press constantly the view that until these governments demand efficiency and effectiveness of their bureaucracies there is the slightest hope that they will either modernize of democratize their societies
we should spread the view that planning and national development are serious matters which call for effort as well as enthusiasm
above all we should seek to encourage the leaders of these societies to accept the unpleasant fact that they are responsible for their fates
only within the framework of a mature relationship characterized by honest appraisals of performance can we provide telling assistance
with respect to those countries whose leaders prefer to live with their illusions we can afford to wait for in time their comparative lack of progress will become clear for all to see
our technical assistance to these countries should place special emphasis on inducing the central governments to assume the role of advisor and guide which at an earlier stage foreign experts assumed in dealing with the central governments
we should encourage the governments to develop their own technical assistance to communities state and provincial governments rural communities and other smaller groups making certain that no important segment of the economy is neglected
simultaneously we should be underlining the interrelationships of technical progress in various fields showing how agricultural training can be introduced into education how health affects labor productivity how small business can benefit the rural farm community and above all how progress in each field relates to national progress
efforts such as the community development program in the philippines have demonstrated that transitional societies can work toward balanced national development
to achieve this goal of balanced development communications between the central government and the local communities must be such that the needs and aspirations of the people themselves are effectively taken into account
if modernization programs are imposed from above without the understanding and cooperation of the people they will encounter grave difficulties
land reform is likely to be a pressing issue in many of these countries
it should be american policy only to encourage effective land reform programs but also to underline the relation of such reforms to the economic growth and modernization of the society
as an isolated policy land reform is likely to be politically disruptive
as part of a larger development effort however it may gain wide acceptance
it should also be recognized that the problem of rural tenancy cannot be solved by administrative decrees alone
land reform programs need to be supplemented with programs for promoting rural credits and technical assistance in agriculture
lastly governmental and private planners will at this stage begin to see large capital requirements looming ahead
by holding out prospects for external capital assistance the united states can provide strong incentives to prepare for the concerted economic drive necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth
actively modernizing societies
at a third stage in the modernization process are such countries as india brazil the philippines and taiwan which are ready and committed to move into the stage of self-sustaining growth
they must continue to satisfy basic capital needs
and there persists the dual problem of maintaining operational unity around a national program of modernization while simultaneously decentralizing participation in the program to wider and wider groups
but these countries have made big strides toward developing the necessary human and social overhead capital
they have established reasonably stable and effective governmental institutions at national and local levels
and they have begun to develop a capacity to deal realistically and simultaneously with all the major sectors of their economies
on the economic front the first priority of these countries is to mobilize a vastly increased volume of resources
several related tasks must be carried out if self-sustaining growth is to be achieved
these countries must formulate a comprehensive long-term program covering the objectives of both the private and the public sectors of the economy
they must in their planning be able to count on at least tentative commitments of foreign capital assistance over periods of several years
capital imports drawn from a number of sources must be employed and combined skillfully enough to permit domestic investment programming to go forward
capital flows must be coordinated with national needs and planning
finally a balance must be effected among project finance utilization of agricultural surpluses and general balance of payments support
thus although the agenda of external assistance in the economic sphere are cumulative and many of the policies suggested for nations in the earlier stages remain relevant the basic purpose of american economic policy during the later stages of development should be to assure that movement into a stage of self-sustaining growth is prevented by lack of foreign exchange
there remain many political and administrative problems to be solved
for one thing although considerable numbers of men have been trained bureaucracies are still deficient in many respects
even the famed indian civil service is fully adequate to the tremendous range of tasks it has undertaken
technical assistance in training middle- and upper-level management personnel is still needed in many cases
there are also more basic problems
this is the stage at which democratic developments must take place if the society is to become an open community of creative people
nevertheless impulses still exist among the ruling elite to rationalize and thus to perpetuate the need for centralized and authoritarian practices
another great danger is that the emerging middle class will feel itself increasingly alienated from the political leaders who still justify their dominance by reference to the struggle for independence or the early phase of nationalism
the capacity of intellectuals and members of the new professional classes to contribute creatively to national development is likely to be destroyed by a constraining sense of inferiority toward both their own political class and their colleagues and professional counterparts in the west
particularly when based upon a single dominant party governments may respond to such a situation by claiming a monopoly of understanding about the national interest
convinced of the wisdom of their own actions and reassured by the promises of their economic development programs governments may fail to push outward to win more and more people to the national effort becoming instead more rigid and inflexible in their policies
american policy toward such societies should stress our sympathy for the emerging social and professional classes
it should attempt to communicate both an appreciation of professional standards and an understanding of the tremendous powers and potentialities of genuinely open and pluralistic societies
we have every obligation to take seriously their claims to being democratic and free countries
we also have in consequence the duty to appraise realistically and honestly their performance and to communicate our judgments to their leaders in frank but friendly ways
the time factor
we have emphasized that the modernizing process in each society will take a considerable period of time
with the exception of treaty-making foreign relations were historically concerned for the most part with conditions of short or at least measurable duration
foreign policy now takes on a different perspective and must become skilled merely at response but also at projection
american and free-world policies can marginally affect the pace of transition
but basically that pace depends on changes in the supply of resources and in the human attitudes political institutions and social structure which each society must generate
it follows that any effective policy toward the underdeveloped countries must have a realistically long working horizon
it must be marked by a patience and persistence which have always been its trademark
this condition affects only the conception but also the legislative and financial support of foreign policy especially in the context of economic aid
# : :
some of the major functions of religion
the place of religion in the simple preliterate societies is quite definite
as a complex it fits into the whole social organization and functions dominantly in every part of it
in societies like ours however its place is less clear and more complex
with the diversity of religious viewpoints there are differences of opinion as to the essential features of religion
and there are different opinions as to the essential functions of religion
nevertheless for most of the population of heterogeneous advanced societies though less for the less religious portion religion does perform certain modal individual and social functions
although the inner functions of religion are of direct significance in social organization they have important indirect consequences
if the inner functions of religion are performed the individual is a composed ordered motivated and emotionally secure associate
he is greatly frustrated and he is anomic
he is better fitted to perform his social life among his fellows
there are several closely related inner functions
in the last analysis religion is the means of inducing formulating expressing enhancing implementing and perpetuating man 's deepest experience the religious
man is first religious
the instrumentalities follow
religion seeks to satisfy human needs of great pertinence
the significant things in it at the higher religious levels are the inner emotional mental and spiritual occurrences that fill the pressing human needs of self-preservation self-pacification and self-completion
the chief experience is the sensing of communion and in the higher religions of a harmonious relationship with the supernatural power
related to this is the fact that most of the higher religions define for the individual his place in the universe and give him a feeling that he is relatively secure in an ordered dependable universe
man has the experience of being helpfully allied with what he cannot fully understand
he is a coordinate part of all of the mysterious energy and being and movement
the universe is a safe and permanent home
a number of religions also satisfy for many the need of being linked with the ultimate and eternal
death is permanent defeat and disappearance
man has a second chance
he is lost in the abyss of endless time
he has endless being
religion at its best also offers the experience of spiritual fulfillment by inviting man into the highest realm of the spirit
religion can summate epitomize relate and conserve all the highest ideals and values ethical aesthetic and religious of man formed in his culture
there is also the possibility among higher religions of experiencing consistent meaning in life and enjoying guidance and expansiveness
the kind of religious experience that most moderns seek only provides clarifies and relates human yearnings values ideals and purposes
it also provides facilities and incitements for the development of personality sociality and creativeness
under the religious impulse whether theistic or humanistic men have joy in living
life leads somewhere
religion at its best is out in front ever beckoning and leading on and as lippman put it mobilizing all man 's scattered energies in one triumphant sense of his own infinite importance
at the same time that religion binds the individual helpfully to the supernatural and gives him cosmic peace and a sense of supreme fulfillment it also has great therapeutic value for him
it gives him aid comfort even solace in meeting mundane life situations where his own unassisted practical knowledge and skill are felt by him to be inadequate
he is confronted with the recurrent crises such as great natural catastrophes and the great transitions of life marriage incurable disease widowhood old age the certainty of death
he has to cope with frustration and other emotional disturbance and anomie
his religious beliefs provide him with plausible explanations for many conditions which cause him great concern and his religious faith makes possible fortitude equanimity and consolation enabling him to endure colossal misfortune fear frustration uncertainty suffering evil and danger
religion usually also includes a principle of compensation mainly in a promised perfect future state
the belief in immortality where held functions as a redress for the ills and disappointments of the here and now
the tensions accompanying a repressive consciousness of wrongdoing or sinning or some tormenting secret are relieved for the less self-contained or self-sufficient by confession repentance and penance
the feeling of individual inferiority defeat or humilation growing out of various social situations or individual deficiencies or failures is compensated for by communion in worship or prayer with a friendly but all-victorious father-god as well as by sympathetic fellowship with others who share this faith and by opportunities in religious acts for giving vent to emotions and energies
in providing for these inner individual functions religion undertakes in behalf of individual peace of mind and well-being services for which there is no other institution
in addition to the functions of religion within man there have always been the outer social functions for the community and society
the two have never been separable
religion is vitally necessary in both societal maintenance and regulation
the value-system of a community or society is always correlated with and to a degree dependent upon a more or less shared system of religious beliefs and convictions
the religion supports re-enforces reaffirms and maintains the fundamental values
even in the united states with its freedom of religious belief and worship and its vast denominational differentiation there is a general consensus regarding the basic christian values
this is demonstrated especially when there is awareness of radically different value orientation elsewhere
for example americans rally to christian values vis-a-vis those of atheistic communism
in america also all of our major religious bodies officially sanction a universalistic ethic which is reflective of our common religion
even the non-church members the freewheelers marginal religionists and so on have the values of christian civilization internalized in them
furthermore religion tends to integrate the whole range of values from the highest or ultimate values of god to the intermediary and subordinate values
for example those regarding material objects and pragmatic ends
finally it gives sanctity more than human legitimacy and even through super-empirical reference transcendent and supernatural importance to some values
for example marriage as a sacrament much law-breaking as sinful occasionally the state as a divine instrument
it places certain values at least beyond questioning and tampering
closely related to this function is the fact that the religious system provides a body of ultimate ends for the society which are compatible with the supreme eternal ends
this something leads to a conception of an over-all social plan with a meaning interpretable in terms of ultimate ends
for example a plan that fulfills the will of god which advances the kingdom of god which involves social life as part of the grand design
this explains some group ends and provides a justification of their primacy
it gives social guidance and direction and makes for programs of social action
finally it gives meaning to much social endeavor and logic consistency and meaning to life
in general there is no society so secularized as to be completely without religiously inspired transcendental ends
religion integrates and unifies
some of the oldest most persistent and most cohesive forms of social groupings have grown out of religion
these groups have varied widely from mere families primitive totemic groups and small modern cults and sects to the memberships of great denominations and great widely dispersed world religions
religion fosters group life in various ways
the common ultimate values ends and goals fostered by religion are a most important factor
without a system of values there can be no society
where such a value system prevails it always unifies all who possess it
it enables members of the society to operate as a system
the beliefs of a religion also reflecting the values are expressed in creeds dogmas and doctrines and form what durkheim calls a credo
as he points out a religious group cannot exist without a collective credo and the more extensive the credo the more unified and strong is the group
the credo unifies and socializes men by attaching them completely to an identical body of doctrine
the more extensive and firm the body of doctrine the firmer the group
the religious symbolism and especially the closely related rites and worship forms constitute a powerful bond for the members of the particular faith
the religion in fact is an expression of the unity of the group small or large
the common codes for religious action as such and in their ethical aspects for everyday moral behavior bind the devotees together
these are ways of jointly participating in significantly symbolized standardized and ordered religiously sanctified behavior
the codes are mechanism for training in and directing and enforcing uniform social interaction and for continually and publicly reasserting the solidarity of the group
durkheim noted long ago that religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things unites into one single moral community all those who adhere to them
his view is that every religion pertains to a community and conversely every community is in one aspect a religious unit
this is brought out in the common religious ethos that prevails even in the denominationally diverse audiences at many secular semi-public and public occasions in the united states
and it is evidenced in the prayers offered in the frequent religious allusions and in the confirmation of points on religious grounds
the unifying effect of religion is also brought out in the fact that historically peoples have clung together as more or less cohesive cultural units with religion as the dominant bond even though spatially dispersed and politically organized
the jews for #### years have been a prime example though the adherents of any world or interpeople religion are cases in point
it might be pointed out that the integrating function of religion for good or ill has often supported or been identified with other groupings political nationality language class racial sociability even economic
religion usually exercises a stabilizing-conserving function
as such it acts as an anchor for the people
there is a marked tendency for religions once firmly established to resist change only in their own doctrines and policies and practices but also in secular affairs having religious relevance
it has thus been a significant factor in the conservation of social values though also in some measure an obstacle to the creation or diffusion of new ones
it tends to support the longstanding precious sentiments the traditional ways of thinking and the customary ways of living
as yinger has pointed out the reliance on symbols on tradition on sacred writings on the cultivation of emotional feelings of identity and harmony with sacred values turns one to the past far more than to the future
historically religion has also functioned as a tremendous engine of vindication enforcement sanction and perpetuation of various other institutions
at the same time that religion exercises a conserving influence it also energizes and motivates both individuals and groups
much of the important individual and social action has been owing to religious incentives
the great ultimate ends of religion have served as magnificent beacon lights that lured people toward them with an almost irresistible force mobilizing energies and inducing sacrifices
for example the crusades mission efforts just wars
much effort has been expended in the sincere effort to apply the teaching and admonitions of religion
the insuperable reward systems that most religions embody have great motivating effects
religion provides the most attractive rewards either in this world or the next for those who merely abide by its norms but who engage in good works
religion usually acts as a powerful aid in social control enforcing what men should or should do
among primitive peoples the sanctions and dictates of religion were more binding than any of the other controls exercised by the group
and in modern societies such influence is still great
religion has its own supernatural prescriptions that are at the same time codes of behavior for the here and now
overwhelmed with the care of five young children and concerned about persistent economic difficulties due to her husband 's marginal income her defense of denial was excessively strong
thus the lack of effective recognition of the responsibilities involved in caring for two babies showed signs of becoming a disabling problem
the result dramatically visible in a matter of days in the family 's disrupted daily functioning was a phobic-like fear that some terrible harm would befall the second twin whose birth had been anticipated
soon mrs. b. 's fears threatened to burst into a full-blown panic concerning the welfare of the entire family
inability to care for the other children difficulty in feeding the babies who seemed colicky bone-weary fatigue repeated crying episodes and short tempers reflected the family 's helplessness in coping with the stressful situation
clearly this was a family in crisis
mrs. b. compared her feelings of weakness to her feelings of weakness and helplessness at the time of her mother 's death when she was eight as well as her subsequent anger at her father for remarrying
her previous traumatic experiences flashed through her mind as if they had happened yesterday
on the anniversary of her father 's death she poured out with agonized tears her feelings of guilt about having attended his funeral
in the family 's own words during the third of twelve visits they had reached the crisis peak either the situation will give or we will break
direct confrontation and acceptance of mrs. b. 's anger against the second baby soon dissipated her fears of annihilation
abreaction of her anxiety and guilt concerning the death of her parents when linked up with her current feelings of anger and her fears of loss abandonment and annihilation produced further relief of tension
in a joint interview mr. and mrs. b. were helped to understand the meaning of a younger son 's wandering away from home in terms of his feelings of displacement in reaction to the arrival of the twins
the father accurately perceiving the child 's needs only respected them as worthy of his attention but immediately satisfied them by taking him on his lap along with the twins saying i have a big lap
there is room for you too johnnie
simultaneously a variety of environmental supports a calm but too motherly homemaker referral for temporary economic aid intelligent use of nursing care accompaniment to the well-baby clinic for medical advice on the twins' feeding problem combined to prevent further development of predictable pathological mechanisms
follow-up visits of the nurse and social worker indicated continued success in the care of the new babies as well as a marked improvement in the family 's day-to-day mental health and social functioning
as seen in the b. family there must be an attempt to help the client develop conscious awareness of the problem especially in the absence of a formal request for assistance
the lack of awareness usually springs from deep but disguised anxiety often assuming the superficial guise of knowing or caring
the unhealthy use of denial in the initial reaction to a stress must be handled through the medium of a positive controlled transference
in general the approach is more active than passive more out-reaching than reflective
while some regression is inevitable it is discouraged rather than encouraged so that the transference does follow the stages of planned regression associated with certain casework adaptations of the psychoanalytic model for insight therapy
to establish an emotionally meaningful relationship the worker must demonstrate actual or potential helpfulness immediately preferably within the first interview by meeting the client 's specific needs
these needs usually concern the reduction of guilt and some relief of tension
the initial interview must be therapeutic rather than purely exploratory in an information-seeking sense
in this relationship-building stage the worker must communicate confidence in the client 's ability to deal with the problem
in so doing he implicitly offers the positive contagion of hope as a kind of maturational dynamic to counteract feelings of helplessness and hopelessness generally associated with the first stages of stress impact
thus the client receives enough ego support to engage in constructive efforts on his own behalf
here there is a specific preventive component which applies in a more generalized sense to any casework situation
we are preventing or averting pathogenic phenomena such as undue regression unhealthy suppression and repression excessive use of denial and crippling guilt turned against the self
while some suppression and some denial are only necessary but healthy the worker 's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed
in steering the family toward ego-adaptive and away from maladaptive responses the worker uses time-honored focused casework techniques of specific emotional support clarification and anticipatory guidance
over a relatively short period of time usually about four to twelve weeks the worker must be able to shift the focus back and forth between immediate external stressful exigencies precipitating stress and the key emotionally relevant issues underlying problem which are often in a dramatic preconscious breakthrough reactivated by the crisis situation and hence once again amenable to resolution
though there is obviously nothing new about these techniques they do challenge the worker 's skill to articulate them precisely on the spot and on the basis of quick and accurate diagnostic assessments
then too the utmost clinical flexibility is necessary in judiciously combining carefully timed family-oriented home visits single and group office interviews and appropriate telephone follow-up calls if the worker is to be genuinely accessible and if the predicted unhealthy outcome is to be actually averted in accordance with the principles of preventive intervention
in addition in many cases a variety of concrete social resources homemaker day care medical and financial aid must be reasonably available for the reality support needed to bolster the family in its individual and collective coping and integrative efforts
at certain critical stages and only for sound diagnostic reasons it may be important to accompany family members in their use of these resources if their problem-solving behavior is to be constructive rather than defeating
while expensive in time and involving a great deal of adaptation on the part of the worker in terms of his willingness to leave the sanctity of his office and enter actively into the client 's life techniques of accompaniment were found to be of tremendous value when in the service of specific preventive objectives
finally whatever the techniques used a twin goal is common to all preventive casework service to cushion or reduce the force of the stress impact while at the same time to encourage and support family members to mobilize and use their ego capacities
having outlined an approach to the theory and practice of preventive casework we now address ourselves to our final question what place should brief crisis-oriented preventive casework occupy in our total spectrum of services
we should first recognize our tendency to develop a hierarchy of values locating brief treatment at the bottom and long-term intensive service at the top instead of seeing the services as part of a continuum each important in its own right
this problem is perhaps as old as social casework itself
almost three decades ago bertha reynolds undertook a study of short-contact interviewing because of her conviction that short-term casework had an important but neglected place in our network of social services
her conclusion has been borne out in the experience of many practitioners short-contact interviewing is neither a truncated nor a telescoped experience but is of the same essential quality as the so-called intensive case work
thus casework involving a limited number of interviews is still to be regarded in terms of the quality of service rendered rather than of the quantity of time expended
that we are experiencing an upsurge of interest in the many formulations and preventive adaptations of brief treatment in social casework is evident from even a small sampling of current literature
especially noteworthy is levinger 's finding that the length of treatment per se is a reliable indicator of successful outcome
according to a number of studies the important predictors are the nature and management of the client 's anxiety as well as the accessibility of the helping person
for example the level of improvement noted in a recent experiment with a short course of immediate treatment for parent-child relationship problems compared favorably with the results reported by typical child guidance clinics where the hours spent in purely diagnostic study may equal or exceed the number of hours devoted to actual treatment interviews in the experimental project
of startling significance too is the assertion that it was possible to carry out this program with only a # percent attrition rate as compared with a rate of ## percent reported for a comparable group of families who were receiving help in traditionally operated child guidance services
these reports refer to a level of secondary prevention in a child guidance clinic approached by the customary route of voluntary referral by the family or by other professional people
similarities to the approach which i have described are evident in the prompt establishment of a helping relationship quick appraisal of key issues and the immediate mobilization of treatment plans as the essential dynamics in helping to further the ego 's coping efforts in dealing with the interplay of inner and outer stresses
while there are many different possibilities for the timing of casework intervention the experiments recently reported from a variety of traditional settings all point up the importance of an immediate response to the client 's initial need for help
in some programs treatment is concentrated over a short period of time while in others after the initial contact is established flexible spacing of interviews has been experimentally used with apparent success
willingness to take the risk of early and direct interpretation with the proviso that if the interpretation is too threatening the worker can withdraw is another prominent feature in these efforts
my aim in mentioning this factor obviously is to give license to wild therapy but rather to encourage us to use the time-honored clinical casework skills we already possess and to use them with greater confidence precision and professional pride
though there is obviously great need for continued experimentation with various types of short-term intervention to further efforts in developing an operational definition of prevention at the secondary or perhaps in some instances primary level the place of short-term intervention has already been documented by a number of investigators in a wide variety of settings
woodward for example has emphasized the need for a broad spectrum of services including very brief services in connection with critical situations
ideally brief treatment should be arrived at as a treatment of choice rather than as a treatment of chance
moreover the shortage of treatment resources and the chronically persistent shortage of mental health manpower force us to innovate additional refinements of preventive intervention techniques to make services more widely available and on a more effective basis to more people
further research in the meaning of crises as experienced by the consumers of traditional social casework services including attempts to develop a typology of family structures crisis problems reaction mechanisms and differential treatment approaches and the establishment of new experimental programs are imperative social needs which should command the best efforts of caseworkers in collaboration with community planners
our literature is already replete with a fantastic number of suggestions for preventive agency programming ranging from the immediately practical to the globally utopian
probably in the immediate future we will have to settle for middle-range efforts that fall short of utopian models
increased experimentation with multipurpose agencies especially those that combine afresh the traditional functions of family and child welfare services holds rich promise for the future
for example child welfare experience abounds with cases in which the parental request for substitute care is precipitated by a crisis event which is meaningfully linked with a fundamental unresolved problem of family relationships
tension management and communication of sentiment are the processes involved in the functioning of the element of sentiment or feeling
one of the devices for tension management is preferential mating
the preferential mating of this particular population has been analyzed in a separate study
the relative geographical isolation of the brandywine population makes for a limited choice in mating
it would seem necessary that members of this population provide support for one another since it is provided by the larger society
the supportive relations can apparently be achieved in geographical and social isolation
the newlyweds building homes on the same land with either set of parents and the almost exclusive use of members of the population as sponsors for baptisms and weddings illustrate this supportive relationship
as loomis remarks in the internal pattern the chief reason for interacting is to communicate liking friendship and love among those who stand in supporting relations to one another and corresponding negative sentiments to those who stand in antagonistic relations
maintenance of the status quo might seem to be the appropriate goal or objective of this population today
yet the object of the element of achieving through the process of goal attaining for this population appears to have been changed by circumstances brought about by the war
prior to world war # there was a higher percentage of endogamous marriages than after world war #
the norms as elements refer to all criteria for judging the character or conduct of both individual and group actions in any social system
the process of evaluation assigns varying positive and negative priorities or values to elements
the elements and processes become evident in a study of mate selection in this population
from the evidence it may be conjectured that core - core marriages are the preferred unions for core males and females
core - marginal marriages still belong in the category of permissive unions
and core - negro marriages are proscribed for core members
the element of status-roles and associated processes have been sufficiently investigated for this population to permit any type of conjectures about them
there is some indication from a limited number of interviews with members of the population that the element of power primarily the voluntary influence of non-authoritative power has been exerted on actors in the system particularly in regard to mate selection
this would seem to vary from family to family depending somewhat on the core or marginal status of that family
again size of the group may have some influence on the strength of group controls
interviews with members of the brandywine population were attempted in order to discover the ranking of the various families in the population
the large majority of the interviewees placed core families in the upper positions
loomis considers ranking a product of the evaluation process
the standing or rank of an actor in a given social system is determined by the evaluation placed upon the actor and his acts in accordance with the norms and standards of the system
despite the increasing rate of exogamous marriages the population has been able to sustain at least to some degree the consciousness of its intermediate status in society
to some extent the system can be considered a gemeinschaft in which social-role occupancies are determined by birth by attributes such as sex or caste which are biologically or socially immutable
the adherence of many in the population to the indian background in their pedigree and emphasis upon the fact that their ancestors had never been slaves becomes of prime interest in determining how far these elements promote the self-image of the intermediate status of the group in society
the negative sanctions applied to core - negro marriages for core members act as indicators of expected adherence to group norms
however because of church laws lately more stringently enforced which forbid the marriage of cousins closely related consanguineously a means of facilitating the goal of in-group relations may be that of recourse to illegitimate unions
a cursory survey of available material indicates a high rate of illegitimate births occurring to parents who have a close consanguineous relationship
the comprehensive or master processes activate all or some of the elements within the social system and subsystems
within the larger social system are the structural and functional subsystems
the structural subsystem consisting of relatively stable inter-relationships among its parts includes # .
subgroups of various types interconnected by relational norms
roles of various types within the larger system and within the subgroups # .
regulative norms governing subgroups and roles
in the study of marriage patterns for this group consanguinity produces the structural system a system of affinities which in turn maintains the system of consanguinity
subgroups of various types have been found within this system
each family line can be considered a substructure
there seems to be an implied cultural value attached to the fact of core status within the group
additionally the proscription of core - negro marriages for core families discussed above would seem to act as a regulative norm governing subgroups and roles
the scope of this study does provide for the study of roles of various types within the larger system or within the subgroups
however it cannot be presumed informal though the structure of the population seems that there are well-defined roles within the system
the present study relates to the theory of functional systems
it is hypothesized that fertility is a function of the social system when the population as a whole is considered and a function of the subsystems when the two-fold division of core families and marginal families is considered
the four functional problems of a social system are to some extent solved by the subsystems within this population
by means of geographical isolation and high fertility rates inbreeding can be fostered and the pattern of isolation from the greater society maintained
in order to attain the goal of group solidarity and to relieve tension the high fertility rate provides more group members for mate selection and the clustering of members in groups fosters acceptance of group controls
to maintain their intermediate position in the larger society it is only necessary that members of this population be visible but that their numbers be great enough to be recognized as a separate distinct grouping or system in society
as mentioned above where families are concentrated in larger numbers group controls seem strongest and most effective
adaptation to the social and non-social environment through the economy has been met to a degree through a type of occupational segregation
this provides the necessary contact with the larger society while supporting a type of control over members in terms of social contacts
integration has to do with the inter-relation of parts
the problem of solidarity and morale again involves the concept of values
the values placed by the brandywine population upon maintaining a certain homogeneity a certain separate racial identity and therefore a certain separate social status are important for the morale of the system
since morale is closely related to pattern maintenance and integration the higher the morale and solidarity the better the system can solve the problems of the system
in this respect it would seem that the greater the social distance between the brandywine population and the white and negro populations within the same general locality the greater the possibility for higher morale and solidarity within the brandywine population
it is conceived that one of the means to attain this social distance is that of physical and social isolation
in turn higher fertility rates for this population provide a means of increasing the numerical quantity of the population allowing for the possibility of greater stability and unity
the population can thereby replenish itself and actually grow larger
of particular utility in the analysis of the development persistence and change of social systems has been the use of the master or comprehensive processes
loomis considers six such processes in his paradigm
institutionalization though undoubtedly all six processes are operative within the whole social system and its subsystems two processes that are of crucial importance to this study will be singled out for particular emphasis
in discussing the process of communication loomis defines it as the process by which information decisions and directives are transmitted among actors and the ways in which knowledge opinions and attitudes are formed or modified by interaction
communication may be facilitated by means of the high visibility within the larger community
intense interaction is easier where segregated living and occupational segregation mark off a group from the rest of the community as in the case of this population
however the factor of physical isolation is a static situation
although the brandywine population is still predominantly rural there are indications of a consistent and a statistically significant trend away from the older and relatively isolated rural communities
urbanization appears to be an important factor in the disintegration of this group
this conclusion is however an over-simplification
a more realistic analysis must take into account the fact that brandywine people in the urban-fringe area are in general less segregated locally than group members in rural areas
in the urban area in other words they unlike some urban ethnic groups do concentrate in ghetto colonies
group pressures toward conformity are slight or non-existent and deviant behavior in mate selection incurs few if any social sanctions
in such a setting social contacts and associations are likely to be heterogamous resulting in a change of values and almost necessarily in mate selection behavior
to the extent that urban life contributes to the breakdown of the group patterns of residential isolation to that extent it contributes directly to increased exogamy
social control .
the process of social control is operative insofar as sanctions play a part in the individual 's behavior as well as the group 's behavior
by means of this social control deviance is either eliminated or somehow made compatible with the function of the social group
examples from this population indicate that deviance seems to be sanctioned by ostracism from the group
there is an oral tradition among the members of the population in regard to the origin and subsequent separate status of the group in the larger society
confused and divided though this tradition may be it is an important part of the social and cultural heritage of the group and acts as a means of socialization particularly for members of the rural community
the fact of indian ancestry and free status during the days of slavery are important distinctions made by members of the group
boundary maintenance .
culturally induced social cohesion resulting from common norms and values internalized by members of the group is operative in the boundary maintenance of the group as well as in the process of socialization
the process of boundary maintenance identifies and preserves the social system or subsystems and the characteristic interaction is maintained
as the threat of encroachment on the system increases the probability of applied boundary maintenance mechanisms increases
the fertility rate pattern would seem to be a function though a latent one of the process of maintaining the boundary
increased boundary maintenance may be achieved for example by assigning a higher primacy or evaluation to activities characteristic of the external pattern
the external pattern or external system can be considered as group behavior that enables the group to survive in its environment
boundary maintenance for this group would seem to be primarily social as is the preference for endogamy
it is also expressed in the proscription against deviants in the matter of endogamy particularly in rural areas
by their pattern of endogamy and exogamy the core families and the marginal families show distinct limits to the intergroup contact they maintain
systemic linkage .
where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group systemic linkage is defined as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit
a royal decree issued in #### two years after the belgian government assumed authority for the administration of the congo prescribed the registration of all adult males by chiefdoms
further decrees along this line were issued in #### and ####
in #### a continuous registration of the whole indigenous population was instituted by ordinance of the governor-general and the periodic compilation of these records was ordered
but specific procedures for carrying out this plan were left to the discretion of the provincial governors
a unified set of regulations applicable to all areas was issued in #### and a complementary series of demographic inquiries in selected areas was instituted at the same time
the whole system was again reviewed and reorganized in ####
general responsibility for its administration rested with a division of the colonial government concerned with labor supply and native affairs service des affaires indigenes et de la main-d'oeuvre aimo af direction af direction generale gouvernement generale
tribal authorities the chiefs and their secretaries were held responsible for maintaining the registers of indigenous persons within their territories under the general supervision of district officials
the district officials along with their other duties were obliged to organize special demographic inquiries in selected areas and to supervise the annual tabulations of demographic statistics
the regulations require the inscription of each individual male or female adult or child on a separate card fiche
the cards filed by circonscription sub-chiefdom or village are kept in the headquarters of each territoire chiefdom
each card is expected to show certain information about the individual concerned including his or her date of birth or age at a specified time spouses and children
additional entries must be made from time to time
different cards are used for males and females and a corner is clipped from the cards of adults and of children when they reach puberty
so a quick count could be made at any time even by an illiterate clerk of the number of registered persons in four age-and-sex classes
personal identification cards are issued to all adult males on which tax payments inoculations periods of employment and changes of residence are recorded
similar identification cards were issued in #### to all adult females
each adult is held personally responsible for assuring his inscription and obtaining an identification card which must be shown on demand
the registration card of a person leaving his home territory for a short period is put into a special file for absent persons
the cards of permanent out-migrants are in theory sent to an office in the place of new residence
finally the registration of births and deaths by nearest relatives was made compulsory in most regions
numbers of registered persons in four age-and-sex classes were counted each year
in addition demographic inquiries supposedly involving field investigations were conducted in selected minor divisions circonscriptions containing about # percent of the total population
the results of these inquiries were used to adjust compilations of data from the registers and to provide various ratios and rates by districts including birth and death rates general fertility rates distributions by marital status fertility of wives separately in polygynous and non-polygynous households infant mortality and migration
the areas to be examined in these inquiries were selected by local officials supposedly as representative of a larger population
averages of the ratios obtained in a few selected areas were applied to the larger population
the scheme in theory is an ingenious adaptation of european registration systems to the conditions of african life
but it places a severe strain on the administrative resources already burdened in other ways of a widely dispersed poor and largely illiterate population
the sampling program was instituted before the principles of probability sampling were widely recognized in population studies
the system was well adapted to conditions of life in urban centers
the distinction between domiciled de jure and present de facto population was clearly defined
so the results are subject to considerable confusion
the system tended to break down during the war but was reactivated
it had reached the pre-war level of efficiency by ####
in spite of the defects in this system the figures on total population during the late #### 's and again in the early #### 's seem to have represented actual conditions in most districts with approximate fidelity
but the information on the dynamics of population was often quite misleading
the same system with minor modifications was developed in ruanda-urundi under belgian administration
here again it seems that useful approximations of the size and geographical distribution of the population were obtained in this way in the late pre-war and early post-war periods
before considering more recent activities we should note another important aspect of demography in belgian africa
a number of strong independent agencies established in some cases with governmental or royal support have conducted large medical social educational and research operations in particular parts of the congo and ruanda-urundi
the work of fonds reine elisabeth pour l'assistance medicale aux indigenes du congo belge foreami has special interest with respect to demography
this agency accepted responsibility for medical services to a population ranging from ###,### persons in #### to ###,### in #### in the kwango district and adjacent areas east of leopoldville
each year from #### on its medical staff had conducted intensive field investigations to determine changes in population structure and vital rates and as its primary objective the incidence of major diseases
its findings are reported each year in its rapport sur l'activite pendant annee bruxelles
somewhat similar investigations have been made by medical officers in other areas
other independent or partially independent agencies have promoted investigations on topics directly or indirectly related to demography
these studies vary widely in scope and precision
l'institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale irsac has sponsored well-designed field investigations and has cooperated closely with the government of ruanda-urundi in the development of its official statistics
a massive investigation of the characteristics of in-migrants and prospective out-migrants in ruanda-urundi is being carried on by j. j. maquet former director of the social science branch of irsac now a professor at l'universite officielle du congo belge et du ruanda-urundi
some ##,### completed schedules with ## items collected by sub-chiefs in #,### circumscriptions have been tabulated
the results are now being analyzed
statistics have been recognized as a matter of strategic importance in the congo and in ruanda-urundi during the post-war years in connection with long-term economic and social programs
the aimo organizations of both countries which maintain administrative services throughout the territories retained immediate responsibility for the collection and publication of demographic information
however the statistical offices of both governments were assigned responsibility for the planning and analysis of these statistics
a bureau de la demographie a. romaniuk director was formed under aimo in the congo to work in close rapport with the section statistique of the secretariat general
eventually responsibility for demographic inquiries in the congo was transferred to the demographic division of the central statistical office
the #### demographic inquiry in ruanda-urundi was directed by v. neesen a member of the irsac staff though the inquiry was carried out under the auspices of aimo which has continuing responsibility for demographic statistics in this territory
a member of the irsac staff e. van de walle was recently delegated to cooperate with aimo in the development of demographic statistics in this territory
the initiation of sampling censuses in ruanda-urundi #### and in the congo #### - ## were major advances
we will deal first with the program in the congo though this was put into operation later than the other
the radical nature of the innovation in the congo was emphasized in the official announcements
the term enquetes demographiques previously used for the supplementary investigations carried out in connection with the administrative censuses was used for the new investigations
however the differences in procedure are fundamental
these are as follows ( # ) field work procedures .
field operations were transferred from administrative personnel primarily engaged in other tasks to specially trained teams of full-time african investigators three teams each working in two provinces
these teams carried out the same operations successively in different areas
( # ) nature of the sample .
sample areas in the new investigations were selected strictly by application of the principles of probability theory so as to be representative of the total population of defined areas within calculable limits
in short scientific sampling was introduced in place of subjective sampling
the populations of the various districts or other major divisions were stratified by type of community rural urban mixed and where appropriate by ethnic affiliation and by type of economy
sample units villages in rural areas houses in cities were drawn systematically within these strata
( # ) size of the sample .
different sampling ratios were applied under different conditions
higher proportions were sampled in urban and mixed communities than in rural areas
about ## percent of the total population was covered in the new investigation as compared with about # percent in the previous inquiries
( # ) questions and definitions .
uniform questions definitions and procedures were enforced throughout the whole country
data were obtained separately on three classes of persons a residents present
b residents absent
and c visitors
in the reports summary results are given for both the de facto a and c and de jure a and b populations
but the subsequent analysis of characteristics is reported only for the de jure population or in some districts only the de facto population
these changes represent in effect a shift from # an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to # a systematic sampling census of the whole african population
the population registration system still has important functions
it supplies local data which are useful in administration and which can be used as a basis for intensive studies in particular situations
it provides a frame for the sampling census
it also provides a frame within which the registration of vital events is gradually gaining force though one cannot expect to obtain reliable vital statistics in most parts of the congo from this source in the near future
it is still used in making current population estimates in post-census years though the value of these estimates is open to question
finally it may have certain very important less obvious values
even though the registers may have an incomplete record of persons present in a particular area or include persons no longer living there they contain precise information on ages by date of birth for some of the persons present especially children in relatively stable communities and supplementary information such as records of marital status for many others
the quality of the census data can therefore be greatly improved by the use of the registration records in conjunction with the field inquiries
furthermore it may be possible to estimate the error due to bias in method as distinguished from sampling error in each of these sources on such subjects as fertility mortality and migration during a given interval by using information from two largely independent sources in conjunction
the first sampling census in the congo extended over a three-year period #### - ##
the results were still being processed in ####
it is planned to double the number of teams and to make use of improved equipment in a second demographic inquiry in #### so that the inquiry can be carried through in one year and the results published more expeditiously
it is proposed that in the future complete sampling censuses be carried out at five-year intervals
reports already issued on the sampling census #### - ## in various areas run as follows using only the french and omitting corresponding flemish titles
this report contains preliminary notes and ## tables
other reports in identical form but with somewhat varying content have been issued
these area reports will be followed according to present plans by a summary report which will include a detailed statement on methods
with this evidence in mind the writer began to plan how he might more effectively educate the married students in his functional classes
toward the end of the semester 's work he interviewed every married class member at great length
he found as he had suspected a general consensus that perhaps over half of the present functionally designed course was really functional for these students
however all admitted that the hindsight was altogether lost
in their own words it had aided them to get a clearer picture of how they had gotten into their marriages and perhaps they had obtained some insights on why certain troubles appeared from time to time
in fact they went so far as to caution the writer that if he attempted to design a section exclusively for married students there should be at the beginning some hindsight study
but they all hastened to add that certainly less time was needed on it than presently spent
all of them felt a compelling need for more coverage on areas that could be only lightly touched upon in a general survey functional course
a few were doubtful about the merits of an exclusive section for married students
as one of them expressed it it has done me a world of good to listen to the naive questions and comments of these not-yet-married people
i can now better see just what processes provoked certain actions from me in the past
had i been in an all-married section i would have missed this and i believe that this single aspect has been of great personal value to me
this comment and others similar to it would seem to indicate a possible justification for continuing the status quo
but the weight of feeling was heavily in the opposite direction
thus the writer decided to hold one experimental section of the functional preparation for marriage course in the spring semester of #### exclusively for persons already married that is prerequisite marriage
this did mean that married students could enroll in other mixed sections and some of them largely because of scheduling difficulties did
but only those already married could enroll in this one section
in addition two other differences in the two types of sections must be noted
# the regular sections do allow freshmen
this one did
this action was rationalized on the basis of a small survey which indicated that a high percentage of married freshmen women on our campus never become sophomores
many of them appear to drop out for one reason or another
by permitting freshman students we might extend the opportunity for such a course to some individuals who otherwise might never get to take it
this has subsequently been verified by the experience
# auditors were encouraged
in the regular sections they have always been more or less discouraged
the philosophy has been that if they could find the time to attend class why encourage them to get the credit and perhaps provide an incentive to do the work more effectively
besides auditors do count on faculty load with the same weight as regularly enrolled students
but in this one section we welcomed auditors
for no particular reason other than that the writer felt it might just might encourage both mates to be in attendance
many of the men on our campus have a pretty set curriculum especially in the various engineering fields with few electives till the senior year
incidentally it needs to be noted that because auditors were permitted the section began increasing in numbers each week until at last it swelled to such proportions that this free auditing policy had to be retracted
after that we began to get visitors to class
this experimental class represented quite a variety of students
it ranged from a freshman woman just married through the various academic growth stages including one senior-graduate student to a young faculty member recently married to a senior man who also attended
it ranged from those with no children through students in various stages of pregnancy to one ##-year-old male with four children three of whom were teenagers
it ranged from two women members who had experienced premarital pregnancy to one couple twelve years married and seemingly unable to conceive
one might digress at this point and speculate that if it is wise to create special sections for special status then why a special section for women pregnant before marriage and one for ##-year-old men with teenage children and so on
some of these speculations may have some merit others are somewhat ambiguous
but few who have experienced marriage can dispute the fact that the focus of interpersonal relationships is different in marriage than in a pre-marital situation
the writer began this special class by explaining his background thinking for creating such a section in the first place
he made it clear from the beginning that this was the students' opportunity and that the future destiny of such groups depended on favorable results from this one
he did build a framework of academic respectability and one which did encroach upon the sacred sovereignty of any other existing campus course
this is to say that this was a course in wise buying or money spending methods nor a course in how to raise children
we already have courses covering those problems and so on
but within that framework he allowed for as much flexibility as possible
a steering committee of students was organized on the first day whose duty it was to be alert and constantly evaluate and re-evaluate the direction and pace the class was taking
the writer being cognizant through his interviews of the reactions of previous married students did insist on there being included some hindsight material
but the greater part of semester time was actually centered around the attitudes so we are married now how do we make the best of it
or how do we enrich our already fine marriage
films were used as with all sections but with one big difference
our campus unfortunately owns no films
since they are all either rented or borrowed the requested dates for their use have to be far in advance
the writer never knew from week to week just where the section might be
for example the steering committee might announce that the group felt a topic under study should be dropped for an additional week as there was still too much of it untouched
since the writer had established this democratic procedure in the beginning he had to go along with their decision after of course pointing out whether he thought their decision was a wise or an unwise one
thus the films seen as they came in coordinated for the regular sections were often out of context
nevertheless the writer has never experienced such spontaneity of discussion after film showings
though it did become known to the writer for some time a nucleus group had sprung up within the class
they began to meet in the evenings and carry forward various discussions they felt fully enough covered in class
from a few students this group gradually increased to include over three-fourths of those officially enrolled in the class and many outsiders as well
also although only a few of the students were intimately acquainted with each other in the beginning most reported that when the semester ended their dearest and closest campus friendships were with members of that class
in fact they often revamped their social activities to include class members previously unknown
supplemental outside reading reports were handled just as in the other sections the major difference being that there was a noticeably deeper level in the reported outside reading by the married group
these students although they might read various articles in popular magazines more often chose to report on articles found in the journals
in addition to the noticeable difference in outside articles there was a considerable difference in the outside books they read
whereas a high percentage of the regular students can be expected to read other texts which more or less plow the same ground in a little different direction the married students chose whole books on specific areas and went into much greater detail in their areas of interest
since the writer had noticed this characteristic in married students scattered throughout the various sections previous to this experiment nor as a matter of fact in those who were continuing in single sections he can only conclude that there must have been something contagious within the specific group which caused this to occur
in the main this course took the following directional high roads
# a great deal of time was spent on processes for solving marital differences
this was a search for a magic formula but rather an examination of basic principles pertaining especially to all types of communication in marriage
in short it was centered around learning how to develop a more sensitive empathy
until the group was satisfied in this area were they willing to venture further to # specific adjustment areas such as sex in-laws religion finance and so on
from here they proceeded to # these same areas in relation to their own future family life stages developing these to the extent of examining various crises which could be expected to confront them at some time or other
as an example of this last facet there were some lengthy discussions centered around bereavement
mainly these were concerned with the possibility of the death of one parent and the complication of living with the survivor afterward but the possible death of one 's own spouse was overlooked
since the course one member has lost her husband
this was a particularly shocking or unexpected thing it was previously known to her that it might happen
but just when was an unknown and of course the longer it did happen the stronger her wish and belief that it might
since her bereavement this individual has reported to the writer on numerous occasions about how helpful the class discussions were to her in this adjustment crisis
quite frequently class members brought questions from their mates at home
these were often carefully written out with a great deal of thought behind them
this added a personal zest to class discussions and participation
both sexes reported that the discussions on sex adjustment within marriage were extremely enlightening
the writer sensed a much freer and more frank discussion especially of this one area than ever before
he felt certain for the first time in his teaching experience that the men in the class understood that orgasm as a criterion is nearly so essential for a satisfying female sexual experience as most males might think
this was probably much more meaningful because all the women in the class emphasized it time and again
on the other hand the women class members appeared to reach a far greater understanding than have women members in other sections that it is more natural for males as a group to view sex as sex rather than always associating it with love as most women seem to do
in the reproductive area it could be readily observed that all felt freer to discuss things than students had previously in mixed marital status sections
perhaps this was related to the fact that all were in on it to some extent
never in other sections has there been the opportunity for the genuine down-to-earth discussions about the feelings of both spouses during various stages of pregnancy
there was a particularly marvelous opportunity for study in this area since almost every stage of pregnancy was represented from a childless couple to and including every trimester
in fact we had one birth before the end of the course and another student had to take the final examiantion a week early just to be on the safe side
there was also one spontaneous abortion during the semester
thus it is reasonable to believe that there is a significant difference between the two groups in their performance on this task after a brief structuring experience
it was predicted that kohnstamm-negative subjects would adhere to more liberal concretistic reports of what the ambiguous figure looked like as reflecting their hesitancy about taking chances
this was true mostly of those kohnstamm-negative subjects who did perceive the ambiguous figure as people in action
responses such as rope with a loop in it and two pieces of rope were quite characteristic
guilford-martin personality inventories .
the three personality inventories guilford
guilford-martin were filled out by ## of the kohnstamm-positive subjects and ## of the kohnstamm-negative subjects
these were the same subjects who were given the rorschach test
some predictions had been made concerning factors r n i and co on these inventories which appeared to be directly related to control and security aspects of personality functioning which were hypothesized as being of importance in differential kohnstamm reactivity
only co differentiated between the two groups at less than the #% level af
one prediction had been made about the difference in security or self-confidence between those subjects who shifted their kohnstamm reactivity when informed and those who did
the nonreactors had been separated into two groups on this assumption with the presumably secure nonreactors and secure reactors being used as the groups for comparative personality studies
it was predicted that those who shifted in their kohnstamm reactivity would differ significantly from those who did on the factor i which the investigators refer to as the inferiority factor
all of the subjects in the kohnstamm-negative and kohnstamm-positive groups as defined for purposes of the personality studies were compared with those subjects who shifted in conditions # or #
a t test on these two groups shifters vs. nonshifters gave a t value of #.### which is significant on the two-tail test at the
individual differences in kohnstamm reactivity to controlled kohnstamm situations were found among the subjects used in the study
only ##% ## subjects gave a positive kohnstamm reaction when completely naive concerning the phenomenon
there were ##% ## subjects who did give a positive reaction even after they were informed of the normalcy of such a reaction and had been given a demonstration
there were ##% ## subjects who shifted from a negative to a positive reaction after they were reassured as to the normalcy of the kohnstamm-positive reaction
among this latter group there were also differences in the amount and kind of information necessary before a shift in reaction occurred
one subject changed when given only the information that some people have something happen to their arm when they relax
five subjects ##% did change until they had been told that some people have something happen to their arm what that something was and also were given a demonstration
four subjects ##% did change even then but needed the additional information that an arm-elevation under these circumstances was a perfectly normal reflex reaction which some people showed while others did
at no time was it implied by the experimenter that the subject 's initial reaction was deviant
the subjects were only given information about other possibilities of normal reaction
those who responded with an arm-elevation in the naive state did change their reaction when told that there were some normal people who did react in this fashion
this information was accepted with the frequent interpretation that those persons who did show arm-levitation must be preventing it
these subjects implied that they too could prevent their arms from rising if they tried
the positive kohnstamm reactivity in condition # the naive state is adequately explained by such a concept as suggestibility if suggestibility is defined as the influence on behavior by verbal cues
in no way either verbally or behaviorally did the experimenter indicate to the subjects any preferred mode of responding to the voluntary contraction
moreover when the experimenter did inform those subjects that there were some normal people who did have their arm rise once they relaxed the kohnstamm-positive subjects were uninfluenced in their subsequent reactions to the kohnstamm situation
they continued to give an arm-elevation
a differential suggestibility would have to be invoked to explain the failure of this additional information to influence the kohnstamm-positive reactors and yet attribute their naive kohnstamm reactivity to suggestion
autosuggestibility the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome i.e. that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction because of his knowledge that to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons # the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose and # manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening e.g. of becoming dizzy and maybe falling an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects
a suggestion hypothesis also seems inadequate as an explanation for those who shifted their reactions after they were informed of the possibilities of normal reactions different from those which they gave
while they were told that there were some normal people who reacted differently than they had they were also informed that there were other normals who reacted as they had
there was no implication made that their initial reaction absence of an arm-elevation was less preferred than the presence of levitation
a more tenable explanation for the change in reactions is that the added knowledge and increased familiarity with the total situation made it possible for these subjects to be less guarded and to relax since any reaction seemed acceptable to the examiner as normal
the naive state condition # could therefore be viewed as an inhibiting one for ##% of the subjects in this study
they were free to be themselves in this situation an interpersonal one where there was an observer of their reactions and they had no guide for acceptable behavior
instructions to relax i.e. to be spontaneous and react immediately to whatever impulse they might have was sufficiently reassuring until some idea of the possibilities of normal reactions had been given
while other conditions might be even more effective in bringing about a change from immobility to mobility in kohnstamm reactivity it is our hypothesis that all such conditions would have as a common factor the capacity to induce an attitude in the subject which enabled him to divorce himself temporarily from feelings of responsibility for his behavior
alcohol ingestion succeeded in changing immobility to mobility quite strikingly in one pilot subject the only one with whom this technique was tried
this subject who has been undergoing psychoanalytic psychotherapy for five years did give a positive kohnstamm reaction under any of the four standardized conditions used in this experiment while sober
after two drinks containing alcohol her arm flew upward very freely
there was evident delight on the part of the subject in response to her experience of the freedom of movement
she described herself as having the same kind of irresponsible feeling as she had once experienced under hypnosis
she ascribed her delight with both experiences to the effect they seemed to have of temporarily removing from her the controls which she felt so compulsively necessary to maintain even when it might seem appropriate to relax these controls
many subjects attributed differences in kohnstamm reactivity to differences in degrees of subjective control voluntary as the kohnstamm-positive subjects perceived it and involuntary as the kohnstamm-negative subjects perceived it
these suggested interpretations were given by the subjects spontaneously when they were told that there were people who reacted differently than they had
the kohnstamm-positive subjects described the vivid experience of having their arms rise as one in which they exercised no control
they explained its absence in others on the basis of an intervention of control factors
they felt that they too could counteract the upward arm movement by a voluntary effort after they had once experienced the reaction
some of those who did initially react with an arm-elevation also associated their behavior in the situation with control factors an inability to relinquish control voluntarily
one subject spontaneously asked after her arm had finally risen do you suppose i was unconsciously keeping it down before
another said that her arm did go up at first because i wouldn't let it
i thought it wasn't supposed to
this subject was one who gave an arm-elevation on the second trial in the naive state but in the first
she had felt that her arm wanted to go up in the first trial but had consciously prevented it from so doing
she explained nonreactivity of others by saying that they were letting themselves relax
when informed that there were some persons who did have their arm go up she commented i don't see how they can prevent it
in contrast to this voluntary-control explanation for nonreactivity given by the kohnstamm-positive subjects the kohnstamm-negative subjects offered an involuntary-control hypothesis to explain nonreactivity
they felt that they were relaxing as much as they could and that any control factors which might be present to prevent response must be on an unconscious level
the above discussion does mean to imply that control factors were completely in abeyance in the kohnstamm-positive subjects
but rather that they could be diminished sufficiently to interfere with arm-levitation
one kohnstamm-positive subject who had both arms rise while being tested in the naive condition described her subjective experience as follows you feel they're going up and you're on a stage and it 's right for them to do so and then you think maybe that 's what 's supposed to happen
she then described her experience as one in which she first had difficulty accepting for herself a state of being in which she relinquished control
however she was able to relax and yield to the moment
it is our hypothesis that kohnstamm-positive subjects are less hesitant about relinquishing control than are kohnstamm-negative subjects
that they can give up their control and allow themselves to be reactors rather than actors
it is our belief that this readiness to relinquish some control was evidenced by the kohnstamm-positive subjects in some of the other experimental situations to be discussed below
thus this readiness to relax controls evidenced in the kohnstamm situation appears to be a more general personality factor
the kohnstamm-positive subjects seemed to be freer to experience the unusual and seemingly impossible in the external world
there was a significantly greater number in this group who reported a desk as being in a tilted position while a tennis ball resting on it remained stationary on the incline
this occurred in spite of the rational awareness that the ball should be going downhill
they knew that their perceptual experience differed from objective reality since they had seen the desk and ball prior to putting on the aniseikonic lenses
yet they were so bound by past experience and constriction as to deny their immediate perceptions and to be dominated by their knowledge of what the experience should be
the change in perceptions by some of the kohnstamm-negative subjects after they had been informed of the possibilities of normal reactions suggests that their constriction and guardedness is associated with their general mode of responding to strange or unknown situations
they were able to experience at first in terms of past conventionality
when informed as to the various possibilities of normal reactions they were then able to experience the uniqueness of the present
it might be postulated that these subjects are unduly afraid of being wrong
that they perceive new internal and environmental situations as threatening until they are tested and proved otherwise
while the interpretations that have been given are inferences only they gain support from such comments as the following which was made by one of the kohnstamm-negative subjects who did on the first trial perceive the tilt illusion
control of socioeconomic status
it would have been desirable for the two communities to have differed only in respect to the variable being investigated the degree of structure in teaching method
the structured schools were in an industrial city with three-family tenement houses typical of the residential areas but with one rather sizable section of middle-class homes
the unstructured schools were in a large suburban community predominantly middle- to upper-middle class but fringed by an industrial area
in order to equate the samples on socioeconomic status we chose schools in both cities on the basis of socioeconomic status of the neighborhoods
school principals and guidance workers made ratings of the various neighborhoods and the research team made independent observations of houses and dwelling areas
an objective scale was developed for rating school neighborhoods from these data
equal proportions of children in each city were drawn from upper-lower and lower-middle class neighborhoods
individual differences in maturation and the development of readiness for learning to read indicate that until the third grade have most children had ample opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for school achievement
therefore third-grade children were chosen as subjects for this study
for purposes of sample selection only individual tests were given later we obtained group test scores of reading achievement and intelligence from school records of the entire third-grade population in each school system
the subjects for this study were randomly selected from stratified areas of the distribution one-third as underachievers one-third medium and one-third over-achievers
children whose reading scores were at least one standard deviation below the regression line of each total third-grade school population were considered under-achievers for the purposes of sample selection
over-achievers were at least one standard deviation above the regression line in their school system
the final sample was significantly different from a normal distribution in regard to reading achievement or intelligence test scores
twenty-four classrooms in twelve unstructured schools furnished ### cases ## boys and ## girls
eight classrooms in three structured schools furnished ## cases ## boys and ## girls
administrative restrictions necessitated the smaller sample size in the structured schools
it was assumed that the sampling procedure was purely random with respect to the personality variables under investigation
rating scale of compulsivity
an interview schedule of open-ended questions and a multiple-choice questionnaire were prepared and one parent of each of the sample children was seen in the home
the parent was asked to describe the child 's typical behavior in certain standard situations in which there was an opportunity to observe tendencies toward perfectionism in demands upon self and others irrational conformity to rules orderliness punctuality and need for certainty
the interviewers were instructed to suggest answers and as much as possible to record the parents' actual words as they described the child 's behavior in home situations
the rating scale of compulsivity was constructed by first perusing the interview records categorizing all evidence related to compulsivity then arranging a distribution of such information apart from the case records
final ratings were made on the basis of a point system which was developed after studying the distributions of actual behaviors recorded and assigning weight values to each type of behavior that was deviant from the discovered norms
children scoring high in compulsivity were those who gave evidence of tension or emotionality in situations where there was lack of organization or conformity to standards and expectations or who made exaggerated efforts to achieve these goals
the low compulsive child was one who appeared relatively unconcerned about such matters
for instance the following statement was rated low in compulsivity she 's naturally quite neat about things but it doesn't bother her at all if her room gets messy
but she cleans it up very well when i remind her
measurement of anxiety
castaneda et al revised the taylor anxiety scale for use with children
the taylor scale was adapted from the minnesota multiphastic personality inventory with item selection based upon clinical definitions of anxiety
there is much research evidence to validate the use of the instrument in differentiating individuals who are likely to manifest anxiety in varying degrees
reliability and validation work with the children 's anxiety scale by castaneda et al demonstrated results closely similar to the findings with the adult scale
although the taylor scale was designed as a group testing device in this study it was individually administered by psychologically trained workers who established rapport and assisted the children in reading the items
relationship of anxiety to compulsivity
the question may be raised whether or we are dealing with a common factor in anxiety and compulsivity
the two ratings yield a correlation of which is significantly different from zero
therefore we have measured two different characteristics
in theory compulsive behavior is a way of diminishing anxiety and one might expect a negative association except for the possibility that for many children the obsessive-compulsive defenses are sufficient to quell the amount of anxiety they suffer
the issue of interaction between anxiety and compulsivity will be taken up later
in the primary grades reading permeates almost every aspect of school progress and the children 's early experiences of success or failure in learning to read often set a pattern of total achievement that is relatively enduring throughout the following years
in establishing criterion measurements it was therefore thought best to broaden the scope beyond the reading act itself
the predicted interaction effect should if potent extend its influence over all academic achievement
the stanford achievement test form j was administered by classroom teachers consisting of a battery of six sub-tests paragraph meaning word meaning spelling language arithmetic computation and arithmetic reasoning
all of these sub-tests involve reading except arithmetic computation
scores are stated in grade-equivalents on a national norm
the battery median grade-equivalent was used in data analysis in this study
the wechsler intelligence scale for children was administered to each sample third-grade child by a clinical worker
the relationship of intelligence test scores to school achievement is a well-established fact in this case af
therefore in the investigation of the present hypothesis it was necessary to control this factor
the criterion score used in the statistical analysis is an index of over- or under-achievement
it is the discrepancy between the actual attained achievement test score and the score that would be predicted by the i.q.
for example on the basis of the regression equation a child with an i.q. of ### in this sample would be expected to earn an achievement test score of #.# grade equivalent
if a child with an i.q. of ### scored #.# in achievement his discrepancy score would be representing of one year of over-achievement
a child with an i.q. of ## would be expected to earn an achievement test score of #.#
if such a child scored #.# his discrepancy score would be -.# representing of one year of under-achievement
in this manner the factors measured by the intelligence test were controlled allowing discovered differences in achievement to be interpreted as resulting from other variables
test of interaction of compulsivity and teaching methods
tables # and # present the results of the statistical analysis of the data when compulsivity is used as the descriptive variable
figure # portrays the mean achievement scores of each sub-group graphically
first of all as we had surmised the highly compulsive children in the structured setting score significantly better af on achievement than do similar children in the unstructured schools
it can be seen too that when we contrast levels of compulsivity within the structured schools the high compulsive children do better af
no significant difference was found in achievement between high and low compulsive children within the unstructured school
the hypothesis of there being an interaction between compulsivity and teaching method was supported in this case at the level
while we had expected that compulsive children in the unstructured school setting would have difficulty when compared to those in the structured we were surprised to find that the achievement of the high compulsives within the schools where the whole-word method is used in beginning reading compares favorably with that of the low compulsives
indeed their achievement scores were somewhat better on an absolute basis although the difference was significant
we speculate that compulsives in the unstructured schools are under greater strain because of the lack of systemization in their school setting but that their need to organize for comfort is so intense that they struggle to induce the phonic rules and achieve in spite of the lack of direction from the environment
it is interesting to note that medium compulsives in the unstructured schools made the lowest achievement scores although significantly lower
possibly their compulsivity was strong enough to cause them to build their own structure
our conjecture is then that regardless of the manner in which school lessons are taught the compulsive child accentuates those elements of each lesson that aid him in systematizing his work
when helped by a high degree of structure in lesson presentation then and only then does such a child attain unusual success
test of interaction of anxiety and teaching methods
the statistical analyses of achievement in relation to anxiety and teaching methods and the interactions of the two are presented in tables # and #
figure # is a graph of the mean achievement scores of each group
as predicted the highly anxious children in the unstructured schools score more poorly af than those in the structured schools
the interaction effect which is significant at the level can be seen best in the contrast of mean scores
while high anxiety children achieve significantly less well af in the unstructured school than do low anxiety children they appear to do at least as well as the average in the structured classroom
the most striking aspect of the interaction demonstrated is the marked decrement in performance suffered by the highly anxious children in unstructured schools
according to the theory proposed this is a consequence of the severe condition of perceived threat that persists unabated for the anxious child in an ambiguous sort of school environment
the fact that such threat is potent in the beginning reading lessons is thought to be a vital factor in the continued pattern of failure or under-achievement these children exhibit
the child with high anxiety may first direct his anxiety-released energy toward achievement but because his distress severely reduces the abilities of discrimination and memorization of complex symbols the child may fail in his initial attempts to master the problem
failure confirms the threat and the intensity of anxiety is increased as the required learning becomes more difficult so that by the time the child reaches the third grade the decrement in performance is pronounced
the individual with high anxiety in the structured classroom may approach the learning task with the same increased energy and lowered powers of discrimination
but the symbols he is asked to learn are simple
as shown earlier the highly anxious individual may be superior in his memorizing of simple elements
success reduces the prospect of threat and his powers of discrimination are improved
by the time the child first attacks the actual problem of reading he is completely familiar and at ease with all of the elements of words
apparently academic challenge in the structured setting creates an optimum of stress so that the child with high anxiety is able to achieve because he is aroused to an energetic state without becoming confused or panicked
sarason et al present evidence that the anxious child will suffer in the test-like situation and that his performance will be impaired unless he receives supporting and accepting treatment from the teacher
although the present study was a direct replication of their investigations the results do confirm their conclusion
observers in the two school systems studied here judged the teachers in the structured schools to be more impersonal and demanding while the atmosphere in the unstructured schools was judged to be more supporting and accepting
yet the highly anxious child suffered a tremendous disadvantage only in the unstructured school and performed as well or better than average in the structured setting
analysis means the evaluation of subparts the comparative ratings of parts the comprehension of the meaning of isolated elements
analysis in roleplaying is usually done for the purpose of understanding strong and weak points of an individual or as a process to eliminate weak parts and strengthen good parts
up to this point stress has been placed on roleplaying in terms of individuals
roleplaying can be done for quite a different purpose to evaluate procedures regardless of individuals
for example a sales presentation can be analyzed and evaluated through roleplaying
let us now put some flesh on the theoretical bones we have assembled by giving illustrations of roleplaying used for evaluation and analysis
one should keep in mind that many of the exciting possiblities of roleplaying are largely unexplored and have been used in industry to the extent that they have been in military and other areas
the president of a small firm selling restaurant products had considerable difficulty in finding suitable salesmen for his business
interviewing checking references training the salesmen having them go with more experienced salesmen was expensive and the rate of attrition due to resignations or unsatisfactory performance was too high
it was his experience that only one good salesman was found out of every seven hired and only one was hired out of every seven interviewed
roleplaying was offered as a solution and the procedure worked as follows all candidates were invited to a hotel conference room where the president explained the difficulty he had and how unnecessary it seemed to him to hire people who just did work out
in place of asking salesmen to fill questionnaires checking their references interviewing them asking them to be tried out he told them he would prefer to test them
each person was to enter the testing room carrying a suitcase of samples
each salesman was to read a sheet containing a description of the product
in the testing room he was to make successively three presentations to three different people
in the testing room three of the veteran salesmen served as antagonists
one handled the salesman in a friendly manner another in a rough manner and the third in a hesitating manner
each was told to purchase material if he felt like it
the antagonists came in one at a time and did see or hear the other presentations
after each presentation the antagonist wrote his judgment of the salesmen
and so did the observers consisting of the president three of his salesmen and a psychologist
ten salesmen were tested in the morning and ten more in the afternoon
this procedure was repeated one day a month for four months
the batting average of one success out of seven increased to one out of three
the president of the firm calculating expenses alone felt his costs had dropped one-half while success in selection had improved over one hundred per cent
the reason for the value of this procedure was simply that the applicants were tested at work in different situations by the judgment of a number of experts who could see how the salesmen conducted themselves with different but typical restaurant owners and managers
they were in a sense tried out in realistic situations
from the point of view of the applicants less time was wasted in being evaluated and they got a meal out of it as well as some insights into their performances
another use of roleplaying for evaluation illustrates how this procedure can be used in real life situations without special equipment or special assistants during the daily course of work
the position of receptionist was opened in a large office and an announcement was made to the other girls already working that they could apply for this job which had higher prestige and slightly higher salary than typing and clerking positions
all applicants were generally familiar with the work of the receptionist
at the end of work one day the personnel man took the applicants one at a time asked them to sit behind the receptionist 's desk and he then played the role of a number of people who might come to the receptionist with a number of queries and for a number of purposes
each girl was independently tested by the personnel man and he served only as the director but as the antagonist and the observer
somewhat to his surprise he found that one girl whom he would never have considered for the job since she had appeared somewhat mousy and also had been in the office a relatively short time did the most outstanding job of playing the role of receptionist showing wit sparkle and aplomb
she was hired and was found to be entirely satisfactory when she played the role eight hours a day
in considering roleplaying for analysis we enter a more complex area since we are now no longer dealing with a simple over-all decision but rather with the examination and evaluation of many elements seen in dynamic functioning
some cases in evidence of the use of roleplaying for analysis may help explain the procedure
an engineer had been made the works manager of a firm supplanting a retired employee who had been considered outstandingly successful
the engineer had more than seven years of experience in the firm was well trained was considered a hard worker was respected by his fellow engineers for his technical competence and was regarded as a comer
however he turned out to be a complete failure in his new position
he seemed to antagonize everyone
turnover rates of personnel went up production dropped and morale was visibly reduced
despite the fact that he was regarded as an outstanding engineer he seemed to be a very poor administrator although no one quite knew what was wrong with him
at the insistence of his own supervisor the president of the firm he enrolled in a course designed to develop leaders
he played a number of typical situations before observers other supervisors who kept notes and then explained to him in detail what he did they thought was wrong
entirely concerned with efficiency he was merciless in criticizing people who made mistakes condemning them to too great an extent
he did really listen to others had little interest in their ideas and wanted to have his own way which was the only right way
the entire group of managers explained in great detail a number of human relations errors that he made
one by one these errors were discussed and one by one he rejected accepting them as errors
he admitted his behavior and defended it
he refused to change his approach and instead he attacked high and low the officials for their backing him and subordinates for their laxness stupidity and stubbornness
after the diagnosing he left the course convinced that it could do him no good
we may say that his problem was diagnosed but that he refused treatment
the engineer turned works manager had a particular view of life and refused to change it
we may say that his attitude was foolish since he may have been a success had he learned some human relations skills
or we may say that his attitude was commendable showing his independence of mind in his refusal to adjust to the opinions of others
in any case he refused to accept the implications of the analysis that he needed to be made over
another case may be given in illustration of a successful use of analysis and also of the employment of a procedure for intensive analysis
in a course for supermarket operators a district manager who had been recently appointed to his position after being outstandingly successful as a store manager found that in supervising other managers he was having a difficult time
on playing some typical situations before a jury of his peers he showed some characteristics rated as unsatisfactory
he was told he displayed for example a sense of superiority and he answered well i am supposed to know all the answers aren't i
he was criticized for his curtness and abruptness and he answered i am working to become popular
on being criticized for his arbitrary behavior he answered i have to make decisions
that 's my job
in short as frequently happens in analyses the individual feels threatened and defends himself
however in this case the district manager was led to see the errors of his ways
the necessary step between diagnosis and training is acceptance of the validity of the criticisms
how this was accomplished may be described since this sometimes is a crucial problem
the director helped tailor-make a check list of the district manager 's errors by asking various observers to write out sentences commenting on the mistakes they felt he made
these errors were then collected and written on a blackboard condensing similar ideas
eighteen errors were located and then the director asked each individual to vote whether or they felt that this manager had made the particular errors
they were asked to vote true if they thought they had seen him make the error false if they thought he had
and cannot say if they were certain
the manager sat behind the group so he could see and count the hands that went up and the director wrote the numbers on the blackboard
no comments were made during the voting
the results looked as follows af
the first eight of these eighteen statements which received at least one-half of the votes were duplicated to form an analysis checklist for the particular manager and when this particular manager roleplayed in other situations the members checked any items that appeared
to prevent the manager from deliberately controlling himself only during the sessions they were rather lengthy about twenty minutes the situations were imperfectly described to the manager so that he would know what to expect new antagonists were brought on the scene unexpectedly and the antagonists were instructed to deliberately behave in such ways as to upset the manager and get him to operate in a manner for which he had been previously criticized
after every session the check marks were totaled up and graphed and in this way the supervisor 's progress was charted
in life we learn to play our roles and we freeze into patterns which become so habitual that we are really aware of what we do
we can see others more clearly than we can see ourselves and others can see us better than we see ourselves
to learn what we do is the first step for improvement
to accept the validity of the judgments of others is the second step
to want to change is the third step
to practice new procedures under guided supervision and with constant feedback is the fourth step
to use these new ways in daily life is the last step
roleplaying used for analysis follows these general steps leading to training
when an evaluative situation is set up and no concern is with the details that lead to an over-all estimate we say that roleplaying is used for evaluation
observers can see a person engaged in spontaneous behavior and watch him operating in a totalistic fashion
this behavior is more veridical or true than other testing behavior for some types of evaluation and so can give quick and accurate estimates of complex functioning
while roleplaying for testing is too well understood at the present time it represents one of the major uses of this procedure
chapter ## spontaneity training
the objective of this chapter is to clarify the distinctions between spontaneity theory and other training concepts
in addition the basic approach utilized in applying roleplaying will be reviewed
the goal will be to provide the reader with an integrated rationale to aid him in applying roleplaying techniques in this unique training area
the reasons for extracting this particular roleplaying application from the previous discussion of training are twofold
spontaneity training theory is unique and relatively new
it is easy for the therapist to discern when in the patient 's communicating an introject has appeared and is holding sway
one learns to become alert to changes in his vocal tone to his voice 's suddenly shifting to a quality like his usual one a quality which sounds somehow artificial or in some instances parrot-like
the content of his words may lapse back into monotonous repetition as if a phonograph needle were stuck in one groove
only seldom is it so simple as to be a matter of his obviously parroting some timeworn axiom common to our culture which he has evidently heard over and over from a parent until he experiences it as part of him
one hebephrenic woman often became submerged in what felt to me like a somehow phony experience of pseudo-emotion during which despite her wracking sobs and streaming cheeks i felt only a cold annoyance with her
eventually such incidents became more sporadic and more sharply demarcated from her day-after-day behavior and in one particular session after several minutes of such behavior which as usual went on without any accompanying words from her she asked eagerly did you see granny
at first i did know what she meant
i thought she must be seeing me as some one who had just come from seeing her grandmother in their distant home-city
then i realized that she had been deliberately showing me this time what granny was like
and when i replied in this spirit she corroborated my hunch
at another phase in the therapy when a pathogenic mother-introject began to emerge more and more upon the investigative scene she muttered in a low but intense voice to herself i hate that woman inside me
i could evoke no further elaboration from her about this
but a few seconds later she was standing directly across the room from me looking me in the eyes and saying in a scathingly condemnatory tone your father despises you
again i at first misconstrued this disconcertingly intense communication and i quickly cast through my mind to account for her being able to speak with such utter conviction of an opinion held by my father now several years deceased
then i replied coldly if you despise me why don't you say so directly
she looked confused at this and i felt sure it had been a wrong response for me to make
it then occurred to me to ask is that what that woman told you
she clearly agreed that this had been the case
i realized now that she had been showing me in what impressed me as being a very accurate way something her mother had once said to her
it was as if she was showing me one of the reasons why she hated that woman inside her
what had been an unmanageably powerful introject was now despite its continuing charge of energy disconcerting to me sufficiently within control of her ego that she could use it to show me what this introjected mother was like
earlier this woman had been so filled with a chaotic variety of introjects that at times when she was in her room alone it would sound to a passerby as though there were several different persons in the room as she would vocalize in various kinds of voice
a somewhat less fragmented hebephrenic patient of mine who used to often seclude herself in her room often sounded through the closed door as i would find on passing by between our sessions for all the world like two persons a scolding mother and a defensive child
particularly hard for the therapist to grasp are those instances in which the patient is manifesting an introject traceable to something in the therapist some aspect of the therapist of which the latter is himself only poorly aware and the recognition of which as a part of himself he finds distinctly unwelcome
i have found time and again that some bit of particularly annoying and intractable behavior on the part of a patient rests in the final analysis on this basis
and only when i can acknowledge this to myself as being indeed an aspect of my personality does it cease to be a prominently troublesome aspect of the patient 's behavior
for example one hebephrenic man used to annoy me month after month by saying whenever i got up to leave and made my fairly steoreotyped comment that i would be seeing him on the following day or whenever you're welcome in a notably condescending fashion as though it were his due for me to thank him for the privilege of spending the hour with him and he were thus pointing up my failure to utter a humbly grateful thank you to him at the end of each session
eventually it became clear to me partly with the aid of another schizophrenic patient who could point out my condescension to me somewhat more directly that this man with his condescending you're welcome was very accurately personifying an element of obnoxious condescension which had been present in my own demeanor over these months on each of these occasions when i had bid him good-bye with the consoling note each time that the healing christ would be stooping to dispense this succor to the poor sufferer again on the morrow
another patient a paranoid woman for many months infuriated only me but the ward-personnel and her fellow patients by arrogantly behaving as though she owned the whole building as though she were the only person in it whose needs were to be met
this behavior on her part subsided only after i had come to see the uncomfortably close similarity between on the one hand her arranging the ventilation of the common living room to her own liking or turning the television off or on without regard to the wishes of the others and on the other hand my own coming stolidly into her room despite her persistent and vociferous objections bringing my big easy chair with me usually shutting the windows of her room which she preferred to keep in a very cold state and plunking myself down in my chair in short behaving as if i owned her room
here a variety of meanings and emotions are concentrated or reduced in their communicative expression to some comparatively simple-seeming verbal or nonverbal statement
one finds for example that a terse and stereotyped verbal expression seeming at first to be a mere hollow convention reveals itself over the months of therapy as the vehicle for expressing the most varied and intense feelings and the most unconventional of meanings
more than anything it is the therapist 's intuitive sensing of these latent meanings in the stereotype which helps these meanings to become revealed something like a spread-out deck of cards on sporadic occasions over the passage of the patient 's and his months of work together
one cannot assume of course that all these accumulated meanings were inherent in the stereotype at the beginning of the therapy or at any one time later on when the stereotype was uttered
probably it is correct to think of it as a matter of a well-grooved stereotyped mode of expression and no or but a few other communicational grooves as yet being there available for the patient 's use as newly-emerging emotions and ideas well up in him over the course of months
but it is true that the therapist can sense when he hears this stereotype that there are at this moment many emotional determinants at work in it a blurred babel of indistinct voices which have yet to become clearly delineated from one another
sometimes it is a verbal stereotype a how are you now
or an i want to go home or whatever but a nonverbal one which reveals itself gradually as the condensed expression of more than one latent meaning
a hebephrenic man used to give a repetitious wave of his hand a number of times during his largely-silent hours with his therapist
when the therapist came to feel on sufficiently sure ground with him to ask him what is that bill hello or farewell
the patient replied both dearie two in one
of all the possible forms of nonverbal expression that which seems best to give release and communicational expression to complex and undifferentiated feelings is laughter
it is no coincidence that the hebephrenic patient the most severely dedifferentiated of all schizophrenic patients shows as one of his characteristic symptoms laughter laughter which now makes one feel scorned or hated which now makes one feel like weeping or which now gives one a glimpse of the bleak and empty expanse of man 's despair
and which more often than all these conveys a welter of feelings which could in no way be conveyed by any number of words words which are so unlike this welter in being formed and discrete from one another
to a much less full extent the hebephrenic person 's belching or flatus has a comparable communicative function
in working with these patients the therapist eventually gets to do some at least private mulling over of the possible meaning of a belch or the passage of flatus only because he is reduced to this for lack of anything else to analyze but also because he learns that even these animal-like sounds constitute forms of communication in which from time to time quite different things are being said long before the patient can become sufficiently aware of these as distinct feelings and concepts to say them in words
as i have been intimating in the schizophrenic and perhaps also in the dreams of the neurotic
this is a question which i have no wish to take up condensation is a phenomenon in which one finds a condensed expression of various feelings and ideas which are at an unconscious level well sorted out but rather a condensed expression of feelings and ideas which even in the unconscious have yet to become well differentiated from one another
freeman cameron and mcghie in their description of the disturbances of thinking found in chronic schizophrenic patients say in regard to condensation that the lack of adequate discrimination between the self and the environment and the objects contained therein in itself is the prototypical condensation
in my experience a great many of the patient 's more puzzling verbal communications are so for the reason that concrete meanings have become differentiated from figurative meanings in his subjective experience
thus he may be referring to some concrete thing or incident in his immediate environment by some symbolic-sounding hyperbolic reference to transcendental events on the global scene
recently for example a paranoid woman 's large-scale philosophizing in the session about the intrusive curiosity which has become in her opinion a deplorable characteristic of mid-twentieth-century human culture developed itself before the end of the session into a suspicion that i was surreptitiously peeking at her partially exposed breast as indeed i was
or equally often a concretistic-seeming particularistic-seeming statement may consist with its mundane exterior in a form of poetry may be full of meaning and emotion when interpreted as a figurative expression a metaphor a smile an allegory or some other symbolic mode of speaking
of such hidden meanings the patient himself is more often than entirely unaware
his subjective experience may be a remarkably concretistic one
one hebephrenic women confided to me i live in a world of words as if to her words were fully concrete objects
burnham in his excellent article #### concerning schizophrenic communication includes mention of similar clinical material
a borderline schizophrenic young man told me that to him the various theoretical concepts about which he had been expounding in a most articulate fashion during session after session with me were like great cubes of almost tangibly solid matter up in the air above him
as he spoke i was reminded of the great bales of cargo which are swung high in the air from a docked steamship
the many linguistic techniques for reducing the amount of dictionary information that have been proposed all organize the dictionary 's contents around prefixes stems suffixes etc.
a significant reduction in the voume of store information is thus realized especially for a highly inflected language such as russian
for english the reduction in size is less striking
this approach requires that # each text word be separated into smaller elements to establish a correspondence between the occurrence and dictionary entries and # the information retrieved from several entries in the dictionary be synthesized into a description of the particular word
the logical scheme used to accomplish the former influences the placement of information in the dictionary file
implementation of the latter requires storage of information needed only for synthesis
we suggest the application of certain data-processing techniques as a solution to the problem
but first we must define two terms so that their meaning will be clearly understood form any unique sequence of alphabetic characters that can appear in a language preceded and followed by a space
occurrence an instance of a form in text
we propose a method for selecting only dictionary information required by the text being translated and a means for passing the information directly to the occurrences in text
we accomplish this by compiling a list of text forms as text is read by the computer
a random-storage scheme based on the spelling of forms provides an economical way to compile this text-form list
dictionary forms found to match forms in the text list are marked
a location in the computer store is also named for each marked form
dictionary information about the form stored at this location can be retrieved directly by occurrences of the form in text
finally information is retrieved from the dictionary as required by stages of the translation process the grammatical description for sentence-structure determination equivalent-choice information for semantic analysis and target-language equivalents for output construction
the dictionary is a form dictionary at least in the sense that complete forms are used as the basis for matching text occurrences with dictionary entries
also the dictionary is divided into at least two parts the list of dictionary forms and the file of information that pertains to these forms
a more detailed description of dictionary operations text lookup and dictionary modification gives a clearer picture
text lookup as we will describe it consists of three steps
the first is compiling a list of text forms assigning an information cell to each and replacing text occurrences with the information cell assigned to the form of each occurrence
for this step the computer memory is separated into three regions cells in the w-region are used for storage of the forms in the text-form list
cells in the x-region and y region are reserved as information cells for text forms
when an occurrence af is isolated during text reading a random memory address af the address of a cell in the x-region is computed from the form of af
let af denote the form of af
if cell af has previously been assigned as the information cell of a form in the text-form list it is now assigned as the information cell of af
the form itself is stored in the next available cells of the w-region beginning in cell af
the address af and the number of cells required to store the form are written in af
the information cell af is saved to represent the text occurrence
text reading continues with the next occurrence
let us assume that af is identical to the form of an occurrence af which preceded af in the text
when this situation exists the address af will equal af which was produced from af
if af was assigned as the information cell for af the routine can detect that af is identical to af by comparing af with the form stored at location af
the address af is stored in the cell af
when as in this case the two forms match the address af is saved to represent the occurrence af
text reading continues with the next occurrence
a third situation is possible
the formula for computing random addresses from the form of each occurrence will give a distinct address for each distinct form
thus when more than one distinct form leads to a particular cell in the x-region a chain of information cells must be created to accommodate the forms one cell in the chain for each form
if af leads to an address af that is equal to the address computed from af even though af does match af the chain of information cells is extended from af by storing the address of the next available cell in the y-region af in af
the cell af becomes the second information cell in the chain and is assigned as the information cell of af
a third cell can be added by storing the address of another y-cell in af
similarly as many cells are added as are required
each information cell in the chain contains the address of the y-cell where the form to which it is assigned is stored
each cell except the last in the chain also contains the address of the y-cell that is the next element of the chain
the absence of such a link in the last cell indicates the end of the chain
hence when the address af is computed from af the cell af and all y-cells in its chain must be inspected to determine whether af is already in the form list or whether it should be added to the form list and the chain
when the information cell for af has been determined it is saved as a representation of af
text reading continues with the next occurrence
text reading is terminated when a pre-determined number of forms have been stored in the text-form list
this initiates the second step of glossary lookup connecting the information cell of forms in the text-form list to dictionary forms
each form represented by the dictionary is looked up in the text-form list
each time a dictionary form matches a text form the information cell of the matching text form is saved
the number of dictionary forms skipped since the last one matched is also saved
these two pieces of information for each dictionary form that is matched by a text form constitute the table of dictionary usage
if each text form is marked when matched with a dictionary form the text forms contained in the dictionary can be identified when all dictionary forms have been read
the appropriate action for handling these forms can be taken at that time
each dictionary form is looked up in the text-form list by the same method used to look up a new text occurrence in the form list during text reading
a random address af that lies within the x-region of memory mentioned earlier is computed from the i-th dictionary form
if cell af is an information cell it and any information cells in the y-region that have been linked to af each contain an address in the w-region where a potentially matching form is stored
the dictionary form is compared with each of these text forms
when a match is found an entry is made in the table of dictionary usage
if cell af is an information cell we conclude that the i-th dictionary form is in the text list
these two steps essentially complete the lookup operation
the final step merely uses the table of dictionary usage to select the dictionary information that pertains to each form matched in the text-form list and uses the list of information cells recorded in text order to attach the appropriate information to each occurrence in text
the list of text forms in the w-region of memory and the contents of the information cells in the x and y-regions are no longer required
only the assignment of the information cells is important
the first stage of translation after glossary lookup is structural analysis of the input text
the grammatical description of each occurrence in the text must be retrieved from the dictionary to permit such an analysis
a description of this process will serve to illustrate how any type of information can be retrieved from the dictionary and attached to each text occurrence
the grammatical descriptions of all forms in the dictionary are recorded in a separate part of the dictionary file
the order is identical to the ordering of the forms they describe
when entries are being retrieved from this file the table of dictionary usage indicates which entries to skip and which entries to store in the computer
this selection-rejection process takes place as the file is read
each entry that is selected for storage is written into the next available cells of the aj
the address of the first cell and the number of cells used is written in the information cell for the form
the address of the information cell is also supplied by the table of dictionary usage
when the complete file has been read the grammatical descriptions for all text forms found in the dictionary have been stored in the w-region
the information cell assigned to each text form contains the address of the grammatical description of the form it represents
hence the description of each text occurrence can be retrieved by reading the list of text-ordered information-cell addresses and outputting the description indicated by the information cell for each occurrence
the only requirements on dictionary information made by the text-lookup operation are that each form represented by the dictionary be available for lookup in the text-form list and that information for each form be available in a sequence identical with the sequence of the forms
this leaves the ordering of entries variable
here an entry is a form plus the information that pertains to it
two very useful ways for modifying a form-dictionary are the addition to the dictionary of complete paradigms rather than single forms and the application of a single change to more than one dictionary form
the former is intended to decrease the amount of work necessary to extend dictionary coverage
the latter is useful for modifying information about some or all forms of a word hence reducing the work required to improve dictionary contents
applying the techniques developed at harvard for generating a paradigm from a representative form and its classification we can add all forms of a word to the dictionary at once
an extension of the principle would permit entering a grammatical description of each form
equivalents could be assigned to the paradigm either at the time it is added to the dictionary or after the word has been studied in context
thus one can think of a dictionary entry as a word rather than a form
if all forms of a paradigm are grouped together within the dictionary a considerable reduction in the amount of information required is possible
for example the inflected forms of a word can be represented insofar as regular inflection allows by a stem and a set of endings to be attached
indeed the set of endings can be replaced by the name of a set of endings
the full forms can be derived from such information just prior to the lookup of the form in the text-form list
similarly if the equivalents for the forms of a word do vary the equivalents need be entered only once with an indication that they apply to each form
the dictionary system is in no way dependent upon such summarization or designed around it
when irregularity and variation prevent summarizing information is written in complete detail
entries are summarized only when by doing so the amount of information retained in the dictionary is reduced and the time required for dictionary operations is decreased
in sentences patterns of stress are determined by complex combinations of influences that can only be suggested here
the tendency is toward putting dominant stress at the end
there is a parallel to this tendency in the assignment of time in long-known hymn tunes
thus the first lines of one of charles wesley 's hymns are as follows
a charge to keep i have , a god to glorify
in the tune to which this hymn is most often sung boylston the syllables have and fy ending their lines have twice the time any other syllables have
dominant stress is of course more than extended duration and normally centers on syllables that would have primary stress or phrase stress if the words or longer units they are parts of were spoken alone a dominant stress given to glorify would normally center on its first syllable rather than its last
but the parallel is significant
when the answer to what 's wrong now ? ?
is bill 's broken a chair dominant stress will usually be on the complement a chair
from the point of view of syntactic analysis the head word in the statement is the predicator has broken and from the point of view of meaning it would seem that the trouble centers in the breaking
but dominant stress will be assigned to broken only in rather exceptional versions of the sentence
in i know one thing dominant stress will usually be on the complement one thing
in one thing i know it will usually be on the predicator know
in small-town people are very friendly dominant stress will generally be on the complement very friendly
in the double sentence the smaller the town , the friendlier the people it will generally be on the subjects the town and the people
in what 's a linguist
dominant stress will generally be on the subject a linguist
in who 's a linguist ? it will generally be on the complement a linguist
dominant stress is on her luggage both in that 's her luggage where her luggage is the complement and in there 's her luggage where it is the subject
adverbial second complements however are likely to have dominant stress when they terminate sentences
if the answer to what was that noise ? ?
is george put the cat out dominant stress will ordinarily be on the first complement the cat the second complement out
final adjuncts may or may have dominant stress
if the answer to what was that noise ? ?
is george reads the news emotionally dominant stress may or may be on the adjunct emotionally
when prepositional complements are divided as in what are you looking for ? ?
they are likely to lose dominant stress
context is of extreme importance
what is new in the context is likely to be made more prominent than what is
thus in a context in which there has been discussion of snow but mention of local conditions is new dominant stress will probably be on here in it rarely snows here but in a context in which there has been discussion of local weather but no mention of snow dominant stress will probably be on snows
the personal pronouns and substitute one are normally unstressed because they refer to what is prominent in the immediate context
in i'll go with george dominant stress is probably on george
but if george has just been mentioned prominently and the trip to be made has been under discussion what is said is probably i'll go with him and dominant stress is probably on the preposition with
when a gesture accompanies who 's he
the personal pronoun has dominant stress because he has been mentioned previously
if both george and a piece of information george does have are prominent in the context but the idea of telling george is new then dominant stress will probably be on tell in why not tell george ? ?
but when what is new in a particular context is also fairly obvious there is normally only light stress or no stress at all
thus the unstressed it of it rarely snows here gets its significance from its use with snows nothing can snow snow but it
in there aren't many young people in the neighborhood the modifier young takes dominant stress away from its head people the fact that the young creatures of interest are people seems rather obvious
if women replaced people it would normally have dominant stress
in i have things to do the word things makes little real contribution to meaning and has weaker stress than do
if work is substituted for things with more exact contribution to meaning it will have dominant stress
in i know one thing dominant stress is likely to go to one rather than to semantically pale thing
in i knew you when you were a child and you were pretty then dominant stress on then implies that the young woman spoken to is still pretty
dominant stress on pretty would be almost insulting here
in the written language then can be underlined or italicized to guide the reader here but much of the time the written language simply depends on the reader 's alertness and a careless reader will have to back up and reread
often dominant stress simply indicates a centering of attention or emotion
thus in it 's incredible what that boy can eat dominant stress is likely to be on incredible and eat will have strong stress also
in she has it in for george dominant stress will ordinarily be on in where the notion of stored-up antipathy seems to center
in we're painting at our garage strong stress on at indicates that the job being done is real painting but simply an effort at painting
where there is comparison or contrast dominant stresses normally operate to center attention
thus in his friends are stranger than his sisters' strong stresses are normal for his and sisters' but in his friends are stranger than his sisters strong stresses are normal for friends and sisters
in he 's hurting himself more than he 's hurting you both himself and you have stronger stress than they would ordinarily have if there were no contrast
in is she chinese or japanese ? ?
the desire to contrast the first parts of words which are alike in their last components produces an exceptional disregard of the normal patterns of stress of chinese and japanese
sometimes strong stress serves to focus an important secondary relationship
thus in mary wrote an account of the trip first strong stress on mary marks mary as the first in a series of people who wrote accounts of the trip strong stress on wrote marks the writing as the first of a series of actions of mary 's concerned with an account of her trip about which she may later have made speeches for example and strong stress on trip makes the trip the first of a series of subjects about which mary wrote accounts
in hunger stimulates man too the situation is very similar
strong stress on hunger treats hunger as an additional stimulus strong stress on stimulates treats stimulation as an additional effect of hunger strong stress on man treats man as an additional creature who responds to the stimulation of hunger
here again in the written language it is possible to help the reader get his stresses right by using underlining or italics but much of the time there is simply reliance on his understanding in the light of context
when a word represents a larger construction of which it is the only expressed part it normally has more stress than it would have in fully expressed construction
thus when yes i have is the response to have you finished reading the paper ? ?
the stress on have which here represents have finished reading the paper is quite strong
in mack 's the leader at camp but jack is here the is of the second main declarative represents is the leader and therefore has stress
mack 's the leader at camp , but jack 's here with this is deprived of stress makes here the complement in the clause
in of all the suggestions that were made , his was the silliest the possessive his represents his suggestion and is stressed
when go represents itself and a complement being equivalent say to go to martinique in which boat did jack go on ? ?
it has strong stress
when it represents only itself and on which is its complement so that go on is semantically equivalent to board on has stronger stress than go does
omission of a subordinator pronoun however does result in an increase in stress on a prepositional adverb for which the subordinator pronoun would be object
thus to has light stress both in that was the conclusion that i came to and in that was the conclusion i came to
but when to represents to consciousness in that was the moment that i came to and similarly in that was the moment i came to there is much stronger stress on to
in i wanted to tell him , but i was afraid to the final to is lightly stressed because it represents to tell him
in to tell him of course to is normally unstressed
when i have instructions to leave is equivalent in meaning to i have instructions that i am to leave this place dominant stress is ordinarily on leave
when the same sequence is equivalent in meaning to i have instructions which i am to leave dominant stress is ordinarily on instructions
it is clear that patterns of stress sometimes show construction unambiguously in the spoken language where without the help of context it would be ambiguous in the written
other examples follow
i'll come by tuesday
i can't be happy long without drinking water
in the first of these sentences if by is the complement of come and tuesday is an adjunct of time equivalent to on tuesday there will be strong stress on by in the spoken language
but if a complement for come is implied and by tuesday is a prepositional unit used as an adjunct by will be unstressed or lightly stressed at most
in the second sentence if drinking water is a gerundial clause and without drinking water is roughly equivalent in meaning to unless i drink water there will be stronger stress on water than on drinking
but if drinking is a gerundial noun modifying water and without drinking water is equivalent to without water for drinking there will be stronger stress on drinking than on water
but the use of stress in comparison and contrast for example can undermine distinctions such as these
and patterns of stress are always unambiguous by any means
in the steiners have busy lives without visiting relatives only context can indicate whether visiting relatives is equivalent in meaning to paying visits to relatives or to relatives who are visiting them and in i looked up the number and i looked up the chimney only the meanings of number and chimney make it clear that up is syntactically a second complement in the first sentence and a preposition followed by its object in the second
syllables are linguistic units centering in peaks which are usually vocalic but as has been noted are consonantal under certain circumstances and which may or may be combined with preceding and following consonants or combinations of consonants
syllables are genuine units but division of words and sentences into them presents great difficulties
sometimes even the number of syllables is clear
doubt on this point is strongest before  and aab or 
from the point of view of word formation real might be expected to have two syllables
historically re is the formative that is employed also in republic and al is the common suffix
when ity is added real clearly has two syllables
but there is every reason to regard deal as a monosyllable and because of the fact that  commonly has the quality of aab when it follows vowel sounds deal seems to be a perfectly satisfactory rhyme with deal
it is obvious enough that linguists in general have been less successful in coping with tone systems than with consonants or vowels
no single explanation is adequate to account for this
improvement however is urgent and at least three things will be needed
the first is a wide-ranging sample of successful tonal analyses
even beginning students in linguistics are made familiar with an appreciable variety of consonant systems both in their general outlines and in many specific details
an advanced student has read a considerable number of descriptions of consonantal systems including some of the more unusual types
by contrast even experienced linguists commonly know no more of the range of possibilities in tone systems than the over-simple distinction between register and contour languages
this limited familiarity with the possible phenomena has severely hampered work with tone
tone analysis will continue to be difficult and unsatisfactory until a more representative selection of systems is familar to every practicing field linguist
papers like these four if widely read will contribute importantly to improvement of our analytic work
the second need is better field techniques
the great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter
the result has been neglect fumbling efforts or superficial treatment
as these maladies overlap so must the cure
analyses such as these four will simultaneously combat the assumptions that tone is impossible and that it is simple
they will give suggestions that can be worked up into field procedures
good field techniques will only equip linguists for better work but also help them overcome negative attitudes
actually none of these papers says much directly about field techniques
but it is worth pondering that very little has been published on any phase of field techniques in linguistics
these things have been disseminated by other means but always in the wake of extensive publication of analytic results
the third need is for better theory
we should expect that general phonologic theory should be as adequate for tone as for consonants and vowels but it has been
this can only be for one of two reasons either the two are quite different and will require totally different theory and hence techniques or our existing theories are insufficiently general
if as i suspect the problem is largely of the second sort then development of a theory better able to handle tone will result automatically in better theory for all phonologic subsystems
one issue that must be faced is the relative difficulty of analysis of different phonologic subsystems
since tone systems typically comprise fewer units than either consonant or vowel systems we might expect that they would be the easiest part of a phonologic analysis
actual practice does often work out this way
tone systems are certainly more complex than the number of units would suggest and often analytically more difficult than much larger consonantal systems
welmers has suggested one explanation
tone languages use for linguistic contrasts speech parameters which also function heavily in nonlinguistic use
this may both divert the attention of the uninitiate and cause confusion for the more knowledgeable
the problem is to disentangle the linguistic features of pitch from the co-occurring nonlinguistic features
of course something of the same sort occurs with other sectors of the phonology consonantal articulations have both a linguistic and an individual component
but in general the individual variation is a small thing added onto basic linguistic features of greater magnitude
with tone individual differences may be greater than the linguistic contrasts which are superimposed on them
pitch differences from one speaker to another or from one emotional state to another may far exceed the small differences between tones
however any such suggestion accounts for only some of the difficulties in hearing tone or in developing a realistic attitude about tone but for the analytic difficulties that occur even when tone is meticulously recorded
a second explanation is suggested by the material described in rowlands' paper
tone and intonation often become seriously intermeshed
neither can be adequately systematized until we are able to separate the two and assign the observed phenomena individually to one or the other
other pairs of phonologic subsystems also interact or overlap in this way
for example duration sometimes figures in both the vowel system and the intonation
some phonetic features for example glottal catch or murmur are sometimes to be assigned to segmental phonemics and sometimes to accentual systems
but no other two phonologic systems are as difficult to disentangle as are tone and intonation in some languages
this explanation of tone difficulties however does apply in all languages
in some the ewe type mentioned above interaction of tone and intonation is restricted to the ends of intonation spans
in many of the syllables intonation can be safely ignored and much of the tonal analysis can be done without any study of intonation
still even in such languages tone analysis has been as simple as one might expect
a third explanation is suggested by richardson 's analysis of sukuma tone
there we see a basically simple phonemic system enmeshed in a very complex and puzzling morphophonemic system
while the phonemes can be very easily stated no one is likely to be satisfied with the statement until phonemic occurrences can be related in some way to morphemic units i.e. until the morphophonemics is worked out or at least far enough that it seems reasonable to expect success
in the typical tone language tonal morphophonemics is of the same order of complexity as consonantal morphophonemics
the phonemic systems which must support these morphophonemic systems however are very different
the inventory of tones is much smaller and commonly the contrasts range along one single dimension pitch level
consonantal systems are merely larger they are multidimensional
morphophonemic rules may be thought of as joining certain points in the system
the possibilities in the consonantal system are very numerous and only a small portion of them are actually used
phonemes connected by a morphophonemic rule commonly show a good bit of phonetic similarity possible because of the several dimensions of contrast in the system
tonal morphophonemics in a common case can do nothing but either raise or lower the tone
the possibilities are few and the total number of rules may be considerably greater
often therefore there are a number of rules having the same effect and commonly other sets of rules as well having the opposite effect
tonal morphophonemics is much more confusing to the beginning analyst than consonantal morphophonemics even when the total number of rules is no greater
the difficulty of analysis of any subsystem in the phonology is an inverse function of the size smaller systems are more troublesome for any given degree of morphophonemic complexity
this hypothesis will account for a large part of the difficulties of tonal analysis as well as the fact that vowel systems are often more puzzling than consonantal systems
the statement of the system is a different matter
smaller systems can of course be stated much more succinctly
a phonemic system can be stated without reference to morphophonemics but it cannot always be found without morphophonemics
and the more complex the morphophonemic system is in relation to the phonemic base the less easily a phonemic system will be analysed without close attention to the morphophonemics at least the less satisfying will a phonemic statement be if it cannot be related through morphophonemic rules to grammatically meaningful structures
the design of orthographies has received much less attention from linguists than the problem deserves
there has been a tendency on the part of many american linguists to assume that a phonemic transcription will automatically be the best possible orthography and that the only real problem will then be the social one of securing acceptance
this seems naive
most others have been content to give only the most general attention to the broadest and most obvious features of the phonology when designing orthographies
apparently the feeling is that anything more would be involvement in technical abstrusenesses of possible pedantic interest but of no visible significance in practical affairs
the result of this attitude has been the domination of many orthography conferences by such considerations as typographic esthetics which usually turns out to be nothing more than certain prejudices carried over from european languages
many of the suggested systems seem to have only the most tenuous relationship to the language structures that they purport to represent
linguists have always been more enlightened than practical people and sometimes have insisted on incredibly trivial points while neglecting things of much greater significance
as a result many people have been confirmed in their conviction that orthography design is an activity to which experts can contribute anything but confusion
a. e. sharp in vowel-length and syllabicity in kikuyu examines one set of related orthographic questions and its phonologic background in detail
his objective is merely to determine what distinctions of length and syllabicity it may be desirable to make explicit in a kikuyu orthography ##
to do so he finds it necessary to examine the relevant parts of the phonology thoroughly and in detail
in the process he develops some very significant observations about problems of a sort that are often difficult
a few of his examples are of very great interest and the whole discussion of some importance for theory
his orthographic recommendations are no simplistic acceptance of phonemics on the one hand or of superficiality on the other
rather he weighs each phonologic fact in the light of its orthographic usefulness
he concludes that some changes can be made in the current orthography which will appreciably improve its usefulness but hesitates to suggest precise graphic devices to effect these changes
i hope his suggestions are given the consideration they deserve in kikuyu circles
this however will exhaust their practical usefulness as they rather clearly indicate what thorough phonologic investigation can contribute to orthography design
we need many more studies of this sort if the design of written languages is to be put on a sound basis
one other paper deals with a phonologic problem vowel harmony in igbo by j. carnochan
this restates the already widely known facts in terms of prosodies
as a restatement it makes only a small contribution to knowledge of igbo
but it would seem more intended as a tract advocating the prosodic theory than a paper directed to the specific problems of igbo phonology
the paper has a certain value as a comparatively easy introduction to this approach particularly since it treats a fairly simple and straightforward phenomenon where it is possible to compare it with a more traditional though structural statement
it does show one feature of the system that has been previously described
but it does as it claims demonstrate that this could be treated by traditional methods
it seems to me that it rather easily can
five of the papers deal with grammatical problems
on the whole they maintain much the same high standard but they are much more difficult to discuss in detail because of their wider variety of subject matter
my comments must be briefer than the papers deserve
w. h. whiteley writes on the verbal radical in iraqw
this must be considered primarily an amendment and supplement to his early a short description of item-categories in iraqw
it exhibits much the same descriptive technique and is open to much the same criticisms
the treatment seems unnecessarily loose-jointed and complex largely because the method is lax and the analysis seems never to be pushed to a satisfactory or even a consistent stopping-point
there are more stems per item in athabascan which expresses the fact that the athabascan languages have undergone somewhat more change in diverging from proto-athabascan than the yokuts languages from proto-yokuts
this may be because the athabascan divergence began earlier
or again because the athabascan languages spread over a very much larger territory including three wholly separated areas
the differentiation however is very much greater as shown by the fact that athabascan shows #.## stems per meaning slot as against #.## for yokuts with a slightly greater number of languages represented in our sample ## as against ##
on deduction of one-eighth from #.## the stem  item rate becomes #.## against #.## in equivalent number of languages
these general facts are mentioned to make clear that the total situation in the two families is similar enough to warrant comparison
the greatest difference in the two sets of figures is due to differences in the two sets of lists used
these differences in turn result from the fact that my yokuts vocabularies were built up of terms selected mainly to insure unambiguity of english meaning between illiterate informants and myself within a compact and uniform territorial area but that hoijer 's vocabulary is based on swadesh 's second glottochronological list which aims at eliminating all items which might be culturally or geographically determined
swadesh in short was trying to develop a basic list that was universal
i one that was specifically adapted to the san joaquin valley
the result is that i included ## animal names but swadesh only #
and somewhat similarly for plants ## as against #
swadesh and therefore hoijer felt compelled to omit all terms denoting species or even genera ox vulture salmon yellow pine manzanita
their classes of animal and plant terms are restricted to generalizations or recurrent parts fish bird tree grass horn tail bark root
the groups are therefore really non-comparable in content as well as in size
other classes are included only by myself interrogatives adverbs or only by swadesh and hoijer pronouns demonstratives
what we have left as reasonably comparable are four classes # body parts and products which with a proportionally nearly even representation ## terms out of ### ## out of ### come out with nearly even ratios
#.# and #.#
# nature ## terms against ## ratios #.# versus #.#
# adjectives ## ## terms ratios #.# versus #.#
# verbs # ## terms ratios #.# versus #.#
it will be seen that where the scope is similar the athabascan ratios come out somewhat higher as indeed they ought to with a total ratio of #.# as against #.# or # : # except for verbs where alone the athabascan ratio is lower
this exception may be connected with hoijer 's use of a much higher percentage of verbs ##% of his total list as against #.#% in mine
or the exception may be due to a particular durability peculiar to the athabascan verb
more word class ratios determined in more languages will no doubt ultimately answer the question
if word classes differ in their resistance or liability to stem replacement within meaning slot it is conceivable that individual meanings also differ with fair consistence trans-lingually
hoijer 's athabascan and my yokuts share ## identical meanings with allowance for several near-synonyms like stomach-belly big-large long-far many-much die-dead say-speak
for yokuts i tabulated these ## items in five columns according as they were expressed by # # # # and more than # stems
the totals for these five categories are too uneven namely ## ## ## ## # respectively
for athabascan with a greater range of stems the first two of five corresponding columns were identical # and # stems
the three others had to be spread somewhat and are headed respectively af
and af stems
while the particular limits of these groupings may seem artificially arbitrary they do fairly express a corresponding grouping of more variable material and they eventuate also in five classes along a similar scale containing approximately equal numbers of cases namely ## ## ## ## ## in athabascan
when now we count the frequency of the ## items in the two language families appearing in the same column or grade or one column or grade apart or two or three or four we find these differences af
this distribution can be summarized by averaging the distance in grades apart af
which divided by af gives a mean of #.## grades apart
if the distribution of the ## items were wholly concordant in the two families the distance would of course be #
if it were wholly random and unrelated it would be #.# assuming the five classes were equal in n which approximately they are
the actual mean of #.## being about halfway between # of complete correlation and #.# of no correlation it is evident that there is a pretty fair degree of similarity in the behavior even of particular individual items of meaning as regards long-term stem displacement
in #### david d. thomas published basic vocabulary in some mon-khmer languages al # no. # pp. # - ## which compares # mon-khmer languages with the i-e language data on which swadesh based the revised retention rate af in place of original af and his revised ### word basic glottochronological list in towards greater accuracy ijal ##
### - ###
thomas' findings are first that the individual items vary greatly and unpredictably in their persistence
but second that the semantic groups are surprisingly unvarying in their average persistence as between m-k and i-e
his first conclusion on behavior of individual items is negative whereas mine on ath. and yok. was partially positive
his second conclusion on semantic word classes agrees with mine
this second conclusion independently arrived at by independent study of material from two pairs of language families as different and remote from one another as these four are cannot be ignored
thomas also presents a simple equation for deriving an index of persistence which weights only the number of stems roots per meaning but their relative frequency
thus his persistence values for some stem frequencies per meaning are stem identical in # languages ###%
stem frequencies # and # ##%
stem frequencies # and # ##%
stem frequencies # # and # ##%
his formula will have to be weighed may be altered or improved and it should be tested on additional bodies of material
but consideration of the frequency of stems per constant meaning seems to be established as having significance in comparative situations with diachronic and classificatory relevance
and gleason presumably is on the way with a further contribution in this area
as to relative frequencies of competing roots # - # vs. # - # etc. thomas with his weighting seems to be the first to have considered the significance this might have
the problem needs further exploration
i was at least conscious of the distinction in my full yokuts presentation that awaits publication in which in listing two-stem meanings i set off by asterisks those forms in which n of stem b was af of stem a the unasterisked ones standing for af
or under four stems i set off by asterisks cases where the combined n of stems af was af
these findings and others which will in time be developed will affect the method of glottochronological inquiry
if adjectival meanings show relatively low retentiveness of stems as i am confident will prove to be the case in most languages of the world why should our basic lists include ## per cent of these unstable forms but only # per cent of animals and plants which replace much more slowly
had hoijer substituted for his ## adjectival slots ## good animal and plant items his rate of stem replacement would have been lower and the age of athabascan language separation smaller
and irrespective of the outcome in centuries elapsed since splitting calculations obviously carry more concordant and comparable meaning if they deal with the most stable units than with variously unstable ones
it is evident that swadesh has only had much experience with basic vocabulary in many languages but has acquired great tact and feeling for the expectable behavior of lexical items
why then this urge to include unstable items in his basic list
it is the urge to obtain a list as free of geographical and cultural conditioning as possible
and why that insistence
it is the hope of attaining a list of items of universal occurrence
but it is becoming increasingly evident that such a hope is a snare
that such a list cannot be constructed
but the nearer it comes to attaining universality the less significant will it be linguistically
its terms will tend to be labile or vague and they will fit actual languages more and more badly
the practical operational problem of lexicostatistics is the establishment of a basic list of items of meaning against which the particular forms or terms of languages can be matched as the medium of comparison
the most important quality of the meanings is that they should be as definable as possible
in proportion as meanings are concrete we can better rely on their being insulated and distinctive
an elephant or a fox or a swan or a cocopalm or a banana possess in unusually high degree this quality of obvious common-sense indubitable identity as do an eye or tooth or nail
they isolate out easily naturally and unambiguously from the continuum of nature and existence
and they should be given priority in the basic list as long as they continue to show these qualities
with the universal list as his weapon swadesh has extended his march of conquest farther and farther into the past eight ten twelve millennia back
and he has proclaimed greater or less affiliation between all western hemisphere languages
some of this may prove to be true or even considerable of it whether by genetic ramification or by diffusion and coalescence
but the farther out he moves the thinner will be his hold on conclusive evidence and the larger the speculative component in his inferences
he has traversed provinces and kingdoms but he has consolidated them behind him nor does he control them
he has announced results on hokan penutian uto-aztecan and almost all other american families and phyla and has diagrammed their degree of interrelation
but he has worked out by lexicostatistics one comprehensively complete classification of even a single family other than salish
that is his privilege
the remote cloudy possible has values of its own values of scope stimulus potential and imagination
but there is also a firm aspect to lexicostatistics the aspect of learning the internal organization of obvious natural genetic groups of languages as well as their more remote and elusive external links
of classification first with elapsed age merely a by-product
of acquiring evidential knowledge of what happened in athabascan in yokuts in uto-aztecan in the last few thousand years as well as forecasting what more anciently may have happened between them
this involves step-by-step progress and such will have to be the day-by-day work of lexicostatistics as a growing body of scientific inquiry
if of the founders of glottochronology swadesh has escaped our steady plodding and lees has repudiated his own share in the founding that is no reason why we should swerve
there is no apparent reason why we should feel bound by swadesh 's rules and procedure since his predilections and aims have grown so vast
it seems time to consider a revision of operational procedures for lexicostatistic studies on a more humble solid and limited basis
i would propose first an abandonment of attempts at a universal lexical list as intrinsically unachievable and operationally inadequate in proportion as it is achieved
i would propose next as the prime requirement for constitution of new basic lists items whose forms show as high an empirical retention rate as possible
there would be no conceivable sense in going to the opposite extreme of selecting items whose forms are the most unstable
an attempted middle course might lead to devices like a ####-word alphabetized dictionary from which every fiftieth word was selected
doubtless it was inevitable that differences of opinion should arise about the methods for applying these policies
it was nevertheless almost incredible that four years after yalta there should be a complete split over germany with hot heads on both sides planning to use the germans against their former allies and with nazi-minded germans expecting to recover their power by fighting on one side or the other
when the yalta conference opened the american policy of postponing all discussion of russia 's western boundaries until the peace conference had broken down
starting in great force late in december from a line stretching from east prussia to budapest the red armies had swept two hundred miles across poland to the oder thirty miles from berlin and the upper danube region was being rapidly overrun while the western allies had yet occupied all of the left bank of the rhine
the long delay in opening the second front was now working to russia 's advantage
the west was now glad to propose the #### curzon line which was substantially russia 's #### border as the boundary between russia and poland
when this proposal was made stalin spoke with stronger emotion than at any other time during the conference
he stood up to emphasize his strong feeling on the subject
the bitter memory of russia 's exclusion from the paris peace conference and of the west 's effort to stamp out bolshevism at its birth boiled up within him
you would drive us into shame he declared
the white russians and the ukrainians would say that stalin and molotov were far less reliable defenders of russia than curzon and clemenceau
yet after long and earnest discussion stalin accepted the curzon line and even agreed voluntarily that there should be digressions from that line of five to eight kilometers in favor of poland in some regions
he did mind the line itself which churchill declared in the house of commons on february ## #### he had always believed to be just and right but he did want it called by a hated name
the west had long since forgotten the events of #### but it was so easy for the red leaders who felt that they had suffered great injustice in that period
in the dunn-atherton memorandum of february # #### the state department had expected to be able to hold russia in check by withholding agreement to her #### boundaries
now stalin made it clear that he meant to move poland 's western borders deep into germany back to the western neisse-oder river lines taking only east prussia and all of silesia but pomerania and the tip of brandenburg back to and including stettin
from six to nine million additional germans would be evicted though most would have fled and poland would receive far more from germany than the poor territories including the great pripet marshes which she lost to russia
stalin declared that he preferred to continue the war a little longer although it costs us blood in order to give poland compensation in the west at the expense of the germans
by this time churchill was so cordial toward moving poland westward as he had been at teheran where he and eden had both heartily approved the idea
after a prolonged study of the oder line on a map at teheran churchill liked the picture
he would tell the poles he said that they had been given a fine place to live in more than three hundred miles each way
at yalta he thought more about the six million germans who would have to leave trying to find work in germany and roosevelt objected to the western neisse river being chosen in the south instead of the eastern neisse both of which flow into the oder
the issue was left in abeyance presumably for the peace conference
however there was no real question of the justice of creating a strong poland both industrially and agriculturally and one unplagued by large minorities of germans or russians
the moving of millions of the german master-race from the very heart of junkerdom to make room for the polish slavs whom they had enslaved and openly planned to exterminate was a drastic operation but there was little doubt that it was historically justified
of more importance to the west than poland 's boundaries was the character of her government
at yalta the west still believed that eastern europe could be kept in its orbit in spite of the onrushing soviet armies
though little democracy had ever been practised in this region and much of it was still ruled by feudalistic means it was taken for granted that at least the forms of western democracy would be established in this area and western capitalism preserved within it
believing devoutly as they did in anglo-saxon institutions it was important to both roosevelt and churchill that the poles should have them
the issue was acute because the exiled polish government in london supported in the main by britain was still competing with the new lublin government formed behind the red army
more time was spent in trying to marry these incompatibles than over any subject discussed at yalta
the result was an agreement that the lublin government should be reorganized on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic leaders from poland itself and from the poles abroad and pledged to hold free and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot
all democratic and anti-nazi parties were to have the right to campaign
roosevelt acted as moderator of the long debate on this issue
it was a matter of principle with churchill since britain had declared war in behalf of poland
to stalin it was a matter of life and death
he made this completely clear
speaking with great earnestness he said for the russian people the question of poland is only a question of honor but also a question of security
throughout history poland has been the corridor through which the enemy has passed into russia
twice in the last thirty years our enemies the germans have passed through this corridor
it is in russia 's interest that poland should be strong and powerful in a position to shut the door of this corridor by her own force
it is necessary that poland should be free independent in power
therefore it is only a question of honor but of life and death for the soviet state
in other words the soviet union was determined to create a poland so strong as to be a powerful bulwark against germany and so closely tied to russia that there would never be any question of her serving as a cordon sanitaire against the soviets or posing as an independent balancing power in between russia and germany
byrnes says that invariably thereafter the soviets used the same security argument to justify their course in poland
this reasoning was also as inevitable as anything could be
any free elections that were to be held in poland would have to produce a government in which moscow had complete confidence and all pressure from the west for free voting by anti-soviet elements in poland would be met by restrictions on voting by these elements
in even greater degree the same rule applied to the remainder of eastern europe where the upper classes had generally collaborated with the nazis even to the extent of sending millions of their peasants into russia as a part of hitler 's armies
but at yalta the conflicting expectations of east and west were merged into an agreement by the big three to assist all liberated countries in europe to create democratic institutions of their own choice
in any case here in their judgment conditions require italics added they would form interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population and pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people
other similar affirmations in the declaration on liberated europe seemed to assure democratic institutions on the western model
later it developed that the soviets had a very different interpretation of democracy which will be discussed later and their judgment never told them that the big three should unite in establishing democratic conditions as we understand them within their zone of influence
professor mcneill thinks that at yalta stalin did fully realize the dilemma which faced him that he thought the exclusion of the anti-soviet voters from east european elections would be greatly resented by his allies while neither roosevelt nor churchill frankly faced the fact that in poland at least genuinely free democratic elections would return governments unfriendly to russia by any definition of international friendliness
also war-time propaganda and cooperation had obscured the differences between russian and western ideas of democracy and it seemed better to have them covered by verbal formulae than to imperil the military victories over germany and japan
the application of these formulae could please both sides for they really attempted to marry the impossible to the inevitable
while obliged to concede governments in east europe allied with the soviet union instead of opposed to it we thought we had preserved our social and economic system in east europe
this illusion was described in a far-sighted editorial in the new york herald tribune on march # #### in connection with the submission of the satellite peace treaties to the senate
in doing so marshall and byrnes were asking for the ratification of a grim lesson in the facts of international life
we had entertained exaggerated ideas about our victory automatically establishing our system throughout the world
we were troubled about the fate of the baltic states
yalta left us with comforting illusions of a western capitalist-democratic political economy reigning supreme up to the curzon line and the borders of bessarabia italics added
this is a penetrating description of our post-war illusion which applied to other areas than east europe
the same editorial continued that we expected to democratize japan and korea and to see a new china pattern itself easily on our institutions
we expected in short that most of the world would make itself over in our image and that it would be relatively simple from such a position to deal with the localized aberrations of the soviet union
yet actually the image corresponded in no way to the actualities of the post-war world
neither our military our economic nor our ideological power reached far enough to determine the fate of east europe
then the editorial added prophetically how far they may reach in asia is yet undetermined but they fall far short of our dreams of the war conferences
here is the best short explanation of the origins of the cold war that has been written
failing to heed the lesson so clearly contained in the satellite treaties president truman re-declared the cold war on march ## #### in the truman doctrine exactly one week after the herald tribune editorial was written and a year after the cold war had been announced by churchill at fulton missouri in truman 's presence
then china promptly went communist and mr. truman had to fight the interminable korean war for the democratization of korea before we learned how far our writ did reach in asia
years of war strain and hatred
of heavy arms expenditures and constant danger of another world war had to ensue before the united states could bring itself to accept the two chief results of world war # communist control of east europe and china a new balance of power .
while the cold war raged it was easy to blame it all on yalta
yet in summarizing a series of careful essays on the yalta conference forrest pogue could find no basis for yalta becoming a symbol for betrayal and a shibboleth for the opponents of roosevelt and international cooperation
when the yalta papers were finally published with great fanfare they had revealed no betrayal by anyone
an analysis of the election falls naturally in four parts
first is the long and still somewhat obscure process of preparation planning and discussion
preparation began slightly more than a year after independence with the first steps to organize rural communes
all political interests supported electoral planning although there are some signs that the inherent uncertainties of a popular judgment led to some procrastination
the second major aspect of the election is the actual procedure of registration nomination and voting
considerable technical skill was used and the administration of the elections was generally above reproach
however the regionally differentiated results which appear below in tables are interesting evidence of the problems of developing self-government under even the most favorable circumstances
a third aspect and probably the one open to most controversy is the results of the election
the electoral procedure prevented the ready identification of party affiliation but all vitally interested parties including the government itself were busily engaged in determining the party identifications of all successful candidates the month following the elections
the fourth and concluding point will be to estimate the long-run significance of the elections and how they figure in the current pattern of internal politics
elections have figured prominently in nearly every government program and official address since independence
they were stressed in the speeches of si mubarak bekkai when the first council of ministers was formed and again when the istiqlal took a leading role in the second council
king muhammad # was known to be most sympathetic to the formation of local self-government and made the first firm promise of elections on may day ####
there followed a long and sometimes bitter discussion of the feasibility of elections for the fall of #### in which it appears that the minister of the interior took the most pessimistic view and that the istiqlal was something less than enthusiastic
since the complicated process of establishing new communes and reviewing the rudimentary plan left by the french did even begin until the fall of #### this goal appears somewhat ambitious
from the very beginning the electoral discussions raised fundamental issues in moroccan politics precisely the type of questions that were most difficult to resolve in the new government
until the charter of liberties was issued in the fall of #### there were no guarantees of the right to assemble or to organize for political purposes
the istiqlal was still firmly united in #### but the p.d.i. parti democratique de l'independance the most important minor party at the time objected to the istiqlal 's predominance in the civil service and influence in radio maroc
there were rumors that the ministry of the interior favored an arbitrary non-political process which were indirectly affirmed when the king personally intervened in the planned meetings
the day following his intervention the palace issued a statement reassuring the citizens that the possibility of introducing appeals concerning the establishment of electoral lists lists of candidates and finally the holding of the consultation itself would be supported by the king himself
the ifni crisis in the fall of #### postponed further consideration of elections but french consultants were called in and notices of further investigation appeared from time to time
in january #### the minister of the interior announced that an election law was ready to be submitted to the king the rumors of election dates appeared once again first for spring of #### and later for the summer
although the government was probably prepared for elections by mid-#### the first decision was no doubt made more difficult as party strife multiplied
in late #### the m.p. mouvement populaire appeared and in the spring of #### the internal strains of the istiqlal was revealed when the third council of government under balafrej was formed without support from progressive elements in the party
the parties were on the whole unprepared for elections while the people were still experiencing post-independence let-down and suffering the after-effects of poor harvests in ####
despite the internal and international crises that harassed morocco the elections remained a central issue
they figured prominently in the balafrej government of may #### which the king was reportedly determined to keep in office until elections could be held
but the eagerly sought homogeneity of the balafrej council of government was never achieved as the istiqlal quarreled over foreign policy labor politics and economic development
by december #### when abdallah ibrahim became president of the council elections had even greater importance
they were increasingly looked upon as a means of establishing the new rural communes as the focus of a new constructive national effort
to minimize the chances of repeating the balafrej debacle the ibrahim government was formed
a titre personnel and a special office was created in the ministry of the interior to plan and to conduct the elections
by this time there is little doubt but what election plans were complete
there remained only the delicate task of maneuvering the laws through the labyrinth of palace politics and making a small number of policy decisions
from the rather tortuous history of electoral planning in morocco an important point emerges concerning the first elections in a developing country and evaluating their results
in the new country the electoral process is considered as a means of resolving fundamental and sometimes bitter differences among leaders and also as a source of policy guidance
in the absence of a reservoir of political consensus each organized political group hopes that the elections will give them new prominence but in a system where there is as yet no place for the less prominent
lacking the respected and effective institutions that consensus helps provide minority parties such as the p.d.i. in #### and the progressive istiqlal faction in #### clamor for elections when out of power but are at all certain they wish to be controlled by popular choice when in power
those in power tend to procrastinate and even to repudiate the electoral process
the tendency to treat elections as an instrument of self-interest rather than an instrument of national interest had two important effects on electoral planning in morocco
at the central level the scrutin uninominal voting system was selected over some form of the scrutin de liste system even though the latter had been recommended by duverger and favored by all political parties
the choice of the single member district was dictated to a certain extent by problems of communication and understanding in the more remote areas of the country but it also served to minimize the national political value of the elections
although the elections were for local officials it was necessary to conduct the elections so as to prevent parties from publicly identifying their candidates
with multiple member districts the still fragmentary local party organizations could have operated more effectively and parties might have been encouraged to state their positions more clearly
both parties and the ministry of the interior were busily at work after the elections trying to unearth the political affiliations of the successful candidates and thereby give the elections a confidential but known degree of national political significance
since a national interpretation cannot be avoided it is unfortunate that the elections were held in a way to maximize party responsibility and the educational effect of mass political participation
the general setting of the moroccan election may also encourage the deterioration of local party organization
the concentration of effective power in rabat leads only to party bickering but to distraction from local activity that might have had many auxiliary benefits in addition to contributing to more meaningful elections
interesting evidence can be found in the results of the chamber of commerce elections which took place three weeks before national elections
the istiqlal-sponsored u.m.c.i.a. l'union marocaine des commercants industrialistes et artisans was opposed by candidates of the new u.n.f.p. l'union national des forces populaires in nearly all urban centers
as the more conservative group with strong backing from wealthy businessmen the u.m.c.i.a. was generally favored against the more progressive labor-based u.n.f.p.
the newer party campaigned heavily while the older more confident party expected the moroccan merchants and small businessmen to support them as they had done for many years
the local istiqlal and u.m.c.i.a. offices did campaign and lost heavily
the value of the elections was lost both as an experiment in increased political participation and as a reliable indicator of commercial interest as shown in table #
the chamber of commerce elections were of course an important event in the preparation for rural commune elections
the u.n.f.p. learned that its urban organization which depends heavily on u.m.t. support was most effective
the istiqlal found that the spontaneous solidarity of the independence struggle was easily transposed to the more concrete precise problems of internal politics
the overall effect was probably to stimulate more party activity in the communal elections than might have otherwise taken place
a second major point of this essay is to examine the formal arrangements for the elections
although a somewhat technical subject it has important political implications as the above discussion of the voting system indicated
furthermore the problems and solutions devised in the electoral experiences of the rapidly changing countries are often of comparative value and essential to evaluating election results
the sine qua non of the elections was naturally an impartial and standardized procedure
as the background discussion indicated there were frequently expressed doubts that a government dominated by either party could fairly administer elections
the p.d.i. and later the popular movement protected the istiqlal 's privileged position until the fall of balafrej and then the istiqlal used the same argument which it had previously ignored against the pro-u.n.f.p. tendencies of the ibrahim government
the bulk of the preparation had of course proceeded under the supervision of the ministry of the interior whose officials are barred from party activity and probably generally disinterested in party politics
apart from some areas of recurring trouble like bani mellal where inexperienced officials had been appointed there is little evidence that local officials intervened in the electoral process
centrally however the administrative problem was more complex and the sheer prestige of office was very likely an unfair advantage
the king decided to remove ibrahim a week before elections and to institute a non-party council of government under his personal direction
although the monarch had frequently asserted that the elections were to be without party significance his action was an implicit admission that party identifications were a factor
the new council was itself inescapably of political meaning which was most clearly revealed in the absence of any u.n.f.p. members and the presence of several istiqlal leaders
since the details of the elections were settled the change of government had no direct effect on the technical aspects of the elections and may have been more important as an indication of royal displeasure with the u.n.f.p.
voting preparations began in the fall of #### although the actual demarcation and planning for the rural communes was completed in ####
there were three major administrative tasks the fixing of electoral districts the registration of voters and the registration of candidates
voter registration began in late november #### and continued until early january ####
the government was most anxious that there be a respectable response
periodic bulletins of the accomplishment in each province made the registration process into a kind of competition among provincial officials
a goal was fixed as given in table # and attention focused on its fulfillment
the qualifications to vote were kept very simple
both men and women of twenty-one years of age could register and vote upon presenting proof of residence and identification
there were liberal provisions for dispensation where documents or records were lacking
the police were disqualified along with certain categories of naturalized citizens criminals and those punished for protectorate activities
the registration figures given in table # must be interpreted with caution since the estimate for eligible electors were made without the benefit of a reliable census
unemployed older workers who have no expectation of securing employment in the occupation in which they are skilled should be able to secure counseling and retraining in an occupation with a future
some vocational training schools provide such training but the current need exceeds the facilities
the present federal program of vocational education began in #### with the passage of the smith-hughes act which provided a continuing annual appropriation of $# million to support on a matching basis state-administered programs of vocational education in agriculture trades industrial skills and home economics
since #### some thirteen supplementary and related acts have extended this federal program
the george-barden act of #### raised the previous increases in annual authorizations to $## million in addition to the $# million under the smith act
the health amendment act of #### added $# million for practical nurse training
the latest major change in this program was introduced by the national defense education act of #### title # of which amended the george-barden act
annual authorizations of $## million were added for area vocational education programs that meet national defense needs for highly skilled technicians
the federal program of vocational education merely provides financial aid to encourage the establishment of vocational education programs in public schools
the initiative administration and control remain primarily with the local school districts
even the states remain primarily in an assisting role providing leadership and teacher training
federal assistance is limited to half of the total expenditure and the state or local districts must pay at least half
the state may decide to encourage local programs by paying half of the cost or the state may require the local district to bear this half or some part of it
throughout the history of the program state government expenditures in the aggregate have usually matched or exceeded the federal expenditures while local districts all together have spent more than either federal or state governments
today federal funds account for only one-fifth of the nation 's expenditures for vocational education
the greatest impact of the matching-fund principle has been in initially encouraging the poorest states and school districts to spend enough to obtain their full allocation of outside funds
national defense considerations have been the major reason behind most federal training expenditures in recent decades
during world war # about #.# million persons were enrolled in courses organized under two special programs administered by state and local school authorities # vocational education for national defense and # war production training
the total cost of the five-year program was $### million
for the smith-hughes george-barden and national defense act of #### the cumulative total of federal expenditures in ## years was only about $### million
no comparable measures are available of enrollments and expenditures for private vocational education training
there are a great number and variety of private commercial schools trade schools and technical schools
in addition many large corporations operate their own formal training programs
a recent study indicated that ## per cent of the nation 's largest corporations conducted educational programs involving some class meetings and examinations
most skilled industrial workers nevertheless still acquire their skills outside of formal training institutions
the national manpower council of columbia university has estimated that three out of five skilled workers and one out of five technicians have been formally trained
there is little doubt that the students benefit from vocational education
employers prefer to hire youth with such training rather than those without and most graduates of vocational training go to work in jobs related to their training
vocational educators do claim that school training alone makes skilled workers but it provides the essential groundwork for developing skills
in most states trade and industrial training is provided in a minority of the high schools usually located in the larger cities
in arkansas fewer than # per cent of the high schools offer trade and industrial courses
in illinois about ## per cent of the schools have programs and in pennsylvania ## per cent
an important recent trend is the development of area vocational schools
for a number of years kentucky louisiana and several other states have been building state-sponsored vocational education schools that serve nearby school districts in several counties
these schools are intended to provide the facilities and specialized curriculum that would be possible for very small school districts
transportation may be provided from nearby school districts
courses are provided mainly for post high school day programs
but sometimes arrangements also are made for high school students to attend and evening extension courses also may be conducted
the title # program of the national defense education act of #### was a great spur to this trend toward area schools
by #### there were such schools in all but # states
they were operating in ## of the ## major areas of chronic labor surplus and in ## of the minor areas
an extension of this program into the other distressed areas should be undertaken
relation to new industry
some of this trend toward area vocational schools has been related to the problems of persistent labor surplus areas and their desire to attract new industry
the major training need of a new industrial plant is a short period of pre-employment training for a large number of semi-skilled machine operators
a few key skilled workers experienced in the company 's type of work usually must be brought in with the plant manager or hired away from a similar plant elsewhere
a prospective industry also may be interested in the long-run advantages of training programs in the area to supply future skilled workers and provide supplementary extension courses for its employees
the existence of a public school vocational training program in trade and industry provides a base from which such needs can be filled
additional courses can readily be added and special cooperative programs worked out with any new industry if the basic facilities staff and program are in being
thus besides the training provided to youth in school the existence of the school program can have supplementary benefits to industry which make it an asset to industrial development efforts
few states make effective use of their existing vocational education programs or funds for the purpose of attracting new industry
the opportunity exists for states to reserve some of their vocational education funds to apply on an ad hoc flexible basis to subsidize any local preemployment training programs that may be quickly set up in a community to aid a new industrial plant
local focus of programs
the major weakness of vocational training programs in labor surplus areas is their focus on serving solely local job demands
this weakness is unique to labor surplus areas for it is inherent in the system of local school districts in this country
planning of vocational education programs and courses is oriented to local employer needs for trained workers
all the manuals for setting up vocational courses stress the importance of first making a local survey of skill needs of estimating the growth of local jobs and of consulting with local employers on the types of courses and their content
furthermore there is a cautious conservatism on the part of those making local skill surveys
local jobs can be seen and counted while opportunities elsewhere are regarded as more hypothetical
while the u. s. department of labor has a program of projecting industry and occupational employment trends and publishing current outlook statements there is little tangible evidence that these projections have been used extensively in local curriculum planning
the u. s. office of education continues to stress local surveys rather than national surveys
this procedure is extremely shortsighted in chronic labor surplus areas with a long history of declining employment
elaborate studies have been made in labor surplus areas in order to identify sufficient numbers of local job vacancies and future replacement needs for certain skills to justify training programs for those skills
no effort is made in the same studies to present information on regional or national demand trends in these skills or to consider whether regional or national demands for other skills might provide much better opportunities for the youth to be trained
moreover the current information on what types of training are needed and possible is too limited and fragmentary
there simply is enough material available on the types of job skills that are in demand and the types of training programs that are required or most suitable
much of the available information comes from the federal government but from an exchange of experiences among states
state and local agencies in the vocational education field must be encouraged to adopt a wider outlook on future job opportunities
there is a need for an expanded federal effort to provide research and information to help guide state education departments and local school boards in existing programs
a related question is whether unemployed workers can be motivated to take the training provided
there is little evidence that existing public or private training programs have any great difficulty getting students to enroll in their programs even though they must pay tuition receive no subsistence payments and are guaranteed a job
however there always is some limit to the numbers who will spend the time and effort to acquire training
again one major difficulty is the local focus
a training program in a depressed area may have few enrollees unless there is some apparent prospect for better employment opportunities afterwards and the prospect may be poor if the training is aimed solely at jobs in the local community
if there is adequate information on job opportunities for skilled jobs elsewhere many more workers can be expected to respond
another problem is who will pay for the training
local school districts are hard pressed financially and unenthusiastic about vocational training
programs usually are expanded only when outside funds are available or local business leaders demand it
even industrial development leaders find it hard to win local support for training unless a new industry is in sight and requests it
state governments have been taking the lead in establishing area vocational schools but their focus is still on area job opportunities
only the federal government is likely to be able to take a long-run and nation-wide view and to pay for training to meet national skilled manpower needs
if only state funds were used to pay for the vocational education it could be argued that the state should have to bear the cost of vocational training which would benefit employers in other states
however if federal funds are used it would be entirely appropriate to train workers for jobs which could be obtained elsewhere as well as for jobs in the area of chronic unemployment
such training would increase the tendency of workers to leave the area and find jobs in other localities
a further possibility is suggested by the example of the g. i. bills and also by some recent trends in attitudes toward improving college education that is to provide financial assistance to individuals for vocational training when local facilities are inadequate
this probably would require some support for subsistence as well as for tuition but the total would be no greater than for the proposals of unemployment compensation or a youth conservation corps
a maximum of $### per year per student would enable many to take training away from home
a program of financial assistance would permit placing emphasis on the national interest in training highly skilled labor
instead of being limited to the poor training facilities in remote areas the student would be able to move to large institutions of concentrated specialized training
such specialized training institutions could be located near the most rapidly growing industries where the equipment and job experience exist and where the future employment opportunities are located
this would heighten possibilities for part-time cooperative on-the-job and extension training
personal financial assistance would enable more emphasis to be placed on the interests of the individual
his aptitudes and preferences could be given more weight in selecting the proper training
but briefly the topping configuration must be examined for its inferences
then the fact that the lower channel line was pierced had further forecasting significance
and then the application of the count rules to the width horizontally of the configuration gives us an intial estimate of the probable depth of the decline
the very idea of there being count rules implies that there is some sort of proportion to be expected between the amount of congestive activity and the extent of the breakaway run up or run down movement
this expectation is what really sold point and figure
but there is no positive and consistently demonstrable relationship in the strictest sense
experience will show that only the vaguest generalities apply and in fine these merely dwell upon a relationship between the durations and intensities of events
after all too much does happen too suddenly nor does very little take long
the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of charting bar charting and point and figure charting remain the subject of fairly good-natured litigation among their respective professional advocates with both methods enjoying in common one irrevocable merit
they are both trend-following methods
even if we strip their respective claims to the barest minimum the odds still favor them both for the trend in effect is always more likely to continue than to reverse
of course many more things are charted besides prices
the foregoing have been methods of charting prices but now let us look at some of the other indices that are customarily charted and which are looked to for their forecasting abilities
the quest for methods
the search for forecasting formulae is ceaseless
correlations have been worked up between the loading of freight cars and the course of stock price
the theory behind this is of course fundamentalist in character
as the number of reported freight car loadings increased this was taken to indicate increased industrial activity and consequently increased stock earnings implying fatter dividends and implying therefore increased stock market prices
we now know that things rarely ever work out in such cut-and-dried fashion and that car loadings while perhaps interesting enough are nevertheless the magic formula that will always turn before stock prices turn
but the quest for such an index goes on ceaselessly with all manner of investors and speculators participating ranging from the sedate institutional type virtually to the proverbial shoe-string operator all seeking doggedly studiously daily and often nightly for the enchanting index that will foretell the eternal secret which way will the market move up or down
it recalls to mind the quest of olden times for the fountain of youth a quest heavily invested in during the days of wooden ships
just as heavily invested are the endeavors of multitudes of modern men who carry on the quest for the enchanting index
the quest offers careers
much of this goes on in offices high up in wall street 's lofty wind-swept towers
there sit men who make moving averages of weekly volume monthly averages of price-earnings ratios ratios of the number of advances to the number of declines ratios of an individual stock 's performance to overall market performance ratios of rising price volume to falling price volume odd-lot indices and what
they are concerned with all things traded in securities bonds cocao coffee soybeans cotton tin oats etc.
and along chicago 's west jackson boulevard la salle street and around the merchandise mart plaza there sit men who chart crop reports who divide the number of reported lady-bugs by the number of reported green-bugs and the number of hogs by the amount of corn
they plot the open interest curves rainfall curves and they even divide democratic congressmen by republican congressmen
all these things and countless more enter into their calculations and yet the enchanting index remains non-forthcoming
at any rate in the fuller sense of the word
the markets are far too subtle and the last word in these endeavors will doubtless never be written for the enchanting index is about as nebulous as the fountain of youth
but whereas civilized men no longer pursue the fountain they never abandoned their pursuit of the enchanting index
we mentioned odd-lot indices a few paragraphs ago
in the stock market the normal trading package is a hundred shares just as #,### bushels is the standard grain contract package
a stock transaction for less than a hundred shares is executed via a special odd-lot broker on the floor of the exchange
this results in a separate record being made distinguishing these trades from the overall volume of trading
according to the theory underlying odd-lot indices the trader who trades odd lots is most likely a small trader one who can't afford to trade round lots
or to use the cynical phraseology of one odd-lot index enthusiast they represent a sampling of the least sophisticated echelon of traders
falling most easily prey to an adverse market movement for this rank of traders can least afford to lose virtually anything the odd-lot traders do marketwise is taken to exemplify the wrong thing to do
figures reporting the volume of odd-lot purchases and odd-lot sales are released by the stock exchange and carried in the newspapers
odd-lot index observers then make graphs of the data according to their particular statistical recipe
they might for example plot it exactly as is or they might make ten day moving averages of it or longer moving averages or they might simply plot the ratio of odd-lot purchases to odd-lot sales
the particular recipe is a matter of individual taste
the data is now interpreted in conjunction with a price chart usually of a popular stock average
towards the end of an intermediate or major rise while the top is forming on the price chart it is frequently observed that the odd-lot buying increases sharply
this warns the chartist that the formation in progress is quite likely to be a top
similarly at the opposite end of the market cycle towards the end of an intermediate or major decline usually while the bottom is being formed on the price chart it is characteristic that an increase is noticed in odd-lot selling again alerting the chartist that a bottom is becoming a greater likelihood
thus in the aggregate the odd-lot trader is one who buys at the tops and sells at the bottoms notwithstanding occasional individual exceptions
while it had long been known in general that the public is always wrong the use of odd-lot indices now puts the adage on a statistical basis
one might well wonder why the public is always wrong and the question raised is about as awkward as the one concerned with the chicken and the egg
which came first
is it really that the public buys at the tops and that the market tops out when the public buys
and the converse at bottoms
does the public usually sell at bottoms or does the market usually bottom out when the public sells
we have been using the word public in quotation marks that is in its vernacular connotation with reference to the odd-lot index theory
obviously someone has to sell in order for someone to buy and vice versa
and while all concerned are members of the literal public somewhat less than all concerned although still a majority form the quotation marked public
and the public minus the public leaves the so-called sophisticated element the element on the other end of the public 's transactions
this element is often called strong hands
strong hands differ from weak hands in that their operations are the primary movers
they initiate campaigns so to speak even if this initiation is diffused among them and their concerted action only psychologically organized
strong hands act
weak hands react
strong hands move first
weak hands ask what is going on
when strong hands buy they are able to buy more and they do it even in the face of bearish news reports
they are able to sit more patiently with what they have bought
needless to say strong hands are eager to be joined by weak hands for this increases the risk that they will have to absorb what these weak hands unload on the way up at higher prices during the run-up phase of the campaign
certain badly disillusioned market critics are often apt to feel that there is something somehow unfair dirty or even thoroughly criminal about this interplay of competitive forces
but after all can anyone imagine a market wherein the reverse of these things were true
try to imagine a market in which only a minority of traders would lose and the majority would make consistent profits
how much and how many profits could a majority take out of the losses of a few
moreover the taunt concerning the sophisticated echelon and its alleged erudition is put to test during every campaign and accrues only upon results
it quite often happens that campaigns go askew resulting in a most unflattering deterioration of strong hands into played-out hands just as a member of a former campaign 's public may emerge flatteringly right the next time
membership in the echelons fluctuates too
the study of odd-lot indices is somehow akin to the spectacle of a man trying to outfox his own shadow what with all observers trying to get on the side of the few at the same time
the usefulness of this study and of configuration analysis as well declines in direct proportion to the dissemination of its use
it has to by virtue of the very dictionary definition of the word few
diametric opposition must persist as to the future course of prices if there is to persist a market at all
and the few must win what the many lose for the opposite arrangement would support markets as we know them at all and is in fact unimaginable
there need be no squeamishness about admitting this
anyone still doubting that this is the only way markets can be is invited to try to imagine a market wherein the majority consistently wins what the minority loses
mr. john magee whose work has been discussed in this chapter was quoted in a new yorker magazine profile as saying of course you have to remember it 's a good thing for us chartists that there aren't more of us
if you got too many people investing by this method their operations would begin to affect stock prices and thus throw the charts off
the method would become self-defeating
mr. alexander h. wheelan 's study helps in point and figure technique tells the readers we assure you that the total number of people using this method of market analysis is a very small portion of the sum total of those operating in the securities and commodities markets
what with traders trading for so many different objectives and what with there being so many unique and individualized market theories and trading techniques in use and more coming into use all the time it is hard to imagine how any particular theory or technique could acquire enough fans to invalidate itself
nevertheless all theories and techniques lead but to one of two possible modes of expression if they lead to a market committment at all
in the final analysis then the user becomes either a bull or a bear in a given instance notwithstanding any amount of forethought and calculation however elaborate
thus while his theory or technique may be oversubscribed it is commonplace for bullish and bearish positions to become temporarily over-subscribed
though the methods of deciding may be profound and diverse the possible conclusions remain but two
chapter # more methods
the purpose set forth at the beginning of this book was first to introduce the reader to a general background knowledge of the various types and capabilities of the forecasting methods already in use so that he might then be in a position to evaluate for himself the validity of the rather astonishing empirical correlation that is to follow and to appraise the forecast that its interpretation suggests for the future of farm prices over the years immediately ahead
in assessing the outlook for interest rates in #### the question as always is the prospect for general business activity
by and large what happens to business as a whole will govern the relationship between demand and supply conditions in the capital markets and will thus determine interest rates
moreover the trend of general business activity in #### will exert a decisive influence on fiscal monetary and other federal policies which affect interest rates
nineteen-sixty has been a baffling year for analysts of general business activity
during much of the year the general level of business activity has moved along on a record-high plateau but there have been persistent signs of slack in the economy
the tendency for general business activity to soften somewhat is becoming more evident
although the pause in the advance of general business activity this year has thus far been quite modest it is hard to escape the conclusion that the softening process will continue into the first quarter of #### and possibly somewhat longer
it is difficult to see any powerful sources of strength on the horizon at this time which would give the economy a new upward thrust
the rate of plant and equipment spending by business and industry now seems to be topping out and facing some decline
in earlier business cycles when this occurred the country usually experienced a sharp upturn in residential construction as mortgage financing became easier to obtain
at this time however there are signs that increased availability of mortgage credit will act with the usual speed to stimulate a sharp rise in residential construction
these signs are the inventories of unsold houses in some areas of the country and the moderate rise in vacancy rates for apartments #.#% in september
on the other hand in a more favorable vein general business activity should receive some stimulus from rising federal spending and the reduction in business inventories has probably run a good part of its course
the #% increase in retail sales in october to a #-month high is encouraging in this connection as well as the most recent consumer survey by the national industrial conference board which shows a decided pickup in consumer spending plans
the pattern of general business activity which probably lies ahead of us is a further moderate softening through the spring of #### before a new rise in economic activity gets under way
the recovery will probably be sparked by a rising rate of housing starts next spring in response to more readily available mortgage credit as well as by an expansion of government spending well sustained consumer spending and some rebuilding of business inventories
slight downward pressure
what does the general business outlook suggest about the trend of long-term rates in ####
it suggests that during the next several months through the spring of #### the demand for long-term capital funds may be moderately lower and that interest rates may tend to move a little lower especially the rates on federal state and local bonds as well as those on publicly offered corporate bonds
however as witnessed by the large corporate bond calendar at present as well as the record amount of municipal bond issues approved by voters the over-all demands for capital funds seem likely to remain high so that any downward pressure on rates from reduced demand should be great
it seems likely moreover that with an increase in the rate of saving in mortgage lending institutions interest rates on residential mortgages may move somewhat lower through the spring of next year although the increased ease in residential mortgage lending may occur primarily in other terms than interest rate e.g. easier downpayment and amortization terms
if the trend of general business activity follows the pattern suggested here we are likely to see additional steps by the federal reserve authorities to ease the availability of credit
certainly a further reduction in the discount rate would be a strong possibility as well as an easier reserve position for the banking system
however the monetary authorities will continue to be required to pay attention to the consequences of their actions with respect to our international balance of payments position and the outflow of gold as well as with regard to avoiding the creation of excessive liquidity in the economy which would delay the effectiveness of monetary policy measures in the next expansion phase of the business cycle
open market policy
one of the most intriguing questions is whether the recent departures of the federal reserve authorities from confining their open market operations to treasury bills will spread into longer-term government securities in the next few months
to the extent that the new administration has its wishes the federal reserve would conduct its open market operations throughout the entire maturity range of government securities and aggressively seek to force down long-term interest rates
the principle of bills only or bills preferably seems so strongly accepted by the federal reserve that it is difficult to envision conditions which would persuade the authorities to depart radically from it by extending their open market purchases regularly into long-term government securities
however to the extent that the monetary authorities in their effort to ease credit in the next several months conduct their open market operations in longer-term government bonds they will certainly act to accentuate any tendency for long-term interest rates to ease as a result of market forces
by the end of the spring of #### assuming that a general business recovery gets under way interest rates should begin to edge upward again depending upon the vigor of the recovery and the determination with which the monetary authorities move to restrain credit availability
my guess would be that interest rates will decline moderately into the spring of #### and during the second half of the year will turn up gradually to recover the ground lost during the downturn
it is pertinent to ask the question has the long upswing of interest rates during the past ## years just about run its course and are we now entering a period in which both capital market forces and federal policies will produce a prolonged decline of interest rates
my answer is in the negative because i believe that total capital demands during the sixties will continue to press against available supplies and interest rates will generally tend to be firm at high levels
five basic forces
this view is based upon several basic economic forces which i believe will be operating in the sixties as follows ( # )
recent events in the general assembly of the united nations confirm that the cold war will remain with us and probably intensify for the foreseeable future
this makes it certain that federal expenditures for military preparedness and foreign economic aid are likely to rise further in the next several years
we are just beginning the task of trying to win or maintain the friendship of the new african nations against the ruthless competition of the communist bloc
our efforts to overcome the lead of the russians in space are bound to mean accelerated federal spending
moreover it is likely that federal policies aimed at stimulating a faster rate of economic growth of the country to keep ahead of the communist countries and to demonstrate that our free economic system is better than theirs will lead to rising federal spending in certain areas such as education housing medical aid and the like
there are serious dangers involved in this trend toward rising federal expenditures of which i take a dim view but it seems very likely to occur
( # )
during the sixties we have the prospect of a significant stepping up in the rate of household formations which should contribute to a rising volume of consumer expenditures and home building
according to the latest projections of the bureau of the census the annual rate of household formations will increase for the next ## years
under the most favorable assumptions for increase the bureau of the census projects that the annual rate of household formations will rise from about ###,### in the last two years of the fifties to an annual rate of about #,###,### in the first five years of the sixties and to a slightly higher annual rate of #,###,### in the second half of the decade
during the seventies the projections show a more pronounced rise to an annual rate of #,###,### in the second half of that decade
accordingly the expanding markets for consumer goods and housing occasioned by the higher rate of household formation should enhance the general economic prospects of the sixties
however the impact of a rising rate of household formation this decade should be exaggerated
the average annual rate of #,###,### in the second half of the sixties is still considerably below the annual rate of #,###,### in the three-year period from april #### to march ####
( # )
with the expansion of family formation in the sixties a continued substantial rise in expenditures by state and local government units seems to be indicated
this is an area in which there is still a large backlog of demand
state and local expenditures in real terms increased persistently from $##.#-billion in #### to $##.#-billion in #### and it would be surprising if they showed a comparable increase in this decade which would carry them to the neighborhood of $##-billion by ####
here would be a powerful force for raising business activity
( # )
it seems likely that with the three preceding forces at play the rate of business and industrial plant and equipment expenditures should continue to move upward from the levels of the fifties
spurred by keen competition in our industrial system and still further increases in the funds devoted to industrial research plant and equipment expenditures by business and industry should rise during the decade
( # )
in a more pessimistic vein about the economic outlook i suspect that the reservoir of demand for consumer goods and housing which was dammed-up during the thirties and world war # is finally in the process of running dry
there is some clear-cut evidence of this
for example the huge postwar demand on the part of veterans for housing under the va home loan guaranty program seems to have largely exhausted itself
indeed the failure of home-building as a whole to respond this year to somewhat greater availability of mortgage financing and the increasing reports of pockets of unsold homes and rising vacancy rates in apartment buildings may also signal in part that the lush days of big backlog demand for housing are reaching an end
in a way we may be witnessing the same thing in the sales of automobiles today as the public no longer is willing to purchase any car coming on the market but is more insistent on compact cars free of the frills which were accepted in the fifties
the huge backlog of demand which was evident in the first decade and a half after the war was fed by liquid assets accumulated by the public during the war and even more so by the easier and easier credit in the consumer loan and home loan fields
the consuming public has used up a good part of these liquid assets or they have been drained by the rising price level and we have apparently gotten to the end of the line in making consumer or home mortgage terms easier
this is to say that the level of consumer expenditures will continue to rise in the sixties
i am confident that it will but consumer spending in the sixties will be fortified by the great backlog of wants and desires which characterized most of the fifties
markets should become more competitive as consumers become more selective
sixties' capital requirements
accordingly during the sixties our national economy is likely to grow at as fast a rate as in the fifties and in the process to require enormous amounts of capital funds
wage-price policies of industry are the result of a complex of forces no single explanation has been found which applies to all cases
the purpose of this paper is to analyze one possible force which has been treated in the literature but which we believe makes a significant contribution to explaining the wage-price behavior of a few very important industries
while there may be several such industries to which the model of this paper is applicable the authors make particular claim of relevance to the explanation of the course of wages and prices in the steel industry of the united states since world war #
indeed the apparent stiffening of the industry 's attitude in the recent steel strike has a direct explanation in terms of the model here presented
the model of this paper considers an industry which is characterized by vigorous price competition but which is so basic that its wage-price policies are held in check by continuous critical public scrutiny
where the industry 's product price has been kept below the profit-maximizing and entry-limiting prices due to fears of public reaction the profit seeking producers have an interest in offering little real resistance to wage demands
the contribution of this paper is a demonstration of this proposition and an exploration of some of its implications
in order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force which we may call the effect of public-limit pricing on key wage bargains we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces such as union power which may be relevant in an actual situation
for expository purposes this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages
part # below describes this abstract model by spelling out its assumptions
part # discusses the operation of the model and derives some significant conclusions
part # discusses the empirical relevance and policy implications of the conclusions
part # is a brief summary
the mathematical appendix presents the rigorous argument but is best read after part # in order that the assumptions underlying the equations may be explicit
# the assumptions of the model
the industry with which this model is concerned is a basic industry producing a substantial share of gross national product
price competition is lacking
for the purposes of setting the product price the industry behaves as a single entity
in wage negotiations the industry bargains as a unit with a single union
the demand for the industry 's product
we are concerned with aggregate demand for the industry 's product
the manner in which this is shared among firms is taken as given
in any given time period the aggregate demand for the industry 's product is determined by two things the price charged by the industry and the level of aj
for the purposes of this discussion the problem of relative prices is encompassed in these two variables since gnp includes other prices
we abstract here from technological progress and assume that prices of all other products change proportionately
the form of the industry demand function is one which makes quantity demanded vary inversely with the product price and vary directly with the level of aj
industry product price policy
the industry of this model is so important that its wage and price policies are affected with a public interest
because of its importance and because the lack of price competition is well recognized the industry is under considerable public pressure to raise its price any more than could be justified by cost increases
the threat of effective anti-trust action provoked by gouging the public through price increases justified by cost increases and fears of endangering relations with customers congress the general public and the press all operate to keep price increases in some relation to cost increases
for the industry of this model the effect of such public pressures in the past has been to hold the price well below the short-run profit-maximizing price given the wage rate and the level of gnp and even below the entry-limited price but below average cost
for such an industry it is only safe to raise its price if such an increase is manifestly justified by rising costs due to rising wages etc.
thus if public pressure sets the effective limit to the price that the industry may charge this pressure is itself a function of the wage rate
in this model we abstract from all non-wage sources of cost changes so that the public-limit price only rises as the wage rate rises
in such circumstances it may well be to the advantage of the industry to allow an increase in the basic wage rate
since marginal costs rise when the wage rate rises the profit-maximizing price also rises when the public-limit price is elevated and is likely to remain well above the latter
the entry-limiting price will also be raised for potential domestic competition but unless general inflation permits profit margins to increase proportionately throughout the economy we might expect the public-limit price to approach the entry-limit price
the foreign-entry-limit price would be approached more rapidly since domestic wage-rates do enter foreign costs directly
where this approach becomes critical the industry can be expected to put much emphasis on this as evidence of its sincerity in resisting the wage pressures of a powerful union requesting tariff relief after it has reluctantly acceded to the union pressure
whether or it is in the industry 's interest to allow the basic wage rate to rise obviously depends upon the extent to which the public-limit price rises in response to a basic wage increase and the relation of this response to the increase in costs accompanying the wage increase
the extent to which the public-limit price is raised by a given increase in the basic wage rate is itself a function of three things the passage of time the level of gnp and the size of the wage increase
we are abstracting from the fact of strikes here but it should be obvious that the extent to which the public-limit price is raised by a given increase in the basic wage rate is also a function of the show of resistance put up by the industry
the industry may deliberately take a strike to put pressure on the union but in order to educate the government and the customers of the industry
as a strike continues these parties increase their pressure on the industry to reach an agreement
they become increasingly willing to accept the price increase that the industry claims the wage bargain would entail
public indignation and resistance to wage-price increases is obviously much less when the increases are on the order of #% per annum than when the increases are on the order of #% per month
the simple passage of an additional eleven months' time makes the second #% boost more acceptable
thus the public-limit price is raised further by a given wage increase the longer it has been since the previous price increase
notice however that the passage of time does permit the raising of prices per se without an accompanying wage increase
similarly higher levels of gnp do in themselves provide grounds for raising prices but they do relax some of the pressure on the industry so that it can raise prices higher for a given wage increase
this is extended to anticipated levels of gnp however only the current level of gnp affects the public pressure against wage-price increases
finally since the public requires some restraint on the part of the companies larger wage increases call for less than proportionately larger price increases e.g. if a wage increase of #% allows a price increase of #% a wage increase of ##% allows a price increase of something less than ##%
we assume that average total unit cost in the relevant region of operation is constant with respect to quantity produced the average cost curve is horizontal and therefore is identical with the marginal cost curve and is the same for every firm and therefore for the industry
the level of this average cost is determined by factor prices technology and so forth
as we have noted however we are abstracting from changes in all determinants of this level except for changes in the wage rate
the level of average cost equal to marginal cost is thus strictly a function of the wage rate
union policies and collective bargaining issues
the single union which faces the industry does restrict its membership and there is an adequate supply of labor available to the firms of the industry at the going wage rate
the union does regard unemployment of its own members as a matter of concern when setting its own wage policy its concern with employment makes itself felt in pressure upon the government to maintain full employment
the union vigorously demands wage increases from productivity increases and wage increases to offset cost-of-living increases but we abstract from these forces here
for our present purposes we assume that the sole subject of bargaining is the basic wage rate including productivity improvement factors or cost-of-living adjustments and it is this basic wage rate which determines the level of costs
productivity is something of an amorphous concept and the amount of productivity increase in a given time period is even well known to the industry much less to the union or to the public
disagreement on the amount of productivity increase exacerbates the problem of agreeing how an increase in profit margins related to a productivity increase should be shared
the existence of conflict and of vigorous union demand for an increase in money wages does contradict the assumption that the union is willing to settle for cost-of-living and productivity-share increases as distinct from a cost-raising increase in the basic wage rate
we assume further that the union recognizes the possibility that price-level increases may offset wage-rate increases and it does entirely disregard the effect of price increases arising from its own wage increases upon the real wage rate
for internal political reasons the union asks for and accepts increases in the basic wage rate and would vigorously oppose a reduction in this rate but the adjustment of the basic wage rate upwards is essentially up to the discretion of the companies of the industry
changes in the basic wage rate are cost-raising and they constitute an argument for raising prices
however it is known to either the union or the public precisely how much of a cost increase is caused by a given change in the basic wage rate although the companies are presumed to have reliable estimates of this magnitude
in this model then the industry is presumed to realize that they could successfully resist a change in the basic wage rate but since such a change is the only effective means to raising prices they may in circumstances to be spelled out in part # below find it to their advantage to allow the wage rise
thus for non-negative changes in the basic wage rate the industry becomes the active wage-setter since any increase in the basic wage rate can occur only by reason of industry acquiescence
the presumption in the literature would appear to be that the basic wage rate would be unchanged in this case on the grounds that it is clearly in the interest of the industry to raise wages gratuitously
from this presumption it is an easy step to the conclusion that any observed increases in the basic wage rate must be due to union behavior different and more aggressive than assumed in our model
it is this conclusion that we challenge
we do so by disproving the presumption on which it is based
# the operation of the model
it is convenient to assume that the union-industry contract is of one year 's duration
in the century from #### to #### the law of nations became international law
several factors contributed to this change
the congress of vienna is a convenient starting point because it both epitomized and symbolized what was to follow
here in #### the great nations assembled to legislate merely for europe but for the world
thus the congress marks a formal recognition of the political system that was central to world politics for a century
international law had to fit the conditions of europe and nothing that could fit this system or the interests of the great european nations collectively could possibly emerge as law in any meaningful sense
essentially this imposed two conditions first international law had to recognize and be compatible with an international political system in which a number of states were competitive suspicious and opportunistic in their political alignments with one another
second it had to be compatible with the value system that they shared
in both respects international law was europeanized
it was always easy to develop theory and doctrine which would square the two conditions
on the one hand the major european nations had to maintain vis-a-vis each other an emphasis upon sovereignty independence formal equality thus insuring for themselves individually an optimal freedom of action to maintain the flexibility of alignment that the system required and to avoid anything approaching a repetition of the disastrous napoleonic experience
but there was no pressing need to maintain these same standards with regard to most of the rest of the world
thus theory and doctrine applicable among the great nations and the smaller european states did really comfortably fit less developed and less powerful societies elsewhere
political interference in africa and asia and even in latin america though limited in latin america by the special interest of the united states as expressed in the monroe doctrine itself from the outset related to european politics and long dependent upon the balance of power system in europe was necessary in order to preserve both common economic values and the european balance itself
a nation such as switzerland could be neutralized by agreement and could be relied upon to protect its neutrality
more doubtful but possible with an assist from the north was the neutralization of the latin american countries
out of the question was the neutralization of asia and africa
this europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of ##th century scholars
more emphasis was put upon the fact that international law was the law of civilized nations
kent and story the great early american scholars repeatedly made use of this phrase or of christian nations which is a substantial equivalent
wheaton stated that the public law was essentially limited to the civilized and christian peoples of europe or to those of european origin
of course it had always been of european origin in fact but it had maintained a universal outlook under the natural law theory
now with virtually every writer only was the european origin of public law acknowledged as a historical phenomenon but the rules thus established by the advanced civilizations of europe were to be imposed on others
the european customs on which international law was based were to become by force and fiat the customs that others were to accept as law if they were to join this community as sovereign states
hall for example was quite explicit on this point when he said states outside european civilization must formally enter into the circle of law-governed countries
they must do something with the acquiescence of the latter or some of them which amounts to an acceptance of the law in its entirety beyond all possibility of misconstruction
during the nineteenth century these views were protested by virtually all the latin american writers though ineffectively just as the new nations of africa and asia protest them with more effect today
a number of other nineteenth-century developments contributed to the transmutation of the law of nations into international law
that is from aspects of a universal system of justice into particular rules governing the relations of sovereign states
the difference is important for although the older law of nations did cover relationships among sovereigns this was by no means its exclusive domain
the law of nature governed sovereigns in their relationship to their own citizens to foreigners and to each other in a conceptually unified system
the theory of international law which in the nineteenth century became common to virtually all writers in europe and america broke this unity and this universality
it lost sight of the individual almost entirely and confined itself to rules limiting the exercise of state power for reasons essentially unconnected with justice or morality save as these values might affect international relations
no longer did the sovereign look to the law of nations to determine what he ought to do
his search was merely for rules that might limit his freedom of action
to appreciate this development we must relate it to other aspects of nineteenth-century philosophy
first and most obvious was the growing nationalism and the tendency to regard the state and the individual 's identification with the state as transcending other ties of social solidarity
national identification was new but it was accelerating in intensity and scope throughout europe as new unifications occurred
it reached its ultimate philosophical statement in notions of state will put forward by the germans especially by hegel although political philosophers will recognize its origins in the rejected doctrines of hobbes
national identification was reflected jurisprudentially in law theories which incorporated this hegelian abstraction and saw law domestic and international simply as its formal reflection
in the international community this reduced law to jellinek 's auto-limitation
a state the highest form of human organization in fact and theory could be subjected to law only by a manifestation of self-will or consent
according to the new theories the nineteenth century corporate sovereign was sovereign in a quite new and different sense from his historical predecessors
he no longer sought to find the law
he made it
he could be subjected to law only because he agreed to be
there was no law domestic or international except that willed by acknowledged by or consented to by states
hidden behind hegelian abstractions were more practical reasons for a changing jurisprudence
related to but distinguishable from nationalism was the growth of democracy in one form or another
increased participation in politics and the demands of various groups for status and recognition had dramatic effects upon law institutions
the efforts of various interest groups to control or influence governmental decisions particularly when taken in conjunction with the impact of industralization led to a concentration of attention on the legislative power and the means whereby policy could be formulated and enforced as law through bureaucratic institutions
law became a conscious process something more than simply doing justice and looking to local customs and a common morality for applicable norms
particularly was this true when the norms previously applied were no longer satisfactory to many when customs were rapidly changing as the forces of the new productivity were harnessed
the old way of doing things which depended on a relatively stable community with stable ideas dealing with familiar situations was no longer adequate to the task
first was the period of codification of existing law the code napoleon in france and the peculiar codification that in fact resulted from austin 's restatement and ordering of the common law in england
codification was followed in all countries by a growing amount of legislation some changing and adjusting the older law much dealing with entirely new situations
the legislative mills have been grinding ever since and when its cumbersome processes were no longer adequate to the task a limited legislative authority was delegated in one form or another to the executive
whereas the eighteenth century had been a time in which man sought justice the nineteenth and twentieth have been centuries in which men are satisfied with law
indeed with developed positivism the separation of law from justice or from morality generally became quite specific
in municipal systems we tend to view what is called positivism as fundamentally a movement to democratize policy by increasing the power of parliament the elected representatives at the expense of the more conservative judiciary
when the power of the latter was made both limited and explicit when norms were clarified and made more precise and the creation of new norms was placed exclusively in parliamentary hands two purposes were served government was made subservient to an institutionalized popular will and law became a rational system for implementing that will for serving conscious goals for embodying the public policy
it is true that initially the task was to remove restrictions that it was thought inhibited the free flow of money goods and labor
but even laissez-faire was a conscious policy
law was seen as an emanation of the sovereign will
however the sovereign was hobbes' absolute monarch but rather the parliamentary sovereign of austin
it was too an optimistic philosophy and though it separated law from morality it was by no means an immoral or amoral one
man through democratic institutions of government and economic freedom was master of his destiny
the theory did require though it unfortunately might acquire a hegelian mystique
it was merely a rationalization and ordering of new institutions of popular government
it was opposed to either justice or morality
it merely wished to minimize subjective views of officials who wielded public authority
particularly was this true as laissez-faire capitalism became the dominant credo of western society
to free the factors of production was a major objective of the rising bourgeoisie and this objective required that governmental authority administrative officials and judges be limited as precisely and explicitly as possible
that old customs which inhibited trade be abrogated
that business be free from governmental supervision and notions of morality which might clog the automatic adjustments of the free market
that obligations of status that were inconsistent with the new politics and the new economics be done away with
contract conceived as the free bargain of formal equals replaced the implied obligations of a more static and status-conscious society
indeed contract was the dominant legal theme of the century the touchstone of the free society
government itself was based upon contract
business organization the corporation was analyzed in contractual terms
trade was based on freedom of contract and money was lent and borrowed on contractual terms
even marriage and the family was seen as a contractual arrangement
it is surprising that the international obligations of states were also viewed in terms of contract
in fact some anzilotti is the principle example went so far as to say that all international law could be traced to the single legal norm pacta sunt servanda
the displacement at least to a considerable extent of the ethical jurisprudence of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by positivism reshaped both international law theory and doctrine
in the first place the new doctrine brought a formal separation of international from municipal law rejecting the earlier view that both were parts of a universal legal system
one result was to nationalize much that had been regarded as the law of nations
admiralty law the law merchant and the host of problems which arise in private litigation because of some contact with a foreign country were all severed from the older law of nations and made dependent on the several national laws
private international law which americans call the conflict of laws was thus segregated from international law proper or as it is often called public international law
states were free to enact within broad though perhaps determinate limits their own rules as to the application of foreign law by their courts to vary the law merchant and to enact legislation with regard to many claims arising on the high seas
the change was quite so dramatic as it sounds because in fact common norms continued to be invoked by municipal courts and were only gradually changed by legislation and then largely in marginal situations
mr. justice black was one of the minority that rested on the article # power
in this view supported by only three members of the court a power denied by the specific provisions of article # was granted by the generality of article #
if this seems arbitrary its effect was to treat citizens of the district of columbia equally with citizens of the states at the expense of expanding a troublesome jurisdiction
federal question jurisdiction
for almost a hundred years we relied upon state courts subject to review by the supreme court for the protection of most rights arising under national law
then in #### apparently in response to the nationalizing influence of the civil war congress first gave the lower federal courts general authority concurrently with state tribunals to decide cases involving federal-right questions
one purpose of the change was to attain sympathetic enforcement of rights insured by the civil war amendments against state interference
serious difficulty arose with the advent of substantive due process
an amendment presumably designed to deal with the problems of newly freed slaves became a laissez-faire limitation upon state economic policy
a flood of federal lower court injunctions seriously impeded the processes of local government
congress reacted with a series of measures modifying in various ways what it had granted in ####
in #### it required the convening of a special three-judge court for the issuance of certain injunctions and allowed direct appeals to the supreme court
such legislation was clarified and extended from time to time thereafter
in #### an abortive provision was made for the stay of federal injunction proceedings upon institution of state court test cases
the essential ineffectiveness of these measures resulted in #### in substantial elimination of federal jurisdiction to enjoin state public utility rate orders
three years later similar restraints were imposed upon injunctions against collection of state taxes
this saved for state adjudication in the first instance the two major areas where federal injunctions had been most obnoxious but other areas remained vulnerable
meanwhile the supreme court like congress showed misgivings concerning this aspect of government by injunction
drawing upon the traditional discretion of the chancellor mr. justice holmes introduced a series of self-imposed judicial restraints that culminated in mr. justice frankfurter 's famous doctrine of abstention
whereas the earlier cases turned rather narrowly upon the availability of adequate state remedies the new emphasis is upon the nature of the state policy at issue
the classic case is railroad commission v. pullman
the commission had issued an administrative order which was challenged as discriminatory against negroes
its enforcement was enjoined by a federal trial court
on review the supreme court via mr. justice frankfurter found southern racial problems a sensitive area of social policy on which the federal courts ought to enter unless no alternative to adjudication is open
an alternative was found in the vagueness of state law as to whether the offending order had in fact been authorized
reluctant as usual to interpret state legislation such interpretation can only be a forecast rather than a determination mr. justice frankfurter led a unanimous court to vacate the injunction
but it is crucial that here unlike burford the trial court was ordered to retain the case until the state courts had had a reasonable opportunity to settle the state-law question
the resources of equity are equal to an adjustment that will avoid the waste of a tentative decision as well as the friction of a premature constitutional adjudication
temporary abstention i.e. postponement is one thing
refusal to adjudicate is another
to the extent that the jurisdictional principle of #### stands unmodified by subsequent legislation federal equitable relief against state action must be available or so it seems to mr. justice frankfurter
in alabama public service commission v. southern ry. co. the commission had refused to permit abandonment of certain uneconomic train facilities
the railroad claiming deprivation of property without due process of law sought injunctive relief
the court held that federal jurisdiction should be exercised lest the domestic policy of the state be obstructed
this in the name of equitable discretion
justices frankfurter and jackson concurred in the court 's result for they found no merit in the railroad 's claim
but they objected vigorously to the proposition that federal courts may refuse to exercise jurisdiction conferred in a valid act of congress
by one fell swoop the court now finds that congress indulged in needless legislation in the acts of #### #### #### #### and ####
by these measures congress so the court in effect now decides gave only needless but inadequate relief since it now appears that the federal courts have inherent power to sterilize the act of #### against all proceedings challenging local regulation
a most revealing recent case is textile workers union v. lincoln mills
the taft-hartley act gave the federal courts jurisdiction over suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce
on its face this merely provides a federal forum
it does establish any law rights for the federal judges to enforce
how can judges exercise jurisdiction to enforce national rights when congress has created none
the court held that congress had intended the federal judiciary to fashion an appropriate law of labor-management contracts
in short congressional power to grant federal-question authority to federal courts is now apparently so broad that congress need create or specify the right to be enforced
the lincoln mills decision authorizes a whole new body of federal common law which as mr. justice frankfurter pointed out in dissent leads to one of the following incongruities # conflict in federal and state court interpretations of collective bargaining agreements
# displacement of state law by federal law in state courts in all actions regarding collective bargaining agreements
or # exclusion of state court jurisdiction over these matters
the justice 's elaborate examination of the legislative history of the provision in question suggests that congress' purpose was merely to make unions suable
with a few exceptions the lawmakers seemed unaware of the technical problems of federal jurisdiction involved to say nothing of the delegation of lawmaking power to judges
to avoid these constitutional difficulties mr. justice frankfurter was prepared to read the taft-hartley provision as concerned with diversity rather than federal question jurisdiction
this would satisfy what presumably was congress' major purpose the suability of unions
it would also leave intact the states' traditional authority in the realm of contract law
as we have seen the erie and york decisions require federal courts in diversity cases to follow state decisional rules
here again mr. justice frankfurter could lightly accept the principle of wholesale judicial legislation
if congress wants to displace the states from areas which they have customarily occupied let it do so knowingly and explicitly
and let it do its own lawmaking and leave that to federal judges
does lincoln mills suggest that if congress granted jurisdiction over interstate divorce cases the federal courts would be authorized to fashion a national law for the dissolution of marriages
there is a common problem behind most of these federal question and diversity cases
congress has clearly defined the bounds between state and federal court competence
it has the power to do so but for the most part has left the matter for solution by judges on a case-by-case basis
a careful student has suggested that in any new revision of the judicial code the legislators would do well to remember that the allocation of power to the federal courts should be limited to those matters in which their expertise in federal law might be used leaving to the state judiciaries the primary obligation of pronouncing state law
obviously the goal here proposed is the guiding principle in mr. justice frankfurter 's opinions to the extent that congress leaves the problem to judicial discretion
the same rule of specialization and division of labor guides him in the fela certiorari cases in the administrative law area and indeed in the whole realm of judicial review
mr. justice black no doubt concurs in principle but is more apt to make exceptions to achieve a generous and just result
he will be fooled by technicalities
federal review of state decisions
with few exceptions congress has given federal courts exclusive authority to enforce rights arising under federal law
to put it differently state and federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction with respect to most claims of federal right
to insure uniformity in the meaning of national law however state interpretations are subject to supreme court review
it may be noted parenthetically that to evade desegregation an ex-justice and former southern governor has urged congress to abolish this reviewing authority
the result of course would be that federal law inevitably would mean different things in different states
it would also probably mean different things within the same state depending upon what court state or federal rendered decision
we consider here only a few of many problems involved in this crucial federal-state relationship
the first is that enforcement of national law in state litigation raises in reverse the old diversity puzzle of the relation of procedure to substance
subject to certain constitutional restraints in favor of fair trials each level of government is free to devise its own judicial procedures
litigants who choose to assert federal claims in a state court go into that court subject to its rules of procedure
a similar canon applies to those who press state claims in federal tribunals e.g. in diversity cases
in an fela controversy the state court followed established state procedure by construing a vague complaint most strongly against the complainant
in other words the burden of pleading clearly rested upon the pleader by state law
the result was that the plaintiff 's case was dismissed
mr. justice black led a reversing majority strict local rules of pleading cannot be used to impose unnecessary burdens upon rights of recovery authorized by federal law
here as in the byrd case another element of state procedure was subsumed to federal judge-made law
justices frankfurter and jackson dissented one state may cherish formalities more than another one state may be more responsive than another to procedural reforms
if a litigant chooses to enforce a federal right in a state court he cannot be heard to object if he is treated exactly as are plaintiffs who press like claims arising under state law with regard to the form in which the claim must be stated the particularity for instance with which a cause of action must be described
federal law though invoked in a state court delimits the federal claim defines what gives a right to recovery and what goes to prove it
but the form in which the claim must be stated need be different from what the state exacts in the enforcement of like obligations created by it so long as a requirement does add to or diminish the right as defined by federal law nor burden the realization of this right in the actualities of litigation
another problem in the area of federal-state relationships is this what constitutes reversible error in a state decision
terminiello v. chicago involved a conviction for disorderly conduct under a local ordinance
the conduct in question was a speech
the accused did object to the trial court 's charge to the jury that discourse may constitute a breach of the peace if it stirs the public to anger invites dispute brings about a condition of unrest
for present purposes it may be assumed that this charge so narrowly limited speech as to violate the federal constitution
though the accused raised many other objections he did object on this crucial point at any stage of the proceedings
that is he did claim in any of the four courts through which his case progressed that the jury charge had denied him any federal right
how else can one explain for example allowing the survival of the right to amortize bond discount and premium section ###(c)(#) but the right to amortize bond issue expenses
or allowing a deduction for payment of certain obligations of a transferor assumed in the reorganization section ###(c)(##) but a deduction for theft losses sustained by a transferor prior to a reorganization but discovered after it
or requiring a transferor to carry over its method of depreciation section ###(c)(#) but allowing rapid amortization of emergency facilities transferred in a reorganization
or allowing survival of a dividend carryover to a personal holding company section ###(c)(##) but carryover of excess tax credits for foreign taxes
these items and most of the others listed above seem quite comparable to items whose right of survival is provided for in section ###
there does seem to be any reasonable basis for distinction either in terms of the nature of the tax attribute or in terms of tax-avoidance possibilities
with respect to items such as these the provisions of section ###(c) viewed in historical perspective suggest a rule requiring survival whether the items are beneficial or detrimental to the surviving corporation
to this extent some stretching of the literal meaning of the committee report seems justified since the literal meaning conflicts with the clear implication if the language of the statute
it is contended that section ### should prescribe the survival of all of the transferor 's tax attributes
such an interpretation could be justified by a construction of the statute alone
it would certainly violate the intention of congress as expressed in the committee report
and in at least one instance involving refund claims it might be contrary to another provision of the united states code
section ### of the united states code voids an assignment of a claim against the government unless made after it has been allowed the amount due has been ascertained and a warrant for its payment has been issued
if it were for judicial development of certain exceptions this section would prohibit a suit for refund by an acquiring corporation for taxes paid by a transferor corporation even though the reorganization meets the requirements of section ###(a)
a clearly recognized exception is a statutory merger or consolidation
the leading case seaboard air line railway v. united states held that the transferee could sue for a refund of taxes paid by the transferor and it has been consistently followed
the court said the purpose of the section was principally to spare the government the embarrassment and trouble of dealing with several parties one of them a stranger to the claim and to prevent traffic in claims particularly tenuous claims against the government
neither reason said the court applied to the case at hand
furthermore congress could be presumed to have intended to obstruct mergers approved by the states
other exceptions are assignments for the benefit of creditors corporate dissolutions transfers by descent or transfers by subrogation
exceptions are often classified as transfers by operation of law
a tax-free reorganization complying with the merger or consolidation statutes of the states involved is difficult to fit into an operation of law mold
although it is in some ways comparable to a voluntary sale of assets for cash to which section ### quite clearly applies the courts and treasury have held that acquiring corporations in several types of non-taxable reorganizations may sue for refund of taxes paid by transferors
a recent case in point is mitchell canneries v. united states in which a claim against the government was transferred first from a corporation to a partnership whose partners were former stockholders and then to another corporation formed by the partners
holding the final corporation entitled to sue on the claim the court cited the seaboard novo trading and roomberg cases for the proposition that transfers by operation of law or in conjunction with changes of corporate structure are assignments prohibited by the statute
in an earlier case kingan & co. v. united states an american corporation was formed for the purpose of acquiring the stock of a british corporation in exchange for its own stock and then liquidating the british corporation
the anti-assignment statute was held to prevent the american corporation from suing for a refund of taxes paid by the british corporation
the transaction presumably would have qualified under section ###(a)(#) as a contractual reorganization followed by a section ### liquidation but under section ###(a)(#) as a statutory merger of consolidation
the court nevertheless relied on the seaboard case and also mentioned that the shareholders of the two corporations were the same
in substance said the court there was no transfer of equitable title
the treasury arrives at substantially the same conclusion but skirts the problem of section ### of the united states code
revenue ruling ##-## provides that if the corporation against which a tax was assessed has since been liquidated by merger with a successor corporation a claim for refund should be filed by the successor in the name and on behalf of the corporation which paid the tax followed by the name of the successor corporation
proper evidence of the liquidation and succession must also be filed
if the succession is a matter of public record certificates of the secretaries of state or other public officials having custody of the documents will suffice
if the succession is of record all documents relating to such succession properly certified are required
the former proof seems applicable to a statutory merger or consolidation the latter to a contractual acquisition
the ruling would however apply to an acquisition of assets for cash
a recent ruling although rather confusing cites and follows rev. rul. ##-##
the ruling suggests also that it applies to either a statutory or contractual reorganization
hence a successor corporation in a c reorganization appears entitled to sue for a refund of taxes paid by the merged corporation despite section ###
in a b reorganization followed by a section ### liquidation those cases which hold that section ### is inapplicable to transfers in liquidation appear to permit the successor corporation to sue for refund of taxes paid by the transferor
in fact a cash purchase of a corporation 's stock followed by liquidation might also be an effective way to transfer a claim for refund if the kimbell-diamond doctrine is applied to eliminate the intermediate step
these results appear sound
as stated in seaboard and numerous other cases the two primary reasons for the enactment of section ### of the united states code were to prevent the government from having to deal with more than one claimant and to prevent the assignment of meretricious claims on a contingent-fee basis
the cases have allowed transfer of claims if beneficial ownership is changed
the first reason would never apply to a reorganization transfer which meets the conditions of section ###(a) which is the only type presently under discussion
section ###(a) applies only to a transfer by liquidation of a subsidiary owned to the extent of at least ## per cent a statutory merger or consolidation an acquisition of substantially all a corporation 's assets solely in exchange for voting stock or a change of identity form or place of organization
in virtually every case the transferor corporation is liquidated and its former stockholders either own outright or have a continuing stock interest in the assets which gave rise to the tax
in these circumstances the possibility of multiple or conflicting claims is exceedingly remote
furthermore in a c reorganization the continuing interest of stockholders of the corporation which paid the tax must be greater than is necessary in a statutory merger to which the statute is clearly inapplicable
nor is it at all likely that a desperate claim against the government will be assigned on a contingent-fee basis in the guise of a tax-free reorganization
if the transferor has substantial assets other than the claim it seems reasonable to assume no corporation would be willing to acquire all of its properties in the dim hope of collecting a claim for refund of taxes
if such an unlikely transaction were to take place it would more logically be accomplished by a stock purchase followed by the prosecution of the claim by the wholly-owned subsidiary followed by liquidation
in the rare case where a corporation 's only substantial asset or its most important one is a claim for refund perhaps its transfer should be permitted whether the reorganization takes the form of a statutory merger or of the acquisition of assets for stock
it appears then that although the matter is dealt with in section ###(c) a successor corporation in a reorganization of a type specified in section ###(a) is entitled to sue for refund of taxes paid by a transferor corporation
section ### of the united states code has been interpreted as applying to claims against the government transferred in tax-free reorganizations
the successor corporations have been held entitled to sue on such claims
other tax attributes of the transferor
there are certain tax attributes of a corporation whose nature and effect might depend on the facts of the particular reorganization involved
for example property used in the trade or business of a transferor corporation as defined in section #### presumably would retain its special status following a non-taxable reorganization if it is so used in the business of the acquiring corporation
the parent of a group filing consolidated returns might be treated as the same corporation following a reorganization defined in section ###(a)(#) but as a different corporation for this purpose after a tax-free acquisition by another corporation which had for example elected to file consolidated returns with its own subsidiaries
similar considerations presumably made it difficult to prescribe a general rule where the acquired and acquiring corporations have different methods of accounting section ###(c)(#) or depreciation section ###(c)(#)
other sections of the #### internal revenue code provide for survival of certain of a transferor 's tax attributes following a tax-free reorganization
section ### requires carryover of the transferor corporation 's basis for property transferred and section #### provides for tacking on the transferor 's holding period for such property to that of the transferee
section ### permits a person acquiring grain-storage facilities to elect to continue amortization over a ##-month period
however a similar privilege was specifically provided in section ### for a person acquiring emergency facilities
attributes similar to a loss carryover .
there may be certain items which are quite similar to a net operating loss carryover or operating deficit and whose right to survive a reorganization should perhaps be subject to the conditions applicable to those items
for example suppose another excess profits tax similar to prior laws is enacted providing for carryover of excess profits credits
this carryover right has a number of things in common with a net operating loss carryover
it is an averaging device intended to ease the tax burden of fluctuating income
it is a tax benefit which might be of substantial value to a corporation which expects to have a high excess profits tax
under the #### code this item was permitted to survive a tax-free reorganization in the stanton brewery case but only over the dissent of judge learned hand who wrote the majority opinion in the sansome case a leading case requiring carryover of earnings and profits in a non-taxable reorganization
since this type of item was in the statute when section ### was enacted in #### one cannot say with certainty what effect the enactment of that section should have
with respect to this type of item one might properly apply the language of the committee report quoted above which cautions against using section ### as a basis for treating other tax attributes mentioned therein
actually there do presently appear to be items in the statute comparable to a net operating loss carryover
probably the primary reason for special treatment of a net operating loss carryover is the unique opportunity it presents for tax avoidance
reasons for selecting mail questionnaire method
there were two methods that could have been used for conducting the study within the resources available # interviews in depth with a few selected companies and # the more limited interrogation of a large number of companies by means of a mail questionnaire
while the method of interviewing a small number of companies was appealing because of the opportunity it might have furnished to probe fully the reasons and circumstances of a company 's practices and opinions it also involved the risk of paying undue attention to the unique and peculiar problems of just a few individual companies
as a result it was decided that a mail questionnaire sent to a large number of companies would be more effective in determining the general practices and opinions of small firms and in highlighting some of the fundamental and recurring problems of defense procurement that concern both industry and government
it was also hoped that responses to a mail questionnaire would suggest fruitful inquiries that might be made in subsequent studies of a more detailed nature
it is recognized that a mail questionnaire has inherent limitations
there is the danger that the questions will mean different things to different respondents
simple yes or no answers do reveal the different shades of opinion that the various respondents may have
a respondent may want to make alternative answers because he does know the precise circumstances assumed in the question
there is also the problem of the respondent 's frame of reference
is the respondent making a recommendation for his own benefit for the benefit of his industry for the benefit of a specific government department or service for the benefit of the defense program for the benefit of small business or for the benefit of the taxpayers
there is also the question of whether the respondent based his answers on factual information and carefully considered judgment or whether his answers were casual guesses
finally there is the question of how strongly an expressed opinion is held whether it is a firm opinion or one that the respondent favors only slightly over the alternatives
the research team was very mindful of these dangers and limitations of a mail questionnaire
under the circumstances however the team considered it would provide the most useful information at this point
in the preparation of the questionnaire the problems noted above were carefully considered and the structure and phraseology used were designed to minimize the effects of these limitations
design of the questionnaire
the questionnaire was designed to elicit three types of information # the facts regarding certain characteristics of the respondents including their experience with and interest in securing defense business
# the actual selling and buying practices of the respondents
and # the attitudes and opinions of the respondents concerning bidding procedures and the methods of awarding defense contracts
it was hoped that the facts concerning the characteristics and practices of the respondents would offer clues to the reasons why they took the positions and made the recommendations which they did
the major sections of the questionnaire see appendix b are devoted to the following # .
information for classifying respondents part a of the questionnaire # .
characteristics of defense sales activities part b of the questionnaire # .
respondents' practices in participating in advertised bidding for defense business part c of the questionnaire # .
respondents' practices in participating in negotiated bidding for defense purposes part d of the questionnaire # .
respondents' opinions regarding advertised bidding part e of the questionnaire # .
respondents' opinions regarding negotiated bidding part f of the questionnaire # .
respondents' preferences regarding the methods of awarding defense contracts part g of the questionnaire
the questionnaire provided a place for the name of the respondent but stated that identification of the respondent was optional
the questionnaire also stated that in any event all replies would be treated confidentially
it is interesting to note that ## per cent of those who returned the questionnaire identified themselves
preparation and pretest of the questionnaire
the research team prepared and then revised the questionnaire over a period of six months
in june #### an early draft of the questionnaire along with a cover letter was mailed to fourteen companies in the state of washington
several days after the companies had received the questionnaire members of the research team contacted the presidents of eleven of these companies in person or by phone to discuss any ambiguities or difficulties the addressees might have experienced in completing the questionnaire
this test resulted in further revisions of the questionnaire
the research team was concerned that responses from firms in the state of washington might be typical of those throughout the country or that the results might be different when no phone or personal follow-up was made
accordingly another test of the questionaire was made
the revised draft was mailed in july #### to ### firms throughout the united states
fifty of the ### firms were selected on a random basis from #,### names submitted by member companies of the aerospace industries association aia list and fifty were selected in a similar manner from a list of #,### names compiled by the research team from the thomas register tr list
the method of compiling the aia and tr lists will be described later
ten days after the questionnaires were mailed follow-up airmail postcards were sent urging those companies which had yet returned their questionnaires to do so at once
twenty-eight returns in all were received
the responses were carefully checked for obvious errors in the answers or for questions that were apparently understood by the respondent
the cover letter questionnaire and follow-up postcard were then revised into final form see appendixes a b and c
compilation of mailing lists
the objective of the study was to determine the opinions and practices of small firms selling to defense programs
the firms to receive the questionnaires were selected with this objective in mind
three lists of companies were made and used in the study
the first was a list of fourteen manufacturing companies located in the state of washington which were personally known to the research team to be active in defense work
the primary consideration in the compilation of this list was convenience in discussing the questionnaire with company officers
the second list was derived from a group of approximately #,### names supplied to the research team by the aerospace industries association
these names were secured from member companies by the association from the forty-four sources listed in appendix aj
each source selected from its approved bidders list about ### firms which it believed to be small businesses that participated in the production of weapons and weapon support systems
where possible the name of an executive was supplied along with the company name and address
the forty-four lists supplied by the aia member companies were merged and duplicate names were eliminated
there was further elimination of all companies that were accompanied by the name of a responsible company executive
the remaining names were then checked against the thomas register list see below and duplicate names were removed from the aia lists
by these steps the final aia list was reduced from #,### to #,###
the third list was selected by the research team on a random basis from the thomas register
it was compiled as a control sample to determine if the opinions and practices of companies on the lists submitted by the members of the aerospace industries association were materially different from those of other small firms selling to defense programs
such a difference might have resulted from # .
the fact that the aerospace industries association members whose lists were used did comprise all firms engaged in defense programs
the fact that companies on the aia lists were already participating in the defense program because of the manner of their selection
accordingly as in-group they might have different opinions and practices than an out-group composed of those companies so participating but interested in defense business
the fact that aia lists might have been selected on a random basis
the control sample was selected by taking the bottom name of each of the two columns of names on each page of the alphabetical listing of manufacturers in the thomas register
if the bottom name in each column did have a responsible executive identified the next name above which identified such a responsible executive was substituted
fifteen hundred names were selected in this fashion
mailing the questionnaire
each questionnaire was mailed with a cover letter addressed personally to the president or other executive of each firm
the questionnaires were mailed in seattle washington and sent by regular mail to addresses in the states of idaho montana oregon and washington
airmail was used for the addresses outside the pacific northwest
each letter contained a postage-prepaid return envelope by regular mail for addresses in the pacific northwest and by airmail for those outside the pacific northwest
approximately ten days after the questionnaire was mailed a follow-up airmail postcard was sent to each of the original names
the first test mailing to ## companies was made in june ####
the second test mailing to ### companies was made in july ####
the final mailing of the questionnaire was made late in august #### to #,### firms consisting of #,### from the aia list and #,### from the tr list
over #,### returns were received within two weeks after the final mailing was made
they continued to arrive until the end of december #### by which time a total of #,### returns were received representing ##.# per cent of the #,### questionnaires sent out
fifty-seven returns could be used because they were incomplete or received too late to be processed
the remaining #,### returns that were processed came from the categories in table #
processing the returns
each questionnaire was audited for obvious mistakes and for comments and was identified by a serial number by the source list from which the company name was selected and by the geographical location of the company as determined by the postmark on the return envelope
all responses except comments were numerically coded to permit use of data-processing equipment
the codes were key-punched into ibm punch cards and verified
each return required three cards and involved key punching ### digital columns
in order to be able to properly relate the data for a single company each of the three cards comprising the set for each firm was identified with the appropriate serial number of the respondent
the cards were then processed using standard ibm punch card equipment including an ibm ### computer
the first step in processing was to analyze the returns from questions # # and # to determine whether the respondents were large businesses or small businesses in accordance with the definitions contained in aspr section #-###
see chapter #
the results are shown in table #
the returns from companies classified as large businesses were set aside and used because they were relevant to a study of the opinions and practices of small firms
the second step in processing was to compare the responses from companies on the aia list with those from companies on the tr list in order to determine whether it would be appropriate to merge the responses for the purposes of the study
the methods and results of this comparative analysis are described in appendix aj
it was concluded that it would be appropriate to process the two groups of responses as a single sample of all small businesses engaged in or wishing to sell to defense programs
in the first place the two groups of firms when combined had characteristics and practices that were more representative of companies that were the subject of this study than did the firms from the aia list alone
the vast central valley of california is one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world
during the summer of #### it became the setting for a bitter and basic labor-management struggle
the contestants in this economic struggle are the agricultural workers organizing committee awoc of the afl-cio and the agricultural employers of the state
by virtue of the legal responsibilities of the department of employment in the farm placement program we necessarily found ourselves in the middle between these two forces
it is a pleasant or easy position but one we have endeavored to maintain
we have sought to be strictly neutral as between the parties but at the same time we have been required frequently to rule on specific issues or situations as they arose
inevitably one side was pleased and the other displeased regardless of how we ruled
often the displeased parties interpreted our decision as implying favoritism toward the other
we have consoled ourselves with the thought that this is a normal human reaction and is one of the consequences of any decision in an adversary proceeding
it is disconcerting nevertheless to read in a labor weekly perluss knuckles down to growers and then to be confronted with a growers' publication which states perluss recognizes obviously phony and trumped-up strikes as bona fide
for a number of years there have been sporadic attempts in california to organize farm workers
these attempts met with little sucess for a variety of reasons
they were inadequately financed without experienced leadership and lacked the general support of organized labor as a whole
this past year the pattern has been different the organizing program had the full support of the afl-cio which supplied staff and money to the awoc as well as moral support
leadership was experienced and skillful and financial resources were significant
regardless of where personal sympathies may lie as between the parties failure to recognize these changed conditions would be to ignore the facts of life
as a result of these changed conditions the impact of the organizational effort on agricultural labor-management relations has been much greater than in the past
the awoc has been able to employ the traditional weapons of labor the strike and the picket line with considerable success particularly in the area of wages
by the very nature of the situation it is the union which has been able to select the time and place to bring pressure upon management
to date at least the strategy of the awoc has been selective
that is to say to concentrate on a particular crop or activity in a particular area at a strategic time rather than any broadside engagement with management throughout an area or the state
primarily we became involved in these disputes because of our referral obligations under our farm placement program
normally because agricultural labor is covered by unemployment insurance we would expect any issues to arise regarding benefit payments under the trade dispute provision of the unemployment insurance code although such a situation is quite within the realm of possibility
but the current issues arose out of the wagner-peyser act concerning referrals to an establishment where a labor dispute exists and out of public law ## and the migrant labor agreement if mexican nationals were employed at the ranch
most of us remember and think of the wagner-peyser act in its historical sense as a major milestone in the development of public placement services
infrequently do we think of it as a living continuing operating control over the system
however when labor disputes arise its provisions come clearly into play
california has accepted the provisions of that act as have all other states by enacting into our code section #### a provision that
the state of california accepts the provisions of the wagner-peyser act and will observe and comply with the requirements of that act
with respect to labor disputes the wagner-peyser act states only
in carrying out the provisions of this act the secretary is authorized and directed to provide for the giving of notice of strikes or lock-outs to applicants before they are referred to employment
other provisions of the act empower the secretary to adopt regulations necessary to carry out its provisions and he has done so
the pertinent regulation for our purposes is section ###.# as follows
referrals in labor dispute situations
no person shall be referred to a position the filling of which will aid directly or indirectly in filling a job which # is vacant because the former occupant is on strike or is being locked out in the course of a labor dispute or # the filling of which is an issue in a labor dispute
with respect to positions covered by subparagraph # or # of this paragraph any individual may be referred to a place of employment in which a labor dispute exists provided he is given written notice of such dispute prior to or at the time of his referral
in analyzing this regulation let us take the last sentence first
it permits referrals under certain circumstances even when there is a labor dispute provided the individual is given written notice of such a dispute
assume for example a situation where a farm has a packing shed and fields
the packing shed workers go on strike
there is no dispute involving fieldwork
we concluded that we may refer workers to the fieldwork but the packing shed work provided we give them written notice of the packing shed dispute
so far no troublesome cases have arisen under this provision
it is the first part of the regulation that is currently at issue
note that it prohibits referrals under either condition # or condition #
employer representatives have contended that the secretary has gone beyond his authority by such a prohibition on the grounds that the wagner-peyser act requires only written notice to the prospective worker that a dispute exists
the matter got into the courts this way one of the early strikes called by the awoc was at the digiorgio pear orchards in yuba county
we found that a labor dispute existed and that the workers had left their jobs which were then vacant because of the dispute
accordingly under clause # of the secretary 's regulation we suspended referrals to the employer
incidentally no mexican nationals were involved
the employer seeking to continue his harvest challenged our right to cease referrals to him and sought relief in the superior court of yuba county
the court issued a temporary restraining order directing us to resume referrals
we of course obeyed the court order
however the attorney general of california at the request of the secretary of labor sought to have the jurisdiction over the issue removed to the federal district court on grounds that it was predominantly a federal issue since the validity of the secretary 's regulation was being challenged
however the federal court held that since the state had accepted the provisions of the wagner-peyser act into its own code and presumably therefore also the regulations it was now a state matter
it accordingly refused to assume jurisdiction whereupon the california superior court made the restraining order permanent
under that order we have continued referring workers to the ranch
a similar case arose at the bowers ranch in butte county and the superior court of that county issued similar restraining orders
the growers have strenuously argued that i should have accepted the superior court decisions as conclusive and issued statewide instructions to our staff to ignore this provision in the secretary 's regulation
i cannot accept that view either as a lawyer or as an administrator
first let us examine briefly some of the legal considerations involved
it is an accepted juridical principle in california that a superior court decision does constitute a binding legal precedent
it is conclusive unless appealed only upon the particular parties to the particular action which was heard
it is binding upon another superior court which could rule to the contrary
only when a decision is rendered by the district court of appeal or of course the supreme court is a binding precedent established
in that event we can correctly say that we have received an authoritative interpretation of the matter and one which we can follow statewide with confidence that the policy will be overthrown in other superior courts
but over and beyond the compelling need for a binding precedent decision i am convinced that the decisions of the superior courts which in effect nullify the secretary 's regulation are a correct interpretation of the secretary 's power under the federal law
i believe i am in good company in this view
the attorney general of california concurs in this interpretation and has filed an appeal from these decisions to the district court of appeal
the attorney general of the united states in considering the power of the secretary to issue similar regulations under the wagner-peyser act relating to the interstate recruitment of farm workers has rendered an opinion sustaining his authority
further and as an evidence of legislative intent only the senate of the united states recently defeated by a substantial majority the holland amendment to the fair labor standards act which would have specifically limited the regulatory authority of the secretary in these matters
next let us consider briefly the program and administrative implications of a failure on our part to pursue our appeals
there is far too much at stake for all of the parties concerned to leave the matter hanging in midair
the ramifications of the issue are enormous
a decision to refer workers to jobs vacant because of a strike would have to be applied equally to nonagricultural situations and might in effect place the public employment services in the position of acting as strikebreakers
the public interest is so dominant in such an issue that i cannot be so presumptuous as to attempt to settle it by an administrative order based upon conclusions reached in a summary action in one or two superior courts in the state
it is an issue which may well reach the supreme court of the united states before judicial finality is achieved
as an administrator i cannot place the employment service in california in jeopardy of being out of compliance with the federal laws by my failure to pursue the avenues of appeal open to me
to have applied statewide the decisions of the two cases heard in superior court in my opinion would have placed us clearly out of compliance with the wagner-peyser act and would have immediately opened the way for the secretary of labor were he so inclined to notify the governor of such noncompliance set a date for hearing and issue his finding
the impact of noncompliance under the wagner-peyser act is clear the withdrawal of some $## million a year of administrative funds which finance our employment service program or as a corollary the taking over by the federal government of its operation
thus far the cases which have come before the courts have involved only the issue of referral where the job is vacant due to a strike condition # in the regulation of the secretary
none has yet arisen under condition # relating to referral to jobs the filling of which is an issue in a labor dispute
here the problem is essentially one of defining the word filling
should it be defined in a narrow sense to include only such elements as job specifications union membership union jurisdiction and the like
or should it have a broader connotation of including wage demands and other factors necessarily associated with the mechanics of filling the job
because of the uncertainty of this definition i solicited the interpretation of the secretary of labor
he has advised me that the narrower interpretation is the proper one
that is that if wages for example is the only issue in a labor dispute and no workers have left their jobs because of the dispute we may continue to make referrals
martin and stendler present evidence that infants and young children can and do solve many problems at a relatively simple perceptual level simply by combining objects and counting them
after they have developed concepts they are free from the necessity of manipulating objects
they do symbolically what they once had to do concretely
the ability to think seems to increase consistently with age
one experiment showed the greatest one-year difference occurring between the eleventh and twelfth years
many studies indicate that elementary-school children 's interests cover the whole field of science
that their questions indicate a genuine interest in social processes and events
and that as they mature their interests and capabilities change and broaden
how a child feels about himself about other people and about the tasks confronting him in school may have as much influence on his success in school as his physical and intellectual characteristics
a considerable amount of evidence exists to show that an unhappy and insecure child is likely to do well in school subjects
emotional maturity is the result of many factors the principal ones being the experiences of the first few years of the child 's life
however the teacher who understands the influence of emotions on behavior may be highly influential in helping pupils gain confidence security and satisfaction
concerning this responsibility of the teacher suggestions for helping children gain better control of the emotions are presented in chapter ##
the following generalizations about the emotional characteristics of elementary-school children may be helpful
typically the young child 's emotional reactions last for a relatively short time as contrasted to those of an adult
as the child grows older his emotional reactions lead to moods or emotional states drawn out over a period of time and expressed slowly rather than in short abrupt outbursts
studies of the growth and decline of children 's fears indicate that fears due to strange objects noises falling and unexpected movement decline during the preschool years but that fears of the dark of being alone and of imaginary creatures or robbers increase
ridiculing a child for being afraid or forcing him to meet the feared situation alone are poor ways of dealing with the problem
more effective solutions include explanations the example of another child or conditioning by associating the feared object place or person with something pleasant
children need help in learning to control their emotions
the young child learns from parents and teachers that temper tantrums screaming kicking and hitting will get him what he wants
the older child learns that intense emotional outbursts will win approval by his peers and therefore makes a real effort to control his emotions
children differ widely in their emotional responses
among infants the patterns of emotional responses are similar
as the influence of learning and environment are felt emotional behavior becomes individualized
although no national norms exist for the social development of children the teacher can find a great deal of information concerning types of social behavior normally displayed by children at various age levels
the following summary will give the student some idea about the social characteristics of elementary-school children
the student will certainly want to explore more deeply into the fascinating study of immature individuals struggling to meet their developmental needs and at the same time trying to learn the rules of the game in the ever-expanding number of groups in which they hold membership
during early childhood children are more interested in the approval of their parents and teachers than they are in the approval of other children
after they have been in school a few years their interest in playmates of their own age increases and their interest in adults decreases
the child who had once considered it a treat to accompany his parents on picnics and family gatherings now considers it a bore
in late childhood the influence of the group on the social behavior of the child continues to increase
the group sets the styles in clothing the kind of play engaged in and the ideals of right and wrong behavior
in early childhood the choice of a companion is likely to be for another child of his own age or a year or two older who can do the things he likes to do
such factors as sex intelligence and status in the group do influence his choice much at this time
in later childhood an interest in team games replaces individual play
loyalty to the group a feeling of superiority over those who are members and unwillingness to play with members of the opposite sex become dominant traits
during early childhood boys tease and bully on the average more than girls
those who feel inferior or insecure engage in these activities more than do well-adjusted children
during late childhood boys like to tease jostle and talk smart to girls
girls who are more mature than boys frown upon the youthful antics of boys of their own age
by the time pupils reach the sixth grade their ethical and moral standards are fairly well developed
they exhibit a keen interest in social political and economic problems but they frequently have vague and incorrect notions about the terms they use rather glibly in their routine school work
between the ages of two and four years negativism or resistance to adult authority is noticeable
after the fourth year it begins to decline
however as we have seen in later childhood the child begins to substitute the standards of the peer group for those of parents and teachers
the elementary-school child grows gradually in his ability to work in groups
the child in the primary grades can play harmoniously with one companion but his desire to be first in everything gets him into trouble when the group gets larger
he wants to be with people but he hasn't yet learned to cooperate
in the middle grades however he begins to participate more effectively in group activities such as selecting a leader helping to make plans and carry on group activities and setting up rules governing the enterprise
why the teacher should study the individual pupil
much progress has been made in the last two decades in developing techniques for understanding children yet in almost any classroom today can be found children whose needs are being met by the school program
some are failing to achieve as much as their ability would permit
others never seem able to enter fully into the life of the classroom
these children have been described as those who were trying to say something to adults who did understand
many school systems now employ school psychologists and child guidance specialists
these specialists perform valuable services by helping teachers learn to identify children who need special attention by suggesting ways of meeting the needs of individual children in the regular classroom and by providing clinical services for severely maladjusted children
it is the classroom teacher however who has daily contacts with pupils and who is in a unique position to put sound psychological principles into practice
indeed a study of the individual child is an integral part of the work of the elementary-school teacher rather than merely an additional chore
teachers and administrators in many elementary schools have assumed that dividing the pupils in any grade into groups on the basis of test scores solves the problem of meeting the needs of individuals
what they should recognize is that children who have been placed in one of these groups on a narrow academic basis still differ widely in attributes that influence success and that they still must be treated as individuals
although the teacher must be concerned with maintaining standards he must also be concerned about understanding differences in ability background and experience
factors that inhibit learning and lead to maladjustment
studies conducted in various sections of the united states indicate that many children in elementary schools are maladjusted emotionally and that many of them are failing to make satisfactory progress in school subjects
one study which involved #,### pupils in grades one to six found that ## percent of the pupils were seriously maladjusted and that ## percent were reading a year below capacity
it is apparent therefore that the teacher needs to know what factors have a vital bearing on the learning and adjustment of children
when a child fails to meet the standards of the school in his rate of learning insecurity unhappiness and other forms of maladjustment frequently follow
these maladjustments in turn inhibit learning and a vicious cycle is completed
it is easy for the teacher to rationalize that the child who is achieving in accordance with his known ability is just plain lazy or that the child who lacks interest in school who dislikes the teacher or who is overaggressive is a hopeless delinquent
the causes of retardation and maladjustment may be found in physical factors such as defective speech or hearing impaired vision faulty motor coordination a frail constitution chronic disease malnutrition and glandular malfunctioning
they may be caused by poor health habits such as faulty eating and sleeping habits
they may be related to mental immaturity or lack of aptitude for certain types of school work
the curriculum may be too difficult for some and too easy for others
teaching methods learning materials and promotion policies may inhibit learning and lead to maladjustments for some children
unwholesome family relations broken homes and undesirable community influences may also be contributing factors
this is only a minimum list of the factors that inhibit learning and contribute to maladjustment among children
moreover these conditions do influence all children in the same manner
a vision handicap that may produce nervous tension and reading disability for one child may spur another child on to even greater achievement in reading
an impoverished home that may discourage one child may constitute the motivation causing another to work harder for successful achievement in school
at any rate the teacher who recognizes common causes of retardation and maladjustment can frequently do a great deal to eliminate the causes of pupil discouragement failure and maladjustment
sources of information about children
successful teaching involves getting enough information about each pupil to understand why he behaves as he does in certain situations and how his achievement in school is being influenced by various factors in his environment
the classroom teacher cannot be expected to be as proficient in the use of the techniques of child study as the clinical psychologist
he cannot be expected to administer all the tests and gather all the information needed about each child in his classroom
he can be expected however to examine and interpret the information already available
to refine and extend his own techniques for studying individual children
and to utilize opportunities arising in connection with regular classroom activities for gaining a better understanding of his pupils
this section deals with some of the sources of information that can be tapped by the classroom teacher
chapter ## provides more detailed information about specific techniques used in evaluating pupil progress
most school systems today maintain a system of cumulative records of pupils
these records when systematically maintained provide much information about the children which the teacher can use in guidance instruction grouping and reporting to parents
each teacher has in his classroom a metal file equipped with a lock which is used to store cumulative record folders
during summer vacation periods these records are stored in the office of the principal
only the teacher and other professional personnel are permitted to see or use these records
each new teacher to whom the pupil goes is expected to study the information in the cumulative record and to bring it up to date
some school systems provide written instructions to principals and teachers designating when certain information is to be recorded on cumulative record forms and explaining how the information is to be summarized and used
the summary report on desegregation progress in education in the middle-south region #### - #### clearly shows two pieces of information
the summary report which was prepared for this conference indicates first that actual or pending school desegregation is increasing
second that both actual and pending desegregation is with few exceptions the product or result of court order
the report together with other information suggests that desegregation in the schools is slow
the middle-south region as defined by the national association of intergroup relations officials nairo consists of the states of kentucky maryland tennessee west virginia delaware virginia and the district of columbia
the states and the nation 's capital all have some desegregation in fact some dating back to ####
but the region also embraces some of the staunchest opposition
desegregation has been opposed by massive resistance interposition pupil assignment with no assignments of negro children and hate bombings
desegregation and court order
now let 's look at the evidence that shows the increase in desegregation and such increase as a result of court order
elementary school desegregation came to owen and union counties which already had high school desegregation
the action was a result of a court order the citation for which and for other court action mentioned in this paper is taken from the summary report for this conference
in maryland the harford county board of education had prepared a desegregation plan which the court approved but which a plaintiff had challenged
thus county school board and federal court joined hands here to promote school desegregation
additional school desegregation in tennessee resulted from a court order opening a school serving children of military personnel
similarly further desegregation may come from suits pending in three tennessee cities chattanooga knoxville and memphis
in west virginia the number of white and negro children attending the same school has increased almost twofold
there are no court decisions here
as in maryland a district court has approved an official plan of school desegregation in delaware
as a result of the state board of education plan negro children entered heretofore white elementary schools in five districts
the third circuit court of appeals is reviewing an appeal from the plan
in virginia court orders led to desegregation in charlottesville and floyd counties
desegregation in pulaski county is pending because of court order although date of admission is yet determined
negro parents have filed application for admission of additional children to schools in alexandria arlington fairfax and warren counties
desegregation can also result from additional suits brought by negro plaintiffs against school boards in newport news fairfax county arlington county and norfolk
as a school district the district of columbia has had desegregated schools since #### shortly after the supreme court decision
this recapitulation makes it clear that school desegregation continues including the old dominion state in spite of its stern resistance
the record is clear that increase in school desegregation last year came largely as a result of a court order
that on the immediate horizon if further large-scale relatively speaking desegregation comes it will result from court orders on suits filed in several middle-south states
knowledge that thousands of school districts are involved and observation that school desegregation has occurred in only a handful in ####-#### leads to a conclusion that desegregation-from-court-order is slow
before turning to my views as to the problems and issues before us at this regional conference i wish to note a small item in the summary report as it refers to the district of columbia
that reference in the report is continuation of the trend toward an all-negro school system a remark apparently occasioned by the increase of negro school population from ##.# per cent to ##.# per cent
i see no real prospects for an all-negro school population
west of rock creek park is still monolithically white and is in fact increasingly white as a result of georgetown 's conversion-by-renovation housing program
nearby foggy bottom is ousting negroes
the large acreage in the southwest redevelopment area beckons white people what with high-priced town houses and elevator apartments
the capitol hill rehabilitation like foggy bottom replaces negroes with whites but also replaces some whites with other whites
the sharpest break with tradition the past and present of white ring around a black core may come with the opening of nearby montgomery county suburbs to negro residents and presumably the consequent conclusion of some whites that they cannot escape the negro by fleeing to the suburbs
in fact short of fleeing to warrenton virginia or rockville maryland white people may have to live with negroes
all of this must be taken into account before the image of an all-negro d.c. public school system is conjured up
problems to solve
from the summary report before us at this conference a number of problems are apparent
they vex us and perplex us but generally do divide us like the issues which follow the problems
first how can we step up the desegregation movement
it is slow
i believe we all want more schools where white and negro together can and do attend
i believe we all want no child denied admission to a school on account of his color
in general members of nairo would certainly want a child admitted to a school nearest his residence or within his residence zone
how to achieve this objective is a problem but we are divided on what we want
second as we increase the number of desegregated school districts and schools themselves how can we achieve this action through school board action
it may be county school board or state school board action as well as that of municipal school boards
correlatively can we reduce the role of the district courts so that the action is that of the people of the community or other school district and that of the law court
this is a problem and i believe there is little difference of opinion that wherever possible a local school board should devise and effect a plan of desegregation
third how can we insure a systematic and continuing group relations education in the schools
simply a brief program when the schools are actually desegregated but a continuing program that also promotes integration that encourages the children and teachers to look at each other as white or negro but as human beings
again the problem is how to get it done and in what form to offer the group relations education
whether it should be done
fourth in the segregated school system during the period before desegregation how can we assure equal opportunity
in fact in the desegregated school system which may have a good many schools with all-negro population how can we assure equal opportunity
this is a problem but we are divided over its importance or by its existence
fifth in the segregated school system or in the all-negro or all-white schools how can we encourage better group relations or an improved attitude toward people who do belong to the group
can we help children adjust to images of other children when the latter are actually present
now , the issues
if we have five problems whose solution we seek in relatively united fashion then there are twice as many issues which i judge sharply divide us intergroup relations practitioners and lay people
issue no. # .
pupil assignment .
since on the one hand school desegregation has come in virginia hand-in-glove with pupil assignment shall we support the plan
on the basis of pupil assignment criteria judge albert bryan has assigned negro children to formerly white schools in arlington and alexandria virginia
shall we support pupil assignment
on the other hand looking at the larger picture is it true that pupil assignment has effectively cut off blocked or reduced school desegregation to a trickle
shall we therefore oppose the plan
this question is an issue because it likely divides us into two camps those for or against pupil assignment
issue no. # .
teacher assignment in order to desegregate .
in large cities like baltimore louisville and washington d.c. should school desegregation be extended to all-negro and all-white schools by assigning white and negro teachers respectively
on the one hand do we argue the supreme court decision required only that a child be denied admission to a school on account of his race
or should we argue that if we want adjustment of children to children of different races and that that is impossible in an all-something-or-the-other school we must at least provide him some opportunity to adjust to people of another race within the school namely to a teacher of another race
we can argue that where residence makes pupil desegregation impossible teacher assignment can create a partially desegregated situation
issue no. # .
the plaintiff in school desegregation cases .
the earlier part of my statement deals with the court orders that resulted in desegregation
in each instance the plaintiff was a private citizen
in thousands of school districts indeed in the entire state of mississippi no plaintiff has come forth
and i have established that the action of municipal county or state school boards or boards of education is small infinitesimally small in comparison with the number of districts
is the requirement that the plaintiff be a person actually denied admission to a school a sound requirement
should congress authorize the attorney general to file suit to accomplish admission of a child to a school to which he is denied entrance
even though in civil rights legislation in #### and #### the provision for the attorney general to act was eliminated should we nevertheless support such a clause
this is an issue for it divides people rather sharply
issue no. # .
withholding of funds to schools that deny children on account of race .
this is the powell amendment which in #### divided even a liberal group like the american veterans committee avc
should we support a clause in federal school construction or school assistance legislation that would deny federal funds to a school district that denies admission to a child on account of his race
this is softer than earlier powell amendments which would have denied funds to all segregated school districts
there is nonetheless considerable argument against the clause softened though it be on the grounds that federal aid is so necessary to the public schools
the federal funds limitation enlists the support of many the opposition of quite a few
issue no. # .
required public education .
should a political subdivision state or county or municipality be required to furnish public education
for the school year ####-#### the prince edward county virginia board of supervisors voted to provide funds for public education and the school board therefore could provide no public education for white or negro children
is public education in this american democracy of such importance that no child should be denied public education
or is this subject a matter of self-determination a matter of states rights or county rights
if people don't want to provide public education should they be forced to do so
even if we marshal substantial agreement behind mandatory public education we likely cannot expect that all the states will enact the legislation
should the requirement which must therefore be federal in nature be legislated by the united states congress
or must it become law by amendment of the united states constitution
we actually have two issues in this question goal and method
issue no. # .
federal responsibility for education of the citizens .
if the above issue is settled by requiring public education for all citizens issue no. # may be moot
if on the other hand it is settled or while it is being debated and resolved does the federal government have a responsibility in situations like that in prince edward county
nearly half the children still receive no education
must or should the federal government help
should the government directly provide education for the children who want public education
the next question is whether board members favor their own social classes in their roles as educational policy-makers
on the whole it appears that they do favor their own social classes in an explicit way
seldom is there an issue in which class lines can be clearly drawn
a hypothetical issue of this sort might deal with the establishment of a free public junior college in a community where there already was a good private college which served the middle-class youth adequately but was too expensive for working-class youth
in situations of this sort the board generally favors the expansion of free education
campbell studied the records of ### school board members in twelve western cities over the period of #### - ## and found little or no relationship between certain social and economic factors and school board competence as judged by a panel of professional educators who studied the voting records on educational issues
the few cases of clear favoritism along social-class lines are as likely as to involve representatives of the working class on the school board who favor some such practice as higher wages for janitors rather than pay increases for teachers and such issues are issues of educational policy
in general it appears that trustees and board members attempt to represent the public interest in their administration of educational policy and this is made easier by the fact that the dominant values of the society are middle-class values which are generally thought to be valid for the entire society
there have been very few cases of explicit conflict of interest between the middle class and any other class in the field of educational policy
if there were more such cases it would be easier to answer the question whether the policy-makers favor their own social classes
there is currently a major controversy of public education in which group interests and values are heavily engaged
this is the issue of segregated schools in the south
in this case it is primarily a matter of conflict of racial groups rather than social-class groups
thus the white middle and lower classes are arrayed against the negro middle and lower classes
this conflict may be resolved in a way which will suit white middle-class people better than it suits white lower-class people
if this happens there may be some class conflict in the south with school boards and school teachers taking the middle-class position
the educational profession
the members of the educational profession have a major voice in the determination of educational policy their position being strongest in the universities
they are mostly upper-middle- and lower-middle-class people with a few in the upper class
do they make class-biased decisions
in a society dominated by middle-class values and working in an institution which transmits and strengthens these social values it is clear that the educational profession must work for the values which are characteristic of the society
there is no problem here
the problem arises if it does arise when the educator has to make a choice or a decision within the area of his professional competence but which bears some relation to the social structure
for instance in giving school grades or in making recommendations for the award of a college scholarship does he consciously or unconsciously favor students of one or another social class
again in deciding on the content and method of his teaching does he favor a curriculum which will make his students stronger competitors in the race for higher economic status or does he favor a curriculum which strengthens students in other ways
the answers to questions such as these certainly depend to some extent upon the educator 's own social-class position and also upon his social history as well as upon his personality and what he conceives his mission to be as an educator
in a set of case studies of teachers with various social-class backgrounds wattenberg illustrates a variety of approaches to students and to teaching which depend upon the teacher 's personality as well as on his social-class background
one upward-mobile teacher may be a hard taskmaster for lower-class pupils because she wants them to develop the attitudes and skills that will enable them to climb while another upward-mobile teacher may be a very permissive person with lower-class pupils because he knows their disadvantages and deprivations at home and he hopes to encourage them by friendly treatment
one social-class factor which plays a large part in educational policy today is the fact that a great many school and college teachers are upward mobile from urban lower-class and lower-middle-class families
their own experience in the social system influences their work and attitudes as teachers
while this influence is a complex matter depending upon personality factors in the individual as well as upon his social-class experience there probably are some general statements about social-class background and educational policy that can be made with a fair degree of truth
teachers who have been upward mobile probably see education as most valuable for their students if it serves students as it has served them
that is they are likely to favor a kind of education that has vocational-advancement value
this does necessarily mean that such teachers will favor vocational education as contrasted with liberal education but they are likely to favor an approach to liberal education which has a maximal vocational-advancement value as against a kind of pure liberal education that is designed to help people get better jobs
there is no doubt that higher education since world war # has moved away from pure liberal education toward greater emphasis on technology and specialization
there are several causes for this one being rapid economic development with increasing numbers of of middle-class positions requiring engineering or scientific training
but another cause may lie in the experience of so many new postwar faculty members with their own use of education as a means of social advancement
compared with the college and university faculty members of the period from #### to #### the new postwar faculty members consist of more children of immigrants and more children of urban working-class fathers
their experience is quite in contrast with that of children of upper- and upper-middle-class native-born parents who are more likely to regard education as good for its own sake and to discount the vocational emphases in the curriculum
the public interest groups
educational policies are formed by several groups who are officially or unofficially appointed to act in the public interest
legislators are one such group and state legislators have major responsibility for educational legislation
they generally vote so as to serve their own constituency and if the constituency should be solidly middle class or solidly lower class they might be expected to vote and work for middle- or for lower-class interests in education
however there are relatively few such political constituencies and as has been pointed out there is seldom a clear-cut distinction between the educational interests of one social class and those of another
another public interest group is the commission of laymen or educators which is appointed to study an educational problem and to make recommendations
generally these commissions work earnestly to represent the interest of the entire society as they conceive it
nevertheless their conclusions and recommendations cannot please everybody and they often represent a particular economic or political point of view
for instance there have been two presidential commissions on higher education since world war #
president truman 's commission on higher education tended to take a liberal expansionist position while president eisenhower 's committee on education beyond the high school was slightly more conservative
both commissions consisted of upper-middle- and upper-class people who attempted to act in the public interest
an example of a more definite class bias is noted in proceedings of the commission on the financing of higher education sponsored by the association of american universities and supported by the rockefeller foundation and the carnegie corporation
this commission recommended against the use of federal government funds for the assistance of private universities and against a broad program of government-supported scholarships
this might be said to be an upper- or an upper-middle-class bias but the commission published as one of its staff studies a book by byron s. hollingshead entitled who should go to college
which recommended a federal government scholarship program
furthermore the commission set up the council for financial aid to education as a means of encouraging private business to increase its support of private higher education
thus the commission acted with a sense of social responsibility within the area of its own convictions about the problem of government support to private education
then there are the trustees and officers of the great educational foundations who inevitably exert an influence on educational decisions by their support or refusal to support various educational programs experiments and demonstrations
these people are practically always upper- or upper-middle-class persons who attempt to act in what they regard as the interest of the entire society
finally there are the parent organizations and the laymen 's organizations such as the national association of parents and teachers and the citizens committee on public schools
these have an upper-middle-class leadership and a middle-class membership with rare exceptions where working-class parents are active in local p.-t.a. matters
like the other policy-making groups these are middle class in their educational attitudes and they attempt to act in the general public interest as they see it
in general it appears that educational decisions and educational policies are made by people who intend to act in the interests of the society as a whole
they are predominantly middle- and upper-class people and undoubtedly share the values and attitudes of those classes
they may be unaware of the existence of lower-class values and consequently fail to take them into account
but there is very little frank and conscious espousal of the interests of any one social class by the people who have the power to make decisions in education
they think of themselves as trustees for the entire society and try to serve the entire society
attempts to influence social structure through education
educational policy in the united states has as an explicit goal the maximization of economic and cultural opportunity
in so far as this goal is achieved the society becomes more fluid artificial barriers to social mobility are reduced and people at the lower end of the social hierarchy share more fully in the material and cultural goods of society
on the other hand there is a counterbalancing purpose in education which is to pass on the advantages of the parents to their children
this leads to efforts at exclusiveness through private schools and to the maintenance of social stratification in the schools
both of these purposes exist side by side without much overt conflict under present conditions
maximizing economic and cultural opportunity
the broad expansion of free education results both in raising the average economic and cultural level of the society and in promoting fluidity within the social structure
fifty years ago the general raising of the school-leaving age to sixteen was an example of this movement
during the past decade the program has been carried on through expansion of free higher education in state universities state colleges and community colleges
the reaffirmation of american faith in the comprehensive high school as expressed in the conant study is another indication of the liveliness of the ideal of maximizing opportunity through the equalizing of educational opportunity
the recent federal government 's student-loan program is another step in the direction of making higher education more available to lower-status youth
it is probably more effective than the expanded scholarship programs of the past decade because the scholarship programs mainly aided the students with the best academic records who were usually middle-class and these students tended to use the scholarship funds to go to more expensive colleges
meanwhile the private colleges have increased their tuition rates so much that they have raised an economic barrier which dwarfs their scholarship funds
the gains in educational opportunity during the past decade have taken place largely in the publicly supported institutions
unfortunately however and for reasons to be discussed in the following chapter no rate relationships can be made completely nondiscriminatory as long as all or some of the rates must be set above marginal costs in order to yield adequate revenues
and this fact may explain some of the disagreements among the experts as to the more rational formulas for the apportionment of total costs among different units of service
one such disagreement which will receive attention in this next chapter concerns the question whether rates for different kinds of service in order to avoid the attribute of discrimination must be made directly proportional to marginal costs or whether they should be based instead on differences in marginal costs
here the choice is that between the horns of a dilemma
two major types of fully distributed cost analysis
the double-step type
despite an ambiguity due to its failure clearly to define relative costs the above exposition of fully distributed costing goes about as far as one can go toward expressing the basic philosophy of the practice
for more explicit expositions one must distinguish different types of analyses
by all means the most important distinction is that between those total-cost apportionments which superimpose a distribution of admittedly unallocable cost residues on estimates of incremental or marginal costs and those other apportionments which recognize no difference between true cost allocation and mere total-cost distribution
the first or double-step type might also be called the railroad type because of its application to railroads and other transportation agencies by the cost section of the interstate commerce commission
the cost section distinguishes between directly variable costs and constant costs in a manner noted in the preceding chapter
the variable costs alone are assigned to the different units of freight traffic as representing long-run out-of-pocket costs a term with a meaning here distinctly different from that of the economist 's long-run marginal costs
there remains a residue of total costs or total revenue requirements which since it is found to behave as if it were constant over substantial variations in traffic density is strictly unallocable on a cost-finding basis
nevertheless because the cost section has felt impelled to make some kind of a distribution of total costs it has apportioned this residue which it sometimes calls burden among the units of carload traffic on a basis partly ton partly ton-mile which is concededly quite arbitrary from the standpoint of cost determination
in recent years this burden which includes allowances for revenue deficiencies in the passenger business and in less-than-carload freight traffic
has amounted to about one third of those total revenue requirements which the carload freight business is supposed to be called upon to meet
since this book is concerned only incidentally with railroad rates it will attempt to analyze the methods by which the staff of the interstate commerce commission has estimated out-of-pocket costs and apportioned residue costs
suffice it to say that the usefulness of the latter apportionment is questionable
but in any event full credit should be given to the cost section for its express and overt recognition of a vital distinction too often ignored in utility-cost analyses namely that between a cost allocation designed to reflect the actual behavior of costs in response to changes in rates of output of different classes of utility service
and a mere cost apportionment which somehow spreads among the classes and units of service even those costs that are strictly unallocable from the standpoint of specific cost determination
the single-step type
we turn now to a type of fully distributed cost analysis which unlike the railroad type draws no distinction between cost allocation and cost apportionment the single-step type
it might be called the public utility type because of the considerable use to which it has been put in gas and electric utility rate cases
here no attempt is made first to determine out-of-pocket or marginal costs and then to superimpose on these costs reasonably distributed residues of total costs
instead all of the total costs are treated as variable costs although these costs are divided into costs that are deemed to be functions of different variables
moreover whereas in interstate commerce commission parlance variable cost means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output in the type of analysis now under review variable cost has been used more broadly so as to cover costs which while a function of some one variable such as output of energy or number of customers are necessarily a linear function
as already noted in an earlier paragraph the more familiar cost analyses of utility enterprises or utility systems divide the total costs among a number of major classes of service such as residential commercial industrial power street lighting etc.
this grand division permits many costs to be assigned in their entirety to some one class such as street lighting or at least to be excluded completely from some important class or classes
high-tension industrial power service for example would be charged with any share of the maintenance costs or capital costs of the low-tension distribution lines
but the major portions of the total costs of a utility business are common or joint to all or nearly all classes of customers
and these costs must somehow be apportioned among the various classes and then must somehow be reapportioned among the units of service in order to report unit costs that can serve as tentative measures of reasonable rates
the general basis on which these common costs are assigned to differently measured units of service will be illustrated by the following highly simplified problem of an electric-utility cost analysis
but before turning to this example we must distinguish two subtypes of analysis both of which belong to the single-step type rather than to the double-step type
in the first subtype the analyst following the practice of railroad analysis in this particular respect distributes both total operating costs and total annual capital costs including an allowance for cost of capital or fair rate of return among the different classes and units of service
here an apportionment say of $#,###,### of the total costs to residential service as a class would include an allowance of perhaps # per cent as the cost of whatever capital is deemed to have been devoted to the service of the residential consumers
but in the second subtype which i take to be the one more frequently applied only the operating expenses and the cost of capital or fair return are apportioned directly among the various classes of service
to be sure the capital investments in or alternatively the estimated fair values of the plant and equipment are apportioned among the different classes as are also the gross revenues received from the sales of the different services
but any resulting excess of revenues received from a given class of service over the operating costs imputed to this class is reported as a return realized on the capital investment attributed to the same service
thus during any given year a if the revenues from the residential service are $#,###,### b if the operating expenses imputed to this class of service come to $#,###,### and c if the net investment in or value of the plant and equipment deemed devoted to this service amounts to $##,###,### the cost analyst will report that residential service in the aggregate has yielded a return of $#,###,### or #-# per cent
other services will show different rates of return some probably much lower and some higher
there are obvious reasons of convenience for this practice of excluding cost of capital from the direct apportionment of annual costs among the different classes of service notably the avoidance of the controversial question what rate of return should be held to constitute cost of capital or fair rate of return
but the practice is likely to be misleading since it may seem to support a conclusion that as long as the revenues from any class of service cover the imputed operating expenses plus some return on capital investment however low the rates of charge for this service are compensatory
needless to say any such inference would be quite unwarranted
for the reason just suggested i shall assume the use of the first subtype of fully distributed cost apportionment in the following simplified example
that is to say an allowance for cost of capital will be assumed to be included directly in the cost apportionment
three-part analysis of the costs of an electric utility business
in order to simplify the exposition of a typical fully apportioned cost analysis let us assume the application of the analysis to an electric utility company supplying a single city with power generated by its own steam-generation plant
let us also assume the existence of only one class or type of service all of which is supplied at the same voltage phase etc. to residential commercial and industrial customers
this latter assumption will permit us to center attention on the most controversial aspect of modern public utility cost analysis the distinction among costs that are functions of outputs of the same service measured along different dimensions
since the company under review is supplying what we are here regarding as only one kind of service we might suppose that the problem of total cost apportionment would be very simple
indeed that it would be limited to a finding of the total annual operating and capital costs of the business followed by a calculation of this total in terms of annual cost per kilowatt-hour of consumption
in fact however the problem is so simple
for a statement of costs per kilowatt-hour would ignore the fact that many of these costs are a function of kilowatt-hour output or consumption of energy
a recognition of multiple cost functions is therefore required
the simplest division and the one most frequently used with subdivisions in gas and electric rate cases is a threefold division of the total operating and capital costs into customer costs energy or volumetric costs and demand or capacity costs
if this threefold division of costs were to have its counterpart in the actual rates of charge for service as it actually does have in some rates there would result a three-part rate for any one class of service
for example the monthly bill of a residential consumer might be the sum of a $# customer charge a $# charge for ### kilowatt-hours of energy at
per kilowatt-hour and a $# charge for a maximum demand of # kilowatts during the month at the rate of $# per kilowatt a total bill of $# for that month
but our present interest lies in the measurement of costs of service and only indirectly in rates that may or may be designed to cover these costs
let us therefore consider each of the three types of cost in turn recognizing that this simplified classification is used only for illustrative purposes
costs actually vary in much more complex ways
the customer costs
these are those operating and capital costs found to vary with number of customers regardless or almost regardless of power consumption
included as a minimum are the costs of metering and billing along with whatever other expenses the company must incur in taking on another consumer
these minimum costs may come to $# per month more or less for residential and small commercial customers although they are substantially higher for large industrial users who require more costly connections and metering devices
while costs on this order are sometimes separately charged for in residential and commercial rates in the form of a mere service charge they are more frequently wholly or partly covered by a minimum charge which entitles the consumer to a very small amount of gas or electricity with no further payment
but the really controversial aspect of customer-cost imputation arises because of the cost analyst 's frequent practice of including just those costs that can be definitely earmarked as incurred for the benefit of specific customers but also a substantial fraction of the annual maintenance and capital costs of the secondary low-voltage distribution system a fraction equal to the estimated annual costs of a hypothetical system of minimum capacity
the preconditions of sociology have remained largely unexamined by the sociologist
like primitive numbers in mathematics the entire axiological framework is taken to rest upon its operational worth
but what is the operational worth of a sociology which mimetically reproduces the idea of physical models
is it the task of philosophy to see what intelligible meaning can be assigned to the most sacred canons in social science
it has become painfully clear that the very attempt to make the language of social research free of values by erecting mathematical and physical models is itself a conditioned response to a world which pays a premium price for technological manipulation
this push to confine the study of mass behaviour to the measurements of parameters involved in differential equations has led sociology perilously close to the reduction of the word mass to mean a small group in which certain relations between all pairs of individuals in such a group can be studied
cf. rapoport ####
here i think the role of the philosopher becomes apparent
the simple pragmatic success of the sociology of small groups needs to be questioned
for if the small group notion involves the implicit claim that the phenomena of sociological investigations are of atomic or subatomic proportions the philosopher needs to know the extent to which such entities are valid
the mere exploration of the unconscious ground of present-day sociology offers a rich vein of philosophical and logical investigation
cf. brodbeck ####
a parallel function for philosophy is the study of the relation between perceptions experientially received and conceptions logically formed
philosophy can supply adequate criteria of meaning in the selection of socially viable categories
this involves a sifting of the empirical and rational elements entering into each social science statement
merton 's functional sociology may have great practical use in the study of different cultures yet it is perfectly clear as nagel ####
### - ## and hempel ####
### - ### indicate that the concept of function in sociology has been built up from physiological and biological models in which the notions of teleology i.e. metaphysical purpose are central
cf. chapter #
functionalism as a sociological credo is therefore a direct consequence of observations but rather an indirect consequence of philosophical inference and judgment
the purpose of this sort of philosophical study of sociology is to tyrannize but to clarify the principles of social science
it is absurd to speak of philosophy as a superior enterprise to sociology since the former is a logical rational discipline where sociology is essentially descriptive and empirical
such a position entails the negation of philosophy in its platonic form as something soaring above and embracing the empirical and mathematical sciences
but contrary to whitehead philosophy is a synonym for plato
the uses of philosophy as a logical clearing house are manifest to any approach that does descend to pure sensationalism
however when philosophy attempts to stand above the sciences to dictate the conditions of empirical research it becomes formal metaphysics
shaping the contours of life to fit the needs of legends
the notion of philosophy as queen bee may fit well with authoritarian modes of political ideology but it has been noted that the price of such an imperial notion of philosophy is the frustration and flagellation of the social sciences
cf. wetter ####
pt. # ch. #
metaphysics is no longer a direct grappling with nature as it was in antiquity
it has surrendered any claims of description in favor of psychological accounts of nothingness as in heidegger 's system ####
science is mocked for wishing to know nothing of nothing in a last ditch effort to save the gods at the expense of men
it is positivism which has isolated metaphysics from reality by distinguishing between description and prescription
it is simply revealing the state to which metaphysical thinking has fallen during this century
consider the traditional four fields of philosophy logic ethics epistemology and esthetics
it is a commonplace that to the degree these special preserves of past philosophic hunting grounds establish an empirical content and suitable methodological criteria they move away from philosophy as such
what is left to traditional systems of philosophy is in effect only the history of these fields prior to their becoming rigorous enough to abide by the canons of scientific method
in this situation philosophy has survived by separating itself from metaphysics by showing the ultimate questions to be the meaningless questions
the relinquishing by philosophy of pretentious claims to empirical priority gives it an ability to treat problems of meaning and truth which in the past it was unable to examine because of its missionary attitude to knowledge of more humble sorts
in the new situation philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value
beyond this philosophy may urge the social sciences forward by asking the type of question that falls outside the present scope of social inquiry but within its potential domain of relevance
in this connection it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited
likewise kant formulated the nebular hypothesis according to which the solar system was evolved from a rotating mass of incandescent gas nearly a half century before its scientific value was made plain by laplace in his systeme du monde
this does mean that philosophy resolves the problems it generates any more so than riemann 's geometry settled the physical status of the space-time continuum
but the forceful presentation of new issues for the sciences to work on is itself a monumental task
to those raised on marcel 's homo viator and heidegger 's das nichtige this may seem a modest role for philosophy
however modesty and triviality are different qualities
philosophy conceived of as servant to the sciences might appear as less dramatic than philosophy which jeers as the sciences evolve
the ceaseless effort to understand and measure the distance mankind has traversed since its primitive anthropological status offers a more durable sort of drama
by clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding
philosophy can prevent the working scientist from becoming slothful and self-content by noting the assumptions and level at which a hypothesis or theory is framed
the dissection of scientific theory the examination of a theory from the vantage-points of language epistemology and ethics is itself a distinct contribution to knowledge no less so because of its removal from empirical research
the realm of science whatever the degree of precision in formulations covers the range of prediction and explanation
cf. hempel and oppenheim ####
### - ##
whatever philosophy is conceived to be its rationalist logistic attitude to evidence should make it clear that it is something other than science
for some forms of philosophy this very division between the empirical and the rational becomes a sign of the metaphysical superiority of the latter
bergson and leroy announce that the secret is the center of a philosophy and thereafter a hundred followers declare secrecy a higher verity
this is simply a confession of intellectual sterility spruced up to look virtuous
for as merleau-ponty indicated #### it is the secret which is important but the removal of secrecy
in this philosophy and science share a common goal
the hypostatization of the secret nonetheless guarantees that the division of analytical and synthetic philosophies shall be overcome by even the most persuasive argument
for this division is but an abstract representation of the social struggle between mysticism and science
the mystification of metaphysical systems does imply the demise of philosophy only the close of a philosophic age which demanded metaphysics to be rational and logical
the tenacity with which present metaphysical attitudes fetishize private intuition offers the strongest evidence that the gulf between scientific and delphic ways of philosophizing is built into the present conflict over the limits and purpose of science religion and ideology
cf. mcglynn ####
scientific systems and this includes even the relation of mechanist to relativist physics are built upon refined and corrected
philosophic systems by the very nature of their completeness are overthrown by rival systems
in addition to the incompleteness of science and the completeness of metaphysics they differ in that science is essentially descriptive while philosophy in its inherited forms tends to be goal-oriented teleological and prescriptive
the threadbare notion that belief unlike behaviour is subject to objective analysis has placed intuitive metaphysics squarely against the sociology of knowledge since it is precisely the job of the sociology of knowledge to treat beliefs as social facts no less viable than social behaviour
when dealing with the actual relation of philosophy to the sociology of knowledge or better the role of philosophy in assisting research on the social sources of ideas one has to become necessarily selective
certain features we have touched upon philosophy as a logical deductive system from which a social science methodology can be built up
philosophic analysis of the assumptions and presumptions of the social sciences
and philosophy as a guide to possible integration of supposedly disparate sociological investigations
the objection will be raised that the most important role of philosophy in relation to social science has been omitted namely the status of ultimate value questions and norms operative in the social sciences
specifically it will be asked whether the real questions people ask are the ultimate questions that social science finds itself impotent in the face of
what then is the status of such questions as is society the ground of human existence or a means to an individual goal
do societies develop according to cosmic patterns or are they subject only to the free choice of individuals
does society really exist as an entity over and above the agglomeration of men
i think it must be said that contrary to metaphysical insistence these are questions so framed as to defy either empirical exploration or rational solutions
as simmel #### and dilthey #### indicated questions of whether the value of life is individual or social are questions but assertions of faith made to appear as legitimate questions
such pseudo-questions assume that answers of concrete significance can be supplied to statements involving undefined universals
social theory has no more right to expect results from meaningless questions than physics has the right to expect a theological solution to the wave-particle controversy
it is that such questions are asked
it is rather that introducing them into social analysis reflects so much a search for truth as for certainty
an operational approach to sociology can never expect abstract certainty since it is certainty which every new discovery in science either replaces or reshapes
to raise the added objection that men require certainty on psychological grounds answers to ultimate questions having an irrational rather than scientific basis is in a real sense to undermine the objection itself
for what concerns all scientific disciplines is precisely that which can be captured for the rational i.e. for the scientific determination of what in past ages was considered ultimate and irrational
a philosophy which attempts to supply ultimate answers in an ultimate way reveals its acquiescence in the shortcomings of men an impatience with partial tentative solutions
men have always lived in a tentative world and in suspension of ultimate judgments where and when necessary
uncertainty overcoming itself is the precondition of the quest for new and more precise information about the world
without such uncertainty we are left with a set of dogmas and myths
the functional interplay of philosophy and science should as a minimum guarantee a meaningful option to myth-making
a degree of indefiniteness is a salutary condition for the growth of science
but neither was the statement empirical for goodness was a quality like red or squeaky that could be seen or heard
what were they to do then with these awkward judgments of value
to find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery
it appeared that the theory could be saved in one way only
if it could be shown that judgments of good and bad were judgments at all that they asserted nothing true or false but merely expressed emotions like hurrah or fiddlesticks then these wayward judgments would cease from troubling and weary heads could be at rest
this is the course the positivists took
they explained value judgments by explaining them away
now i do think their view will do
but before discussing it i should like to record one vote of thanks to them for the clarity with which they have stated their case
it has been said of john stuart mill that he wrote so clearly that he could be found out
this theory has been put so clearly and precisely that it deserves criticism of the same kind and this i will do my best to supply
the theory claims to show by analysis that when we say that is good we do mean to assert a character of the subject of which we are thinking
i shall argue that we do mean to do just that
let us work through an example and the simpler and commoner the better
there is perhaps no value statement on which people would more universally agree than the statement that intense pain is bad
let us take a set of circumstances in which i happen to be interested on the legislative side and in which i think every one of us might naturally make such a statement
we come upon a rabbit that has been caught in one of the brutal traps in common use
there are signs that it has struggled for days to escape and that in a frenzy of hunger pain and fear it has all but eaten off its own leg
the attempt failed the animal is now dead
as we think of the long and excruciating pain it must have suffered we are very likely to say it was a bad thing that the little animal should suffer so
the positivist tells us that when we say this we are only expressing our present emotion
i hold on the contrary that we mean to assert something of the pain itself namely that it was bad bad when and as it occurred
consider what follows from the positivist view
on that view nothing good or bad happened in the case until i came on the scene and made my remark
for what i express in my remark is something going on in me at the time and that of course did exist until i did come on the scene
the pain of the rabbit was itself bad
nothing evil was happening when that pain was being endured
badness in the only sense in which it is involved at all waited for its appearance till i came and looked and felt
now that this is at odds with our meaning may be shown as follows
let us put to ourselves the hypothesis that we had come on the scene and that the rabbit never was discovered
are we prepared to say that in that case nothing bad occurred in the sense in which we said it did
indeed we should say on the contrary that the accident of our later discovery made no difference whatever to the badness of the animal 's pain that it would have been every whit as bad whether a chance passer-by happened later to discover the body and feel repugnance or
if so then it is clear that in saying the suffering was bad we are expressing our feelings only
we are saying that the pain was bad when and as it occurred and before anyone took an attitude toward it
the first argument is thus an ideal experiment in which we use the method of difference
it removes our present expression and shows that the badness we meant would be affected by this whereas on positivist grounds it should be
the second argument applies the method in the reverse way
it ideally removes the past event and shows that this would render false what we mean to say whereas on positivist grounds it should
let us suppose that the animal did in fact fall into the trap and did suffer at all but that we mistakenly believe it did and say as before that its suffering was an evil thing
on the positivist theory everything i sought to express by calling it evil in the first case is still present in the second
in the only sense in which badness is involved at all whatever was bad in the first case is still present in its entirety since all that is expressed in either case is a state of feeling and that feeling is still there
and our question is is such an implication consistent with what we meant
clearly it is
if anyone asked us after we made the remark that the suffering was a bad thing whether we should think it relevant to what we said to learn that the incident had never occurred and no pain had been suffered at all we should say that it made all the difference in the world that what we were asserting to be bad was precisely the suffering we thought had occurred back there that if this had occurred there was nothing left to be bad and that our assertion was in that case mistaken
the suggestion that in saying something evil had occurred we were after all making no mistake because we had never meant anyhow to say anything about the past suffering seems to me merely frivolous
if we did mean to say this why should we be so relieved on finding that the suffering had occurred
on the theory before us such relief would be groundless for in that suffering itself there was nothing bad at all and hence in its nonoccurrence there would be nothing to be relieved about
the positivist theory would here distort our meaning beyond recognition
so far as i can see there is only one way out for the positivist
he holds that goodness and badness lie in feelings of approval or disapproval
and there is a way in which he might hold that badness did in this case precede our own feeling of disapproval without belonging to the pain itself
the pain in itself was neutral
but unfortunately the rabbit on no grounds at all took up toward this neutral object an attitude of disapproval and that made it for the first time and in the only intelligible sense bad
this way of escape is theoretically possible but since it has grave difficulties of its own and has so far as i know been urged by positivists it is perhaps best to spend time over it
i come now to a third argument which again is very simple
when we come upon the rabbit and make our remark about its suffering being a bad thing we presumably make it with some feeling
the positivists are plainly right in saying that such remarks do usually express feeling
but suppose that a week later we revert to the incident in thought and make our statement again
and suppose that the circumstances have now so changed that the feeling with which we made the remark in the first place has faded
the pathetic evidence is no longer before us
and we are now so fatigued in body and mind that feeling is as we say quite dead
in these circumstances since what was expressed by the remark when first made is on the theory before us simply absent the remark now expresses nothing
it is as empty as the word hurrah would be when there was no enthusiasm behind it
and this seems to me untrue
when we repeat the remark that such suffering was a bad thing the feeling with which we made it last week may be at or near the vanishing point but if we were asked whether we meant to say what we did before we should certainly answer yes
we should say that we made our point with feeling the first time and little or no feeling the second time but that it was the same point we were making
and if we can see that what we meant to say remains the same while the feeling varies from intensity to near zero it is the feeling that we primarily meant to express
i come now to a fourth consideration
we all believe that toward acts or effects of a certain kind one attitude is fitting and another
but on the theory before us such a belief would make sense
broad and ross have lately contended that this fitness is one of the main facts of ethics and i suspect they are right
but that is exactly my point
my point is this whether there is such fitness or we all assume that there is and if we do we express in moral judgments more than the subjectivists say we do
let me illustrate
in his novel the house of the dead dostoevsky tells of his experiences in a siberian prison camp
whatever the unhappy inmates of such camps are like today dostoevsky 's companions were about as grim a lot as can be imagined
i have heard stories he writes of the most terrible the most unnatural actions of the most monstrous murders told with the most spontaneous childishly merry laughter
most of us would say that in this delight at the killing of others or the causing of suffering there is something very unfitting
if we were asked why we thought so we should say that these things involve great evil and are wrong and that to take delight in what is evil or wrong is plainly unfitting
now on the subjectivist view this answer is ruled out
for before someone takes up an attitude toward death suffering or their infliction they have no moral quality at all
there is therefore nothing about them to which an attitude of approval or condemnation could be fitting
they are in themselves neutral and so far as they get a moral quality they get it only through being invested with it by the attitude of the onlooker
but if that is true why is any attitude more fitting than any other
would applause for example be fitting if apart from the applause there were nothing good to applaud
would condemnation be fitting if independently of the condemnation there were nothing bad to condemn
in such a case any attitude would be as fitting or unfitting as any other which means that the notion of fitness has lost all point
indeed we are forced to go much farther
if goodness and badness lie in attitudes only and hence are brought into being by them those men who greeted death and misery with childishly merry laughter are taking the only sensible line
if there is nothing evil in these things if they get their moral complexion only from our feeling about them why shouldn't they be greeted with a cheer
to greet them with repulsion would turn what before was neutral into something bad
it would needlessly bring badness into the world
and even on subjectivist assumptions that does seem very bright
on the other hand to greet them with delight would convert what before was neutral into something good
it would bring goodness into the world
the injured german veteran was a former miner twenty-four years old who had been wounded by shrapnel in the back of the head
this resulted in damage to the occipital lobe and very probably to the left side of the cerebellum also
in any event the extraordinary result of this injury was that he became psychically blind while at the same time apparently the sense of touch remained essentially intact
psychical blindness is a condition in which there is a total absence of visual memory-images a condition in which for example one is unable to remember something just seen or to conjure up a memory-picture of the visible appearance of a well-known friend in his absence
this circumstance in the patient 's case plus the fact that his tactual capacity remained basically in sound working order constitutes its exceptional value for the problem at hand since the evidence presented by the authors is overwhelming that when the patient closed his eyes he had absolutely no spatial that is third-dimensional awareness whatsoever
the necessary inference as the authors themselves interpret it would seem to be this # spatial qualities are among those grasped by the sense of touch as such
we do arrive at spatial images by means of the sense of touch by itself
# spatiality becomes part of the tactual sensation only by way of visual representations
that is there is in the true sense only a visual space
the underlying assumption of course is that only sight and touch enable us in any precise and fully dependable way to locate objects in space beyond us the other senses being decidedly inferior if totally inadequate in this regard
this is an assumption with which few would be disposed to quarrel
therefore if the sense of touch is functioning normally and there is a complete absence of spatial awareness in a psychically-blind person when the eyes are closed and an object is handled the conclusion seems unavoidable that touch by itself cannot focus and take possession of the third-dimensionality of things and that actual sight or visual representations are necessary
the force of the authors' analysis if indeed it has any force can be felt by the reader i believe only after three questions have been successfully answered
# what allows us to think that the patient had no third-dimensional representations when his eyes were closed
# what evidence is there that he was psychically blind
# how can we be sure that his sense of touch was profoundly disturbed by his head injury
we shall consider these in the inverse order of their presentation
obviously a satisfactory answer to the third question is imperative if the argument is to get under way at all for if there is any possibility of doubt whether the patient 's tactual sensitivity had been impaired by the occipital lesion any findings whatsoever in regard to the first question become completely ambiguous and fail altogether of course as evidence to establish the desired conclusion
the answer the authors give to it therefore is of supreme importance
it is as follows the usual sensitivity tests showed that the specific qualities of skin-perceptiveness pressure pain temperature as well as the kinesthetic sensations muscular feelings feelings in the tendons and joints were as such essentially intact although they seemed in comparison with normal reactions to be somewhat diminished over the entire body
the supposed tactual sense of spatial location and orientation in the patient and his ability to specify the location of a member as well as the direction and scope of a movement passively executed with one of his members proved to have been on the contrary very considerably affected
the authors insist however that these abnormalities in the sense of touch were due absolutely to no organic disorders in that sense faculty but rather to the injuries which the patient had sustained to the sense of sight
first of all what is their evidence that the tactual apparatus was fundamentally undamaged
# when an object was placed in the patient 's hand he had no difficulty determining whether it was warm or cold sharp or blunt rough or smooth flexible soft or hard
and he could tell simply by the feel of it whether it was made of wood iron cloth rubber and so on
and he could recognize by touch alone articles which he had handled immediately before even though they were altogether unfamiliar to him and could be identified by him
that is he was unaware what kind of objects they were or what their use was
# the patient attained an astonishing efficiency in a new trade
because of his brain injury and the extreme damage suffered to his sight the patient had to train himself for a new line of work that of a portfolio-maker an occupation requiring a great deal of precision in the making of measurements and a fairly well-developed sense of form and contour
it seems clear when one takes into consideration the exceedingly defective eyesight of the patient we shall describe it in detail in connection with our second question the one concerning the psychical blindness of the patient that he had to rely on his sense of touch much more than the usual portfolio-maker and that consequently that faculty was most probably more sensitive to shape and size than that of a person with normal vision
and so the authors conclude the conduct of the patient in his every-day life and in his work even more than the foregoing facts mentioned above under # leave positively no room for doubt that the sense of touch in the ordinary sense of the word was unaffected
or to put the same thing in physiological terms that the performance-capacity of the tactual apparatus from the periphery up to the tactual centers in the brain that is from one end to the other was unimpaired
if the argument is accepted as essentially sound up to this point it remains for us to consider whether the patient 's difficulties in orienting himself spatially and in locating objects in space with the sense of touch can be explained by his defective visual condition
but before we can do this we must first find answers to our original questions # and #
then we shall perhaps be in a position to provide something like a complete answer to the question at hand
in what ways then did the patient 's psychical blindness manifest itself
he could see objects as unified self-contained and organized figures as a person does with normal vision
the meaning of this as we shall see is that he had no fund of visual memory-images of objects as objects
and therefore he could recognize even long-familiar things upon seeing them again
instead he constantly became lost in parts and components of them confused some of their details with those of neighboring objects and so on unless he allowed time to trace the object in question through minute movements of the head and hands and in this way to discover its contours
according to his own testimony he never actually saw things as shaped but only as generally amorphous blots of color of a more or less indefinite size
at their edges they slipped pretty much out of focus altogether
but by the tracing procedure he could in a strange obviously kinesthetic manner find the unseen form
could piece as it were the jumbled mass together into an organized whole and then recognize it as a man or a triangle or whatever it turned out to be
if however the figure to be discerned were complicated composed of several interlocking subfigures and so on even the tracing process failed him and he could focus even relatively simple shapes among its parts
this meant concretely that the patient could read at all without making writing-like movements of the head or body became easily confused by hasher marks inserted between hand-written words and thus confused the mark for one of the letters and could recognize a simple straight line or a curved one only by tracing it
the patient himself denied that he had any visual imagery at all
and there was ample evidence of the following sort to corroborate him
after a conversation with another man he was able to recount practically everything that had been said but could describe at all what the other man looked like
nor could he call up memory-pictures of close friends or relatives
in short both his own declarations and his figural blindness when he looked at objects seem to present undeniable evidence that he had simply no visual memory at all
he was oblivious of the form of the object actually being viewed precisely because he could assign it to a visual shape already learned and held in visual memory as persons of normal vision do
he could recognize it
he was absolutely unfamiliar with it because he had no visual memory at all
therefore his only recourse was to learn the shape all over again for each new visual experience of the same individual object or type of object
and this he could do only by going over its mass with the tracing procedure
then he might finally recognize it apparently by combining the visual blot actually being seen with tactual feelings in the head or body accompanying the tracing movements
this would mean it can readily be seen that again for each new visual experience the tracing motions would have to be repeated because of the absence of visual imagery
as one would surmise the procedure however could be repeated with the same object or with the same type of object often enough so that the corresponding visual blots and the merest beginning of the tracing movement would provide clues as to the actual shape which the patient then immediately could determine by a kind of inference
men trees automobiles houses and so on objects continually confronted in everyday life had each its characteristic blot-appearance and became easily recognizable at the very beginning of tracing by an inference as to what each was
dice for example he inferred from black dots on a white surface
he evidently could actually see the corners of these objects but their size and the dots gave them away
and the authors give numerous instances of calculated guessing on the patient 's part to show how large a role it played in his process of readapting himself and how proficient he became at it
often he seems even to have been able to guess correctly without the tracing motions solely on the basis of qualitative differences among the blot-like things which appeared in his visual experience
perhaps the very important question what is then exactly the role of kinesthetic sensations in the patient 's ability to recognize forms and shapes by means of the tracing movements when he is actually looking at things
has now been raised in the reader 's mind and in the following form
if the patient can perceive figure kinesthetically when he cannot perceive it visually then it would seem the sense of touch has immediate contact with the spatial aspects of things in independence of visual representations at least in regard to two dimensions and as we shall see even this much spatial awareness on the part of unaided touch is denied by the authors
how then do the kinesthetic sensations function in all this
the authors set about answering this fundamental question through a detailed investigation of the patient 's ability tactually # to perceive figure and # to locate objects in space with his eyes closed or turned away from the object concerned
quite naturally they make the investigation first by prohibiting the patient from making any movements at all and then later by repeating it and allowing the patient to move in any way he wanted to
when the patient was allowed to move his body in any way at all the following striking results occurred
whenever artists indeed turned to actual representations or molded three-dimensional figures which were rare down to ### b.c. they tended to reflect reality see plate #a #b
a schematic abstract treatment of men and animals by intent rose only in the late eighth century
to speak of this underlying view of the world is to embark upon matters of subjective judgment
at the least however one may conclude that geometric potters sensed a logical order
their principles of composition stand very close to those which appear in the homeric epics and the hexameter line
their world again was a still simple traditional age which was only slowly beginning to appreciate the complexity of life
and perhaps an observer of the vases will go too far in deducing that the outlook of their makers and users was basically stable and secure
the storms of the past had died away and the great upheaval which was to mark the following century had yet begun to disturb men 's minds
throughout the work of the later ninth century a calm severe serenity displays itself
in the vases this spirit may perhaps at times bore or repel one in its internal self-satisfaction but the best of the geometric pins have rightly been considered among the most beautiful ever made in the greek world
the ninth century was in its artistic work the spiritually freest and most self-sufficient between past and future and the loving skill spent by its artists upon their products is a testimonial to their sense that what they were doing was important and was appreciated
the aegean in ### b.c.
geometric pottery has yet received the thorough detailed study which it deserves partly because the task is a mammoth one and partly because some of its local manifestations as at argos are only now coming to light
from even a cursory inspection of its many aspects however the historian can deduce several fundamental conclusions about the progress of the aegean world down to ### b.c.
the general intellectual outlook which had appeared in the eleventh century was now consolidated to a significant degree
much which was in embryo in #### had become reasonably well developed by ###
in this process the minoan-mycenaean inheritance had been transmuted or finally rejected
the aegean world which had existed before #### differed from that which rises more clearly in our vision after ###
those modern scholars who urge that we must keep in mind the fundamental continuity of aegean development from earliest times granted occasional irruptions of peoples and ideas from outside are correct
but all too many observers have been misled by this fact into minimizing the degree of change which took place in the early first millennium
the focus of novelty in this world now lay in the south-eastern districts of the greek mainland and by ### virtually the entire aegean always excepting its northern shores had accepted the geometric style of pottery
while protogeometric vases usually turn up especially outside greece proper together with as many or more examples of local stamp these non-greek patterns had mostly vanished by the later ninth century
in their place came local variations within the common style tentative as it were in protogeometric products but truly distinct and sharply defined as the geometric spirit developed
attica though important was the only teacher of this age
one can take a vase of about ### b.c. and without any knowledge of its place of origin venture to assign it to a specific area
imitation and borrowing of motifs now become ascertainable
the potters of the aegean islands thus stood apart from those of the mainland and in greece itself argive corinthian attic boeotian and other geometric sequences have each their own hallmarks
these local variations were to become ever sharper in the next century and a half
the same conclusions can be drawn from the other physical evidence of the dark ages from linguistic distribution and from the survivals of early social political and religious patterns into later ages
by ### b.c. the aegean was an area of common tongue and of common culture
on these pillars rested that solid basis for life and thought which was soon to be manifested in the remarkably unlimited ken of the iliad
everywhere within the common pattern however one finds local diversity
greek history and culture were enduringly fertilized and plagued by the interplay of these conjoined yet opposed factors
further we cannot go for the dark ages deserve their name
many aspects of civilization were yet sufficiently crystallized to find expression nor could the simple economic and social foundations of this world support a lofty structure
the epic poems the consolidation of the greek pantheon the rise of firm political units the self-awareness which could permit painted and sculptured representations of men all these had to await the progress of following decades
what we have seen in this chapter we have seen only dimly and yet the results however general are worth the search
these are the centuries in which the inhabitants of the aegean world settled firmly into their minds and into their institutions the foundations of the hellenic outlook independent of outside forces
to interpret indeed the era from #### to ### as a period mainly of consolidation may be a necessary but unfortunate defect born of our lack of detailed information
if we could see more deeply we probably would find many side issues and wrong turnings which came to an end within the period
the historian can only point out those lines which were major enough to find reflection in our limited evidence and must hope that future excavations will enrich our understanding
throughout the dark ages it is clear the greek world had been developing slowly but consistently
the pace could now be accelerated for the inhabitants of the aegean stood on firm ground
chapter # the early eighth century
the landscape of greek history broadens widely and rather abruptly in the eighth century b.c. the age of homer 's rosy-fingered dawn
the first slanting rays of the new day cannot yet dispel all the dark shadows which lie across the aegean world
but our evidence grows considerably in variety and shows more unmistakably some of the lines of change
for this period as for earlier centuries pottery remains the most secure source
the ceramic material of the age is more abundant more diversified and more indicative of the hopes and fears of its makers who begin to show scenes of human life and death
figurines and simple chapels presage the emergence of sculpture and architecture in greece
objects in gold ivory and bronze grow more numerous
since writing was practiced in the aegean before the end of the century we may hope that the details of tradition will now be occasionally useful
though it is easy to apply the evidence of the iliad to any specific era this marvelous product of the epic tradition had certainly taken definitive shape by ###
the dipylon geometric pottery of athens and the iliad are amazing manifestations of the inherent potentialities of greek civilization
but both were among the last products of a phase which was ending
greek civilization was swirling toward its great revolution in which the developed qualities of the hellenic outlook were suddenly to break forth
the revolution was well under way before ### b.c. and premonitory signs go back virtually across the century
the era however is janus-faced
while many tokens point forward the main achievements stand as a culmination of the simple patterns of the dark ages
the dominant pottery of the century was geometric
political organization revolved about the basileis
trade was just beginning to expand
the gods who protected the greek countryside were only now putting on their sharply anthropomorphic dress
the modern student who knows what was to come next is likely to place first the factors of change which are visible in the eighth century
all men of the period would have accepted this emphasis
many potters clung to the past the more determinedly as they were confronted with radically new ideas
the poet of the iliad deliberately archaized
although it is possible to sunder old and new in this era i shall consider in the present chapter primarily the first decades of the eighth century and shall interpret them as an apogee of the first stage of greek civilization
on this principle of division i must postpone the evolution of sculpture architecture society and politics
for the developments in these areas make sense only if they are connected to the age of revolution itself
the growing contacts between aegean and orient are also a phase which should be linked primarily to the remarkable broadening of hellenic culture after ###
we shall be able entirely to pass over these connections to the east as we consider ripe geometric pottery the epic and the myth and the religious evolution of early greece
the important point however is that these magnificent achievements unlike those of later decades were only incidentally influenced by oriental models
the antecedents of dipylon vases and of the iliad lie in the aegean past
the pottery of the first half of the eighth century is commonly called ripe geometric
the severe yet harmonious vases of the previous fifty years the strong geometric style of the late ninth century display as firm a mastery of the principles underlying geometric pottery
but artists now were ready to refine and elaborate their inheritance
the vases which resulted had different shapes far more complex decoration and a larger sense of style
beyond the aesthetic and technical aspects of this expansion we must consider the change in pottery style on broader lines
in earlier centuries men had had enough to do in rebuilding a fundamental sense of order after chaos
they had had to work on very simple foundations and had dared to give rein to impulses
the potters in particular had virtually eschewed freehand drawing elaborate motifs and the curving lines of nature while yet expressing a belief that there was order in the universe
in their vases were embodied the basic aesthetic and logical characteristics of greek civilization at first hesitantly in protogeometric work and then more confidently in the initial stages of the geometric style
by ### social and cultural security had been achieved at least on a simple plane
it was time to take bigger steps to venture on experiments
ripe geometric potters continued to employ the old syntax of ornaments and shapes and made use of the well-defined though limited range of motifs which they had inherited
in these respects the vases of the early eighth century represent a culmination of earlier lines of progress
to the ancestral lore however new materials were added
painters left less and less of a vase in a plain dark color
instead they divided the surface into many bands or covered it by all-over patterns into which freehand drawing began to creep
wavy lines feather-like patterns rosettes of indefinitely floral nature birds either singly or in stylized rows animals in solemn frieze bands see plates ## - ## all these turned up in the more developed fabrics as preliminary signs that the potters were broadening their gaze
the rows of animals and birds in particular suggest awareness of oriental animal friezes transmitted perhaps via syrian silver bowls and textiles but the specific forms of these rows on local vases and metal products are nonetheless greek
though the spread of this type of decoration in the aegean has yet been precisely determined it seems to appear first in the cyclades which were among the leading exporters of pottery throughout the century
as the material at the command of the potters grew and the volume of their production increased the local variations within a common style became more evident
plate ## illustrates four examples which are ripe or late geometric work of common spirit but of different schools
cook had discovered a beef in his possession a few days earlier and when he could show the hide arrested him
thinking the evidence insufficient to get a conviction he later released him
even while suffering the trip to his home cook swore to moore and lane that he would kill the indian
three weeks later following his recovery armed with a writ issued by the catskill justice on affidavits prepared by the district attorney cook and russell rode to arrest martinez
arriving at daybreak they found julio in his corral and demanded that he surrender
instead he whirled and ran to his house for a gun forcing them to kill him cook reported
both cook 's and russell 's lives were threatened by the mexicans following the killing but the company officers felt that in the end it would serve to quiet them despite their immediate emotion
general manager pels even suggested that it might be wise to keep the mexicans in suspense rather than accept their offers to sell out and move away and try to have a few punished
on february ## russell and cook were sent to the pena flor community on the vermejo to see about renting out ranches the company had purchased
while talking with julian m. beall francisco archuleta and juan marcus appeared both heavily armed and after watching the house for a while rode away
it was nearly sundown before they finished the business with beall and began riding down the stream
they had traveled only a short distance when they spotted five mexicans riding along a horse-trail across the stream just ahead of them
suspecting an ambush the two deputies decided to ride up a side canyon taking a short cut into catskill
after spending two nights wednesday and thursday in catskill the deputies again headed for the vermejo to finish their business
they stayed with a rancher friday night and by eleven o'clock saturday morning passed the old garnett lee ranch
half a mile below at the mouth of salyer 's canyon was an old ranch that the company had purchased from a. j. armstrong occupied by a mexican his wife and an old trapper
there were three houses in salyer 's canyon just at the foot of a low bluff the road winding along the top entering above and then passing down in front of the houses thence to the vermejo
to the west of this road was another low bluff forty or fifty feet high covered with scrub oak and other brush
as they were riding along this winding road on the bench of land between the two bluffs a volley of rifle fire suddenly crashed around the two officers
a bullet touched cook who was nearer the ambush but one hit russell in the leg and another broke his arm passing on through his body
with the first reports russell 's horse wheeled to the right and ran towards the buildings while cook followed by a hail of bullets raced towards the arroyo of salyer 's canyon immediately in front of him just reaching it as his horse fell
grabbing his winchester from its sheath cook prepared to fight from behind the arroyo bank
bullets were so thick throwing sand in his face that he found it difficult to return the fire
noticing russell 's horse in front of the long log building he assumed his friend had slipped inside and would be able to put up a good fight so he began working his way down the ditch to join him
at a very shallow place two mexicans rushed into the open for a shot
dropping to one knee cook felled one and the other struggled off with his comrade sending no further fire in his direction
just before leaving the arroyo where he was partially concealed he did hear shots down at the house
russell had reached the house as cook surmised dismounted but just as the old trapper opened the door to receive him he fell into the trapper 's arms dead
a bullet fired by one of the mexicans hiding in a little chicken house had passed through his head tearing a hole two-inches square on the outgoing side
finding him dead cook caught russell 's horse and rode to the cattle foreman 's house to report the incident and request bloodhounds to trail the assassins
before daylight sunday morning a posse of twenty-three men under the leadership of deputy sheriff frank macpherson of catskill followed the trail to the house of francisco chaves where ### to ### mexicans had gathered
macpherson boldly approached the fortified adobe house and demanded entrance
the men inside informed him that they had some wounded men among them but he would be allowed to see them even though he offered medical aid
the officer demanded the names of the injured men
the mexicans only refused to give them but told the possemen if they wanted a fight they could have it
since the strength of the mexicans had been underrated too small a posse had been collected and since the deputy had been provided with search warrants macpherson and his men decided it was much wiser to withdraw
the posse 's retreat encouraged the mexicans to be overbearing and impudent
during the following week six tons of hay belonging to one rancher were burned
some buildings farm tools two horses plows and hay owned by bonito lavato a friendly interpreter for the company and pedro chavez' hay were stolen or destroyed
and a store was broken into and robbed
district attorney m. w. mills warned that he would vigorously prosecute persons caught committing these crimes or carrying arms he just didn't catch anyone
increasing threats on his life finally convinced cook that he should leave new mexico
his friends advised that it would be only a question of time until either the mexicans killed him by ambuscade or he would be compelled to kill them in self-defense perpetuating the troubles
by early summer he wrote from laramie that he was suffering from the wound inflicted in the ambush and was in a bad way financially so pels sent him a draft for $### warning that it was still wise for him to return
pels also sent a check for $### to russell 's widow and had a white marble monument erected on his grave
cattle stealing and killing again serious during the spring of #### placed the land grant company officers in a perplexing position
they were reluctant to appoint sheriffs to protect the property thus running the risk of creating disturbances such as that on the vermejo and yet the cowboys protested that they got no salary for arresting cattle thieves and running the risk of being shot
and the law virtually ignored the situation
the judge became ill just as the colfax district court convened no substitute was brought in no criminal cases heard only # out of ### cases docketed were tried and court adjourned sine die after sitting a few days instead of the usual three weeks
pels complained litigants and witnesses were put to the expense and inconvenience of going long distances to transact business
public money spent
nothing accomplished and the whole distribution of justice in this county seems to be an absolute farce
word reached the company that the man behind these depredations was manuel gonzales a man with many followers including a number who were kept in line through fear of him
although wanted by the sheriff for killing an old man named asher jones the warrant for his arrest had never been served
on may ## a deputy sheriff 's posse of eight men left maxwell city and rode thirty-five miles up the vermejo where they were joined by juan jose martinez
by #:## a.m. they reached his house and found it vacant
when they were refused entrance to his brother 's house nearby they smashed down the door broke the window and threw lighted clothes wet with kerosene into the room
still there was no gonzales and the family would say nothing
about ### yards up the creek was a cluster of mexican houses containing six rooms in the form of a square
while prowling around these buildings two of the posse recognized the voice of gonzales speaking to the people inside
he was promised that no harm would befall him if he would come out but he cursed and replied that he would shoot any man coming near the door
the posse then asked that he send out the women and children as the building would be fired or torn down over his head if necessary to take him dead or alive
again he refused
in deadly earnest the besiegers methodically stripped away portions of the roof and tossed lighted rags inside only to have most stamped out by the women as soon as they hit the floor
when it became obvious that he could stay inside no longer taking a thousand to one chance gonzales rushed outside square against the muzzle of a winchester
shot near the heart he turned to one side and plunged for a door to another room several feet away three bullets following him
as he pushed open the door he fell on his face one of his comrades pulling him inside
realizing the seriousness of the wound the besiegers warned that if he did surrender the house would be burned down around him
receiving no answer they set the fire
when the house was about half consumed his comrade ran to the door and threw up his hands declaring repeatedly that he did know the whereabouts of manuel
finding it true that he was inside the deputies returned to the first house and tore holes through the side and the roof until they could see a body on the bed covered by a blanket
several slugs fired into the bed jerked aside the blanket to reveal an apparently lifeless hand
shot six or eight times the body was draped with russell 's pistol belt and cartridges
there was no extra horse so it was left to his comrades who though numbering in the fifties had stood around on the hillside nearby without firing a shot during the entire attack
early the next morning a mexican telephoned pels that celso chavez one of the posse members was surrounded by ten mexicans at his father 's home on the upper vermejo
the sheriff and district attorney mills hastily swore out a number of warrants against men who had been riding about armed according to signed statements by chavez and dr. i. p. george and ordered deputy barney clark of raton to rescue the posseman
traveling all night clark and twelve men arrived at about seven o'clock may ##
occasionally they heard gun-shot signals and a number of horsemen were sighted on the hills disappearing at the posse 's approach
a mexican justice of the peace had issue a writ against chavez for taking part in the murder of manuel gonzales so he and his father were anxious to be taken out of danger
the men helped them gather their belongings and escorted them to raton along with three other families desiring to leave
the ten or more dangerous parties singled out for prosecution were still at large and pels realized that if these men entrenched themselves in their adobe houses defending themselves through loopholes it would be most difficult to capture them
thus he wired j. p. lower and sons of denver have you any percussion hand grenades for throwing in a house or across a well loaded with balls or shrapnel shot
if how long to order and what is the price
he wisely decided that it would be foolish to create a disturbance during the coming roundup particularly since the mexicans were on their guard
his problem then became one of restraining the american fighters who wanted to clean out the vermejo by force immediately
the plant was located west of the battenkill and south of the location of the former electric light plant
the manchester depot sewer company issued ### shares of stock at $## each for construction of a sewer in that locality and assessments were made for its maintenance
it has given considerable trouble at times and empties right into the battenkill
fire district no. # discussed its possible purchase in #### but considered it an unwise investment
the sewer on bonnet street was constructed when there were only a few houses on the street
as new homes were built they were connected so that all residences south of school street are served by it
b. j. connell is the present treasurer and manager
the #### town meeting voted to have the selectmen appoint a committee to investigate and report on the feasibility of some system of sewage disposal and a disposal plant to serve manchester center depot and way 's lane
the committee submitted a report signed by louis martin and leon wiley with a map published in the #### town report
the layout of the sewer lines was designed by henry w. taylor who was the engineer for the manchester village disposal plant
no figures were submitted with the report and no action was taken on it by the town
the #### town meeting directed town authorities to seek federal and state funds with which to conduct a preliminary survey of a proposed sewage plant with its attendant facilities
the final step was a vote for a $###,### bond issue for the construction of a sewage system by the #### town meeting later confirmed by a two-thirds vote at a special town meeting june ## ####
there the matter stands with the prospect that soon manchester may be removed from the roster of towns contributing raw sewage to its main streams
telephone and telegraph
manchester 's unusual interest in telegraphy has often been attributed to the fact that the rev. j. d. wickham headmaster of burr and burton seminary was a personal friend and correspondent of the inventor samuel f. b. morse
at any rate manchester did lag far behind the first commercial system which was set up in #### between baltimore and washington
in #### matthew b. goodwin jeweler and watchmaker became the town 's first telegrapher in a dwelling he built for himself and his business two doors north of the equinox house or one door north of the bank manchester vermont
goodwin was telegrapher for the american telegraph company and the troy and canada junction telegraph company
shares of capital stock at $## each in the latter company were payable at the bank of manchester or at various other vermont banks
a message of less than fifteen words to bennington cost twenty-five cents
by #### l. c. orvis manager of the western union telegraph company expressed willingness to send emergency telegrams on sundays from his village drugstore
orvis even needed to hire an assistant clark j. wait
the manchester journal commented editorially on the surprising amount of local telegraphic business
in the fall of #### the popular telegraph line was established between manchester and factory point by the owners paul w. orvis henry gray j. n. hard and clark j. wait
the line soon lived up to its name as local messages of moderate length could be sent for a dime and the company was quickly able to declare very liberal dividends on its capital stock
in #### the same clark wait with h. h. holley of south dorset formed the american telegraph line extending from manchester depot via factory point and south dorset to dorset
besides being most convenient the line soon proved a good investment for the owners
telegraphers at the depot at this time were aaron c. burr and mark manley of burr and manley dealers in lumber and dry goods
early equipment was very flimsy
the smallest gusts of wind toppled poles making communications impossible
but companies continued to spring up
by #### the battenkill telegraph company was in existence and alvin pettibone was its president
operating in #### was the valley telegraph line officers of which were e. c. orvis president
h. k. fowler vice-president and secretary
j. n. hard treasurer
f. h. walker superintendent
h. s. walker assistant superintendent
two companies now had headquarters with clark j. wait who by then had his own drugstore at factory point the northern union telegraph company and the western union
operators were arthur koop and norman taylor
still existing on a northern union telegraph form is a typical peremptory message from peru grocer j. j. hapgood to burton and graves' store in manchester get and send by stage four pounds best porterhouse or serloin stake for mrs. hapgood send six sweet oranges
about #### j. e. mcnaughton of barnumville and e. g. bacon became proprietors of the green mountain telegraph company connecting all offices on the western union line and extending over the mountain from barnumville to peru londonderry south londonderry lowell lake windham north windham grafton cambridgeport saxton 's river and bellows falls
from #### until #### john h. whipple was manager of western union at the center in the drugstore he purchased from clark wait
the village office of western union with george towsley as manager and telegrapher continued in hard 's drugstore until ####
during the summers towsley often needed the assistance of a company operator
these were the years when people flocked to manchester only to play golf which had come into vogue but also to witness the ekwanok country club tournaments
new yorkers were kept informed of scores by reporters who telegraphed fifteen to twenty thousand words daily to the metropolitan newspapers
this boosted local telegraph business and manchester basked in all the free advertising
in #### when the town was chosen for the u. s. amateur golf tournament a representative hurried here from the boston manager 's office
in his wake came the district traffic supervisor and the cream of the telegraphic profession ten of boston 's best chosen for their long experience and thorough knowledge of golf
during that tournament alone some ###,### words winged their way out of manchester
the old morse system was replaced locally by the simplex modern automatic method in #### when ellamae heckman wilcox was manager of the western union office
during summers business was so brisk that mrs. wilcox had two assistants and a messenger
she was succeeded by clarence goyette
since that time the telegraph office has shifted in location from the railroad station at the depot and shops at the center back to the town clerk 's office and drugstore at the village
after being located for some years in the village at the equinox pharmacy under the supervision of mrs. harry mercier it is presently located in the hill and dale shop manchester center
the first known telephone line in manchester was established in july #### between burr and manley 's store at manchester depot and the kent and root marble company in south dorset
this was extended the following year to include the railroad station agent 's office and thayer 's hotel at factory point
in november #### a line connecting several dwelling houses in dorset was extended to manchester depot
telephone wires from louis dufresne 's house in east manchester to the dufresne lumber job near bourn pond were up about ####
eber l. taylor of manchester depot recorded the setting of phone poles in east dorset and barnumville in his diary for ####
these must have been for local calls strictly as in may #### the only long distance telephone in town was transferred from c. b. carleton 's to young 's shoe store
a small single switchboard was installed in the village over woodcock 's hardware store later e. h. hemenway 's
george woodcock was manager and troubleshooter
elizabeth way was the first operator
and a night operator was also employed
anyone fortunate enough to have one of those early phones advertised the fact along with the telephone number in the manchester journal
in #### the new england telephone company began erecting a building to house its operations on the corner of u. s. rte. # and what is now memorial avenue at manchester center
service running through barnumville and to bennington county towns east of the mountains was in the hands of the gleason telephone company in #### but major supervision of telephone lines in manchester was with the new england telephone and telegraph company which eventually gained all control
more aerial and underground equipment was installed as well as office improvements to take care of the expanding business
in #### mrs. f. h. briggs agent and chief operator who was to retire in #### with thirty years' service led agency offices in sales for the year with $#,###
william hitchcock who retired in #### was a veteran of thirty-four years' local service
another veteran telephone operator was edith fleming blackmer who had been in the office forty years at the time of her death in ####
in #### dorset received its own exchange which made business easier for the manchester office but it was until february #### that area service was extended to include manchester and dorset
this eliminated toll calls between the two towns
within a month calls were up seventy per cent
electricity plays such an important part in community life today that it is difficult to envision a time when current was available for daily use
yet one has to go back only some sixty years
the first mention of an electric plant in manchester seems to be one installed in reuben colvin 's and houghton 's gristmill on the west branch in factory point
no records are available as to the date or extent of installation but it may have been in ####
on june ## #### the manchester journal reported that an electrical engineer was installing an electric light plant for edward s. isham at ormsby hill
this was working by the end of august and giving satisfactory service
in november #### surveying was done under john marsden on the east mountains to ascertain if it would be possible to get sufficient water and fall to operate an electric power plant
nothing came of it perhaps due to lack of opportunity for water storage
the next step was construction by the manchester light and power company of a plant on the west bank of the battenkill south of union street bridge
this was nearly completed may ## #### with a promise of lights by june ## but the first light did go on until september ##
it was at the end of the sidewalk in front of the dellwood cemetery cottage
the first directors of the manchester light and power company were john marsden m. l. manley william f. orvis george smith and john blackmer
the officers were john marsden president
john c. blackmer vice-president
george smith treasurer
and william f. orvis secretary
marsden was manager of the company for ten years and manager of its successor company the colonial light and power company for one year
at about the time the marsden enterprise was getting under way the vail light and lumber company started construction of a chair stock factory on the site of the present bennington co-operative creamery intending to use its surplus power for generating electricity
manchester then had two competing power companies until #### when the manchester light and power company purchased the transmission system of the vail company
this was fortunate as the vail plant burned in ####
the colonial light and power company was succeeded by the vermont hydro-electric corporation which in turn was absorbed by the central vermont public service corporation
the latter now furnishes the area with electricity distributed from a modern sub-station at manchester depot which was put into operation february ## #### and was improved in january #### by the installation of larger transformers
for a time following the abandonment of the local plant electric current for manchester was brought in from the south with an emergency tie-in with the vermont marble company system to the north
some who have written on utopia have treated it as a learned diversion of a learned world a phantasy with which more amused himself a holiday work a spontaneous overflow of intellectual high spirits a revel of debate paradox comedy and invention
with respect to this view two points are worth making
first it appears to be based on the fact that on its title page utopia is described as festivus gay
it overlooks the other fact that it is described as nec minus salutaris quam festivus no less salutary than gay
it also overlooks the fact that in a rational lexicon and quite clearly in more 's lexicon the opposite of serious is gay but frivolous and the opposite of gay is serious but solemn
more believed that a man could be both serious and gay
that a writer who is gay cannot be serious is a common professional illusion sedulously fostered by all too many academics who mistakenly believe that their frivolous efforts should be taken seriously because they are expressed with that dreary solemnity which is the only mode of expression their authors are capable of
secondly to find a learned diversion and a pleasing joke in more 's account of the stupid brutalities of early sixteenth century wars of the anguish of the poor and dispossessed of the insolence and cruelty of the rich and powerful requires a callousness toward suffering and sin that would be surprising in a moral imbecile and most surprising in more himself
indeed it is even surprising in the canon of christ church and regius professor of ecclesiastical history who fathered this most peculiar view and in the brilliant professor of medieval and renaissance english at cambridge who inherited it and is now its most eminent proponent
but to return to the main line of our inquiry it is doubtful that utopia is still widely read because more was medieval or even because he was a martyr indeed it is likely that these days many who read utopia with interest do even know that its author was a martyr
utopia is still widely read because in a sense more stood on the margin of modernity
and if he did stand on the margins of modernity it was in dying a martyr for such unity as papal supremacy might be able to force on western christendom
it was even in writing latin epigrams sometimes bawdy ones or in translating lucian from greek into latin or in defending the study of greek against the attack of conservative academics or in attacking the conservative theologians who opposed erasmus 's philological study of the new testament
similar literary exercises were the common doings of a christian humanist of the first two decades of the sixteenth century
had more 's writings been wholly limited to such exercises they would be almost as dimly remembered as those of a dozen or so other authors living in his time whose works tenuously survive in the minds of the few hundred scholars who each decade in pursuit of their very specialized occasions read those works
more stands on the margins of modernity for one reason alone because he wrote utopia
and the evidence that he does indeed stand there derives quite simply from the vigorous interest with which rather casual readers have responded to that book for the past century or so
only one other contemporary of more 's evokes so immediate and direct a response and only one other contemporary work niccolo machiavelli and the prince
can we discover what it is in utopia that has evoked this response
remember that in seeking the modern in utopia we do deny the existence of the medieval and the renaissance there
we do even need to commit ourselves to assessing on the same inconceivable scale the relative importance of the medieval the renaissance and the modern
the medieval was the most important to chambers because he sought to place thomas more the author of utopia in some intelligible relation with st. thomas more the martyr
to others whose concern it is to penetrate the significance of christian humanism the renaissance elements are of primary concern
but here we have a distinctly modern preoccupation
we want to know why that book has kept on selling the way it has
we want to know what is perennially new about utopia
what is new about it
to that question the answer is simple
it can be made in two words utopian communism
but it is an answer which opens the door wide to an onrush of objections and denials
surely there is nothing new about communism
we find it in plato 's republic and in utopia more acknowledges his debt to that book
we find it in that common way of life pleasing to christ and still in use among the truest societies of christians that is the better monasteries which made it easier to convert the utopians to christianity
we find it in the later stoic conception of man 's natural condition which included the community of all possessions
this conception was taken up by the early church fathers and by canon lawyers and theologians in the middle ages
and more was far too well read to have come across it in one or several of the forms thus given it
but although the idea of communism is very old even in more 's day and did spring full-clad from his imagination in #### it is communism as such that we are concerned with
we are concerned with the genus communism nor with other species of the genus platonic stoic early christian monastic canonist or theological communism
we are concerned with utopian communism that is simply communism as it appears in the imaginary commonwealth of utopia as more conceived it
perhaps one way to sharpen our sense of the modernity of utopian communism is to contrast it with the principal earlier types of communistic theory
we will achieve a more vivid sense of what it is by realizing what it is
in plato 's republic communism is to speak anachronistically a communism of janissaries
its function is to separate from the base ruled mass among whom private ownership prevails the governing warrior elite
moreover it is too readily forgotten that in the republic what gave the initial impetus to plato 's excursus into the construction of an imaginary commonwealth with its ruling-class communism of goods wives and children was his quest for a canon for the proper ordering of the individual human psyche
and it is to this problem that the republic ultimately returns
in more 's utopia communism is a means of separating out a warrior elite from the lumpish mass
utopian communism applies to all utopians
and in the economy of the book it is peripheral but central
the concern of utopia is with the optimo reipublicae statu the best ordering of a civil society
and it is again and again made clear that utopian communism provides the institutional array indispensible to that best ordering
to derive utopian communism from the jerusalem christian community of the apostolic age or from its medieval successors-in-spirit the monastic communities is with an appropriate shift of adjectives misleading in the same way as to derive it from plato 's republic in the republic we have to do with an elite of physical and intellectual athletes in the apostolic and monastic communities with an elite of spiritual and religious athletes
the apostolic community was literally an elite chosen by christ himself
and the monastic communities were supposed to be made up of volunteers selected only after a novitiate which would test their religious aptitude for monastic rigors their spiritual athleticism
finally the conception of the natural community of all possessions which originated with the stoics was firmly fixed in a tradition by more 's time although it was accepted by all the theologian-philosophers of the middle ages
in that tradition communism lay a safe distance back in the age of innocence before the fall of man
it did serve to contrast the existing order of society with a possible alternative order because the age of innocence was a possible alternative once man had sinned
the actual function of patristic communism was adequately set forth by st. gregory almost a millenium before more wrote utopia
the soil is common to all men
when we give the necessities of life to the poor we restore to them what is already theirs
we should think of it more as an act of justice than compassion
because community severalty of property is the law of nature no man can assert an absolutely unalterable right to what is his
indeed of all that is his every man is by nature and reason and therefore by conscience obligated to regard himself as a custodian
he is a trustee for the common good however feeble the safeguards which the positive or municipal law of property provides against his misuse of that share of the common fund wisely or unwisely entrusted to his keeping
in contrast to this stoic-patristic view utopia implies that the nature of man is such that to rely on individual conscience to supply the deficiencies of municipal law is to embark on the bottomless sea of human sinfulness in a sieve
the utopians brace conscience with legal sanctions
in a properly ordered society the massive force of public law performs the function which in natural law theory ineptly is left altogether to a small voice so often still
in all the respects just indicated utopian communism differs from previous conceptions in which community of possessions and living plays a role
neither from one of these conceptions nor from a combination of them can it be deduced
we do deny originality to the agamemnon because aeschylus found the tales of the house of atreus among the folk lore of the greeks
in a like sense whatever bits or shreds of previous conceptions one may find in it utopian communism remains as an integral whole original a new thing
it is merely a new thing
it is one of the very few new things in utopia
most of the rest is medieval or humanist or part of an old tradition of social criticism
but to say that at a moment in history something is new is necessarily to say that it is modern
and for this statement the best evidence comes within the five years following the publication of utopia when martin luther elaborates a new perception of the nature of the divine 's encounter with man
new indeed is luther 's perception but modern as anyone knows who has ever tried to make intelligible to modern students what luther was getting at
although utopian communism is both new in #### and also modern it is modern communism or even modern socialism as they exist or have ever existed in theory or in practice
consider the features of utopian communism generous public provision for the infirm
democratic and secret elections of all officers including priests meals taken publicly in common refectories
a common habit or uniform prescribed for all citizens
even houses changed once a decade
six hours of manual labor a day for all but a handful of magistrates and scholars and careful measures to prevent anyone from shirking
no private property no money
no sort of pricing at all for any goods or services and therefore no market in the economic sense of the term
whatever the merits of its intent utopian communism is far too naive far too crude to suit any modern socialist or communist
it is the details of utopian communism that make utopia modern it is the spirit the attitude of mind that informs those details
what that spirit and attitude were we can best understand if we see more precisely how it contrasts with the communist tradition with the longest continuous history the one which reached christianity by the way of stoicism through the church fathers of late antiquity
during the dorr trial the democratic press condemned the proceedings and heralded dorr as a martyr to the principles of the declaration of independence
during the brown trial however the state 's most powerful democratic newspaper the providence daily post stated that brown was a murderer a man of blood and that he and his associates with the assistance of republicans and abolitionists had plotted only the liberation of the slaves but also the overthrow of state and federal governments
the providence daily journal answered the daily post by stating that the raid of john brown was characteristic of democratic acts of violence and that he was acting in direct opposition to the republican party who proclaim as one of their cardinal principles that they do interfere with slavery in the states
the two major newspapers in providence continued throughout the crisis to accuse each other of misrepresenting the facts and attempting to falsify history
while the daily post continued to accuse republicans and the daily journal continued to accuse democrats the woonsocket patriot complained that the virginia authorities showed indecent and cowardly haste to condemn brown and his men
editor foss stated of their guilt there can be no doubt but they are entitled to sufficient time to prepare for trial and a fair trial
the providence daily post thought that there were probably good reasons for the haste in which the trial was being conducted and that the only thing gained by a delay would be calmer feelings
the providence daily journal stated that although the guilt of brown was evident the south must guarantee him a fair trial to preserve domestic peace
on october ## #### john brown was found guilty of treason against the state of virginia inciting slave rebellion and murder
for these crimes he was sentenced to be hanged in public on friday december # ####
upon receiving the news northern writers editors and clergymen heaped accusations of murder on the southern states particularly virginia
although rhode islanders were preparing for the state elections they watched john brown 's trial with extreme interest
on wednesday morning november # #### the providence daily journal stated that although brown justly deserved the extreme penalty no man however criminal ought to suffer the penalty without a fair trial
the editor 's main criticism of the trial was the haste with which it was conducted
the readers of the providence daily post however learned that it was generally conceded that old brown had a fair trial
concerning the sentence the editor asked what else can virginia do than to hang the men who have defied her laws organized treason and butchered her citizens
in the eastern section of the state the newspapers' reaction to brown 's trial and sentence were basically identical
j. wheaton smith editor of the warren telegraph stated that the ends of justice must be satisfied a solitary example must be set in order that all those misnamed philantropists who actuated by a blind zeal dare to instigate riot treason and murder may heed it and shape their future course accordingly
the editor of the newport advertiser could discover no evidence of extenuating circumstances in the brown trial which would warrant making an exception to the infliction of capital punishment
in direct contrast to the other rhode island editors samuel s. foss of the woonsocket patriot outwardly condemned the trial as being completely unfair
concerning the sentence foss wrote if it be possible that mercy shall override vengeance and that john brown 's sentence shall be commuted to imprisonment it would be well well for the country and for virginia
despite the excitement being caused by the trial and sentence of john brown rhode islanders turned their attention to the state elections
the state had elected republican candidates in the past two years
there was no doubt as to the control the republican party exercised throughout the state
if it failed on occasion to elect its candidates for general state offices by majorities the failure was due to a lingering remnant of the know-nothing party which called itself the american republican party
the american republicans and the republicans both nominated lieutenant-governor turner for governor
elisha r. potter was the democratic candidate
the results of the election of #### found republican candidates only winning the offices of governor and lieutenant-governor but also obtaining the two congressional offices from the eastern and western sections of the state
during the month of november hardly a day passed when there was some mention of john brown in the rhode island newspapers
on november # #### the providence daily journal reprinted a letter sent to john brown from e. b. a quaker lady in newport
in reference to brown 's raid she wrote though we are non-resistants and religiously believe it better to reform by moral and by carnal weapons we know thee was anemated by the most generous and philanthropic motives
e. b. compared john brown to moses in that they were both acting to deliver millions from oppression
in contrast to e. b. most rhode islanders hardly thought of john brown as being another moses
most attempts to develop any sympathy for brown and his actions found an unresponsive audience in rhode island
on wednesday evening november ## #### in warren rev. mark trafton of new bedford gave a mission of sympathy lecture in which he favorably viewed the harper 's ferry insurrection
the warren telegraph stated that many of rev. trafton 's remarks were inappropriate and savored strongly of radicalism and fanaticism
in its account of the trafton lecture the providence daily post said that the remarks of rev. trafton made the people indignant
no sympathy or admiration for brown could be found in the providence daily post for the editor claimed that there were a score of men in the state prison who were a thousand times more deserving of sympathy
the providence daily journal however stated that brown 's courage bravery and heroism in a good cause would make a man a martyr
it gives something of dignity even to a bad one
the woonsocket patriot admitted that john brown might deserve punishment or imprisonment but he should no more be hung than henry a. wise or james buchanan
the newport mercury exhibited more concern over the possibility of the abolitionists making a martyr of brown than it did over the development of sympathy for him
in her letter to john brown e. b. the quakeress from newport had suggested that the american people owed more honor to john brown for seeking to free the slaves than they did to george washington
during the latter days of november to the day of brown 's execution it seems that most rhode islanders did concur in e. b. 's suggestion
on november ## #### the providence daily journal stated that although brown 's pluck and honest fanaticism must be admired any honor paid to brown would only induce other fanatics to imitate his actions
a week later the daily journal had discovered the initial plans of some providence citizens to hold a meeting honoring john brown on the day of his execution
the editor of the daily journal warned that if such a demonstration be made it will find support or countenance from any of the men whose names are recognized as having a right to speak for providence
the providence daily post 's editor wrote that he could believe that a meeting honoring brown was to be held in providence
he further called upon the people of providence to rebuke the meeting and avoid disgrace
on december # #### john brown was hanged at charles town virginia
extraordinary precautions were taken so that no stranger be allowed in the city and no citizen within the enclosure surrounding the scaffold
in many northern towns and cities meetings were held and church bells were tolled
such was the case in rhode island
the only public demonstration in honor of john brown was held at pratt 's hall in providence on the day of his execution
despite the opposition of the city newspapers the pratt hall meeting brought together a very respectable audience composed in part of those who had been distinguished for years for their radical views upon the subject of slavery of many of our colored citizens and of those who were attracted to the place by the novelty of such a gathering
seated on the platform were amos c. barstow ex-mayor of providence and a wealthy republican stove manufacturer
thomas davis an uncompromising garrisonian
the reverend augustus woodbury a unitarian minister
the reverend george t. day a free-will baptist
daniel w. vaughan and william h. h. clements
the latter two were appointed secretaries
the first speaker was amos c. barstow who had been unanimously chosen president of the meeting
he spoke of his desire to promote the abolition of slavery by peaceable means and he compared john brown of harper 's ferry to the john brown of rhode island 's colonial period
barstow concluded that as rhode island 's john brown became a canonized hero if a saint so would it be with john brown of harper 's ferry
the next speaker was george t. day
although admitting brown 's guilt on legal grounds day said that brown is no common criminal
his deed was below but above the law
following day was woodbury who spoke of his disapproval of brown 's attempt at servile insurrection his admiration of brown 's character and his opposition to slavery
woodbury 's remarks were applauded by a portion of the audience several times and once there was hissing
the fourth and last speaker was thomas davis
by this time large numbers of the audience had left the hall
davis commenced his remarks by an allusion to the general feeling of opposition which the meeting had encountered from many of the citizens and all the newspapers of the city
he said that the propriety or impropriety of such a gathering was a question that was to be settled by every man in accordance with the convictions of private judgments
in the remainder of his speech davis spoke of his admiration for brown and warned those who took part in the meeting that they are liable to the charge that they are supporting traitors and upholding men whom the laws have condemned
he recalled that in rhode island a party opposed to the state 's condemnation of a man thomas w. dorr proclaimed the state 's action as a violation of the law of the land and the principles of human liberty
at the close of davis' speech the following preamble and resolutions were read by the president and on the question of their adoption passed unanimously
whereas john brown has cheerfully risked his life in endeavoring to deliver those who are denied all rights and is this day doomed to suffer death for his efforts in behalf of those who have no helper therefore
resolved that while we most decidedly disapprove the methods he adopted to accomplish his objects yet in his willingness to die in aid of the great cause of human freedom we still recognize the qualities of a noble nature and the exercise of a spirit which true men have always admired and which history never fails to honor
resolved that his wrongs and bereavements in kansas occasioned by the violence and brutality of those who were intent on the propagation of slavery in that territory call for a charitable judgment upon his recent efforts in virginia to undermine the despotism from which he had suffered and commend his family to the special sympathy and aid of all who pity suffering and reverence justice
resolved that the anti-slavery sentiment is becoming ripe for resolute action
resolved that we find in this fearful tragedy at harper 's ferry a reason for more earnest effort to remove the evil of slavery from the whole land as speedily as possible
on the morning following the pratt hall meeting the editor of the providence daily journal wrote that although the meeting was milder and less extreme than those held in other areas for similar purposes it could have been avoided completely
rather than being deceived the eye is puzzled
instead of seeing objects in space it sees nothing more than a picture
through #### and #### as the cubist facet-plane 's tendency to adhere to the literal surface became harder and harder to deny the task of keeping the surface at arm 's length fell all the more to eye-undeceiving contrivances
to reinforce and sometimes to replace the simulated typography braque and picasso began to mix sand and other foreign substances with their paint
the granular texture thus created likewise called attention to the reality of the surface and was effective over much larger areas
in certain other pictures however braque began to paint areas in exact simulation of wood graining or marbleizing
these areas by virtue of their abrupt density of pattern stated the literal surface with such new and superior force that the resulting contrast drove the simulated printing into a depth from which it could be rescued and set to shuttling again only by conventional perspective
that is by being placed in such relation to the forms depicted within the illusion that these forms left no room for the typography except near the surface
the accumulation of such devices however soon had the effect of telescoping even while separating surface and depth
the process of flattening seemed inexorable and it became necessary to emphasize the surface still further in order to prevent it from fusing with the illusion
it was for this reason and no other that i can see that in september #### braque took the radical and revolutionary step of pasting actual pieces of imitation-woodgrain wallpaper to a drawing on paper instead of trying to simulate its texture in paint
picasso says that he himself had already made his first collage toward the end of #### when he glued a piece of imitation-caning oilcloth to a painting on canvas
it is true that his first collage looks more analytical than braque 's which would confirm the date he assigns it
but it is also true that braque was the consistent pioneer in the use of simulated textures as well as of typography
and moreover he had already begun to broaden and simplify the facet-planes of analytical cubism as far back as the end of ####
when we examine what each master says was his first collage we see that much the same thing happens in each
it makes no real difference that braque 's collage is on paper and eked out in charcoal while picasso 's is on canvas and eked out in oil
by its greater corporeal presence and its greater extraneousness the affixed paper or cloth serves for a seeming moment to push everything else into a more vivid idea of depth than the simulated printing or simulated textures had ever done
but here again the surface-declaring device both overshoots and falls short of its aim
for the illusion of depth created by the contrast between the affixed material and everything else gives way immediately to an illusion of forms in bas-relief which gives way in turn and with equal immediacy to an illusion that seems to contain both or neither
because of the size of the areas it covers the pasted paper establishes undepicted flatness bodily as more than an indication or sign
literal flatness now tends to assert itself as the main event of the picture and the device boomerangs the illusion of depth is rendered even more precarious than before
instead of isolating the literal flatness by specifying and circumscribing it the pasted paper or cloth releases and spreads it and the artist seems to have nothing left but this undepicted flatness with which to finish as well as start his picture
the actual surface becomes both ground and background and it turns out suddenly and paradoxically that the only place left for a three-dimensional illusion is in front of upon the surface
in their very first collages braque and picasso draw or paint over and on the affixed paper or cloth so that certain of the principal features of their subjects as depicted seem to thrust out into real bas-relief space or to be about to do so while the rest of the subject remains imbedded in or flat upon the surface
and the surface is driven back in its very surfaceness only by this contrast
in the upper center of braque 's first collage fruit dish in douglas cooper 's collection a bunch of grapes is rendered with such conventionally vivid sculptural effect as to lift it practically off the picture plane
the trompe-l'oeil illusion here is no longer enclosed between parallel flatnesses but seems to thrust through the surface of the drawing paper and establish depth on top of it
yet the violent immediacy of the wallpaper strips pasted to the paper and the only lesser immediacy of block capitals that simulate window lettering manage somehow to push the grape cluster back into place on the picture plane so that it does jump
at the same time the wallpaper strips themselves seem to be pushed into depth by the lines and patches of shading charcoaled upon them and by their placing in relation to the block capitals
and these capitals seem in turn to be pushed back by their placing and by contrast with the corporeality of the woodgraining
thus every part and plane of the picture keeps changing place in relative depth with every other part and plane
and it is as if the only stable relation left among the different parts of the picture is the ambivalent and ambiguous one that each has with the surface
and the same thing more or less can be said of the contents of picasso 's first collage
in later collages of both masters a variety of extraneous materials are used sometimes in the same work and almost always in conjunction with every other eye-deceiving and eye-undeceiving device they can think of
the area adjacent to one edge of a piece of affixed material or simply of a painted-in form will be shaded to pry that edge away from the surface while something will be drawn painted or even pasted over another part of the same shape to drive it back into depth
planes defined as parallel to the surface also cut through it into real space and a depth is suggested optically which is greater than that established pictorially
all this expands the oscillation between surface and depth so as to encompass fictive space in front of the surface as well as behind it
flatness may now monopolize everything but it is a flatness become so ambiguous and expanded as to turn into illusion itself at least an optical if properly speaking a pictorial illusion
depicted cubist flatness is now almost completely assimilated to the literal undepicted kind but at the same time it reacts upon and largely transforms the undepicted kind and it does so moreover without depriving the latter of its literalness
rather it underpins and reinforces that literalness re-creates it
out of this re-created literalness the cubist subject reemerged
for it had turned out by a further paradox of cubism that the means to an illusion of depth and plasticity had now become widely divergent from the means of representation or imaging
in the analytical phase of their cubism braque and picasso had only had to minimize three-dimensionality simply in order to preserve it
they had also had to generalize it to the point finally where the illusion of depth and relief became abstracted from specific three-dimensional entities and was rendered largely as the illusion of depth and relief as such as a disembodied attribute and expropriated property detached from everything itself
in order to be saved plasticity had had to be isolated
and as the aspect of the subject was transposed into those clusters of more or less interchangeable and contour-obliterating facet-planes by which plasticity was isolated under the cubist method the subject itself became largely unrecognizable
cubism in its ####-#### phase which the french with justice call hermetic was on the verge of abstract art
it was then that picasso and braque were confronted with a unique dilemma they had to choose between illusion and representation
if they opted for illusion it could only be illusion per se an illusion of depth and of relief so general and abstracted as to exclude the representation of individual objects
if on the other hand they opted for representation it had to be representation per se representation as image pure and simple without connotations at least without more than schematic ones of the three-dimensional space in which the objects represented originally existed
it was the collage that made the terms of this dilemma clear the representational could be restored and preserved only on the flat and literal surface now that illusion and representation had become for the first time mutually exclusive alternatives
in the end picasso and braque plumped for the representational and it would seem they did so deliberately
this provides whatever real justification there is for the talk about reality
but the inner formal logic of cubism as it worked itself out through the collage had just as much to do with shaping their decision
when the smaller facet-planes of analytical cubism were placed upon or juxtaposed with the large dense shapes formed by the affixed materials of the collage they had to coalesce become synthesized into larger planar shapes themselves simply in order to maintain the integrity of the picture plane
left in their previous atom-like smallness they would have cut away too abruptly into depth
and the broad opaque shapes of pasted paper would have been isolated in such a way as to make them jump out of plane
large planes juxtaposed with other large planes tend to assert themselves as independent shapes and to the extent that they are flat they also assert themselves as silhouettes
and independent silhouettes are apt to coincide with the recognizable contours of the subject from which a picture starts if it does start from a subject
it was because of this chain-reaction as much as for any other reason that is because of the growing independence of the planar unit in collage as a shape that the identity of depicted objects or at least parts of them re-emerged in braque 's and picasso 's papiers colles and continued to remain more conspicuous there but only as flattened silhouettes than in any of their paintings done wholly in oil before the end of ####
analytical cubism came to an end in the collage but conclusively
nor did synthetic cubism fully begin there
only when the collage had been exhaustively translated into oil and transformed by this translation did cubism become an affair of positive color and flat interlocking silhouettes whose legibility and placement created allusions to if the illusion of unmistakable three-dimensional identities
synthetic cubism began with picasso alone late in #### or early in ####
this was the point at which he finally took the lead in cubist innovation away from braque never again to relinquish it
but even before that picasso had glimpsed and entered for a moment a certain revolutionary path in which no one had preceded him
it was as though in that instant he had felt the flatness of collage as too constricting and had suddenly tried to escape all the way back or forward to literal three-dimensionality
this he did by using utterly literal means to carry the forward push of the collage and of cubism in general literally into the literal space in front of the picture plane
some time in #### picasso cut out and folded a piece of paper in the shape of a guitar
to this he glued and fitted other pieces of paper and four taut strings thus creating a sequence of flat surfaces in real and sculptural space to which there clung only the vestige of a picture plane
the affixed elements of collage were extruded as it were and cut off from the literal pictorial surface to form a bas-relief
los angeles in #### finally bowed to the skyscraper
and without high density in the core rapid-transit systems cannot be maintained economically let alone built from scratch at today 's prices
however the building of freeways and garages cannot continue forever
the new interchange among the four los angeles freeways including the grade-constructed accesses occupies by itself no less than eighty acres of downtown land one-eighth of a square mile an area about the size of rockefeller center in new york
it is hard to believe that this mass of intertwined concrete constitutes what the law calls the highest and best use of centrally located urban land
as it affects the city 's fiscal situation such an interchange is ruinous
it removes forever from the tax rolls property which should be taxed to pay for the city services
subways improved land values without taking away land
freeways boost valuation less because the garages they require are prime buildings by a long shot and reduce the acreage that can be taxed
downtown los angeles is already two-thirds freeway interchange street parking lot and garage one of those preposterous if statistics has already come to pass
the freeway with narrowly spaced interchanges concentrates and mitigates the access problem but it also acts inevitably as an artificial isolating boundary
city planners do always use this boundary as effectively as they might
less ambitious freeway plans may be more successful especially when the roadways and interchanges are raised allowing for cross access at many points and providing parking areas below the ramp
meanwhile the automobile and its friend the truck have cost the central city some of its industrial dominance
in ever greater numbers factories are locating in the suburbs or in industrial parks removed from the city 's political jurisdiction
the appeal of the suburb is particularly strong for heavy industry which must move bulky objects along a lengthy assembly line and wants enough land area to do the entire job on one floor
to light industry the economies of being on one floor are much slighter but efficiency engineers usually believe in them and manufacturers looking for ways to cut costs cannot be prevented from turning to efficiency engineers
this movement of industry away from the central cities is so catastrophically new as some prophets seem to believe
it is merely the latest example of the leapfrog growth which formed the pattern of virtually all american cities
the big factories which are relatively near the centers of our cities the rubber factories in akron chrysler 's detroit plants u.s. steel 's pittsburgh works often began on these sites at a time when that was the edge of the city yet close to transport river storage piers and power river
the leapfrog was a phenomenon of the railroad and the steam turbine and the time when the belts of residence surrounding the old factory area were yet blighted
the truck and the car gave the manufacturer a new degree of freedom in selecting his plant site
until internal combustion became cheap he had to be near a railroad siding and a trolley line or an existing large community of lower-class homes
the railroad siding is still important it is usually though always true that long-haul shipment by rail is cheaper than trucking
but anybody who promises a substantial volume of business can get a railroad to run a short spur to his plant these days and many businesses can live without the railroad
and there are now many millions of workers for whom the factory with the big parking lot which can be reached by driving across or against the usual pattern of rush hour traffic and grille-route bus lines is actually more convenient than the walk-to factory
willow run general electric 's enormous installations at louisville and syracuse the pentagon boeing in seattle douglas and lockheed in los angeles the new automobile assembly plants everywhere none of these is substantially served by any sort of conventional mass rapid transit
they are all suburban plants relying on the roads to keep them supplied with workers
and wherever the new thruways go up their banks are lined by neat glass and metal and colored brick light industry
the drive along massachusetts' route ### the by-pass which makes an arc about twenty miles from downtown boston may be a vision of the future
the future could be worse
the plants along route ### are mostly well designed and nicely set against the new england rocks and trees
they can even be rather grand like edward land 's monument to the astonishing success of polaroid
but they deny the values of the city the crowded competitive tolerant city the melting pot which gave off so many of the most admirable american qualities
they are segregated businesses combining again on one site the factory and the office drawing their work force from segregated communities
it is interesting to note how many of the plants on massachusetts' route ### draw most of their income either from the government in non-competitive cost-plus arrangements or from the exploitation of patents which grant at least a partial monopoly
while the factories were always the center of the labor market they were often on the city 's periphery
in spreading the factories even farther the automobile may have changed to any great extent the growth pattern of the cities
even the loss of hotel business to the outskirt 's motel has been relatively painless
the hotel-motel demarcation is becoming harder to find every year
what hurts most is the damage the automobile has done to central-city retailing especially in those cities where public transit is feeble
some retailing of course always spreads with the population grocery stores drugstores local haberdasheries and dress shops candy stores and the like
but whenever a major purchase was contemplated forty years ago a new bedroom set or a winter coat an easter bonnet a bicycle for junior the family set off for the downtown department store where the selection would be greatest
department stores congregated in the one hundred per cent location where all the transit lines converged
these stores are still there but the volume of the downtown store has been on a relative decline while in many cities the suburban branch sells more and more dry goods
if the retailer and hotelman 's downtown unit sales have been decreasing however his dollar volume continues to rise and it is dollars which you put in the bank
in most discussions of this phenomenon the figures are substantially inflated
no suburban shopping-center branch even hudson 's vast northland outside detroit does anything like the unit volume of business or carries anything like the variety of merchandise to be found in the home store
telephone orders distort the picture the suburbanite naturally calls a local rather than a central-city number if both are listed in an advertisement especially if the local call eliminates city sales tax
the suburban branch is thereby credited with a sale which would have been made even if its glass doors had never opened
accounting procedures which continue to charge a disproportionate overhead and warehouse expense to the main store make the branches seem more profitable than they are
in many cases that statement we break even on our downtown operation and make money on our branches would be turned around if the cost analysis were recalculated on terms less prejudicial to the old store
fear of the competition always a great motivating force in the american economy makes retailers who do have suburban operations exaggerate both the volume and the profitability of their rival 's shiny new branches
the fact seems to be that very many large branch stores are uneconomical that the choice of location in the suburbs is as important as it was downtown and that even highly suburbanized cities will support only so many big branches
moreover the cost of operations is always high in any new store as the conservative bankers who act as controllers for retail giants are beginning to discover
when all has been said however the big branch store remains a major break with history in the development of american retailing
just as the suburban factory may be more convenient than the downtown plant to the worker with a car the trip to the shopping center may seem far easier than to the downtown department store though both are the same distance from home
indeed there are some cities where the suburban shopping pulls customers who are geographically much nearer to downtown
raymond vernon reports that residents of east st. louis have been driving across the mississippi through the heart of downtown st. louis and out to the western suburbs for major shopping simply because parking is easier at the big branches than it is in the heart of town
to the extent that the problem is merely parking an aggressive downtown management like that of lazarus brothers in columbus ohio can fight back successfully by building a garage on the lot next door
if the distant patron of the suburban branch has been frightened away from downtown by traffic problems however the city store can only pressure the politicians to do something about the highways or await the completion of the federal highway program
and if the affection for the suburban branch reflects a desire to shop with nice people rather than with the indiscriminate urban mass which supports the downtown department store the central location may be in serious trouble
today according to land economist homer hoyt shopping centers and their associated parking lots cover some ##,### acres of land which is almost exactly the total land area in all the nation 's central business districts put together
the downtown store continues to offer the great inducement of variety both within its gates and across the street where other department stores are immediately convenient for the shopper who wants to see what is available before making up her mind
if anything may be predicted in the quicksilver world of retailing it seems likely that the suburban branch will come to dominate children 's clothing taking the kid downtown is too much of a production household gadgetry and the discount business in big-ticket items
department stores were built on dry goods especially ladies' fashions and in this area in the long run the suburban branches will be hard put to compete against downtown
if this analysis is correct the suburban branches will turn out to be what management 's cost accountants refuse to acknowledge marginal operations rather than major factors
historically in america the appeal of cities has been their color and life the variety of experience they offered
how ya gonna keep 'em down on the farm
was a question that had to be asked long before they saw paree
though americans usually lived in groups segregated by national origin or religious belief they liked to work and shop in the noise and vitality of downtown
only a radical change in the nature of the population in the central city would be likely to destroy this preference and we must now turn our attention to the question of whether such a change gloomily foreseen by so many urban diagnosticians is actually upon us
suburbs and negroes
in their book american skyline christopher tunnard and henry hope reed argue that franklin roosevelt 's new deal was what made the modern suburb a possibility a fine ironical argument when you consider how suburbanites tend to vote
the first superhighways new york 's henry hudson and chicago 's lake shore san francisco 's bay bridge and its approaches a good slice of the pennsylvania turnpike were built as part of the federal works program which was going to cure the depression
at the same time roosevelt 's federal housing administration coupled with henry morgenthau 's cheap-money policy permitted ordinary lower-middle-class families to build their own homes
bankers who had been reluctant to lend without better security than the house itself got that security from the u. s. government
householders who had been unable to pick up the burden of short-term high-interest mortgages found they could borrow for twenty-five years at # per cent under government aegis
before losing itself in the sands of the ##th century the grand stream of italian renaissance architectural decoration made a last appearance in the brumidi frescos of the capitol rotunda in washington
the artistic generation after brumidi was trained in the paris of that time to a more meticulous standard of execution and tended to overlook greatness of conception where faults and weakness were easy to find
but it is a great conception
the open ceiling with allegorical and classical figures thrown in masses against the sky the closed frieze formally divided into historical scenes and tightly tied to the stone walls belong in their large ordering to the line of correggio and his baroque followers
the descent may be remote but this is surely the only full-scale example of that vigorous inheritance in the united states
constantino brumidi designed the decorative scheme as a whole in collaboration with the architect charles u. walter at the time when plans were being made to replace the wooden dome of bullfinch with the present much larger iron structure
after many years and many interruptions he was able to finish the canopy fresco and slightly less than half the frieze beginning with the liberty group opposite the east door and ending with william penn all but one leg when a tragic accident ended his career
he left at his death sketches drawn to scale for the rest of the circle
these were carried out too faithfully by filippo costaggini who began by supplying the missing member to the founder of pennsylvania and noting in pencil in italian that he began at this point
when costaggini had used up all the sketches thirty-six feet of empty frieze were left over
a blank undecorated void plastered in roughcast disfigured the wall of the rotunda until ####
then advised by the architect of the capitol the joint committee for the library traditionally responsible for the works of art in the building ordered the space cleared and painted in fresco to show the peace after the civil war the spanish-american war and the birth of aviation to match as nearly as feasible brumidi 's technique and composition
later the cleaning and restoration were ordered first of the older part of the frieze finally of the canopy
what follows is therefore a description of three separate undertakings the new frescoing of the gap and the successive essays in conservation with some discussion of problems that arose in connection with each
for the use of students and future restorers a full day-by-day record was kept of all three undertakings complete technical reports on what we found and what we did
these may be consulted in the office of the architect of the capitol or the library of congress
the first preliminary was inspecting the unfinished length of frieze a jumble of roughcast and finish coats all in bad condition
it was decided to strip the whole area down to the bricks and to replace the rough coats up to one inch thickness to agree with the older artists' preparation with a mortar one part slaked lime three parts sand to be put on in two layers
cartoons were drawn full size after sketches had been made to satisfy all the authorities
there was some difficulty here
one had to manage the given subjects three diverse recent events so as to make them part of a classical frieze that is a pattern of large figures filling the space with much else against a blank background
moreover all three representations must be squeezed comfortably into little more than the length brumidi allowed for each one of his
when it was all arranged to fit and to interrupt the lengthwise flow of movement in the frieze the cartoons were tried in place
the scaffolding a confusion of heavy beams hanging from the gallery above was strong and safe but obscured visibility
nothing could be seen from the floor but by moving around the gallery one could get glimpses
and we were able to decide on some amplification of scale
to be sure of matching color as well as form pieces of cartoon were traced on the roughcast and large samples painted in fresco then left two months to dry out to their final key
later it was gratifying to note that they had set so solidly as to be hard to remove when the time came
the scaffold was the length of the space to be painted
what bits of brumidi and costaggini could be reached at either end seemed in good order though the roughish sandy surface was thick with dust
washed they came out surprisingly clear and bright
it could be seen that both artists used a very thick final coat of plaster one half inch and that both followed the traditional italian fresco technique as described by cennino cennini in the ##th century and current in italy to this day
that is they used opaque color throughout getting solid highlights with active lime white
painting a secco is much in evidence
a brown hatching reinforces and broadens shadows and much of the background is solidly covered with a dark coat
this brown is sometimes so rich in medium as to appear to be oil paint
in our own practice to have the last intonaco plaster coat thick enough to match and at the same time to avoid fine cracks in drying we found that it had to be put on in two layers letting the first set awhile before applying the second
the mortar was three parts sand to two of lime
some of the lime that is always on hand in the capitol basement for plaster repairs was slaked several months for us
but to make it stiffer of a really putty-like consistency to avoid cracking we added a little hydrated lime hard on the hands but we could see no other disadvantage
i am told that a mortar longer slaked might have remained longer in condition for painting
as it was it took the pigment well for six hours enough for our purpose and held it firmly in setting
it was obvious that to match brumidi white must be mixed with all but the darkest tones
lime white hard and brilliant has a tendency to jump away from the other colors in drying and also by its capacity to set to preclude the use of ready-made gradations so useful in decorative work
in older italian practice lime dried and reground bianco sangiovanni entered into such prepared shades
for convenience we chose a stronger pigment unknown to the early italians or to brumidi titanium oxide reserving the active lime white for highest lights put on at the end of the day 's stint
other pigments were mostly raw umber some burnt umber and a little yellow ochre
this last was probably in brumidi 's palette but was needed to take the chill bluish look off the new work next to the old where softening effects of time were seen even after thorough cleaning
the use of secco we tried to restrict to covering joints
experience showed however that it is very difficult to paint a dark umber background in fresco that will dry out spotty and uneven
later brumidi and costaggini will be seen coping with this same problem
we were forced as they were to work a good deal of tempera into background and dark areas
we made it by doerner 's recipe five parts thoroughly washed cheese curd to one of lime putty
ground together they made a strong adhesive which became waterproof in drying
figure # was taken in ####
the new part is finished
on the right is the brumidi liberty group as it looked after cleaning operations which had yet come around to the other end
where of costaggini only some foliage has been washed at the point where his work stopped
one is led to speculate as to why the empty space was there left for our century to finish
costaggini said it was brumidi 's fault in providing enough material to fill the circle
brumidi 's son later maintained that costaggini had compressed and mutilated his father 's designs ambitiously coveting a bit he could claim for his very own
this question might be settled by comparing the measurement of the actual circumference with the dimensions noted presumably in brumidi 's hand above the various sections of his long preparatory drawing which has been kept
whosever fault it is evident that brumidi intended to fill out the whole frieze with his histories and come full circle with the scene of the discovery of california gold
in painting a fresco the handling of wet mortar compels one always to move from top to bottom and from left to right to spoil yesterday 's work with today 's plastering
at the very first then brumidi was required by the classically pyramidal shape of his central group to fill in the triangular space above the seated girl on liberty 's right before starting on the allegorical figures themselves
here he put a small man whose missing hands might have left his function doubtful until comparison with the first sketches showed that when the artist came back to the beginning this was to be the closing figure of the party of forty-niners and was to hold a basket
one sees costaggini 's rendering of the same figure more than thirty feet away
the photograph figure # of the completed frieze shows how having been separated from his fellows in useless isolation for eighty years he has now been given a hand and by juxtaposition and the permission of the committee given a new job to represent the witnesses of the first flight at kitty hawk in ####
the startlingly bright effect of the first washings led the committee to order the rest of the brumidi-costaggini cycle cleaned and restored to go with them
the fixed wooden scaffold was removed and so as to reach all the frieze one of pipe on wheels built up from the floor
every few days in the early morning as the work progressed twenty men would appear to push it ahead and to shift the plank foundation that distributed its weight widely on the rotunda pavement supported as it is by ancient brick vaulting
on this giddy and oscillating platform over fifty feet from the floor after a first dusting we began to wash
a most useful tool for wetting the surface without running down was made from a greenhouse mist spray nozzle welded to a hose connection to be used at low water pressure
a valve in the handle let us cut the pressure still lower
one man sprayed with a sponge in hand to check excess wetting
a second assistant mopped with two sponges
in parts a repeated sponging was needed but everywhere we found that water alone was enough to restore the original brightness
no soap or other cleaning agent was used that might bring in unwanted chemical reactions
the painting a fresco stood up superbly
a little of the secco came off
necessary retouching was put on at once
altogether we found the craftsmanship first rate especially brumidi 's
we were greatly helped by there being no traces of former restoring
apparently more than dusting had ever been done and much of that
the plaster was sound the intonaco firmly attached all over and the pigment solidly incorporated with it in all but a few unimportant places
the greatest source of trouble was rain which had repeatedly flowed from openings above soaking the surface and leaving streaks of dissolved lime very conspicuous even after cleaning particularly in the landing of columbus oglethorpe and the indians and yorktown
here the architect referring to the use of the capitol as a public building a museum requested some repainting to maintain decorative effect rather than leaving blank unsightly patches
these frescos have had no care for eighty years
with naked gas jets below and leaky windows above enough to ruin wall paintings in any medium they have survived in a building long unheated in winter hot and damp under the iron dome in summer
those whom i wish to address with this letter are for the most part unknown to me
it may well be that when rudy pozzatti and i visited your country last spring you were living and working close to the places we saw and the streets we walked
as american artists it was natural that we would want to meet as many soviet artists as possible
this letter might have been necessary had our efforts to meet and talk with you been more successful
even though we did see many of your faces it appears now quite evident that a considerable number of your profession heard from those whom we had the fortune to encounter that we had been in your midst
i am very pleased that quite a number of you found ways to communicate to me your desire to hear of our reactions and experiences in the u.s.s.r.
i can well understand your curiosity
we ourselves are always eager to know how others feel about us and the way in which we live
it is my hope that this written message and report will reach you through the good offices of the union of soviet artists
there should be no reason to misinterpret or ignore the intent of this letter
pozzatti and i endeavored earnestly to record our impressions without the prejudice that the anxiety of our time so easily provokes
the time-span of little more than a month cannot entitle me to pose as an expert on anything i saw
too much damage is done by experts who have spent even less time if any at all in the u.s.s.r.
nevertheless i consider it reasonable because of my commitment as an artist to assume that the rights and responsibilities of creative individuals are related to humanity as a whole rather than to specific geo-political interests
if this attitude is seriously questioned in the soviet union it does necessarily follow that the majority of the society in which i live is too aware of the necessity for clarity on this ethical as well as aesthetic point of view
it is a matter of some disappointment to me that still many of my own countrymen are too shortsighted to ascribe any symbolic significance to the plight of a minority such as artists in any social order
i encountered many questions and great interest upon my return from the soviet union about my reactions to that experience
that which i found most profound and most disturbing appeared to evoke a curiously muted reaction
almost as if i were talking about something quite unreal
apparently this is the time and the climate in which people will listen objectively or at least dispassionately to individual impressions of a subject which preoccupies a good deal of their waking moments
personal predispositions tend to blunt the ear and in turn the voice as well
i cannot be content with the anecdotal small talk of a somewhat unusual travelogue
i am equally impatient with the shrug of the shoulder shake of the head of those who no longer care because they have known it for so long
the aggressive disbelief of those who are romantically lost in a semantic jungle of the word revolution
the belligerent denunciations by the sick fanatics of ignorance who try to build a papier-mache wall of pseudo-patriotism on our physical horizons
difficult as it may have been at times pozzatti and i saw enough talked to enough artists historians and others to realize that the issue is quite clear
artists and poets are the raw nerve-ends of humanity
they are small in number and their contribution is immediately decisive in everyday life
by themselves they may be able to save the life on this planet but without them there would be very little left worth saving
it cannot be said that our very first day in the soviet union turned out to be an ordinary one
on that cold but bright april day we were guests of your government in the reviewing stand of red square to witness the poeple 's celebration for yuri gagarin and later on that day we attended the somewhat more exclusive reception for him in one of the impressive palaces of the kremlin
if we thus spent our very first day in the midst of a large number of your people honoring a new hero and a great national achievement our last day to us at least was equally impressive and very moving even though the crowds were absent and there was almost complete silence
we stood under a gigantic tree in the rolling country just outside of moscow looking at silent flowers on the grave of a russian poet and writer who cherished the love for his country to the point of foregoing the highest international honor
the grave about half-way between his home and the blue turrets of a small church rose above the forms and spaces of gently undisciplined pastures of green the sounds of birds the silence of other graves and the casual paths through small forests
just yesterday we had met and talked with a living writer a contemporary of the dead poet who is known for his ability of manipulating his ideas and his craft more advantageously
but today we were aware of only two men
one had taken a flight into uncharted space in the service of science to return as a living hero
the other had assumed the right to explore the equally uncharted space of the human spirit
the flowers on his grave attested to the fact that he as well was somebody 's hero
these two recollections form the frame around a series of experiences and sights which to me at least symbolize the extremes in the aesthetic as well as ethical conflict between materialism and humanism
a struggle that is being waged all over the world in the half-light of disinterest
the prevalent opinion which we encountered in a variety of expressions in your country denied only the existence of this conflict but it was elaborated even further with an incredible semantic dexterity
the socialist environment it was stated had cross-fertilized these two extreme seeds and was about to produce a new plant and fruit
when i speculated on one such occasion that the new growth like other mutations might be unable to propagate i was immediately accused of preaching racial prejudice
i could bring myself to answer that some of my best friends are non-propagating mules
this kind of reasoning and logic takes a little time to get used to
after a while we were perhaps less surprised but still puzzled when a friendly discussion would suddenly jump the track into the most irrelevant and illogical comparisons
a chance remark about lenin 's sealed train brought the rejoinder that this was a myth akin to george washington 's cherry tree
theories of the behavior pattern of population masses were compared to scientific discoveries concerning the motion-pattern of gaseous masses
no wonder that pozzatti and i had at times difficulty in remembering the real purpose of our presence namely cultural exchange
typical of such an experience was the occasion of a somewhat formal official welcome in the offices of the union of soviet artists
we had looked forward to what we hoped to be our first informal meeting with a number of moscow 's artists
instead we became involved in a series of friendly but overly formal welcoming addresses to which we had no choice but to reply in kind
the terms of friendship understanding cooperation etc. tend to become somewhat shopworn because of constant and indiscriminate use
i can only hope that the continuing exchange of groups and individuals between our countries will wear out all language pertinent to the occasion
the presiding female functionary of massive proportions and forbidding appearance initially did contribute to the expressions of friendship and welcome by a number of dignified gentlemen representing the arts
it was only after we had responded with what i fear were similar cliches that she went into action by questioning our desire for friendship and understanding with a challenge about aggressive and warlike actions by the u.s. government in cuba and laos
she retreated by leaving the room when we suggested that our meeting might well terminate right then and there
unfortunately she returned later just as i had taken advantage of the friendlier atmosphere in the room by stating that perhaps an unexpected result of the cultural exchange program would be the re-emergence of abstract art in russia with social realism regaining dominance in the u.s.
this gave her an opportunity to ring down the curtain with the petulant admonition that we should presume to lecture her on abstraction
she did go so far as to say as was done on other occasions that abstraction as well as impressionism were a russian invention that had been discarded as unwanted by the people of the u.s.s.r.
pozzatti and i could know then that we would experience this sort of treatment more often in moscow than elsewhere
we were to discover in fact that quite a number of people share with us the impression that in contrast to other soviet regions moscow 's atmosphere is depressingly subdued and official
to have one 's intentions deliberately or unintentionally misunderstood is always a waste of time
until our moscow experience i had considered it necessary to prepare any argument formally or informally
artists simply do talk to each other in that fashion
and furthermore i could presume the implication that i spoke for american artists as a group
to save time some clarification seemed necessary
the following is a statement read to a large and friendly group of your fellow artists in leningrad
we have come to your land with the express intention of understanding and respecting your ideas and your ways
our presence here should also be considered further sincere evidence of the attempts by our people and their chosen government to seek any and all possible ways to effect closer peaceful ties among all people
we are quite convinced that one of the main hopes for the future depends upon the informal contacts and exchanges of ideas between individuals
in spite of the relatively short period of time that we have experienced among you we have already seen many indications of your character and spirit
we are acutely aware that yours is a society which in spite of several wars and many privations has developed itself into one of the foremost nations of the world
your past history is resplendent with the fruits of the intellect
your present history is equally admirable for its industrial and scientific achievements
we have come to you to experience something of your way of life while also attempting to acquaint you with that of ours
while we as american artists believe deeply in the universal character of all intellectual activity we would be less than honest with you or ourselves if we failed to state a specific attitude toward our own society as well as the international community as a whole
in stating this position we should like to make it clear to you that we cannot expect artists and intellectuals in other lands to share our opinion in every respect
as a matter of fact we prize the diversity among our own people so much that we will presume to speak for all other american artists
but certainly all will agree that it is so much the knowledge and search for similarities between you and us but rather the thoughtful exploration and acceptance of our differences which may lead us to our respective and desired goals with a minimum of misunderstanding
like yourselves we have pride and love for our country
to many of us this is a land to which we or our parents fled from totalitarian terror in order to live in dignified freedom
as artists we feel the same obligation as do other individuals in considering ourselves responsible citizens of a great nation
the sane society is an ambitious work
its scope is as broad as the question what does it mean to live in modern society
a work so broad even when it is directed by a leading idea and informed by a moral vision must necessarily fail
even a hasty reader will easily find in it numerous blind spots errors of fact and argument important exclusions areas of ignorance and prejudice undue emphases on trivia examples of broad positions supported by flimsy evidence and the like
such books are easy prey for critics
nor need the critic be captious
a careful and orderly man who values precision and a kind of tough intellectual responsibility might easily be put off by such a book
it is a simple matter for one so disposed to take a work like the sane society and shred it into odds and ends
the thing can be made to look like the cluttered attic of a large and vigorous family a motley jumble of discarded objects some outworn and some that were never useful some once whole and bright but now chipped and tarnished some odd pieces whose history no one remembers here and there a gem everything fascinating because it suggests some part of the human condition the whole adding up to nothing more than a glimpse into the disorderly history of the makers and users
that could be easily done but there is little reason in it
it would come down to saying that fromm paints with a broad brush and that after all is a conclusion one must work toward but an impression he has from the outset
i mention these features of the book because they are inherent in the book 's character and therefore must be mentioned
it would be superfluous to build a critique around them
there are more substantial criticisms to be made of fromm 's account of capitalist civilization
it is worthwhile to recall that fromm 's treatment has both descriptive and normative aspects
since i have already discussed his moral position that discussion is incorporated by reference into the following pages which will focus on the empirical and analytic side of fromm 's treatment
i shall first indicate a couple of weaknesses in fromm 's analysis then argue that granted these weaknesses he still has much left that is valuable and finally raise the general question of a philosophical versus a sociological approach to the question of alienation
almost no empirical work has been done on the problem of alienation
despite its rather long intellectual history alienation is still a promising hypothesis and a verified theory
the idea has received much attention in philosophy in literature and in a few works of general social criticism such as the sane society
what is missing is work that would answer presumably by the use of survey methods and guttman-type attitude scales such questions as these what are the components of the feeling-state described as alienation
how widespread is alienation
what is its incidence among the various classes and subgroups of the population
taking alienation as a dependent variable with what socio-structural factors is it most highly associated
considered as an independent variable how does it affect behavior in various sectors of life
until such work is done there must remain the nagging suspicion that alienation may be little more than an expression of the malaise of the intellectual who rejected by and in turn rejecting the larger society projects his own fear and despair onto the broader social screen
i am suggesting that fromm ought to do this kind of work
nor do i think that alienation is nothing more than a projection of the malaise of the intellectual
i am saying only that until a fuller and different kind of evidence comes in any discussion of alienation must be understood to have certain important limitations
until such evidence appears we must make do with the evidence we have
here perhaps fromm is vulnerable for he does always use the best and most recent evidence available and he sometimes selects and interprets the evidence in rather special ways
three examples follow
fromm 's analysis of alienation in the sphere of production centers around the concepts of the bureaucratization of the corporation the separation of ownership from control and the broad and thus from the point of view of corporate control ineffective dispersion of stock ownership
for all these points he relies exclusively on berle and means 's study of #### the modern corporation and private property
the broad conclusions of that pioneering work remain undisturbed but subsequent research has expanded and somewhat altered their empirical support has suggested important revisions in the general analytic frame of reference and has sharpened the meaning of particular analytic concepts in this area
fromm seems unaware of these developments
another example is his very infrequent use of the large amount of data from surveys designed to discover what and how people actually do feel and think on a broad range of topics he cites such survey-type findings just three times
moreover the conclusions he draws from the findings are always the only ones possible
for example he cites the following data from two studies on job satisfaction in the first study ## per cent of professionals and executives ## per cent of white collar people and ## per cent of factory workers expressed satisfaction with their jobs
in the second study the percentages were ## for professionals ## for managerial persons ## for commercial employees ## for skilled workers and ## for semi-skilled workers
he concludes that these data show a remarkably high percentage of consciously dissatisfied and unhappy persons among factory and clerical workers
starting from other value premises than fromm 's some analysts might conclude that the percentages really tell us very little at all while others might even conclude that the figures are remarkably low
eric hoffer for example once said that america was a paradise the only one in the history of the world for workingmen and small children
what matters is that while fromm 's reading of the data is the only one possible it is precisely the one we would expect from a writer who earnestly believes that every man can and ought to be happy and satisfied
fromm also cites a poll on attitudes toward work restriction conducted by the opinion research corporation in #### in which ## per cent of manual workers said a man ought to turn out as much as he could in a day 's work while ## per cent said he should do his best but should turn out only the average amount
fromm says these data show that job dissatisfaction and resentment are widespread
that is one way to read the findings but again there are other ways
one might use such findings to indicate the strength of informal primary associations in the factory an interpretation which would run counter to fromm 's theory of alienation
or he might remind fromm that the ## per cent figure is really astonishingly low after all the medieval guild system was dedicated to the proposition that ### per cent of the workers ought to turn out only the average amount
and today 's trade unions announce pretty much the same view
in view of these shortcomings in both the amount and the interpretation of survey-type findings on public opinion and considering the criticisms which can be brought against fromm 's philosophical anthropology such a passage as the following cannot be taken seriously
are people happy are they as satisfied unconsciously as they believe themselves to be
considering the nature of man and the conditions for happiness this can hardly be so
the ambiguities suggested above stem from a more basic difficulty in fromm 's style of thought
he seems to use the term alienation in two different ways
sometimes he uses it as a subjective descriptive term and sometimes as an objective diagnostic one
that is sometimes it is used to describe felt human misery and other times it is postulated to explain unfelt anxiety and discontent
the failure to keep these two usages distinct presents hazards to the reader
it also permits fromm to do some dubious things with empirical findings
when alienation is used as an objective and diagnostic category for example it becomes clear that fromm would have to say that awareness of alienation goes far toward conquering it
he in effect does say this in his discussion of the pseudo-happiness of the automaton conformist
starting from this and accepting his estimate of the iniquities of modern society it would follow that the really disturbing evidence of alienation would be that of a work-satisfaction survey which reported widespread stated worker satisfaction rather than widespread stated worker dissatisfaction
the point is that in a system such as fromm 's which recognizes unconscious motivations and which rests on certain ethical absolutes empirical data can be used to support whatever proposition the writer is urging at the moment
thus in the example cited above fromm rests his whole case on the premise that the workers are being deprived unconsciously unknowingly of fulfillment and then supports this with survey data reporting conscious experienced frustrations
he has his cake and eats it too if the workers say they are dissatisfied this shows conscious alienation
if they say they are satisfied this shows unconscious alienation
this sort of manipulation is especially troublesome in fromm 's work because although his system is derived largely from certain philosophic convictions he asserts that it is based on empirical findings drawn both from social science and from his own consulting room
while the empirical psychoanalytic label which fromm claims sheds no light on the validity of his underlying philosophy it does increase the marketability of his product
the final example of the failure to use available evidence though evidence of a different kind from that which has so far been considered comes from fromm 's treatment of some other writers who have dealt with the same themes
in a brief chapter dealing with various other diagnoses he quotes isolated passages from some writers whose views seem to corroborate his own and finds it most remarkable that a critical view of twentieth-century society was already held by a number of thinkers living in the nineteenth
he finds it equally remarkable that their critical diagnosis and prognosis should have so much in common among themselves and with the critics of the twentieth century
there is nothing remarkable about this at all
it is largely a matter of finding passages that suit one 's purposes
there is a difference between evidence and illustration and fromm 's citation of the other diagnosticians fits the latter category
glance at the list burckhardt tolstoy proudhon thoreau london marx tawney mayo durkheim tannenbaum mumford a. r. heron huxley schweitzer and einstein
this is a delightfully motley collection
one can make them say the same thing only by listening to them very carefully and hearing only what one wants to hear
the method of selection fromm uses achieves exactly that
furthermore the list is interesting for its omissions
it omits for example practically the whole line of great nineteenth century english social critics nearly all the great writers whose basic position is religious and all those who are with more or less accuracy called existentialists
of course the list also excludes all writers who are fairly optimistic about the modern situation
these almost by definition are spokesmen for an alienated ideology
it is hard to find that concurrence of opinion which fromm finds so remarkable when you ignore all who hold a different opinion
turning from these problems of the use of evidence one meets another type of difficulty in fromm 's analysis which is his loose and ambiguous use of certain important terms
one such instance has already been presented his use of alienation
the only other one i shall mention here is his use of the term capitalism
for fromm capitalism is the enemy the root of all evil
it is of course useful to have a sovereign cause on one 's social criticism for it makes diagnosis and prescription much easier than they might otherwise be
if one characteristic distinguishes boris godunov it is the consistency with which every person on the stage including the chorus comes alive in the music
much of this lifelike quality results from mussorgsky 's care in basing his vocal line on natural speech inflections
in this he followed a path that led back to the very source of opera
such composers as monteverdi lully and purcell with the same goal in mind had developed styles of recitative sensitively attuned to their own languages
through long experimentation in his songs mussorgsky developed a russian recitative as different from others as the language itself
giving most of his musical continuity to the orchestra he lets the speech fall into place as if by coincidence but controlling the pace and emphasis of the words
the moments of sung melody in the usual sense come most often when the character is actually supposed to be singing as in folk songs and liturgical chants
otherwise mussorgsky reserves his vocal melodies for prolonged expressions of emotion boris' first monologue for example
even then the flexibility of the phrasing suggests that the word comes first in importance
aside from boris himself one need but examine the secondary roles to place mussorgsky among the masters of musical portraiture
even those who appear in only one or two scenes are full personalities defined with economical precision
consider the four monks who figure prominently in the action pimen varlaam missail and the jesuit rangoni
under no circumstances could we mistake one for the other
each musical setting has an individual touch
pimen is an old man weak in body his voice rarely rises to a full forte but firm and clear of mind
his calmness offers contrast to grigori 's youthful excitement
a quiet but sturdy theme somewhat folklike in character appears whenever the old monk speaks of the history he is recording or of his own past life
this theme comes to represent the outer world the realm of battles and banquets seen from a distance quite distinct from the quieter spiritual life in the monastery
it changes and develops according to the text
it introduces pimen when he comes before boris in the last act
once he has been identified however a new melody is used to accompany his narrative a bleak motif with barren octaves creating a rather ancient effect
an imaginative storyteller pimen takes on the character he describes as if he were experiencing the old shepherd 's blindness and miraculous cure
here the composer uses a favorite device of his the intensification of the mood through key relationships
the original d minor seems to symbolize blindness inescapable in spite of all attempts to move away from it
as the child addresses the shepherd in a dream light in the form of the major mode begins to appear and at the moment of the miracle we hear a clear and shining d major
varlaam and missail always appear together and often sing together in a straightforward rhythmically vigorous idiom that distinguishes them from the more subtle and well-educated pimen
their begging song might easily be a folk melody
the same could be said for the song to which they make their entrance in the final scene
apparently their origin is humble their approach to life direct and unsophisticated
whatever learning they may have had in their order doesn't disturb them now
missail is the straight man very talkative mild-mannered when he does speak
varlaam is loud rowdy uninhibited in his pleasures and impatient with anyone who is the same
a rough ostinato figure heard first in the introduction to the inn scene characterizes him amusingly and reappears whenever he comes into the action
the song of kazan in which this figure becomes a wild-sounding accompaniment fills in the picture of undisciplined high spirits
the phrasing is irregular and the abrupt key changes have a primitive forcefulness
we can imagine how they startled audiences of the #### 's
varlaam 's music begins to ramble as he feels the effects of the wine but he pulls himself together when the need arises
both monks respond to the guard 's challenge with a few phrases of their begging song
a clever naturalistic touch is varlaam 's labored reading of the warrant
as the knack gradually comes back to him his rhythm becomes steadier with the rigid monotony of an unskilled reader
for the only time in the opera words are set according to their natural inflection
to do so would have spoiled the dramatic point of the scene
musically and dramatically rangoni is as far removed from the conventional monk as varlaam
his music shows a sensuality coupled with an eerie quality that suggest somehow a blood-kinship with dappertutto in offenbach 's hoffman
his speech shows none of the native accent of the russian characters
in spite of the italian name he sounds french
his personality appears more striking by contrast with marina who is perhaps purposely rather superficially characterized
rangoni 's first entrance is a musical shock a sudden open fifth in a key totally unrelated to what has preceded it
the effect is as if he had materialized out of nowhere
he speaks quietly concealing his authority beneath a smooth humility just as the shifting harmonies that accompany him all but hide the firm pedal point beneath them
he addresses marina with great deference calling her princess at first
it is only after he has involved her emotions in his scheme that he uses her given name placing himself by implication in the position of a solicitous father
curiously this scene is a close parallel to one that verdi was writing at the same time the scene between amonasro and aida
rangoni and amonasro have the same purpose forcing the girl to charm the man she loves into serving her country 's cause and their tactics are much the same
rangoni begins by describing the sad state of the church
this brings a reaction of distress from marina
the music becomes ethereal as he calls up a vision of her own sainthood it is she he tells her who can bring the truth to russia and convert the heretics
as if in a trance she repeats his words then realizes with a shock her own audacity
this is no assignment for a frivolous girl she assures him
now rangoni comes to the point and we hear for the first time a long downward chromatic scale that will become the characteristic motif of his sinister power
it is a phrase as arresting as a magician 's gesture with a piquant turn of harmony giving an effect of strangeness
another theme sinuously chromatic appears as he directs her to gain power over grigori by any means even at the cost of her honor
coming from a priest the music sounds as odd as the advice
marina rebels at this suggestion
her pride is as much at stake as her virtue
she is the unattainable beauty the princess who turns away suitors by the dozen
indignantly she denounces rangoni for his evil thoughts and orders him to leave her
at once the jesuit pulls out all the stops
to music of a menacing darkness he describes the powers of satan gaining control of the girl poisoning her soul with pride and destroying her beauty
the combined threat of hell-fire and ugliness is too much for her and she falls terrified at his feet
with another sudden change of mood he is again calm and protective exhorting her to trust and obey him as god 's spokesman and the chromatic scale descends in ominous contradiction
whatever the source of rangoni 's power marina is his captive now
we are reminded of this at the end of the next scene when his theme cuts through the warmth of the love duet again throwing a chill over the atmosphere
the most unusual feature of boris however is the use of the greatest character of all the chorus
this is the real protagonist of the drama
the conflict is boris versus grigori or shuiski or even the ghost of the murdered child but boris versus the russian people
mussorgsky makes this quite clear by the extent to which choral scenes propel the action
boris' first entrance seems almost a footnote to the splendor of the coronation scene with its dazzling confusion of tonalities
we have a brief glimpse of the tsar 's public personality the official boris but our real focus is on the excitement of the crowd a significant contrast with its halfhearted acclamation in the opening scene its bitter resentment and fury in the final act
one reason for the unique vitality of the chorus is its great variety in expression
it rarely speaks as a unit
even in its most conventional appearance the guests' song of praise to marina there are a few female dissenters criticizing the princess for her coldness
in many passages for example the council of boyars each section of the chorus becomes a character group with a particular opinion
hot arguments arise between tenors and basses who will sing in harmony only when they agree on an idea
the opening scene shows this method at its most individual
mussorgsky paints a telling picture of the common people those who must suffer the effects of their rulers' struggle for power without understanding the causes
they are held in control by force but barely
they will kneel and plead for boris' leadership in a strangely intense song its phrases irregularly broken as if gasping for breath but when the police with their cudgels move away they mock and grumble and fight among themselves
there is a quick change from the plaintive song to a conversational tone
hey mityukh asks one group what are we shouting about
and mityukh apparently the intellectual leader of the crowd replies that he has no notion
the jokes and arguments grow louder until the police return
then the people strike up their song with even more fervor than before ending it with a wail of despair
mussorgsky frequently uses liturgical music with considerable dramatic force
in pimen 's cell the soft prayers of the monks heard from offstage only help to set the scene but emphasize the contrast between young grigori 's thoughts and his situation
this is especially striking between pimen 's quiet exit and grigori 's vehement outburst against boris
again as boris feels himself nearing death a procession files into the hall singing a hymn its modal harmonies adding a churchly touch to the grim atmosphere the words are hardly calculated to put the tsar 's mind at ease
they echo the words with which he has described his own vision of the dying child who trembles and begs for mercy and there is no mercy
the living as well as the dead now accuse him
this final reminder of his guilt is the fatal one
one of the outstanding assets of the present production is the restoration of the st. basil 's scene usually omitted from performances and rarely included in a published score
though brief it has a sharp dramatic edge and great poignancy
in addition it is an important link in the plot giving us a revealing glimpse of the people 's attitude toward boris and the false dimitri
the mayhem in the forest of kromy is a natural sequel
the st. basil 's scene opens with little groups of beggars milling around the square the ever present police keeping them under scrutiny
in the orchestra we hear first a hushed hesitant pizzicato figure then the insistent police motif as it appeared in the opening scene
the service is over and a number of people come from the church with their spokesman mityukh in the lead
they bring the news that the pretender has been excommunicated
this is met with scorn by the hearers who claim that mityukh is lying or drunk
mussorgsky cleverly contrasts the two groups by their orchestral accompaniment solemn chords or mocking staccatos
there is still more news mityukh announces they have prayed for the soul of the tsarevich
so far these remarks like most criticisms of hardy have tacitly assumed that his poetry is all of a piece one solid mass of verse expressing a sensibility at a single stage of development
for critics hardy has had no poetic periods one does speak of early hardy or late hardy or of the london or max gate period but simply of hardy as of a poetic monolith
this seems odd when one recalls that he wrote poetry longer than any other major english poet domicilium is dated between #### and ####
seeing the moon rise is dated august ####
one might expect that in a poetic career of seventy-odd years some changes in style and method would have occurred some development taken place
this is however the case and development is a term which we can apply to hardy only in a very limited sense
in a time when poetic style and poetic belief as well seem in a state of continual flux hardy stands out as a poet of almost perverse consistency
though he struggled with philosophy all his life he never got much beyond the pessimism of his twenties
the sober opinion of his letter to noyes written when hardy was eighty years old is essentially that of his first philosophical notebook entry made when he was twenty-five the world does despise us it only neglects us early life p. ##
and though in his later years he revised his poems many times the revisions did alter the essential nature of the style which he had established before he was thirty
so that while it usually is easy to recognize a poem by hardy it is difficult to date one
there is only one sense in which it is valid to talk about hardy 's development he did develop toward a more consistent and more effective control of that tone which we recognize as uniquely his
there is only one hardy style but in the earlier poems that style is only intermittently evident and when it is the style is the style of another poet or of the fashion of the time
in the later poems however the personal tone predominates
the bad early poems are bad shakespeare or bad swinburne
the bad late poems are bad hardy
there are two ways of getting at a poet 's development through his dated poems and through the revisions which he made in later editions of his work
about a quarter of hardy 's poems carry an appended date line usually the year of completion but sometimes inclusive years #### - #### or two separate dates when hardy worked on the poem #### and #### or an approximate date during the war
these dates are virtually the only clues we have to the chronology of the poems since the separate volumes are neither chronological within themselves nor in relation to each other
with the exception of satires of circumstance each volume contains dated poems ranging over several decades winter words spans sixty-one years
the internal organization rarely has any chronological order except in obvious groups like the poems of pilgrimage the poems of #### - ## and the war poems
from the dated poems we can venture certain conclusions about hardy 's career in poetry always remembering that conclusions based on a fraction of the whole must remain tentative
the dated poems suggest that while hardy 's concern with poetry may have been constant his production was
he had two productive periods one in the late #### 's the other in the decade from #### to #### half of the dated poems are from the latter period and these alone total about one-tenth of all hardy 's poems
there was one sterile period only one poem is dated between #### and #### and except for the poems written on the trip to italy in #### very few from #### to ####
the dated poems also give us an idea of the degree to which hardy drew upon past productions for his various volumes and therefore probably are an indication of the amount of poetry he was writing at the time
poems of the past and the present and time 's laughing stocks both published while hardy was at work on the dynasts draw heavily on poems written before ####
satires of circumstance and moments of vision coming during his most productive decade are relatively self-contained
the former contains no poem dated before #### - ## that is no poem from a period covered by a previous volume and the latter has only a few such
the last three volumes are again more dependent on the past as hardy 's creative powers declined in his old age
these observations about hardy 's productivity tally with the details of his life as we know them
the first productive period came when he was considering poetry as a vocation before he had decided to write fiction for a living in his note for who 's who he wrote that he wrote verses #### - ####
gave up verse for prose #### - ##
but resumed it later
during the poetically sterile years he was writing novels at the rate of almost one a year and was in addition burdened with bad health he spent six months in bed in #### too ill to do more than work slowly and painfully at a laodicean
two entries in the early life support the assumption that during this period hardy had virtually suspended the writing of poetry
mrs. hardy records that at the end of november #### he makes a note of an intention to resume poetry as soon as possible early life p. ###
and on christmas day #### hardy wrote while thinking of resuming the viewless wings of poesy before dawn this morning new horizons seemed to open and worrying pettinesses to disappear early life p. ###
there are more poems dated in the #### 's than in the '## 's hardy had apparently resumed the viewless wings as he decreased the volume of his fiction but none in #### the year of tess and only one in #### the year of jude
after #### the number increases and in the next thirty years there is only one year for which there is no dated poem #### when hardy was at work on the dynasts
the second productive period the decade from #### to #### can be related to three events the completion of the dynasts in #### which left hardy free of pressure for the first time in forty years
the death of emma hardy in #### which had a profound emotional effect on hardy for which he found release in poetry
and the first world war
it may seem strange that a poet should come to full fruition in his seventies but we have it on hardy 's own authority that he was a child till he was sixteen a youth till he was five-and-twenty and a young man till he was nearly fifty early life p. ##
we may carry this sequence one step further and say that at seventy he was a poet at the height of his powers wanting only the impetus of two tragedies one personal the other national to loose those powers in poetry
hardy 's two productive decades were separated by forty years yet between them he developed only in that he became more steadily himself it was a narrowing an expanding process
like a wise gardener hardy pruned away the shakespearian sonnets and songs and the elements of meter and poetic diction to which his personal style was suited and let the main stock of his talent flourish
the range of the later poetry is considerably narrower but the number of successful poems is far greater
we can see the general characteristics of the earlier decade if we look at two poems of very different qualities revulsion #### and neutral tones ####
there is much to be said for revulsion
like about half of the #### - ## poems it is a sonnet on a conventional theme the unhappiness of love
almost anyone could have written it
it is competent in the sense that it makes a coherent statement without violating the rules of the sonnet form but it is entirely undistinguished and entirely unlike hardy
the language is the conventional language of the form
there is no phrase or image that sounds like hardy or that is striking enough to give individuality to the poem
it is smoother than hardy usually is but with the smoothness of anonymity
it is obviously a young man 's poem written out of books and out of experience
it asserts emotion without evoking it that is to say it is sentimental
there are many such competently anonymous performances among the earlier poems
neutral tones we immediately recognize as a fine poem in hardy 's most characteristic style the plain but quite colloquial language the hard particular colorless images the slightly odd stanza-form the dramatic handling of the occasion the refusal to resolve the issue all these we have seen in hardy 's best poems
the poem does distort the syntax of ordinary speech nor draw on exotic sources of diction yet it is obviously ordinary speech only hardy would say a grin of bitterness swept thereby
like an ominous bird a-wing or wrings with wrong or would describe a winter sun as god-curst
the details of the setting of neutral tones are strictly speaking metaphorical but they combine to create a mood which is appropriate both to a dismal winter day and to the end of love and in this way love and weather the emotions and the elements symbolize each other in a way that is common to many of hardy 's best poems weathers the darkling thrush and during wind and rain for example and to some moving passages in the novels as well far from the madding crowd is full of scenes constructed in this way
neutral tones is an excellent example of hardy 's mature style drawn from his earliest productive period
i cite it as evidence that he did develop through new styles as he grew older as yeats did but that he simply learned to use better what he already had
in the poem we recognize and acknowledge one man 's sense of the world
if it is somber it is also precise and the precision lends authority to the vision
in revulsion on the other hand the pessimism is a case proven
the poem offers nothing to persuade us of the speaker 's right to speak as he does
in the #### - ## decade there are many poems like revulsion but there is only one neutral tones
hardy was hardy very often
the poems of #### - ## offer a good example of hardy 's style as it was manifested in the later productive decade
these are the poems hardy wrote after the death of his first wife
they compose a painful elegy to what might have been to a marriage that began with a promise of happiness and ended in long years of suffering and hatred
hardy obviously felt that these poems were peculiarly personal and private
he sometimes called them an expiation and he would allow them to be published in periodicals
they are the only poems that he rearranged as a group between their first appearance in satires of circumstance and the publication of the collected poems
the elegiac tone is hardy 's natural tone of voice and it is surprising that the #### - ## poems are consistently and unmistakably his
the view is always toward the past
but the mood is quite nostalgic hardy would allow sentiment to soften his sense of the irredeemable pastness of the past and the eternal deadness of the dead
the poems are the epigraph tells us the traces of an ancient flame
the fire of love is dead and hardy stands as the speaker does in the last poem of the sequence over the burnt circle of charred sticks and thinks of past happiness and present grief honest and uncomforted
critically invisible modern revolt like x-rays and radioactivity is perceived only by its effects at more materialistic social levels where it is called delinquency
disaffiliation by the way is the term used by the critic and poet lawrence lipton who has written several articles on this subject the first of which in the nation quoted as epigraph we disaffiliate
john l. lewis
like the pillars of hercules like two ruined titans guarding the entrance to one of dante 's circles stand two great dead juvenile delinquents the heroes of the post-war generation the great saxophonist charlie parker and dylan thomas
if the word deliberate means anything both of them certainly deliberately destroyed themselves
both of them were overcome by the horror of the world in which they found themselves because at last they could no longer overcome that world with the weapon of a purely lyrical art
both of them were my friends
living in san francisco i saw them seldom enough to see them with a perspective which was distorted by exasperation or fatigue
so as the years passed i saw them each time in the light of an accelerated personal conflagration
the last time i saw bird at jimbo 's bob city he was so gone so blind to the world that he literally sat down on me before he realized i was there
what happened man
i said referring to the pretentious jazz concert
evil man evil he said and that 's all he said for the rest of the night
about dawn he got up to blow
the rowdy crowd chilled into stillness and the fluent melody spiraled through it
the last time i saw dylan his self-destruction had just passed the limits of rationality
it had assumed the terrifying inertia of inanimate matter
being with him was like being swept away by a torrent of falling stones
now dylan thomas and charlie parker have a great deal more in common than the same disastrous end
as artists they were very similar
they were both very fluent
but this fluent enchanting utterance had compared with important artists of the past relatively little content
neither of them got very far beyond a sort of entranced rapture at his own creativity
the principal theme of thomas 's poetry was the ambivalence of birth and death the pain of blood-stained creation
music of course is so explicit an art but anybody who knew charlie parker knows that he felt much the same way about his own gift
both of them did communicate one central theme against the ruin of the world there is only one defense the creative act
this of course is the theme of much art perhaps most poetry
it is the theme of horace who certainly otherwise bears little resemblance to parker or thomas
the difference is that horace accepted his theme with a kind of silken assurance
to dylan and bird it was an agony and terror
i do believe that this is due to anything especially frightful about their relationship to their own creativity
i believe rather that it is due to the catastrophic world in which that creativity seemed to be the sole value
horace 's column of imperishable verse shines quietly enough in the lucid air of augustan rome
art may have been for him the most enduring orderly and noble activity of man
but the other activities of his life partook of these values
they did actively negate them
dylan thomas 's verse had to find endurance in a world of burning cities and burning jews
he was able to find meaning in his art as long as it was the answer to air raids and gas ovens
as the world began to take on the guise of an immense air raid or gas oven i believe his art became meaningless to him
i think all this could apply to parker just as well although because of the nature of music it is demonstrable at least conclusively
thomas and parker have more in common than theme attitude life pattern
in the practice of their art there is an obvious technical resemblance
contrary to popular belief they were great technical innovators
their effects are only superficially startling
thomas is a regression from the technical originality and ingenuity of writers like pierre reverdy or apollinaire
similarly the innovations of bop and of parker particularly have been vastly overrated by people unfamiliar with music especially by that ignoramus the intellectual jitterbug the jazz aficionado
the tonal novelties consist in the introduction of a few chords used in classical music for centuries
and there is less rhythmic difference between progressive jazz no matter how progressive and dixieland than there is between two movements of many conventional symphonies
what parker and his contemporaries gillespie davis monk roach tristano is an anomaly etc. did was to absorb the musical ornamentation of the older jazz into the basic structure of which it then became an integral part and with which it then developed
this is true of the melodic line which could be put together from selected passages of almost anybody benny carter johnny hodges
it is true of the rhythmic pattern in which the beat shifts continuously or at least is continuously sprung so that it becomes ambiguous enough to allow the pattern to be dominated by the long pulsations of the phrase or strophe
this is exactly what happened in the transition from baroque to rococo music
it is the difference between bach and mozart
it is a farfetched analogy to say that this is what thomas did to poetry
the special syntactical effects of a rimbaud or an edith sitwell actually ornaments become the main concern
the metaphysical conceits which fascinate the reactionary generation still dominant in backwater american colleges were embroideries
thomas 's ellipses and ambiguities are ends in themselves
the immediate theme if it exists is incidental and his main theme the terror of birth is simply reiterated
this is one difference between bird and dylan which should be pointed out
again contrary to popular belief there is nothing crazy or frantic about parker either musically or emotionally
his sinuous melody is a sort of naive transcendence of all experience
emotionally it does resemble berlioz or wagner
it resembles mozart
this is true also of a painter like jackson pollock
he may have been eccentric in his behavior but his paintings are as impassive as persian tiles
partly this difference is due to the nature of verbal communication
the insistent talk-aboutiveness of the general environment obtrudes into even the most idyllic poetry
it is much more a personal difference
thomas certainly wanted to tell people about the ruin and disorder of the world
parker and pollock wanted to substitute a work of art for the world
technique pure and simple rendition is of major importance but it is interesting that parker following lester young was one of the leaders of the so-called saxophone revolution
in modern jazz the saxophone is treated as a woodwind and played with conventional embouchure
metrically thomas 's verse was extremely conventional as was incidentally the verse of that other tragic enrage hart crane
i want to make clear what i consider the one technical development in the first wave of significant post-war arts
ornament is confabulation in the interstices of structure
a poem by dylan thomas a saxophone solo by charles parker a painting by jackson pollock these are pure confabulations as ends in themselves
confabulation has come to determine structure
uninhibited lyricism should be distinguished from its exact opposite the sterile extraneous invention of the corn-belt metaphysicals or present blight of poetic professors
just as hart crane had little influence on anyone except very reactionary writers like allen tate for instance to whom valery was the last word in modern poetry and the felicities of an apollinaire let alone a paul eluard were nonsense so dylan thomas 's influence has been slight indeed
in fact his only disciple the only person to imitate his style was w. s. graham who seems to have imitated him without much understanding and who has since moved on to other methods
thomas 's principal influence lay in the communication of an attitude that of the now extinct british romantic school of the new apocalypse henry treece j. f. hendry and others all of whom were quite conventional poets
parker certainly had much more of an influence
at one time it was the ambition of every saxophone player in every high school band in america to blow like bird
even before his death this influence had begun to ebb
in fact the whole generation of the founding fathers of bop gillespie monk davis blakey and the rest are just now at a considerable discount
the main line of development today goes back to lester young and by-passes them
the point is that many of the most impressive developments in the arts nowadays are aberrant idiosyncratic
there is no longer any sense of continuing development of the sort that can be traced from baudelaire to eluard or for that matter from hawthorne through henry james to gertrude stein
the cubist generation before world war # and on a lower level the surrealists of the period between the wars both assumed an accepted universe of discourse in which to quote andre breton it was possible to make definite advances exactly as in the sciences
i doubt if anyone holds such ideas today
continuity exits but like the neo-swing music developed from lester young it is a continuity sustained by popular demand
in the plastic arts a very similar situation exists
surrealists like hans arp and max ernst might talk of creation by hazard of composing pictures by walking on them with painted soles or by tossing bits of paper up in the air
but it is obvious that they were self-deluded
nothing looks anything like an ernst or an arp but another ernst or arp
nothing looks less like their work than the happenings of random occasion
many of the post-world war # abstract expressionists apostles of the discipline of spontaneity and hazard look alike and do look like accidents
the aesthetic appeal of pure paint laid on at random may exist but it is a very impoverished appeal
once again what has happened is an all-consuming confabulation of the incidentals the accidents of painting
it is curious that at its best the work of this school of painting mark rothko jackson pollock clyfford still robert motherwell willem de-kooning and the rest resembles nothing so much as the passage painting of quite unimpressive painters the mother-of-pearl shimmer in the background of a henry mcfee itself a formula derived from renoir
the splashes of light and black which fake drapery in the fashionable imitators of hals and sargent
often work of this sort is presented as calligraphy the pure utterance of the brush stroke seeking only absolute painteresque values
you have only to compare such painting with the work of say sesshu to realize that someone is using words and brushes carelessly
at its best the abstract expressionists achieve a simple rococo decorative surface
its poverty shows up immediately when compared with tiepolo where the rococo rises to painting of extraordinary profundity and power
a tiepolo painting however confabulated is a universe of tensions in vast depths
a pollock is an object of art bijouterie disguised only by its great size
in fact once the size is big enough to cover a whole wall it turns into nothing more than extremely expensive wallpaper
now there is nothing wrong with complicated wallpaper
there is just more to tiepolo
the great ashikaga brush painters painted wallpapers too at least portable ones screens
a process of elimination which leaves the artist with nothing but the play of his materials themselves cannot sustain interest in either artist or public for very long
so in the last couple of years abstract expressionism has tended toward romantic suggestion indications of landscape or living figures
anglo-saxon and greek epic each provide on two occasions a seemingly authentic account of the narration of verse in the heroic age
hrothgar 's court bard sings of the encounters at finnsburg lines #### - #### and improvises the tale of beowulf 's exploits in a complimentary comparison of the geatish visitor with sigemund lines ### - ###
alcinous' court bard sings of the discovered adultery of ares and aphrodite odyssey # ###-### and takes up a tale of odysseus while the ithacan wanderer listens on odyssey # ###-###
nothing in all this is autobiographical unlike the poets of deor and widsith the poet of beowulf is concerned with his own identity
the poet of the odyssey reputed blind reveals himself at all in singing of the blind minstrel demodocus
since none of these glimpses of poetizing without writing is intended to incorporate a signature into the epic matter there is prima-facie evidence that beowulf and the homeric poems each derive from an oral tradition
that such a tradition lies behind the iliad and the odyssey at least is hard to deny
milman parry rigorously defended the observation that the extant homeric poems are largely formulaic and was led to postulate that they could be shown entirely formulaic if the complete corpus of greek epic survived
he further reasoned that frequent formulas in epic verse indicate oral composition and assumed the slightly less likely corollary that oral epic is inclined towards the use of formulas
proceeding from parry 's conclusions and adopting one of his schemata francis p. magoun jr. argues that beowulf likewise was created from a legacy of oral formulas inherited and extended by bards of successive generations and the thesis is striking and compelling
yet a fresh inspection will indicate one crucial amendment beowulf and the homeric poems are at all formulaic to the same extent
the bondage endurable by an oral poet is to be estimated only by a very skilful oral poet but it appears safe to assume that no sustained narrative in rhyme could be composed without extreme difficulty even in a language of many terminal inflections
assonance seems nearly as severe a curb although in a celebrated passage william of malmesbury declares that a song of roland was intoned before the battle commenced at hastings
the anglo-saxon alliterative line and the homeric hexameter probably imposed less of a restraint
the verse of beowulf or of the iliad and the odyssey was easy to create but was impossible for poets who had developed their talents perforce in earning a livelihood
yet certain aids were valuable and quite credibly necessary for reciting long stretches of verse without a pause
the poet in a written tradition who generally never blots a line may once in a while pause and polish without incurring blame
but the oral poet cannot pause
he must improvise continuously with no apparent effort
even though the bondage of his verse is so great as the writing poet can manage it is still great enough for him often to be seriously impeded unless he has aids to facilitate rapid composition
the germanic poet had such aids in the kennings which provided for the difficulties of alliteration
the homeric poet had epithets which provided for recurring needs in the hexameter
either poet could quickly and easily select words or phrases to supply his immediate requirements as he chanted out his lines because the kennings and the epithets made possible the construction of systems of numerous synonyms for the chief common and proper nouns
other synonyms could of course serve the same function and for the sake of ease i shall speak of kennings and epithets in the widest and loosest possible sense and name for example gar-dene a kenning for the danes
verbal and adverbial elements too participated in each epic diction but it is for the present sufficient to mark the large nominal and adjectival supply of semantic near-equivalents and to designate the members of any system of equivalents as basic formulas of the poetic language
limited to a few thousand lines of heroic verse in anglo-saxon as in the other germanic dialects we cannot say how frequently the kennings in beowulf recurred in contemporary epic on the same soil
but we can say that since a writing poet with leisure before him would seem unlikely to invent a technique based upon frequent and substantial circumlocution the kennings like the epithets must reasonably be ascribed to an oral tradition
one of the greatest homerists of our time frederick m. combellack argues that when it is assumed the iliad and the odyssey are oral poems the postulated single redactor called homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing
any example of grand or exquisite diction may have been created by the poet who compiled numerous lays into the two works we possess or may be due to one of his completely unknown fellow-craftsmen
the quest of the historical homer is likely never to have further success
no individual word in the iliad or the odyssey can be credited to any one man
no strikingly effective element of speech in the extant poems can with assurance be said to have been a commonplace in the vaster epic corpus that may have existed at the beginning of the first millennium before christ
this observation is of interest only to students of homeric poetry but to students of anglo-saxon poetry as well
to the extent that a tale is twice told its final author must be suspect although plagiarism in an oral tradition is less a misdemeanor than the standard modus dicendi
combellack argues further and here he makes his main point that once the iliad and the odyssey are thought formulaic poems composed for an audience accustomed to formulaic poetry homeric critics are deprived of an entire domain they previously found arable
with a few important and a few more unimportant exceptions no expression can be deemed le mot juste for its context because each was very probably the only expression that long-established practice and ease of rapid recitation would allow
words or phrases that connoisseurs have admired as handsome or ironic or humorous must therefore lose merit and become regarded as mere inevitable time-servers sometimes accurate and sometimes
this observation too may have reference to anglo-saxon poetry
to the extent that a language is formulaic its individual components must be regarded as no more distinguished than other cliches
w. f. bryan suggests that certain kennings in beowulf were selected sometimes for appropriateness and sometimes for ironic inappropriateness but such a view would appear untenable unless it is denied that the language of beowulf is formulaic
if the master of scops who was most responsible for the poem ever used kennings that were traditional he was at least partly deprived of free will and inclined towards shrewd and sophisticated misuse of speech elements
once many significant phrases are found in theory or in recurrent practice to provide for prosodic necessity they are to be defended for their semantic properties in isolated contexts
it is false to be certain of having discovered in the language of beowulf such effects as intentional irony
yet if the argument is turned awry there may be found a great deal in bryan 's view after all
a formulaic element need be held meaningless merely because it was selected with little conscious reflection
time-servers though the periphrastic expressions are they may nevertheless be handsome or ironic or humorous
a long evolution in an oral tradition caused the poetic language of the heroic age to be based upon formulas that show the important qualities of things and these formulas are therefore potentially rather than always actually accurate
true we do know how they were regarded in their day but we need believe the epic audience to have been more insensitive to the formulas than the numerous scholars of modern times who have read germanic or homeric poetry all their lives and still found much to admire in occasional occurrences of the most familiar phrases
nouns and adjectives in a written tradition are chosen for the nonce
in an oral tradition they may be chosen for the entire epic corpus and tend towards idealization rather than distinctive delineation
reliance is therefore to be placed upon the archaeological particulars in an oral poem
no-one today would hope to discover the unmistakable ruins of heorot or the palace of priam
a ship at dry-dock could be called a foamy-necked floater in anglo-saxon or a swift ship in greek
even when defenseless of weapons the danes would be gar-dene as their king is hrothgar and priam would be eummelihs
achilles like siegfried in the nibelungenlied is potentially the swiftest of men and may accordingly be called swift-footed even when he stands idle
in coriolanus the agnomen of marcius is used deliberately and pointedly but the homeric epithets and the anglo-saxon kennings are used casually and recall to the hearer a familiar story or situation or a useful or pleasant quality of the referent
the epic language was entirely the servant of the poet
it was partly his master
the poet 's intentions are difficult to discern and except to biographers unimportant
the language however is a proper object of scrutiny and the effects of the language are palpable even if sometimes inevitable
beowulf and the homeric poems appear oral compositions
yet they are written
at some stage in their evolution they were transcribed
albert b. lord suggests that the homeric poems were dictated to a scribe by a minstrel who held in his mind the poems fully matured but did himself possess the knowledge of writing since it would be useless to his guild and magoun argues that the beowulf poet and cynewulf may have dictated their verse in the same fashion
this explanation is attractive but is vitiated at least in part by the observation that cynewulf though he used kennings in the traditional manner was a literate man who four times inscribed his name by runes into his works
if cynewulf was literate the beowulf poet may have been also and so may the final redactor of the iliad and the odyssey
in lieu of the amanuensis to the blind or illiterate bard one may conceive of a man who heard a vast store of oral poetry recited and became intimately familiar with the established aids to poetizing and himself wrote his own compositions or his edition of the compositions of the past
other theories of origin are compatible with the formulaic theory beowulf may contain a design for terror and the iliad may have a vast hysteron-proteron pattern answering to a ceramic pattern produced during the geometric period in pottery
the account of the growth and final transcription of these epics rests partly however upon the degree to which they were formulaic
carl eduard schmidt counted #### different lines repeated exactly in the two homeric poems and by increasing this figure so as to include lines repeated with very slight modifications he counted #### different lines used a total of #### times
thus one line in five from the iliad and the odyssey is to be found somewhere else in the two poems
the ratio is thoroughly remarkable because the lines are so long half again as long as those of beowulf
anglo-saxon poetry appears to have no comparable amount of repetition
there is no reason to think that the scop used and re-used whole lines and even lengthy passages after the manner of his homeric colleague
in determining the extent to which any poem is formulaic it is idle however to inspect nothing besides lines repeated in their entirety for a stock of line-fragments would be sufficient to permit the poet to extemporize with deftness if they provided for prosodic needs
the closest scrutiny is owed to the anglo-saxon kennings and the homeric epithets
if any words or phrases are formulaic they will be
the iliad has two words for the shield aspis and sakos
recent criticism of great expectations has tended to emphasize its symbolic and mythic content to show as m. d. zabel has said of dickens generally that much of the novel 's impact resides in its allegoric insight and moral metaphor
j. h. miller 's excellent chapter on great expectations has lately illustrated how fruitfully that novel can be read from such a perspective
in his analysis however he touches upon but fails to explore an idea generally neglected in discussions of the book which i believe is central to its art the importance of human hands as a recurring feature of the narrative
this essay seeks to make that exploration
dickens was for nothing the most theatrical of the great victorian writers
he knew instinctively that next to voice and face an actor 's hands are his most useful possession that in fiction as in the theatre gesture is an indispensable shorthand for individualizing character and dramatizing action and response
it is hardly accidental therefore that many of his most vivid figures do suggestive or eccentric things with their hands
in great expectations the hands become almost an obsession
mr. jaggers habitually bites his forefinger a gesture which conveys both contempt and the inscrutable abstractedness that half fascinates half terrifies all who have dealings with him
miss havisham 's withered hands heavy as if her unhappiness were somehow concentrated in them move in restless self-pity between her broken heart and her walking stick
pumblechook 's signature is the perpetually extended glad hand
wemmick reveals his self-satisfaction by regularly rubbing his hands together
old mr. pocket 's frantic response to life imprisonment with a useless social-climbing wife is to put his two hands into his disturbed hair and make an extraordinary effort to lift himself up by it whereas joe gargery endures the shrewish onslaughts of mrs. joe by apologetically drawing the back of his hand across and across his nose
such mannerisms would be less worthy of remark were it that in great expectations as in no other of dickens' novels hands serve as a leitmotif of plot and theme a kind of unifying symbol or natural metaphor for the book 's complex of human interrelationships and the values and attitudes that motivate them
dickens only reveals character through gesture he makes hands a crucial element of the plot a means of clarifying the structure of the novel by helping to define the hero 's relations with all the major characters and a device for ordering such diverse themes as guilt pursuit crime greed education materialism enslavement by both people and institutions friendship romantic love forgiveness and redemption
we have only to think of lady macbeth or the policeman-murderer in thomas burke 's famous story the hands of mr. ottermole to realize that hands often call up ideas of crime and punishment
so it is with great expectations whether the hands be orlick 's as he strikes down mrs. gargery or pip 's as he steals a pie from her pantry
such associations suit well with the gothic or mystery-story aspects of dickens' novel but on a deeper plane they relate to the themes of sin guilt and pursuit that have recently been analyzed by other critics
the novel opens with a fugitive convict frantically trying to avoid the nemesis of being laid hands on a mysterious figure who looks into pip 's frightened eyes in the churchyard as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people stretching up cautiously out of their graves to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in
magwitch terrifies pip into stealing a pork pie for him by creating the image in the boy 's imagination of a bogy man who may softly creep his way to him and tear him open imbruing his hands in him
as pip agonizes over the theft that his own hands have committed his guilty conscience projects itself upon the wooden finger of a local signpost transforming it into a phantom devoting me to the hulks
held upside down in the graveyard pip clings in terror with both hands to his convict
later he flees in panic from the family table just as his theft is about to be discovered and is blocked at the front door by a soldier who accusingly holds out a pair of handcuffs which he has brought to gargery 's forge for mending
through such details dickens indicates at the outset that guilt is a part of the ironic bond between pip and magwitch which is so unpredictably to alter both their lives
since they commonly translate thoughts and feelings into deeds hands naturally represent action and since nearly half the characters in great expectations are of the underworld or closely allied to it the linking of hands with crime or violence is to be wondered at
dickens for excellent psychological reasons never fully reveals magwitch 's felonious past but pip at the convict 's climactic reappearance in london shrinks from clasping a hand which he fears might be stained with blood
orlick slouches about the forge like cain with his hands in his pockets and when he shouts abuse at mrs. joe for objecting to his holiday she claps her hands in a tantrum beats them upon her bosom and upon her knees and clenches them in her husband 's hair
this last rampage is only the prelude to the vicious blow upon her head dealt by some unknown hand whose identity is later revealed verbally but through a manual action the tracing of orlick 's hammer upon a slate
pip himself is to feel the terror of orlick 's murderous hand in his secret rendezvous at the sluicehouse on the marshes
dickens lays great emphasis on the hands in this scene
orlick shakes his hand at pip bangs the table with his fist draws his unclenched hand across his mouth as if his mouth watered for his victim lets his hands hang loose and heavy at his sides and pip observes him so intensely that he knows of the slightest action of his fingers
orlick might almost be magwitch 's bogy man come alive a figure of nemesis from pip 's phantasy of guilt
the scarred disfigured wrists of mr. jaggers' housekeeper are the tell-tale marks of her sinister past for her master coolly exhibiting them to his dinner guests makes a point of the force of grip there is in these hands
jaggers' iron control over her she would remove her hands from any dish she put before him hesitatingly as if she dreaded his calling her back rests on his having once got her acquitted of a murder charge by cleverly contriving her sleeves at the trial to conceal her strength and by passing off the lacerations on the backs of her hands as the scratches of brambles rather than of human fingernails
it is the similarity between estella 's hands and molly 's the action of her fingers was like the action of knitting that provides pip with a vital clue to the real identity of both and establishes a symbolic connection between the underworld of crime and the genteel cruelty of satis house
finally magwitch 's pursuit of compeyson his archenemy and betrayer begins by his holding him in a vicelike grip on the river flats to frustrate his escape and culminates in his laying his hand on his cloak to identify him thus precipitating the death-locked struggle in the water during which compeyson drowns
magwitch 's hand here ironically becomes the agent of justice
but only in one of its aspects is great expectations a tale of violence revenge and retribution
money so important a theme elsewhere in dickens is here central and hands are often associated in some way with the false values acquisitiveness snobbery self-interest hypocrisy toadyism irresponsibility injustice that attach to a society based upon the pursuit of wealth
dickens suggests the economic evils of such a society on the first page of his novel in the description of pip 's five little dead brothers who gave up trying to get a living exceedingly early in that universal struggle who seemed to have all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets and had never taken them out in this state of existence
pip 's great expectations his progress through illusion and disillusionment turn somewhat as they do for the naive hero of dreiser 's american tragedy upon the lure of genteel prosperity through unearned income what wemmick calls portable property and what jaggers reproaches pip for letting slip through his fingers
since a gentleman must if possible avoid sullying them by work his hands as importantly as his accent become the index of social status
almost the first step in the corruption of pip 's values is the unworthy shame he feels when estella cruelly remarks the coarseness of his hands they had never troubled me before but they troubled me now as vulgar appendages
pip imagines how estella would look down upon joe 's hands roughened by work in the smithy and the deliberate contrast between her white hands and his blackened ones is made to symbolize the opposition of values between which pip struggles idleness and work artificiality and naturalness gentility and commonness coldness and affection in fact between satis house and the forge
when the snobbery that alienates pip from joe finally gives way before the deeper and stronger force of love the reunion is marked by an embarrassed handshake at which pip exclaims no don't wipe it off for god 's sake give me your blackened hand
pip 's abject leave-taking of miss havisham during which he kneels to kiss her hand signalizes his homage to a supposed patroness who seems to be opening up for him a new world of glamour
when on the journey to london that immediately follows he pauses nostalgically to lay his hand upon the finger-post at the end of the village the wooden pointer symbolically designates a spiritual frontier between innocence and the corruption of worldly vanity
incidentally one cannot miss the significance of this gesture for dickens reintroduces it associatively in pip 's mind at another moral and psychological crisis his painful recognition in a talk with herbert pocket that his hopeless attachment to estella is as self-destructive as it is romantic
in both cases the finger-post represents pip 's heightened awareness of contrary magnetisms
a variety of hand movements helps dramatize the moral climate of the fallen world pip encounters beyond the forge
the vulture-like attendance of the pocket family upon miss havisham is summed up in the hypocritical gestures of miss camilla pocket who puts her hand to her throat in a feigned spasm of grief-stricken choking then lays it upon her heaving bosom with an unnatural fortitude of manner and finally kisses it to miss havisham in a parody of the lady 's own mannerism toward estella
pumblechook 's hands throughout the novel serve to travesty greed and hypocritical self-aggrandizement
we first see him shaking mrs. joe 's hand on discovering the sizable amount of the premium paid to her husband for pip 's indenture as an apprentice and later pumping pip 's hands for the hundredth time at least may i may i
in effusive congratulation to pip on his expectations
we take leave of pumblechook as he gloats over pip 's loss of fortune extending his hand with a magnificently forgiving air and exhibiting the same fat five fingers one of which he identifies with the finger of providence and shakes at pip in a canting imputation of the latter 's ingratitoode and his own generosity as pip 's earliest benefactor
pip first learns the stupendous power of money from the sycophantic tailor mr. trabb whose brutality to his boy helper exactly matches the financial resource of each new customer and whose fawning hands touch the outside of each elbow and rub pip out of the shop
the respectability which money confers implies a different etiquette and upon taking up the life of a london gentleman pip must learn from herbert pocket that the spoon is generally used over-hand but under
the following items may be specified in actual or symbolic form in the operands of those instructions which refer to the particular items channel unit combined channel and unit combined arm and file unit record synchronizers inquiry synchronizers and alteration switches
the declarative operation equ is used to equate symbolic names to item numbers see page ##
certain autocoder statements make provision for more parameters than may be contained in the operand columns ## - ## of a single line on the autocoder coding sheet
when this is the case the appropriate section of this manual will indicate that continuation cards may be used
thus when specifically permitted the operand of a given line on the autocoder coding sheet may be continued in the operand of from one to four additional lines which immediately follow
the label and operation columns must be blank and the continuation of the operand must begin in column ##
i.e. it must be left-justified in the operand column of the coding sheet
the operand need extend across the entire operand column of either the header card or continuation cards but may end with the comma following any parameter
remarks may appear to the right of the last parameter on each card provided they are separated from the operand by at least two blank spaces
illustrations of the use of continuation cards are included throughout the examples illustrating the various statements
if a continuation card follows a statement that does permit continuation cards the compiler will generate a nop and issue an error message
additional restrictions regarding the use of continuation cards with macro-instructions appear on page ###
reservation of index words and electronic switches
the assignment of actual addresses to symbolic index word and electronic switch names occurs in phase # of the autocoder processor
the initial availability of index words and electronic switches is determined by a table which is included in the compiler systems tape
this table originally indicates that index words # through ## and electronic switches # through ## are available for assignment to symbolic references
index words ## through ## are available
the initial setting of this table may be altered however as described in the #### data processing system bulletin ibm #### compiler system operating procedure form aj
during the first pass of phase # references to the actual addresses of index words and electronic switches are collected and the availability table is updated
at the end of this pass the table indicates which index words and electronic switches are available for assignment to symbolic references
both index words and electronic switches may have been made unavailable before the start of assignment in one of the following ways
the initial setting of the availability table indicated that the index word or electronic switch was available for assignment
the one- or two-digit number of the index word or electronic switch was used in the operand of a symbolic machine instruction to specify indexing or as a parameter which is always an index word or electronic switch e.g. # .
the one- or two-digit number of the index word or electronic switch was used in the operand of an equ statement e.g.
when the index words or electronic switches are reserved because of actual usage in the statements described above the position or order of the statements within the program is important
any such reference will make the index word or electronic switch unavailable at the end of this pass
during the assignment pass of phase # index words and electronic switches are reserved as they are encountered during assignment
index words and electronic switches may be reserved in the following ways
the first two methods apply to both index words and electronic switches
the third applies only to index words
during the assignment pass each instruction is examined for reference to the symbolic name of an index word or electronic switch
when such a reference is found an actual address is assigned and the availability table is changed so that the assigned index word or switch is no longer available for later assignment
if the one- or two-digit address of an index word or electronic switch is used or is included in the operand of an xreserve or sreserve statement see page ## the corresponding index word or electronic switch is reserved
if a statement has been assigned an address in the index word area
by means of an actual label or
by means of an origin statement which refers to an actual address the corresponding index word will be reserved
these entries should normally appear at the beginning of the program or immediately following each litorigin statement
otherwise symbolic names may have previously been assigned to these same index words
this method does apply to electronic switches
the preceding methods allow efficient use of index words and electronic switches during a sectionalized or multi-phase program particularly when used in conjunction with the litorigin statement
extreme caution should be used however to avoid the conflicting usage of an index word or electronic switch which may result from the assignment of more than one name or function to the same address
if the symbolic name or actual address of an index word or electronic switch appears or is included in the operand of an xrelease or srelease statement see page ### the specified index word or electronic switch will again be made available regardless of the method by which it was reserved
it will however be used for symbolic assignment until all other index words or electronic switches have been assigned for the first time
if at any time during the assignment pass the compiler finds that there are no more index words available for assignment the warning message no more index words available will be placed in the object program listing the table will be altered to show that index words # through ## are available and the assignment will continue as before
if the compiler finds that there are no more electronic switches available for assignment the warning message no more electronic switches available will be placed in the object program listing the table will be altered to show that electronic switches # through ## are available and assignment will continue as before
the resultant conflicting usage of index words or electronic switches may be avoided by reducing the number of symbolic names used e.g. through the proper use of the equ xrelease or srelease statements
as noted in appendix c index words ## through ## are never available for assignment to symbolic names by the compiler
also index words ## through ## may have been made unavailable for assignment
autocoder declarative statements provide the processor with the necessary information to complete the imperative operations properly
declarative statements are never executed in the object program and should be separated from the program instruction area placed preferably at its beginning or end
otherwise special care must be taken to branch around them so that the program will attempt to execute something in a data area as an instruction
if the compiler does encounter such statements a warning message will be issued
#### autocoder includes the following declarative statements da define area dc define constant drdw define record definition word dsw define switch dline define line equ equate code,dtf define tape file diocs define input control system and duf descriptive entry for unit records
da dc dtf and dline require more than one entry
the da statement is used to name and define the positions and length of fields within an area
the dc statement is used to name and enter constants into the object program
since the #### and #### make use of record definition words rdws to read write move and otherwise examine blocks of storage the da and dc statements provide the option of generating rdws automatically
when so instructed autocoder will generate one or more rdws and assign them successive locations immediately preceding the area with which they are to be associated
an rdw will be of the form af where xxxx is the starting location of the area and yyyy is its ending location
these addresses are calculated automatically by the processor
in some cases it may be more advantageous to assign locations to rdws associated with da and dc areas in some other part of storage i.e. immediately preceding the da or dc areas
the drdw statement may be used for this purpose
the drdw statement may also be used to generate an rdw defining any area specified by the programmer
as many as ten digital switches may be named and provided by the dsw statement for consideration by the setsw and logic macro-instructions
each switch occupies one digit position in a word can be set on or off and is considered as logically equivalent to an electronic switch
it cannot however be referred to by electronic switch commands e.g. esn bsn etc.
an individual switch or the entire set of switches in a word may be tested or altered as desired
through use of the dline statement a means is provided for specifying both the editing of fields to be inserted in a print line area and the layout of the area itself
the area may include constant information supplied by the programmer
the area may also be provided with additional data during the running of the object program by means of edmov or move macro-instructions
the declarative statement equ permits the programmer to equate symbolic names to actual index words electronic switches arm and file numbers tape channel and unit numbers alteration switches etc. and to equate a symbol to another symbol or to an actual address
the diocs dtf and duf statements are used when required by the input control system
diocs is used to select the major methods of processing to be used and to name the index words used by aj
each tape file must be described by tape file specifications produced by aj
in addition to information related to the file and its records the file specifications contain subroutine locations and the location of tape label information
a duf entry must be supplied for every unit record file describing the type of file and the unit record equipment to be used
the duf also supplies the locations of subroutines written by the user that are unique to the file
a full description of the diocs dtf and duf statements is contained in the #### data processing system bulletin ibm #### input control system form aj
brief descriptions of these three declarative statements and detailed descriptions of the formats and functions of each of the other #### autocoder declarative statements follow below
diocs -- define input control system
when the input control system is to be used in a program a diocs statement must be used to select the major methods of processing to be used
this statement also allows the naming of the index words used by aj
source program format
the basic format of the diocs statement is as follows anylabel is any symbolic label
it may be omitted
the entry diocs must be written exactly as shown
the first item in the operand iocsixf is used to specify the first iocs index word for programs using tape files
this item may be a symbolic name or an actual one-digit or two-digit index word address in the range # - ##
if the first item in the operand is omitted the symbolic name iocsixf will be assigned
when an actual index word or a symbolic address is specified autocoder will equate the name iocsixf to it
the second item in the operand iocsixg is used to specify the second iocs index word for programs using tape files
this item may be a symbolic name or an actual one-digit or two-digit index word address in the range # - ##
if the second item in the operand is omitted the symbolic name iocsixg will be assigned
when an actual index word or a symbolic address is specified autocoder will equate iocsixg to it
in the midwest oxidation ponds are used extensively for the treatment of domestic sewage from suburban areas
the high cost of land and a few operational problems resulting from excessive loadings have created the need for a wastewater treatment system with the operational characteristics of the oxidation pond but with the ability to treat more organic matter per unit volume
research at fayette missouri on oxidation ponds has shown that the bod in the treated effluent varied from ## to ## mg with loadings from # to ### lb
since experience indicates that effluents from oxidation ponds do create major problems at these bod concentrations the goal for the effluent quality of the accelerated treatment system was the same as from conventional oxidation ponds
recent studies by weston and stack had indicated that a turbine aerator could be added to an oxidation pond to increase the rate of oxygen transfer
their study showed that it was possible to transfer # to # lb of oxygen  hr.  hp.
o'connor and eckenfelder discussed the use of aerated lagoons for treating organic wastes
they indicated that a #-day retention aerated lagoon would give ## to ## per cent bod reduction
later eckenfelder increased the efficiency of treatment to between ## and ## per cent in the summer months
it appeared from the limited information available that the aerated lagoon might offer a satisfactory means of increasing the capacity of existing oxidation ponds as well as providing the same degree of treatment in a smaller volume
red bridge subdivision
with the development of the red bridge subdivision south of kansas city missouri the developer was faced with the problem of providing adequate sewage disposal
the sewage system from kansas city was expected to serve the red bridge area for several years
this necessitated the construction of temporary sewage treatment facilities with an expected life from # to ## aj
for the initial development an oxidation pond was constructed as shown in figure #
the oxidation pond has a surface area of #.## acres and a depth of # aj
the pond is currently serving #,### persons or ### persons per acre
in the summer of #### the oxidation pond became completely septic and emitted obnoxious odors
it was possible to maintain aerobic conditions in the pond by regular additions of sodium nitrate until the temperature decreased and the algae population changed from blue-green to green algae
the anaerobic conditions in the existing oxidation pond necessitated examination of other methods for supplying additional oxygen than by sodium nitrate
at the same time further expansion in the red bridge subdivision required the construction of additional sewage treatment facilities
the large land areas required for oxidation ponds made this type of treatment financially unattractive to the developer
it was proposed that aerated lagoons be used to eliminate the problem at the existing oxidation ponds and to provide the necessary treatment for the additional development
the lack of adequate data on the aerated lagoon system prompted the developer to construct an aerated lagoon pilot plant to determine its feasibility for treating domestic sewage
the pilot plant was a circular lagoon ## ft in diam at the surface and ## ft in diam at the bottom # ft below the surface with a volume of ###,### aj
the side slopes were coated with fiberglas matting coated with asphalt to prevent erosion
the pilot lagoon was located as shown in figure # to serve the area just south of the existing housing area
the major contributor was a shopping center with houses being added to the system as the subdivision developed
the pilot lagoon was designed to handle the wastes from ### persons with a #-day aeration period
initially the wastewater would be entirely from the shopping center with the domestic sewage from the houses increasing over an ##-month period
this operation would permit evaluation of the pilot plant with a slowly increasing load over a reasonable period of time
the pilot plant was equipped with a #-hp. turbine aerator figure #
the aerator had a variable-speed drive to permit operation through a range of speeds
the sewage flow into the treatment plant was metered and continuously recorded on ##-hr. charts
the raw sewage was introduced directly under the turbine aerator to insure maximum mixing of the raw sewage with the aeration tank contents
the effluent was collected through two pipes and discharged to the blue river through a surface drainage ditch
composite samples were collected at weekly intervals
the long retention period and the complete mixing concept prevented rapid changes in either the mixed liquor or in the effluent
weekly samples would make any changes more readily discernible than daily samples
the composite samples were normally collected over a #-hr. period but an occasional ##-hr. composite was made
examination of the operations of the shopping center permitted correlation of the #-hr. composite samples with ##-hr. operations
the data indicated that the organic load during the #-hr. composites was essentially ## per cent of the ##-hr. organic load
grab samples were collected from the existing oxidation pond to determine its operating conditions
efforts were made to take the grab samples at random periods so that the mass of data could be treated as a #-hr. composite sample
a single ##-hr. composite sample indicated that the sewage flow pattern and characteristics were typical
pilot plant operations
the bod of the influent to the pilot plant varied between ### and ### mg with an average of ### aj
this was equivalent to ### mg on a ##-hr. basis
the bod of the raw sewage was typical of domestic sewage from a subdivision
the bod in the effluent averaged ## mg a ##-per-cent reduction over the ##-hr. period
examination of the data in table # shows that a few samples contributed to raising the effluent aj
the periods of high effluent bod occurred during cold periods when operational problems with the aerator resulted
ice caused the aerator to overload straining the drive belts
the slippage of the drive belts caused the aerator to slow down and reduce oxygen transfer as well as the mixing of the raw sewage
the organic loading on the unit averaged ## lb of bod or about # lb bod cu ft aeration capacity
needless to say the organic load was very low on a volumetric basis but was ### lb bod on a surface loading basis
it seems that the aerated lagoon was a very heavily loaded oxidation pond or a lightly loaded activated sludge system
the flow rate remained relatively constant during the winter months as shown in table #
with the spring rains the flow rose rapidly due to infiltration in open sewers
as construction progresses the volume of storm drainage will be sharply reduced
the retention period in the aerated lagoon ranged from #.# to #.# days averaging #.# days
the large amount of vegetable grindings from the grocery store in the shopping center created a suspended solids problem
the vegetables were readily metabolized by the bacteria in the aeration unit and tended to float on the surface
a skimming device at the effluent weir prevented loss of most of these light solids
the average volatile suspended solids in the effluent was ## mg while mlss averaged ### mg volatile suspended solids
the average sludge age based on displacement of solids was calculated to be ##.# days
the oxygen uptake rate in the mixed liquor averaged #.# mg during the first four months of this study
variations in aerator speeds during the latter two months of this study caused increased mixing and increased oxygen demand
the increase in oxygen uptake rates from #.# to #.# mg which followed an increase in rotor speed was believed to be related to resuspension of solids which had settled at the lower rotor speeds
it appeared that most of the mixed liquor suspended solids were active microbial solids with the heavier less active solids settling out
the suspended solids discharged in the effluent were found to be the major source of the aj
removal of the suspended solids by a membrane filter yielded an average effluent containing only ## mg aj
the bod in the drainage ditch receiving the pilot plant effluent averaged ## aj
this low bod was due to removal of the excess suspended solids by sedimentation since the only dilution was surface runoff which was very low during this study
routine microscopic examinations were made of the mixed liquor as indicated by mckinney and gram for the various types of protozoa
it was found that the aerated lagoon was an activated sludge system rather than an oxidation pond
at no time were algae found in the mixed liquor
the bacteria formed typical activated sludge floc
the floc particles were all small as the heavier floc settled out
initially the flagellated protozoa predominated but they soon gave way to the free swimming ciliated protozoa
as the temperature decreased the number of free swimming ciliated protozoa decreased
very little protozoa activity existed below ##-degrees-f
when the temperature reached ##-degrees-f all protozoan activity ceased
but as the temperature rose the numbers of protozoa increased rapidly
only once were stalked ciliates found in the mixed liquor
the predomination of free swimming ciliated protozoa is indicative of a high bacterial population
one of the important aspects of this study was to determine the oxygen transfer relationships of the mechanical aerator
routine determinations were made for dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor and for oxygen uptake rates
the data given in table # show the routine operation of the aerator
the dissolved oxygen in the aeration unit was consistently high until january ## ####
an extended cold spell caused ice to build up on the aerator which was mounted on a floating platform and caused the entire platform to sink lower in the water
the added resistance to the rotor damaged the drive belts and reduced the oxygen transfer capacity
it was approximately one month before the belt problem was noticed and corrected but at no time was there a deficiency of dissolved oxygen
a series of eight special tests were conducted at different rotor speeds to determine the oxygen transfer rate
five of the tests were conducted with a polyethylene cover to simulate an ice cover
the rate of oxygen transfer at #.#-mg.  l. dissolved oxygen concentration and ##-degrees-c for various rotor speeds is given in table #
the maximum rate of oxygen transfer at #.# mg dissolved oxygen was calculated as ### lb at a maximum rate of #.# aj
the actual power requirements indicated # lb. oxygen transfer  hr.  hp.
the polyethylene cover reduced the oxygen transfer rate by ## per cent indicating that the maximum oxygen transfer is at the rotor rather than through the surface
during this study septic conditions developed in the oxidation pond in the spring when the ice melted
shortly after this study ended septic conditions resulted which required the addition of sodium nitrate
the location of the oxidation pond in a high-value residential area makes odor nuisances a sensitive problem for the developer
the organic concentration in the influent raw sewage ranged from ### to ### mg of bod with an average of ### aj
the bod data are given in table #
a single ##-hr. composite sample had a bod of ### mg indicating a typical domestic sewage
the daily sewage volume to the oxidation pond averaged ###,### gpd giving a retention period of ## days
the organic loading on the pond was slightly under ## lb. bod  day  acre
the effluent bod averaged ## mg a little lower than that of the study at fayette indicated for a loading of ## lb. aj
the bod of the effluent ranged from a minimum of ## to a maximum of ## mg.  l.
microscopic examination of the effluent showed that minimum bod occurred when the algae began to decrease with cold weather
when the algae began to build up again the effluent bod rose
during the two weeks when the algae disappeared from the effluent bod 's in the effluent were ## and ## aj
thus the three main categories of antisubmarine warfare operations are defense of shipping defense of naval forces and area defense
the last category overlaps the others in amphibious operations and near terminals and bases
to effect these operations five elements exist # surface # air # mines # submarine and # fixed installations
surface forces have been used to provide defense zones around naval and merchant ship formations air to furnish area surveillance and mines for protection of limited areas
submarines and shore installations are new elements
the submarine now has a definite place in submarine defense particularly in denying enemy access to ocean areas
fixed installations offer possibilities for area detection
mine warfare is being reoriented against submarine targets
a sixth element always considered is intelligence
it includes operational intelligence of the enemy and knowledge of the environment
operational intelligence presumably will be available from our national intelligence agencies
intelligence on the environment will come from the recently augmented program in oceanography
the major postwar development is the certainty that these elements should be considered singly but in combination and as being mutually supporting
necessity for an over-all concept
thinking on submarine defense has always been clear-cut
proponents of single elements tend to ensure predominance of that element without determining if it is justified and the element with the most enthusiastic and vociferous proponents has assumed the greatest importance
consequently air surface and submarine elements overshadow the mine fixed installations and intelligence
these have sought more and more of what they have
each seems to strive for elimination of the necessity for the others
this despite postwar experience demonstrating that all elements are necessarily mutually supporting
thus the most productive areas are necessarily the most stressed
this is stated to emphasize the necessity for an over-all concept of submarine defense one which would provide positions of relative importance to asw elements based on projected potentialities
then the enthusiasm and energy of all elements can be channeled to produce cumulative progress toward a common objective
an over-all concept would have other advantages
it would allow presentation to the public of a unified approach
now the problem is presented piecemeal and sometimes contradictorily
while one element is announcing progress another is delineating its problems
the result can only be confusion in the public mind
a unified concept can serve as a guide to budgeting and if public support is gained will command congressional support
industry 's main criticism of the navy 's antisubmarine effort is that it cannot determine where any one company or industry can apply its skills and know-how
lacking guidance industry picks its own areas
the result coupled with the salesmanship for which american industry is famous is considerable expenditure of funds and efforts in marginal areas
an over-all concept will guide industry where available talents and facilities will yield greatest dividends
therefore a broad concept of over-all submarine defense is needed for co-ordination of the navy 's efforts for a logical presentation to the public for industry 's guidance and as a basis for a program to the congress
principles involved in an over-all concept
that which follows will be a discussion of principles and possible content for an over-all concept of antisubmarine warfare
russia possesses the preponderance of submarines in the world divided between her various fleets
some are also in albania and others are on loan to egypt
other countries which may willingly or unwillingly become communist can furnish bases
communist target areas can be assumed but there is no certainty that such assumptions coincide with soviet intentions
attack can come from almost any direction against many locations
logically then the first principle of the plan must be that it is rigidly oriented toward any geographical area
it is often stated that the submarine can be destroyed while building at bases in transit and on station
destruction of the enemy 's building and base complex however requires attacks on enemy territory which is possible only in event of all-out hostilities
in transit or on station it may be possible to attack the submarines until commission of an overt act
the communists are adept at utilizing hostilities short of general war and will do so whenever it is to their advantage
therefore the second principle of the plan must be that while providing for all-out hostilities its effectiveness is dependent on general war
antisubmarine warfare does involve clashes between large opposing forces with the decision a result of a single battle
it is a war of attrition of single actions of an exchange of losses
this exchange must result in our ending up with some effective units
initially having fewer units of some elements especially submarines than the opponent our capabilities need to be sufficiently greater than theirs so that the exchange will be in our favor
therefore the third principle of the plan must be that it does depend for effectiveness on engagement by the same types unless at an assured favorable exchange rate
the submarine has increased its effectiveness by several orders of magnitude since world war #
its speed has increased it operates at increasingly greater depths its submerged endurance is becoming unlimited and it will become even more silent
the next developments will probably be in weaponry
the missile can gradually be expected to replace the torpedo
as detection ranges increase weapons will be developed to attack other submarines and surface craft at these ranges
therefore the fourth principle of the plan must be that it provide for continuously increasing capabilities in the opponent
no element can accomplish the total objective of submarine defense
some elements support the others but all have limitations
some limitations of one element can be compensated for by a capability of another
elements used in combination will increase the over-all capability more than the sum of the capabilities of the individual elements
therefore the plan 's fifth principle must be that it capitalize on the capabilities of all elements in combination
conceivably the submarine defense problem can be solved by sufficient forces
numbers would be astronomical and current fiscal policies make this an impractical solution
shipbuilding aircraft procurement and weapon programs indicate that there will be enough of anything
therefore any measures taken in peacetime which will decrease force requirements in war will contribute greatly to success when hostilities occur
therefore the sixth principle of the plan must be that it concentrate on current measures which will reduce future force requirements
the world is constantly changing
what was new yesterday is obsolescent today
the seventh principle of the plan is self-evident
it must be flexible enough to allow for technological breakthroughs scientific progress and changes in world conditions
supporting elements in asw operations
to this point the need for an over-all plan for submarine defense has been demonstrated the mission has been stated broad principles delineating its content laid down and the supporting elements listed
before considering these elements in more detail an additional requirement should be stated
large area coverage will accomplish all other tasks
therefore because reduction in tasks results in reduction of forces required the plan should provide for expanding area coverage
but it must be remembered that the plan should be oriented geographically
consequently the system giving area coverage if such coverage is less than world wide must be flexible and hence at least partially mobile
since effective area coverage appears fairly remote the requirement can be borne in mind while considering the elements air surface sub-surface fixed installations mines and intelligence
these are arranged approximately in the order of the vociferousness of their proponents but will be discussed in the reverse order in the hope that the true order of importance will result
intelligence as used herein will include information on possible opponents and on the environment which can affect operations
these can be referred to as operational intelligence and environmental intelligence
in submarine defense these must have maximum stress
good operational intelligence can ensure sound planning greatly reduce force requirements and increase tactical effectiveness
environmental intelligence is just as important
the ocean presently co-operates with the target
full knowledge of the science of oceanography can bring the environment to our side resulting in an increase in effectiveness of equipment and tactics a decrease in enemy capabilities and the development of methods of capitalizing on the environment
therefore improved intelligence will result in reduced force requirements and as it supports all other elements rates a top priority
gathering intelligence is important but of equal importance is its translation into usable form
a program is needed to translate the results of oceanographic research into tactical and operating instructions
approaching this problem on a statistical basis is invalid because the opponent has the same sources available and will be encountered under average conditions but under the conditions most advantageous to him
therefore the on-the-scene commander must have detailed operating instructions based on measurement of conditions in the area at the time of encounter
all capabilities must be used to maximum advantage then
temperature wind oxygen content depth bottom character and animal life are the chief environmental variables
there may be others
variations in sound velocity should be measured rather than temperature because more of the variables would be encompassed
these variations must eventually be measured horizontally as well as vertically
progress in predicting water conditions is encouraging but little guidance is available to the man at sea on the use of such information
a concurrent effort is needed to make oceanographic data useful on the spot
mine warfare has in the past been directed against surface targets
by its nature it has always been of great psychological advantage and small efforts have required considerably greater counter-efforts
mines are being increasingly oriented against submarine targets
they are still considered to be for use in restricted waters however and targets must come within a few yards of them
mines need to be recognized as a major element in anti-submarine warfare employment extended to deep water and have their effective area per unit increased
mines can be used to deny access to great areas
they are difficult to counter cost little to maintain until required and can be put into place quickly
a most attractive feature is that detection and attack are combined in a single package
effective employment will reduce force requirements
for example effective mine barriers from florida to cuba and across the yucatan channel from cuba to mexico would remove all requirements for harbor defense inshore patrol convoy escort shipping control and mine defense for the entire gulf of mexico
more extended systems covering all passage into the caribbean would free the caribbean and the gulf of mexico from the previously listed requirements
systems covering the gulf of st. lawrence and possibly the entire coasts of the united states are impossible
such mine defense systems could permit concentration of mobile forces in the open oceans with consequent increase in the probability of success
the advantages inherent in mine warfare justify as great an importance for this element as is accorded any of the other elements
fixed installations are increasingly advocated as the problem of area defense emerges
the proponents are scientific and technical men who exercise considerable influence on their military counterparts
systems which detect submarines over wide areas are attractive although they can be only burglar alarms
mobile forces are required to localize and attack detected targets since the systems are capable of pinpointing a target
such systems are expensive and are oriented geographically
in an over-all asw concept dependence on and effort expended for such systems should be limited to those with proven capabilities
no general installation should be made until a model installation has been proved and its maximum capability determined
in addition proposals for fixed installations should be carefully weighed against a counterpart mobile system
fixed installations will always lack the flexibility that should be inherent in naval systems
the submarine has become increasingly attractive as an antisubmarine weapon system
it operates in its target 's environment and any advantage gained therefrom by the target is shared by the attacker
but the submarine is a weapon of ambush and therefore always in danger of being ambushed
two metabolites # and # of p-aminobenzoic acid paba which act as cofactors for the hydroxylation of aniline by acid-fast bacteria are biosynthesized from aj
the # carbons of paba are incorporated directly into metabolite # as shown with both ring-labeled and carboxy-labeled af
thirty-five of the ## carbon atoms arise from aj
all ## carbons of metabolite # a product of mild acid hydrolysis of # arise from aj
metabolite # isolated from the medium however showed a lower specific activity which indicates endogenous synthesis of this metabolite
vigorous acid hydrolysis of metabolite # destroyed the biological activity of the compound and liberated two aryl amines
fragment a has been obtained in crystalline form as a dioxalate salt and free base
preliminary evidence tentatively indicates that the molecule metabolite # is cleaved at a secondary amide bond
n. h. sloane
chemical studies are being pursued with the cooperation of k.g. untch
studies on esterases
research on esterases in mammalian sera was continued
one of the most interesting findings was the extreme sensitivity of plasma arylesterases to rare earth ions
the inhibition of the enzyme by very low concentrations of lanthanum ion is probably the strongest known biological effect of rare earth salts
various metal ions have been found to protect plasma arylesterase against inactivation by urea and guanidine
the effects can be related to the structure of this enzyme
the non-identity of serum and red blood cell arylesterase was also established
furthermore the hydrolysis of paraoxon was studied in mammalian sera and it was found that it is hydrolyzed by albumin or a factor attached to it in addition to arylesterase
selective inhibitors can distinguish the two activities
investigations on the acceleration of human plasma cholinesterase were carried further
e. g. erdos l. e. boggs c. d. mackey biophysical studies on modified fibrous proteins
electron-microscopical and physical-chemical methods were used to demonstrate the renaturation of heat-denatured collagen and ribonucleic acid
r. v. rice
a method was devised for extracting and purifying soluble earthworm collagen ewc
it was observed that ewc macromolecules are the same diameter ## a. but much longer up to several microns than vertebrate tropocollagen
this unusual collagen also was shown to undergo a reversible thermal phase transformation
r. v. rice m. d. maser studies on peptides and peptidases
this investigation involved several aspects
substance z an active urinary peptide was purified by extraction in organic solvents and repeated column chromatography
high-voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography were used in preliminary structural studies
pharmacological effects in vitro on isolated surviving organs and in vivo on blood pressure were assayed
special equipment required for registering respiration and for recording the contraction of smooth muscles under various conditions was developed by the instruments section victor jackman w. c. barnes j. f. reiss
and enzymes which terminate the action of peptides such as bradykinin and perhaps substance z were studied
experiments are in progress to develop ultraviolet spectrophotometric techniques for assaying these enzymes and for studying their sensitivity to metal ions
e. g. erdos c. d. mackey a. g. renfrew w. b. severs e. m. sloane seed proteins
in a physiochemical study of seed proteins the globulins of the brazil nut have been investigated
in addition to the known principal globulin excelsin three other ultracentrifugally distinct components have been observed
a water-soluble protein of quite low molecular weight ca. ##,### has also been found in this system and partly characterized
e. f. casassa h. j. notarius
continuum mechanics and viscoelasticity
theory of non-newtonian fluids
on the basis of a differentiability assumption in function space it is possible to prove that for materials having the property that the stress is given by a functional of the history of the deformation gradients the classical theory of infinitesimal viscoelasticity is valid when the deformation has been infinitesimal for all times in the past
by strengthening the differentiability assumption it has been possible to derive second and higher order theories of viscoelasticity
in the second-order theory one of the normal stress differences can be calculated from the first-order stress relaxation function
b. d. coleman with walter noll department of mathematics carnegie institute of technology viscoelastic measurements
an extensive series of measurements was made on a high-density polyethylene in a torsion pendulum instrument using forced sinusoidal oscillation free vibration and creep measurements over the temperature range of af to ##-degrees-c
as many as seven decades of the time scale were thus covered isothermally
the simple time-temperature equivalence valid for many amorphous systems did hold here
it was possible however to decompose the compliance into a sum of a frequency-independent component and two viscoelastic mechanisms each compatible with the boltzmann superposition principle and with a consistent set of time-temperature equivalence factors
hershel markovitz d.j. plazek haruo nakayasu
trace elements in tektites , meteorites , and related materials
the results of microanalysis of tektites natural glasses of unknown origin for gallium and germanium have shown that these glasses are probably produced from terrestrial or less likely from lunar matter by impact of a celestial body
the gallium  germanium ratio is higher than that for ordinary igneous metamorphic or sedimentary matter as a result of selective volatilization of the components of the tektite
gallium oxide is less volatile than silica the main constituent of tektites and germanium oxide is more volatile
australites tektites from australia give the appearance of a second melting
in conformity with this conclusion a higher trace gallium content was found in the portion flange that has undergone a second melting
the silicate fractions of stony meteorites show gallium  germanium ratios similar to those of tektites because they too have undergone melting at some point in their histories
libyan desert silica-glass another natural glass is composed of nearly pure silica and has the same trace germanium content as sands in the area
the gallium content however has been enhanced five-fold
this glass is probably formed from libyan desert sands by comet or stony-meteorite impact
nickel-iron meteorites with sufficient kinetic energy to produce large terrestrial explosion craters may nevertheless melt only small quantities of material
most of the impact energy is spent in crushing and fragmentation
when rapid quenching follows melting impact glasses may result
these always contain metallic inclusions
impact glasses containing elemental nickel-iron may have been produced by stony meteorites or comets
no meteorites have ever been recovered from paleoexplosion craters and recent craters containing impact glass have all been produced by metallic meteorites with the exception of aouelloul crater adrar western sahara desert
this crater contains impact glass with no metallic inclusions and no meteoritic material has been recovered
a. j. cohen john anania
preparation of a coordination compound is often accomplished by the simple method of reacting a metal salt with a ligand in a suitable solvent such as an alcohol
by applying this general principle a great number of complex compounds of osmium ruthenium iridium and rhenium with triphenylphosphine triphenylarsine and triphenylstibine have been obtained in this laboratory during the past few years
lauri vaska e. m. sloane j. w. diluzio in the absence of direct evidence to the contrary decomposition of solvent alcohol and coordination of its fragments to the metal were considered following the above heretofore-accepted assumption in preparative coordination chemistry
recent work with radiocarbon and deuterated alcohols as solvents however has given evidence that metal-hydrido and carbonyl complexes may be readily formed by reaction with alcohol in some of these systems
some of the previously reported compounds have thus been reformulated and a series of new hydrido and carbonyl compounds discovered the more representative examples being af af af af and af af
the coordination complexes formed by transition metals with primary and secondary phosphines and arsines are being investigated r. g. hayter
particular interest is directed towards the condensation of these ligands with metal halides to form substituted phosphide or arside complexes
during the past year these ligands have yielded some unusual five-coordinate complexes of nickel # and some interesting binuclear phosphorus-bridged complexes of palladium # see figure as well as new compounds of the well-known type af
the structures properties and reactions of these compounds are being studied
in another study chromium-substituted aluminum oxyhydroxides and related species prepared homogeneously by high-temperature hydrolysis are being characterized and investigated spectrally in the ultraviolet region with a view to identification and semiquantitative estimation of the phases formed under varying preparative conditions
j. a. laswick n. l. heatwole
structure and properties of macromolecules
elasticity of macromolecular networks
the theory of elasticity of gaussian networks has been developed on a more general basis and the equations of state relating variables of pressure volume temperature stress and strain have been precisely formulated
simple elongation has been treated in detail
the various stress-temperature coefficients for constancy of volume and strain constancy of pressure and strain and constancy of pressure and length have been interrelated
the dilation accompanying elongation and the simultaneously developed anisotropy of compressibility have been related to the elongation
in continuation of these theoretical studies a more precise elucidation of the effects of imperfections in network structure is sought
p. j. flory c. a. j. hoeve chain conformations of polymeric chains
recent theoretical work to calculate the dimensions of polymeric chains by volkenstein and lifson has been extended to include more general types of chains
the mean-square end-to-end distance of the polyisobutylene chain has been calculated in reasonable agreement with values deduced from viscosity data
these studies are being extended to different polymers to increase our knowledge about the hindrances to rotation around chain bonds
c. a. j. hoeve a. a. blumberg crystallization in polymers and copolymers
the crystallization of copolymers comprising af units interspersed with a minor percentage of af is limited by the inability of the crystal lattice characteristic of the former to accommodate the bulky side group of the latter
only uninterrupted sequences of the former are eligible for formation of crystallites
limitations on the lengths of these sequences diminish the stability of the comparatively short crystallites which can be formed and this is reflected in a broadening of the melting range
robert chiang j. b. jackson p. j. flory carefully executed melting studies on this system m. j. richardson permit quantitative estimation of the instability engendered by reduced crystallite length
the complex morphology of polycrystalline homopolymers is necessarily dependent on the same factor
hence the present studies offer a possible basis for interpretations in the latter field
contraction of muscle
glycerinated muscle in the presence of the physiological agent atp responsible for delivering energy to the mechanochemically active proteins of muscle has been shown to undergo a contraction which is highly sensitive both to temperature and to solvent composition in mixtures of alcohols and water
experiments carried out over long periods of time in order to allow establishment of a steady state have shown that the onset of contraction and its completion are confined to an interval of several degrees centigrade and to a concentration range of only several per cent
the contraction therefore partakes of the character of a phase transition
while atp appears to be necessary for the occurrence of contraction its presence and enzymatic hydrolysis of it by the muscle protein myosin are the only criteria for contraction
c. a. j. hoeve p. j. flory anionic polymerization
one of the principal aims of anionic polymerization techniques is the synthesis of polymers of extremely narrow molecular weight distribution
a simple process for the preparation of nearly monodisperse polystyrene of predictable molecular weight has been developed
the preparation of such products is new but the systems heretofore employed in polymerizations have commanded considerable experimental skill and starting materials of a high purity
in the new process impurities present in the solvent benzene the monomer and in the reaction system which would cause deactivation of propagation centers are rendered inactive prior to polymerization by gradual addition of initiator a mixture of butyl-lithium and telomeric styryl-lithium at a temperature low enough to suppress chain growth
upon completion of the purging step additional initiator appropriate for the molecular weight of the sample desired is added and the system is then warmed to the polymerization temperature at which the reaction is allowed to go to completion
the predictability of the molecular weights was found to be within ##% for the polymers prepared with af ratios less than #.#
contrary to observations with ethers no apparent change of the reactivity of the chain ends takes place over considerable periods of time in benzene as solvent
in this publication measurements of interfacial angles of crystals are used to classify and identify chemical substances
t. v. barker who developed the classification-angle system was about to begin the systematic compilation of the index when he died in ####
the compilation work was undertaken by a number of interested crystallographers in the department of mineralogy of the university museum at oxford
since #### the working headquarters has been the department of geology and mineralogy
numerous cooperating individuals in great britain holland the united states and belgium have contributed editorially or by making calculations
great interest and practical help have been given by the barker index committee
financial and material help have come from academic governmental and industrial organizations in england and holland
editors for volumes # and # were m. w. porter and the late r. c. spiller both of oxford university
a third volume remains to be published
volume # deals with #### compounds belonging to the tetragonal hexagonal and trigonal and orthorhombic systems
and volume # with about #### monoclinic substances
volume # in preparation will treat the anorthic compounds described in groth 's chemische krystallographie
the barker system is based on the use of the smallest number of interfacial angles necessary for indexing purposes
other morphological physical and optical property values are also given
sources of data
the index is essentially a new treatment of previously compiled morphological data
most of the data used are from groth 's chemische krystallographie
every calculation has been made independently by two workers and checked by one of the editors
use of nomenclature , symbols , units , physical constants
accepted crystallographic symbolism has been used
other symbols related to the index necessarily have been introduced
this publication covers the old literature groth
there is no mechanism for keeping the volumes up to date
the publication form is that of clothbound books
the data are presented in lists and tables
part # in both volumes is labeled introduction and tables
the tables include those for the classification angles refractive indices and melting points of the various types of crystals
part # of volume # and parts # and # of volume # contain the crystal descriptions
these are grouped into sections according to the crystal system and within each section compounds are arranged in the same order as in groth 's chemische krystallographie
an alphabetical list of chemical and mineralogical names with reference numbers enables one to find a particular crystal description
references to the data sources are given in the crystal descriptions
publication and distribution
the barker index is published for the barker index committee by w. heffer & sons ltd. # petty cury cambridge england
volume # containing parts # and # was published in ####
volume # in three parts in ####
the two volumes are available from the publisher for $##.## and $##.## respectively
the present edition of crystal data was written by j.d.h. donnay the johns hopkins university baltimore md. part # and werner nowacki university of berne switzerland part # with the collaboration of gabrielle donnay u. s. geological survey washington d. c.
many collaborators in the united states and switzerland helped in collecting and assembling data in making calculations and in editing
support came from academic and industrial groups in these two countries
the geological society of america gave a grant-in-aid to complete the work and bore the expenses of publication
preparation of a second edition is in progress under the sponsorship of the crystal data committee of the american crystallographic association
coeditors are j.d.h. donnay g. e. cox of leeds university and olga kennard of the national council for medical research london
financial grants have been received from the national science foundation and the british institute of physics for the compilation work and the publication costs
the continuity of the project is suggested by plans for an eventual third edition
elements alloys inorganic and organic compounds
metal data will be included in the second edition since these have been collected independently by w. b. pearson national research council ottawa and published as a handbook of lattice spacings and structures of metals and alloys by pergamon press
crystallographic data resulting mainly from x-ray and electron diffraction measurements are presented
cell dimensions number of formula units per cell space group and specific gravity are given for all substances
for some substances auxiliary properties such as the melting point are given
sources of data
part # of the present edition covers the literature to mid-####
part # up to the end of ####
much of the material comes directly from secondary sources such as strukturbericht
the vast number of compounds to be covered the limited resources to do the job and the immediate need for this type of compilation precluded a thorough evaluation of all available data in the present edition
future editions may be more critical
use of nomenclature , symbols , units , physical constants
since parts # and # were prepared independently the abbreviation schemes and the chemical symbols used differ in the two parts
the second edition should have greater uniformity
a second edition is in preparation and there are long range plans for a third
data in the present edition are presented in tables and lists
part # deals with the classification of crystalline substances by space groups and is a numerical data compilation
the compounds are divided according to composition into seven categories
part # contains determinative tables for the identification of crystalline substances
these are arranged according to crystal system
there are formula and name indexes covering both parts
references for part # are given at the end and for part # in the tables
publication and distribution
the present edition of crystal data af published in #### as memoir ## of the geological society of america is now out of print
the manuscript of the second edition will probably be ready by the end of ####
the author of crystal structures is ralph w.g. wyckoff university of arizona tucson arizona
the first section of this publication appeared in #### and the last supplement in ####
though now complete the publication is included in this directory because of its importance and because of the long-term nature of its preparation
elements inorganic and organic compounds no alloys
the data presented are derived almost entirely from x-ray diffraction measurements and include atomic coordinates cell dimensions and atomic and ionic radii
sources of data
the aim was to state the results of all available determinations of atomic positions in crystals
presumably the tabulated data are best available values
the critical comments in the textual sections of this publication are invaluable
use of nomenclature , symbols , units , physical constants
the terminology used conforms to that of internationale tabellen zur bestimmung von kristallstrukturen
during the years of publication supplement and replacement sheets were issued periodically
coverage of the literature extends through #### and includes some #### references
it is to be hoped that some way will be found to keep this important work current
the publication form is that of loose-leaf sheets af contained in binders
the book is divided into chapters and in each chapter the material is grouped into text tables illustrations and bibliography
each group is paginated separately
numbers sometimes followed by letters are used so that insertions can be made
inorganic structures are found in chapters # - ## organic structures in chapters ## - ##
within each chapter an effort has been made to group together those crystals with similar structures
there are three indexes i.e. an inorganic formula index a mineralogical name index and a name index to organic compounds
publication and distribution
publisher of crystal structures is interscience publishers ### fifth avenue new york # n. y.
the work consists of four sections and # supplements
price of the complete work including all necessary binders is $###.##
dana 's system of mineralogy
six editions of james dwight dana 's system appeared between #### and ####
in #### edward s. dana editor of the sixth edition asked w. e. ford of yale university to prepare a seventh edition of his father 's work
a number of people became involved in the preparation but work was slow until ####
in that year a grant was obtained from the penrose fund of the geological society of america to finance additional full-time workers
money was also advanced by the publishers john wiley & sons inc.
volume # was completed in #### and published in ####
the editors of this volume and volume # were the late charles palache clifford frondel and the late harry berman all of harvard university
work on volume # was begun in #### interrupted by the war in #### and resumed in ####
the volume was completed in #### and published in ####
a supplementary grant from the geological society of america helped finance its publication
besides the editors there were many contributors in the united states and great britain to volumes # and #
w. e. ford for example continued to supply data on the occurrence of minerals until his death in ####
volume # is nearing completion and there are plans to revise volume #
the project is currently supported by harvard university
crystallographic physical optical and chemical properties
the crystallographic data given include interaxial angles and unit cell dimensions
the physical property values include hardness melting point and specific gravity
sources of data
almost entirely original articles in journals
abstracts and other compilations on rare occasions when original papers are available
all information is carefully appraised and uncertain facts are designated by '?'
an authentic diffraction pattern is always obtained and optical properties are frequently checked
use of nomenclature , symbols , units , physical constants
recommendations of international authorities such as the international union of crystallography are followed
there is a complete synonymy at the beginning of each species description
currency in the usual sense cannot be maintained in an undertaking of this sort
the data are presented in text and tables in bound volumes
volume # of the seventh edition contains an introduction and data for eight classes of minerals
volume # contains data for forty-two classes
references are given at the end of each mineral description and a general index is given at the end of each volume
there will be a comprehensive index in volume # covering all three volumes
publication and distribution
volume # af of the seventh edition of dana 's system of mineralogy was published in #### and volume # af in #### by john wiley & sons inc. new york n. y.
the association of wiley & sons with the dana mineralogies dates back to #### when they published the second edition of the system
the two volumes are available from the publisher for $##.## and $##.## respectively
the groth institute
the groth institute which was established in #### is a group activity affiliated with the physics department of the pennsylvania state university university park pa.
ray pepinsky is the director
the institute derives its name from paul von groth 's chemische krystallographie a five-volume work which appeared between #### and ####
the resident staff is large and consists of professional assistants graduate students abstractors librarian technical editor machine operators secretarial help and others
there are also corresponding members and outside advisory groups
the air force office of scientific research has provided financial assistance in the early stages of the institute 's program
all crystalline substances and other solid-state materials
the aim is to collect a very broad range of physical chemical morphological and structural data for crystals on an encyclopedic scale and to seek all possible useful and revealing correlations of properties with internal structure
sources of data
the first stage of operation has centered on the literature imaging of critical or summarizing tabulations such as the barker index
coverage of primary literature will follow
unpublished data will be available to the groth institute from cooperating groups and individuals
critical evaluation of all data compiled is a primary aim of this project
however the proposed correlation of the many interrelated properties of crystals will reveal discrepancies in the recorded data and suggest areas for reinvestigation
in addition the availability of computers will permit recalculation and refinement of much structural information
use of nomenclature , symbols , units , physical constants
for punched-card or tape storage of information all literature values must be conformed to a common language
in this way a degree of unification of nomenclature symbols and units will be realized
because individual classes of foods differ in their requirements for preservation a number of methods have been developed over the years involving one or a combination of procedures such as dehydration fermentation salting chemical treatment canning refrigeration and freezing
the basic objectives in each instance are to make available supplies of food during the intervals between harvesting or slaughter to minimize losses resulting from the action of microorganisms and insects and to make it possible to transport foods from the area of harvest or production to areas of consumption
in earlier years the preservation of food was essentially related to survival
in the more sophisticated atmosphere of today 's developed nations food-preservation techniques have sought also to bring variety peak freshness and optimum taste and flavor in foods at reasonable cost to the consumer
with the development of nuclear technology isotopic materials and machine radiation sources in recent years the possibilities of applying ionizing radiation to the preservation of foods attracted the attention of investigators in the united states and throughout the world
an early hope that irradiation might be the ultimate answer to practically all food preservation problems was soon dispelled
interest remained however in the possibility that it would serve as a useful supplementary method for counteracting spoilage losses and for preserving some foods at lower over-all costs than freezing or without employing heat or chemicals with their attendant taste alterations
factors responsible for the spoilage of foods
the chief factors responsible for the spoilage of fresh foodstuffs are # microorganisms such as bacteria molds and yeasts # enzymes # insects # sprouting and # chemical reactions
microorganisms are often responsible for the rapid spoilage of foods
of special concern is the growth of bacteria such as clostridium botulinum which generate poisonous products
enzymatic action in stored food produces changes which can adversely affect the appearance of food or its palatability
spoilage by chemical action results from the reaction of one group of components in the food with others or with its environment as in corrosion of the walls of metal containers or the reaction of fats with oxygen in the air to produce rancidity
sprouting is a naturally occurring phenomenon in stored potatoes onions carrots beets and similar root vegetables
insect infestation is a problem of importance chiefly in stored grain
the presence of parasitic organisms such as trichinella spiralis in pork introduces another factor which must be dealt with in food processing
to permit the storage of food for long periods of time a method of preservation must accomplish the destruction of microorganisms and inhibition of enzymatic action
the term sterilization applies to methods involving essentially complete destruction of all microorganisms
food treated in this manner and protected from recontamination by aseptic methods of packaging and containment presumably could be stored for long periods without refrigeration
the process of pasteurization involves milder and less prolonged heat treatment which accomplishes the destruction of most but all of the microorganisms
less severe thermal treatment as by blanching or scalding serves to inactivate enzymes
general effects of ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation can cause the destruction of microorganisms and insects involved in food spoilage or at lower doses can inhibit their action
it furnishes a means of destroying insects in stored grain products as well as certain parasitic organisms present in meats
deactivation of enzymes is also possible although some types require extremely heavy doses of ## mrad or more
because of undesirable flavors odors colors and generally low palatability associated with radiation treatment of this magnitude the inactivation of enzymes is best accomplished prior to irradiation by the conventional heat-processing methods of blanching
radiation does retard the chemical spoilage of food
it will however inhibit the sprouting of potatoes and other root vegetables
the radiation doses required for the preservation of foods are in the following ranges # .
for radiosterilization to destroy all organisms for long-term preservation about #.# mrad for nonacid foods of low salt content
for radiopasteurization to partially destroy microorganisms
results vary with types of food storage conditions and objectives of treatment commonly of the order of #.# mrads but up to about #.# aj
for destruction of insects about ##,### aj
for inhibiting the sprouting of root vegetables #,### to ##,### aj
preserving foods with ionizing radiation leads to some undesirable side effects particularly at the higher radiation dosages
in this respect the general palatability and individual acceptance of most radiosterilized foods has to date been found to be low in comparison with fresh and commercially processed foods
a number of foods are quite acceptable as regards taste and palatability however at dosages substantially less than sterilization levels
moreover the nutritive value of irradiated foods apparently undergoes little if any change although some of the fat-soluble vitamins are affected by sterilization doses
for irradiation of food the results obtained depend upon the dose rather than the specific type of radiation and x-ray gamma and high-energy electron radiation are suitable
aside from availability and economic considerations each has certain practical advantages
for example gamma rays give deeper penetration but cannot be focused or collimated whereas unidirectional electron beams may be split and directed to both the top and bottom of the food package to be irradiated
selection of a source for commercial irradiation would involve consideration of numerous factors including required dose rate load factor throughput convenience safety and most important costs
of the potentially useful sources of ionizing radiations gamma sources cobalt-## cesium-### fission products or a reactor irradiation loop system using a material such as an indium salt have received most attention for food-preservation systems
of the various particle accelerators the van de graff machines resonant transformers and linear accelerators are the principal ones available for commercial use
costs of the effective energy produced by these sources is a major obstacle in the development of food-preservation processes
estimated production costs of radiation energy from machine and nuclide sources range from $# to $## per aj
conventional energy for processing foods is available in the range of at most a few cents per kwhr for electric power and the equivalent of a few mills per kwhr for process steam
radiation therefore is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only # to ## per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization
what are the possibilities of lowered radiation production costs for the future
it has been estimated that for applications on a megawatt scale costs might reach values in the neighborhood of ## cents per kwhr for large-scale accelerators or for gamma radiation generated in a reactor core
no comparable reductions in the cost of nuclide radiation are foreseen
such projections however appear highly speculative and the capacities involved are far beyond those foreseen for food-preservation facilities
because agricultural activities are seasonal and the areas of production and harvest of many foods are widely scattered geographically and because of the high cost of transporting bulk food items any substantial distance to a central processing location the use of large central processing stations where low-cost radiation facilities approaching the megawatt range might be utilized is inherently impracticable
present status of irradiation preservation of foods
the objective of complete sterilization of foods is to produce a wholesome and palatable product capable of being stored without refrigeration for extended periods of time
chief interest in radiosterilization resides in the military services
for them providing appetizing food under battle or emergency conditions is a paramount consideration
they require completely sterile foods capable of being stored without refrigeration preferably items already cooked and ready to eat
high nutritional value variety palatability and appetizing appearance are important for reasons of morale
foods for rear stations which require cooking but no refrigeration are also of interest
of primary interest are meats
radiopasteurization which produces fewer adverse sensory changes in food products has potential usefulness in prolonging the keeping qualities of fresh and refrigerated food items
thus food so processed might reach more remote markets and permit the consumer to enjoy more produce at peak freshness and palatability
commercial interest is chiefly in this type of treatment as is military interest under peacetime conditions
the present status of food preservation by ionizing radiation is discussed by food classes in the following paragraphs
the radiation processing of meat has received extensive investigation
to date the one meat showing favorable results at sterilization doses is pork
of particular interest to the military services is the demonstration that roast pork after radiosterilization is superior in palatability to available canned pork products
tests with beef have been largely unsuccessful because of the development of off-flavors
a prime objective of the army quartermaster corps program is to find the reasons for beef 's low palatability and means of overcoming it since it is a major and desirable dietary item
partly because low-level heat treatment is needed to inactivate enzymes before radiosterilization treated fresh meats have the appearance of boiled or canned meat
off-flavor is a less severe problem with the radiopasteurization of meats but problems of commercial acceptability remain
moderate radiation doses of from ###,### to ###,### rads can extend the shelf life at ## f of fresh beef from # days to # or # weeks
however the problem of consumer acceptability remains
the preradiation blanching process discolors the treated beef and liquid accumulates in prepackaged cuts
cooked beef irradiated in the absence of oxygen assumes an unnatural pink color
when lamb and mutton are irradiated at substerilization doses the meat becomes dehydrated the fat becomes chalky and again unnatural changes in color occur
ground meats such as fresh pork sausage and hamburger have a relatively short shelf life under refrigeration and radiopasteurization might be thought to offer distinctly improved keeping qualities
however a major problem here is one of scale of processing
ground meats are usually prepared from scrap meats at the local level whereas irradiation at economic volumes of production would require central processing and distribution facilities
the problems of color change by blanching and liquid accumulation within the package are the same as for solid cuts
specialty cooked items containing meat portions as in frozen dinners might offer a potential use for radiopasteurization
the principal potential advantage would be that the finished product could be transported and stored at lower cost under refrigeration instead of being frozen
a refrigerated item could also be heated and served in less time than is required for frozen foods of the same type
competitive processes for preserving meats are by canning and freezing
costs of canning meat are in the range of #.# to # cents per pound
costs of freezing are in the area of # to #.# cents per pound
the table on page ## shows costs of canning and freezing meat and estimated costs for irradiation under certain assumed conditions
under the conditions of comparison it will be noted that ( # )
radiosterilization at # mrad is more expensive than canning particularly for the cesium-### source
( # )
radiopasteurization by either the electron accelerator or cesium-### source is in the range of freezing costs
( # )
irradiation using the nuclide source is more expensive than use of an electron accelerator
results of irradiation tests with poultry have been quite successful
at sterilizing doses good palatability results with a minimum of changes in appearance taste and odor
radiopasteurization has also been successful and the shelf life of chicken can be extended to a month or more under refrigerated storage as compared with about ## days for the untreated product
acceptable taste and odor are retained by the irradiated and refrigerated chicken
acceptance of radiopasteurization is likely to be delayed however for two reasons # the storage life of fresh chicken under refrigeration is becoming a minimal problem because of constantly improved sanitation and distributing practices and # treatment by antibiotics a measure already approved by the federal food and drug administration serves to extend the storage life of chicken at a low cost of about #.# cents per pound
fresh seafood products are extremely perishable
although refrigeration has served to extend the storage life of these products substantially increased consumption might be possible if areas remote from the seacoast could be served adequately
furthermore it has made an exact assessment of the removal mechanisms possible
the instrument is shown in fig. # and consists essentially of a hard sharp tungsten carbide knife which is pushed along the substrate to remove the coating
the force required to accomplish removal is plotted by means of an electronic recorder against distance of removal
since the removal force is a function of coating thickness a differential transformer pickup has been incorporated into the instrument to accurately measure film thickness
this too is recorded against distance by a repeat run over the same track previously cut
a number of adjustment features are included in the hesiometer to facilitate measurement and permit ready removal of coatings deposited on such substrates as iron and other metals glass wood and plastic surfaces
the measurement of topcoats on primers can also readily be carried out
hesiometer results have been found to compare excellently with manual knife scratching tests
the instrumental method however is about ### times more sensitive and yields numerical results which can be accurately repeated at will over a period of time
if a wedge-shaped coating of increasing thickness is removed from a substrate by an instrument like the hesiometer with a knife of constant rake angle a number of removal mechanisms are often observed which depend upon the thickness of the coating
at low thicknesses a cutting or shearing phenomenon is often encountered
as the coating becomes thicker the cutting may abruptly change to a cracking type of failure
if the coating becomes still thicker a peeling type failure finally can occur
the typical appearance of these various mechanisms is illustrated in figs. # # and # which are single frame enlargements of high speed movies taken during the course of the knife removal process
it can be seen from fig. # that the cutting removal of a coating from its substrate involves pure cohesive failure of the coating
the molecular forces holding the coating to the substrate are obviously greater than the cohesive strength of the coating and failure occurs by shear along a plane starting at the tip of the knife and extending to the coating surface
the pictures of figs. # and # show the cracking and peeling types of removal where the coating is detached by failure in a region at or close to the interface between coating and substrate
if the force required to remove the coatings is plotted against film thickness a graph as illustrated schematically in fig. # may characteristically result
here h is the coatings removal force measured parallel to the surface of the substrate and t is the film thickness
it can be seen that the force is characteristic of the removal process and changes abruptly from cutting to cracking to peeling removal
also it can be readily seen that the cutting and peeling types of failure show a steady state response while the cracking mechanism is of a dynamic nature
it should be recalled that these three mechanisms can occur on the same coating deposited upon the same substrate merely as a function of changes in coatings thickness
presumably the interfacial bond strength and gross cohesive properties are identical in each case
what then are the factors that contribute to these phenomena
why should the practical adhesion of a coating as assessed by a knife method change initially increasing rather rapidly and then decreasing stepwise to very low values as the knife is forced through a coating of increasing thickness
cutting mechanism of cohesive failure
the cutting or shearing removal process has been previously described
it was found that the coating is separated from its substrate entirely by cohesive failure
the details of the removal process are shown schematically in fig. #
the various forces result from the reaction of the removed paint chip against the face of the knife and along the shear plane which makes an angle **yf with the substrate
the action and reaction forces are r and af respectively and are equal and opposite in direction
all the other force vectors are derived from these
af is the force required to cut a coating of thickness t from the substrate
af is the shear force along the shear plane
af and af are the thrust forces acting against coating and knife respectively
af is the normal compressive force acting on the shear plane
af is the friction force between chip and knife surfaces and p is the normal force acting on the face of the knife
**yc is the rake angle of the knife
**yf is the angle the shear plane makes with the substrate
**yt is the friction angle
and **yb is the angle the resultants make with the plane of the substrate
an analysis of the vector relationships shows that the rake angle **yc and the friction angle **yt determine the vector direction af of the force resultants r and af
consequently both the rake angle of the knife as well as the friction occurring between the back of the removed coating and the front of the knife will determine in large part the detailed mechanism of the cutting removal process
it is difficult to measure the direction and magnitude of r directly
in actual practice the values most readily amenable to measurement are the cutting force af and the shear angle aj
these two values and the rake angle **yc are sufficient to determine the other parameters of these relationships
**yc is defined by the geometry of the knife
**yf can readily be determined by measuring the thickness of the coating before and after cutting from the substrate
af is instrumentally determined
from fig. # the relationship between these parameters can readily be derived and the cutting force is af where **yl is the shear strength of the coating and is a parameter of the coatings material w is the width of the removed coating and t is its thickness
if the cutting force af is plotted against film thickness a straight line should result passing through the origin and having slope af
however in the actual assessment of the cutting force by instrumental methods for any thickness of coating a number of spurious effects occur which must be taken into account and which make the measured value larger than the true cutting force indicated by eqn. #
one of these is the fact that the knife employed no matter how well sharpened will have a slightly rounded cutting edge
this signifies that **yc the rake angle is no longer a constant to zero film thickness
the curvature of this bluntness is in the case of the carboloy knife employed in the hesiometer determined by the grain sizes of the polished grit and the tungsten carbide crystals cemented together in the knife body and is in the order of #.# to #.# mil.
the force vector concept of fig. # can readily be applied to this condition also
because the rake angle af at the tip of the knife is very much smaller or even negative when compared to the value of **yc for the major portion of the knife a very rapid increase in cutting force with thickness will result
this reduces to the relationship af where af is the intercept at zero thickness of the extrapolation of the slope indicated in eqn. # af is the thickness of the coating equivalent to the rounding off of the knife tip af is a straight line first approximation of this roundness and the other symbols are equivalent to those of eqn. #
it can be seen that af is a constant and is determined for the most part by the geometry of the knife
the blunter the knife the higher is the value of af
the importance of a hard abrasion-resistant knife material like the carboloy employed in the hesiometer immediately becomes apparent
softer knives would blunt very rapidly making the value of af inexact
in extreme cases of very soft knives this value may even change during the course of a measurement
a second factor which enters into the practical measurement of the instrumentally determined cutting force is the frictional resistance caused by the bottom of the knife against the substrate
this is a constant value like af but varies with the thickness of the coating and the direction and magnitude of the resultants r and af of fig. #
under equilibrium conditions of cutting the chip exerts a thrust af against the knife which tends to push it into the substrate or lift it away from the substrate depending on the vector direction of af
the resultant friction force af is thus directly proportional to af and consequently also to film thickness
the value of af can readily be assessed by determining the frictional force exerted on the knife while running over the previously stripped coating track under various external loadings
a straight line relationship is usually observed in a plot of af against load l having slope k and af
since the load l under actual cutting conditions is caused by af it can be seen that af
the measured force h in cutting removal of coatings from their substrates consequently can be seen to be the sum of that force required to cut the coating af that due to the bluntness of the knife af and that due to the friction between the bottom of the knife and the substrate af or af
the first two forces are directly interrelated and depend upon film thickness whereas af is independent of these two and is a constant for a given knife combination
these theoretical relationships are more clearly illustrated in fig. # and their sum can be seen to correlate in form with practical measurements made with the hesiometer as illustrated in the first portion of fig. # for the cutting mechanism
chipping mechanism of cohesive failure
although a large number of coatings systems particularly at low thicknesses fail cohesively by the cutting mechanism frequently a second type of cohesive failure may also take place
this is a chipping dynamic type failure encountered with very brittle coatings resins or very highly pigmented films
this is shown in the photomicrograph of fig. #
the basic difference between the continuous cutting mechanism and that of the chipping mechanism is that instead of shear occurring in the coating ahead of the knife continuously without fracture rupture intermittently occurs along the shear plane
the detailed mechanisms of this type of failure have been studied extensively by merchant for metal cutting and the principles found can be directly applied to coatings
by studying high speed movies made of this type of failure the sequence of relationships as schematically illustrated in fig. # could be observed
in the first picture #a the knife is just beginning to advance into the inclined surface which was left from the previous chip formation
in the next the shear plane angle is high and extends to the inclined work surface
with increasing advance of the knife into the coating the shear plane extends to the coatings surface and the shear angle rapidly decreases
eventually rupture occurs along the shear plane #e and the cycle repeats itself
merchant has found that the same basic relationships which describe the geometry and force systems in the case of the cutting mechanism can also be applied to the discontinuous chip formation provided the proper values of instantaneous shear angle and instantaneous chip thickness or cross-sectional area are used
consequently if the shear angle **yf is replaced by the rupture angle af the relationships as described in eqns. # # # and # will directly apply
the cracking mechanism
under equilibrium cutting conditions the chip exerts a force af against the coating and an equal opposite force af against the knife in the plane of the substrate as shown in fig. #
if the rake angle **yc of the knife is high enough and the friction angle **yt between the front of the knife and the back of the chip is low enough to give a positive value for af the resultant vector r will lie above the plane of the substrate
within only a few years foamed plastics materials have managed to grow into an integral and important phase of the plastics industry and the end is still yet in sight
urethane foam as only one example was only introduced commercially in this country in ####
yet last year 's volume probably topped ### million lb. and expectations are for a market of ### million lb. by ####
many of the other foamed plastics particularly the styrenes show similar growth potential
and there are even newer foamed plastics that are yet to be evaluated
as this issue goes to press for example one manufacturer has announced an epoxy foam with outstanding buoyancy and impact strength
another reports that a cellular polypropylene primarily for use in wire coating applications is being investigated
on the following pages each of the major commercial foamed plastics is described in detail as to properties applications and methods of processing
it might be well to point out however some of the newer developments that have taken place within the past few months which might have a bearing on the future of the various foamed plastics involved
in urethane foams for example there has been a definite trend toward the polyether-type materials which are now available in two-component rigid foam systems and the emphasis is definitely on one-shot molding
most manufacturers also seem to be concentrating on formulating fire-resistant or self-extinguishing grades of urethane foam that are aimed specifically at the burgeoning building markets
urethane foam as an insulator is also coming in for a good deal of attention
in one outstanding example whirlpool corp. found that by switching to urethane foam insulation they could increase the storage capacity of gas refrigerators to make them competitive with electric models
much interest has also been expressed in new techniques for processing the urethane foams including spraying frothing and molding see article p. ### for details
and in meeting the demands for urethane foam as a garment interlining new adhesives and new methods of laminating foam to a substrate have been developed
new techniques for automatic molding of expandable styrene beads have helped boost that particular material into a number of new consumer applications including picnic chests beverage coolers flower pots and flotation-type swimming toys
two other end-use areas which contributed to expandable styrene 's growth during the year were packaging molded inserts replacing complicated cardboard units and foamed-core building panels
extruded expandable styrene film or sheet claimed to be competitive price-wise with paper also showed much potential particularly for packaging
sandwich panels for building utility shelters that consist of kraft paper skins and rigid styrene foam cores also aroused interest in the construction field
in vinyl foam the big news was the development of techniques for coating fabrics with the material for details see p. ###
better hand a more luxurious feel and better insulating properties were claimed to be the result
several companies also saw possibilities in using the technique for extruding or molding vinyl products with a slight cellular core that would reduce costs yet would affect physical properties of the end product to any great extent
readers interested in additional information on foams are referred to the foamed plastics chart appearing in the technical data section and to the list of references which appears below
since the mid ####s when urethane foam first made its appearance in the american market growth has been little short of fantastic
present estimates are that production topped the ###-million-lb. mark in #### ## to ## million lb. for flexible ## or ## million lb. for rigid
by #### production may range from ### to ### million lb. for flexible and from ### to ### million lb. for rigid
the markets that have started to open up for the foam in the past year or so seem to justify the expectations
furniture upholstery as just one example can easily take millions of pounds
foamed refrigerator insulation is under intensive evaluation by every major manufacturer
and use of the foam for garment interlining is only now getting off the ground with volume potential in the offing
urethane foams are basically reaction products of hydroxyl-rich materials and polyisocyanates usually tolylene diisocyanate
blowing can be either one of two types carbon dioxide gas generated by the reaction of water on the polyisocyanate or mechanical blowing through the use of a low-boiling liquid such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon
the most important factor in determining what properties the end-product will have is quite naturally the type of hydroxyl-rich compound that is used in its production
originally the main types used were various compositions of polyesters
these are still in wide use today particularly in semi-rigid formulations for such applications as cores for sandwich-type structural panels foamed-in-place insulation automotive safety padding arm rests etc.
more recently polyethers again in varied compositions molecular weights and branching have come into use at first for the flexible foams just lately for the rigids
the polyether glycols are claimed to give flexible urethanes a spring-back action which is much desired in cushioning
although the first polyether foams on the market had to be produced by the two-step prepolymer method today thanks to new catalysts they can be produced by a one-shot technique
it is possible that the polyether foams may soon be molded on a production basis in low-cost molds with more intricate contours and with superior properties to latex foam
the polyester urethane foam is generally produced with adipic acid polyesters
the polyether group generally consists of foams produced with polypropylene glycol or polypropylene glycol modified with a triol
one shot vs. prepolymer
in the prepolymer system the isocyanate and resin are mixed anhydrously and no foaming occurs
the foaming can be accomplished at some future time at a different location by the addition of the correct proportion of catalyst in solution
in one-shot the isocyanate polyester or polyether resin catalyst and other additives are mixed directly and a foam is produced immediately
basically this means that simpler processing equipment the mixture has good flowing characteristics and less external heat the foaming reaction is exothermic and develops internal heat are required in one-shot foaming although at the same time the problems of controlling the conditions of one-shot foaming are critical ones
most commercial uses of urethane foams require densities between # and ## lb.  cu. ft. for rigid foams between # and # lb.  cu. ft. for flexible foams
this latter figure compares with latex foam rubber at an average of #.# lb.  cu. ft. in commercial grades
compression strength :
graph in fig. # p. ### indicates how the ratio of compressive strength to density varies as the latter is increased or decreased
the single curve line represents a specific formulation in a test example
by varying the formula this curve may be moved forward or backward along the coordinates to produce any desired compression strength  density ratio
thermal conductivity and temperature resistance :
in flexible urethane foams we are referring to the range between the highest and lowest temperatures under which the materials' primary performance remains functionally useful
in temperature resistance this quality is usually related to specific properties e.g. flexural tensile strengths etc.
thermal conductivity is directly traceable to the material 's porous air-cell construction which effectively traps air or a gas in the maze of minute bubbles which form its composition
these air or gas bubbles make highly functional thermal barriers
the k factor a term used to denote the rate of heat transmission through a material ( b.t.u. ft. of material of thickness ) ranges from #.## to #.## for flexible urethane foams and from #.## to #.## for rigid urethane foams depending upon the formulation density cell size and nature of blowing agents used
table # p. ### shows a comparison of k factor ratings of a number of commercial insulating materials in common use including two different types of rigid urethane foam
flexural strength :
this term refers to the ability of a material to resist bending stress and is determined by measuring the load required to cause failure by bending
the higher-density urethane semi-rigid foams usually have stronger flex fatigue resistance i.e. the ## lb.  cu. ft. foam has # times the flexural strength of the # lb.  cu. ft. density
note that flexural strength is always improved by simply increasing the density nor is the change always proportional from one formulation to another
where flexural strength is an important factor be sure that your urethane foam processor is aware of it
tensile strength :
this property refers to the greatest longitudinal stress or tension a material can endure without tearing apart
like compression strength of urethane foams it has a direct relationship to formulation
exceptional tensile strength is another of urethane foam 's strong features
figure # above shows the aging properties of urethane foams as determined by the percent of change in tensile strength during exposure to ultra-violet light
there are many ways of producing a foamed urethane product
the foam can be made into slab stock and cut to shape it can be molded it can be poured-in-place it can be applied by spray guns etc.
slab stock is still one of the most important forms of urethane end-product in use today
basically the foam machines that produce such stock consist of two or more pumping units a variable mixer a nozzle carriage assembly and in many cases a conveyor belt to transport and contain the liquid during the reaction process and until it solidifies into foam
the ingredients are fed from tanks through a hose and into the mixer at a predetermined rate
the mixing head moves back and forth slowly across the width of the receptacle
it only takes a few minutes for the foaming action to be completed and after a short cure the material can be cut into lengths as desired
much has been done in the way of ingenious slitters to fabricate the slab stock into finished products
profile cutting machines are available which can split foam to any desired thickness and produce sine triangle trapezoid and other profiles in variable heights dimensions etc.
the convoluted sheets can be combined to attain certain cushioning effects mechanically rather than chemically
also available is a slitter which peels the inside of a folded block of foam and can be used to slit continuous sheets up to ### yd. in length down to # in. thick
the low cost and ease of fabrication of the dies for three-dimensional foam cutting plus the wide variety of shapes dimensions and contours that can be tailor-made to customer requirements has made the technique useful for producing case liners materials handling containers packaging and cushioning devices and such novelties as soap dishes toys head rests arch supports and gas pedal covers
although slab stock appeared first it soon became apparent that for the production of cushions with irregular shapes crowned contours or rounded edges the cutting of slab stock is a wasteful and uneconomical process
only by resorting to molding techniques can the cushion manufacturer hope to compete satisfactorily in the established cushion market
the closed molding of flexible urethane foams has been a problem ever since the introduction of the material molding in open molds was more feasible
satisfactory methods for polyester foams and even prepolymer polyether foams were never fully achieved
closed molding generally resulted in parts weighing more because of higher density than parts fabricated from free-blown foams
this counteracted the gain from having no scrap loss
in addition there were difficulties with the flow and spreading of the foam mixture over the mold surface trouble with lack of gel strength in the rising foam and problems of splits
the introduction of one-shot polyether foam systems aided by the development of new catalysts helped to alleviate some of the problems of closed molding
while there are still many bugs to be ironed out the technique is fast developing
simple systems are available that make it possible for urethane foam components to be poured pumped etc. into a void where they foam up to fill the void
in a typical application the making of rigid urethane foam sandwich panels an amount of foam mixture calculated to expand ## to ##% more than the volume of the panel is poured into the panel void and the top of the panel is locked in place by a jig
temperature of the wash and rinse waters is maintained at ## - ##-degrees-f ( ## - ##-degrees-c )
the top rolls are loaded with ## lbs.
sixty lbs. loading is possible but ## lbs. is adequate
the suds box drain is arranged at the start to deliver into the raised main drain pipe thus returning suds to soap box and the machine is started
the ###-ml. bath containing the calculated amount of detergent is applied slowly and directly to the running specimen
washing is continued for ## minutes or for a period of time sufficient to allow ### nips or passes through the squeeze rolls
at the conclusion of the washing # liters of water at ##-degrees-f ( ##*#c. ) are automatically metered from the rinse reservoir to the washing tubs # liters to each tub
this operation requires from ## to ## minutes
during the rinsing operation the volume in the tubs gradually increases until overflow from the main drain begins
at this point the drains are readjusted so that the suds box drain will discharge directly into the waste line and the main tub drain is set at the #-# mark on the drain gauge
when all of the rinse water has passed from the reservoir to the tubs the main drains are lowered to permit complete draining of the tubs
the run is complete when all the water has drained off into the waste line
by this procedure rinsing progresses in two stages first by dilution until the time when the drains are separated and thereafter by displacement of the soil-bearing liquor by clean rinse water since soiled liquor squeezed from the specimens at the nip passes directly to waste from the suds box drains
this method of rinsing appears to produce maximum cleansing with minimum soil redeposition
suggested evaluation and classification
evaluation may be made on either a soil-removal or a grease-removal basis as desired
a reflectance-measuring instrument may be desirable to measure cleaning whereas soxhlet extraction is necessary to measure grease removal
purpose and scope
this test method is intended for determining the dimensional changes of woven or knitted fabrics made of fibers other than wool to be expected when the cloth is subjected to laundering procedures commonly used in the commercial laundry and the home
four washing test procedures are established varying in severity from very severe to very mild and are intended to cover the range of practical washing from commercial procedure to hand washing
five drying test procedures are established to cover the range of drying techniques used in the home and commercial laundry
three methods for determining the dimensional restorability characteristics are established for those textiles which require restoration by ironing or wearing after laundering
these tests are accelerated and must be repeated to evaluate dimensional changes after repeated launderings
table # summarizes all of the various washing drying and restoration procedures available
the person using these tests must determine which combination of procedures is practical for any specific item in order to evaluate the dimensional changes of textile fabrics or garments after laundering procedures commonly used in the home or commercial laundry
it is possible to identify the test procedure completely with a code consisting of a roman numeral a letter and an arabic number
for example test # e # refers to a specimen which has been washed by procedure # at ###-degrees-f for a total of ## minutes in the machine has been dried in a tumble dryer by procedure e and has been subjected to restorative forces on the tension presser by procedure #
a specimen or garment is washed in a cylindrical reversing wash wheel dried and subjected to restorative forces where necessary
temperature and time of agitation in the wash wheel are varied to obtain different degrees of severity
drying procedures and application of restorative force procedures are varied to conform with end-use handling during home or commercial laundering
distances marked on the specimen in warp and filling directions or wales and courses for knitted fabrics are measured before and after laundering
apparatus and materials
wash wheel -- cylindrical wash wheel of the reversing type .
the wheel cage is ## to ## inches inside diameter and ## to ## inches inside length
there are three fins each approximately three inches wide extending the full length of the inside of the wheel
one fin is located every ###-degrees around the inside diameter of the wheel
the wash wheel rotates at a speed of ## revolutions per minute making five to ten revolutions before reversing
the water inlets are large enough to permit filling the wheel to an eight-inch level in less than two minutes and the outlet is large enough to permit discharge of this same amount of water in less than two minutes
the machine is equipped with a pipe for injecting live steam that is capable of raising the temperature of water at an eight-inch level from ###-degrees to ###-degrees-f ( ##*# to ##*#c. ) in less than two minutes
the machine shall contain an opening for the insertion of a thermometer or other equivalent equipment for determining the temperature of the water during the washing and rinsing procedures
it is equipped with an outside water gauge that will indicate the level of the water in the wheel
a domestic automatic washer that will give equivalent results may be used
the wash wheel is the equipment preferred for the test
pressing equipment -- flat-bed press measuring ## inches by ## inches or larger .
any flat-bed press capable of pressing a specimen ## inches square may be used as an alternative
the flat-bed press is maintained at a temperature less than ###-degrees-f ( ###*#c. )
dryer -- dryer of the rotary tumble type , having a cylindrical basket approximately ## inches in diameter and ## inches in length and rotating at approximately ## r.p.m. .
the dryer is provided with a means of maintaining a drying temperature of ###-degrees - ###-degrees-f ( ##*# - ##*&#c. ) measured in the exhaust vent as close as possible to the drying chamber
screen drying racks -- ##-mesh screening ( saran or velon ) .
drying room -- facilities for drip- or line-drying .
extractor -- centrifugal extractor of the laundry-type with a perforated basket , approximately ## inches deep by ## inches in diameter , with an operating speed of approximately #,### r.p.m. .
pen and ink , indelible -- or other suitable marking device .
measuring scale --
soap , neutral chip -- fed. spec. ### or aj .
softener -- e.g. sodium metaphosphate or sodium hexametaphosphate ( if needed in hard water areas ) .
detergent , synthetic -- alkylarysulfonate type .
flatiron , electric -- approximately # lb.
tension presser -- consisting of a padded ironing board from which extend clamping members on all four sides .
two of the clamps are fixed to the edges of the board whereas two clamps travel on guide rails opposite the fixed clamps
the movable clamps travel on carriages which ride the rails and are drawn by dead-weight loading
sets of weights are provided so that the load can be selected in the range of # to # pounds
a perforated aluminum plate used to provide the drying surface is heated by means of a flatiron
a special template is furnished with the apparatus to enable marking a specimen for a central measuring area and the fabric extensions to the clamps see fig. #
knit shrinkage gauge -- consisting of a set of ## mounting pins set in guides in radial slots ( fig. # ) .
each pin is individually sprung to a tensioning member which is driven outwardly in the slot
the springs have an extension of # inch at af tension
the tensioning members have a common drive so that the application of restorative force takes place simultaneously in all directions in the plane of the test specimen
the minimum diameter of the pin frame in the collapsed state is ## inches and the maximum diameter in the freely extended state unloaded is ## inches
the surface of the apparatus in contact with the test specimen is uncluttered and polished so as to be as friction-free as possible
the preparation of test specimens will vary depending upon the type of dimensional restorability procedure if any to be used
three specimens for each sample to be tested are required in order to arrive at a satisfactory average of performance
this is especially true for knitted fabrics
specimens are allowed to reach moisture equilibrium with a standard atmosphere of af and af and then laid out without tension on a flat polished surface care being taken that the fabric is free from wrinkles or creases
fabrics that are badly distorted in their unlaundered state due to faulty finishing may give deceptive dimensional change results when laundered by any procedure
this also holds true if restorative forces are applied
therefore it is recommended that in such cases the sample be replaced or if used the results of dimensional change or dimensional restorability tests be considered as indicative only
generally it is necessary to mark distances on a specimen or garment in both lengthwise and widthwise directions and to measure before and after laundering
the distances may be marked with indelible ink and a fine-point pen by sewing fine threads into the fabric or by a specially designed stamping machine
the marked distances are parallel to the respective yarns
usually the greater the original distances marked the greater will be the accuracy of the test
distances of less than ## inches are recommended
woven fabrics to be dried by procedure b ( flat-bed pressed ) or restored by procedure # ( hand ironing ) :
the specimen of fabric is a rectangle at least ## by ## inches except for cloth narrower than ## inches in which case the specimen is the entire width of the fabric
three distances each at least ## inches are measured and marked off parallel to each of the warp and filling directions
the distances are at least two inches from any edge of the specimen
woven or warp knitted fabrics to be subjected to restorative procedure # ( tension presser ) .
each specimen is at least ## inches by ## inches
place the template fig. # on the fabric so that the sides of the ## inch square cut out of the template are parallel to the warp and filling for woven fabrics or the wales and courses for knitted fabrics and so that the same amount of fabric extends beyond the edges of the template on all sides
mark the specimen at the outer edges of the template with pen and indelible ink
also place three dots on the specimen at each side of the ## inch square one dot at midpoint and one at approximately # inch from each corner
measure and record
circular knitted fabrics to be subjected to restorative procedure # , ( knit shrinkage gauge ) .
each specimen is approximately ## inches square
the markings consist of a centrally located ## inch diameter measuring circle and a ## inch diameter circle of ## dots equidistantly spaced see figure #
critical measurements in length and width directions should be taken before and after washing , drying and restorative procedures
the washing procedures are summarized in table #
place the specimen in the wash wheel with sufficient other similar fabric to make a dry load of af pounds
start the wash wheel and note the time
immediately add water at ### - ###-degrees-f ( ## - ##*#c. ) to the wheel to a level of af inches
this level will be increased by condensed steam
when this water level has been reached inject steam into the wheel until the temperature reaches that shown in column b of table #
add sufficient soap and softener if required to counteract hard water to furnish a good running suds or if desired use a synthetic detergent
stop the wash wheel at the end of the time shown in column a of table # and drain
refill the machine to a level of af inches with water at ### - ###-degrees-f ( ## - ##*# c. ) and start the machine
inject steam if necessary to reach the temperature shown in column d of table #
again stop the machine at the end of the time shown in column c of table #
this procedure is repeated for the second rinse using the temperatures and time shown in columns f and e of table #
tests # , # , and # .
run the machine continuously until completion of the test
drain off the soap solution of the suds cycle at such a time that the wheel has become substantially empty of soap and water at the end of the time shown in column a of table # measured from the time the wash wheel was started
refill the machine to a level of af inches with water at ### - ###-degrees-f ( ## - ##*#c. )
when this water level has been reached inject steam until the temperature is that shown in column aj
drain off the water at such a time that the wheel has become substantially empty of water at the end of the sum of the times shown in columns a and c measured from the time the wash wheel was started
immediately refill to a level of af inches with water at ### - ###-degrees-f ( ## - ##*#c )
when this water level has been reached inject steam until the temperature is that shown in column aj
drain off the water at such a time that the wheel has become substantially empty of water at the end of the sum of the times shown in columns a c and e measured from the time the wash wheel was started
high-gain photoelectronic image intensification is applied under conditions of low incident light levels whenever the integration time required by a sensor or recording instrument exceeds the limits of practicability
examples of such situations are aerial night reconnaissance the recording of radioactive tracers in live body tissues special radiography in medical or industrial applications track recording of high energy particles etc.
high-gain photoelectronic image intensification may be achieved by several methods
some of these are listed below ( a )
cascading single stages by coupling lens systems ( b )
channel-type secondary emission image intensifier ( c )
image intensifier based upon the multipactor principle ( d )
transmission secondary electron multiplication image intensifiers tsem tubes ( e )
cascading of single stages enclosed in one common envelope
cascading single stages by coupling lens systems is rather inefficient as the lens systems limit the obtainable gain quite severely
channel-type image intensifiers are capable of achieving high-gain values
they suffer however from an inherently low resolution
image intensifiers based upon the multipactor principle appear to hold promise as far as obtainable resolution is concerned
however the unavoidable low-duty cycle restricts the effective gain
tsem tubes have been constructed showing high gain and resolution
however electrostatic focus important for many applications has been realized for these devices
resolution limitations with electrostatic focus might be anticipated due to chromatic aberrations
furthermore the thin film dynodes appear to have a natural diameter limitation wherever a mesh support cannot be tolerated
cascaded single stages enclosed by a common envelope have been constructed with high gain and high resolution
these tubes may differ both in the choice of the electron optical system and in the design of the coupling members
the electron optical system may be either a magnetic or electrostatic one
the magnification may be smaller equal or larger than unity
an electrostatic system suffers generally from image plane curvature leading to defocusing in the peripheral image region if a flat viewing screen or interstage coupler is utilized while a magnetic system requires accurate adjustment of the solenoid which is heavy and bulky
as it will be discussed later peripheral defocusing can be improved on by utilizing curved fiber couplers
it should be noted however that the paraxial resolution is quite similar for both electron optical systems
it is felt that fiber-coupled double- and multi- stage image intensifiers will gain considerable importance in the future
therefore we shall consider in this paper the theoretical gain and resolution capabilities of such tubes
the luminous efficiency and resolution of single stages fiber couplers and finally of the composite tube will be computed
it will be shown theoretically that the high image intensification obtainable with such a tube and contact photography permits the utilization of extremely low incident light levels
the effect of device and quantum noise associated with such low input levels will be described
after these theoretical considerations constructional details of a fiber-coupled double-stage x-ray image intensifier will be discussed
measured performance characteristics for this experimental tube will be listed
the conclusion shall be reached that fiber-coupled double-stage tubes represent a sensible and practical approach to high-gain image intensification
basic design of a fiber-coupled , double-stage image intensifier
the tube design which forms the basis of the theoretical discussion shall be described now
the electron optical system see fig. ##-# is based in principle on the focusing action of concentric spherical cathode and anode surfaces
the inner anode sphere is pierced elongated into a cup and terminated by the phosphor screen
the photoelectrons emitted from a circular segment of the cathode sphere are focused by the positive lens action of the two concentric spheres pass through the negative lens formed by the anode aperture and impinge upon the cathodoluminescent viewing screen
the cylindrical focusing electrode permits adjustment of the positive lens part by varying the focusing potential
the anode potential codetermines the gain g and magnification m of the stage
both the photocathode and the image plane of such an electrode configuration are curved concave as seen from the anode aperture
the field-flattening property of the biconcave fiber coupler can be utilized to alleviate the peripheral resolution losses resulting with a flat phosphor-screen or coupling member
for the same reason the output fiber plate is planoconcave its exposed flat side permitting contact photography if a permanent record is desired
as it will be shown later the field-flattening properties of the interstage and output fiber coupler comprise indeed the main advantage of such a design
the second photocathode and both phosphor surfaces are deposited on the fiber plate substrates
the photocathode sensitivities s phosphor efficiencies p and anode potentials v of the individual stages shall be distinguished by means of subscripts # and # in the text where required
both stages are assumed to have unity magnification
theoretical discussion of flux gain
flux gain of a single stage
the luminous gain of a single stage with af flux gain is to a first approximation given by the product of the photocathode sensitivity s amp  lumen the anode potential v volts and the phosphor conversion efficiency p lumen
in general p is a function of v and the current density but it shall here be assumed as a constant
the luminous efficiency af of a photocathode depends on the maximum radiant sensitivity af and on the spectral distribution of the incident light af by the relation af where af is normalized radiant photocathode sensitivity
af is standard visibility function
the luminous flux gain of a single stage is given by af
if the input light distribution falls beyond the visible range af as expected since af
such cases are considered here
efficiency of fiber couplers
the efficiency of fiber optics plates depends on four factors ( a )
numerical aperture n.a.
( b )
end fresnel reflection losses r
( c )
internal losses i.l.
( d )
packing efficiency f.r.
the numerical aperture of the fibers is given by af where af
the angle af is measured in the medium of index af
settled phosphors as generally used in image intensifiers have low optical contact with the substrate surface hence af shall be assumed
the numerical aperture should be in general close to unity
this condition can be satisfied e.g. with af and af or equivalent glass combinations
a sufficiently good approximation for determining the end reflection losses r can be obtained from the angle independent fresnel formula af
for phosphor to fiber and fiber to air surfaces and assuming af we obtain af percent
this value may be reduced to #.# percent by means of a very thin glass layer of index #.#
hence the af factor for the output fiber coupler is af
as the index of refraction of photosensitive surfaces of the sbcs-type lies around # the fresnel losses at the fiber-photocathode interface are about #.# percent and the af factor for the interstage coupler is #.##
it might be anticipated that multiple coatings will reduce end reflection losses even further
the internal losses are due to absorption and the small but finite losses suffered in the numerous internal reflections due to deviations from the prescribed cylindrical fiber cross-section and minute imperfections of the core-jacket interface
these losses depend on fiber diameter and length absorption coefficient the mean value of the loss per internal reflection and last but least on the angular distribution of the incident light
explicit expressions integral averages are given in the literature
lacking reliable data for some of the variables we are relying on experimental data of about ## percent internal losses for # long small # - ## m diameter fibers
this relatively high value is probably due to the small fiber diameters increasing the number of internal reflections
since we are considering here relatively small diameter # - #.# inches fiber plates their average thickness can be kept below # inch and their internal losses may be assumed as ## percent per plate
the packing efficiency f.r. of fiber plates did receive much attention in the literature probably as it is high for the larger fibers generally used until rather recently
for circular fibers in a closely packed hexagonal array the packing efficiency is given by af where af and #.### is the ratio of the area of a circle to that of the circumscribed hexagon
for the small diameter fibers now technically feasible and required for about ### af resolution af
the cladding thickness is about #.# m hence af and af
thus the efficiency **yt couplers is given by af or approximately ## percent each
it must be remembered that the fiber plates replace a glass window and a mica membrane in addition to an optical output lens system
the efficiency af of an af lens at the magnification af is af
neglecting absorption the end losses of the coupling membrane and the output window af would be # percent and # percent
thus the combined efficiency of the elements replaced by the two fiber plates with a combined efficiency of #.## is #.### or about six times less than that of the two fiber plates
gain of fiber coupled image intensifiers
including the brightness gain af due to the af area demagnification the overall gain of a fiber coupled double stage image intensifier is af
it is obvious that the careful choice of photocathode which maximizes af for a given input e in the case of the second stage for the first phosphor screen emission is very important
the same consideration should govern the choice of the second-stage phosphor screen for matching with the spectral sensitivity of the ultimate sensor e.g. photographic emulsion
we have evaluated the matching integrals for two types of photocathodes s-## and s-## and three types of light input
the input light distributions considered are p-## and p-## phosphor emission and the so-called night light n.l. as given by h.w. babcock and j. j. johnson
the integrals in units are listed in table ##-# below
theoretical discussion of paraxial device resolution
resolution limitations in a single stage
the resolution limitations for a single stage are given by the inherent resolution of the electron optical system as well as the resolution capabilities of the cathodoluminescent viewing screen
the resolution capabilities of an electrostatic system depend on both the choice of magnification and chromatic aberrations
it has been stated previously that a minifying electrostatic system yields a lower resolution than a magnifying system or a system with unity magnification
furthermore the chromatic aberrations depend on the chosen high voltage
in general a high anode voltage reduces chromatic aberrations and thus increases the obtainable resolution
the luminous gain of the discussed tube was calculated from eq. # for the ## possible combinations of s-## and s-## photocathodes and p-## and p-## phosphor screens for night light and p-## light input
the p-## input is of interest because it corresponds roughly to the light emission of conventional x-ray fluorescent screens
the following efficiencies obtained from jedec and rca specifications were used af
the following table ##-# lists the luminous gain values computed according to eq. # with af
the possibility of a space charge blowup of the screen crossover of the elementary electron bundles has been pointed out
it is obvious that such an influence can only be expected in the final stage of an image intensifier at rather high output levels
space charge influences will also decrease at increased voltages
electrostatic systems of the pseudo-symmetric type have been tested for resolution capabilities by applying electronography
a resolution of ## - ## line-pairs per millimeter appears to be feasible
the inherent resolution of a cathodoluminescent phosphor screen decreases with increasingly aggregate thickness with increasing anode voltage decreases with decreasing porosity thus the advantage of cathodophoretic phosphor deposition and might be impaired by the normally used aluminum mirror
thus in general elementary light optical effects light scatter and electron scatter determine the obtainable resolution limit
it should be noted that photoluminescence due to bremsstrahlung generated within the viewing screen by electron impact appears to be important only if anode voltages in excess of ## kv are utilized
it has been stated that settled cathodoluminescent phosphor screens may have a limiting resolution of ## af at high voltage values of approximately ## aj
for the further discussion we shall thus assume an electron optical resolution of ## af and phosphor screen resolution of ## af
the set of all decisions is called the operating policy or more simply the policy
an optimal policy is one which in some sense gets the best out of the process as a whole by maximizing the value of the product
there are thus three components to an optimal design problem ( # )
the specification of the state of the process stream
( # )
the specification of the operating variables and the transformation they effect
( # )
the specification of the objective function of which the optimization is desired
for a chemical process the first of these might involve the concentrations of the different chemical species and the temperature or pressure of the stream
for the second we might have to choose the volume of reactor or amount of cooling to be supplied
the way in which the transformation of state depends on the operating variables for the main types of reactors is discussed in the next chapter
the objective function is some measure of the increase in value of the stream by processing
it is the subject of chapter #
the essential characteristic of an optimal policy when the state of the stream is transformed in a sequence of stages with no feedback was first isolated by bellman
he recognized that whatever transformation may be effected in the first stage of an r-stage process the remaining stages must use an optimal af-stage policy with respect to the state resulting from the first stage if there is to be any chance of optimizing the complete process
moreover by systematically varying the operating conditions in the first stage and always using the optimal af-stage policy for the remaining stages we shall eventually find the optimal policy for all r stages
proceeding in this way from one to two and from two to three stages we may gradually build up the policy for any number
at each step of the calculation the operating variables of only one stage need be varied
to see how important this economy is let us suppose that there are m operating variables at each stage and that the state is specified by n variables
then the search for the maximum at any one stage will require a number of operations of order af where a is some number unreasonably large
to proceed from one stage to the next a sufficient number of feed states must be investigated to allow for interpolation
this number will be of the order of af
if however we are seeking the optimal r-stage policy for a given feed state only one search for a maximum is required at the final step
thus a number of operations of the order of af are required
if all the operating variables were varied simultaneously af operations would be required to do the same job and as r increases this increases very much more rapidly than the number of operations required by the dynamic program
but even more important than this is the fact that the direct search by simultaneously varying all operating conditions has produced only one optimal policy namely that for the given feed state and r stages
in contrast the dynamic program produces this policy and a whole family of policies for any smaller number of stages
if the problem is enlarged to require a complete coverage of feed states af operations are needed by the dynamic program and af by the direct search
but af is vastly larger than r
no optimism is more baseless than that which believes that the high speed of modern digital computers allows for use of the crudest of methods in searching out a result
suppose that af and that the average operation requires only af sec.
then the dynamic program would require about a minute whereas the direct search would take more than three millennia
the principle of optimality thus brings a vital organization into the search for the optimal policy of a multistage decision process
bellman #### has annunciated in the following terms
an optimal policy has the property that whatever the initial state and initial decision are the remaining decisions must constitute an optimal policy with respect to the state resulting from the first decision
this is the principle which we will invoke in every case to set up a functional equation
it appears in a form that is admirably suited to the powers of the digital computer
at the same time every device that can be employed to reduce the number of variables is of the greatest value and it is one of the attractive features of dynamic programming that room is left for ingenuity in using the special features of the problem to this end
#.# the discrete deterministic process
consider the process illustrated in fig. #.# consisting of r distinct stages
these will be numbered in the direction opposite to the flow of the process stream so that stage r is the t stage from the end
let the state of the stream leaving stage r be denoted by a vector af and the operating variables of stage r by af
thus af denotes the state of the feed to the r-stage process and af the state of the product from the last stage
each stage transforms the state af of its feed to the state af in a way that depends on the operating variables af
we write this af
this transformation is uniquely determined by af and we therefore speak of the process as deterministic
in practical situations there will be restrictions on the admissible operating conditions and we regard the vectors as belonging to a fixed and bounded set s
the set of vectors af constitutes the operating policy or more briefly the policy and a policy is admissible if all the af belong to s
when the policy has been chosen the state of the product can be obtained from the state of the feed by repeated application of the transformation #
the objective function which is to be maximized is some function usually piecewise continuous of the product state
let this be denoted by af
an optimal policy is an admissible policy af which maximizes the objective function p
the policy may be unique but the maximum value of p certainly is and once the policy is specified this maximum can be calculated by # and # as a function of the feed state af
let af where the maximization is over all admissible policies af
when it is necessary to be specific we say that the optimal policy is an optimal r-stage policy with respect to the feed state af
for any choice of admissible policy af in the first stage the state of the stream leaving this stage is given by af
this is the feed state of the subsequent af stages which according to the principle of optimality must use an optimal af-stage policy with respect to this state
this will result in a value af of the objective function and when af is chosen correctly this will give af the maximum of the objective function
thus af where the maximization is over all admissible policies af and af is related to af by #
the sequence of equations # can be solved for af when af is known and clearly af the maximization being over all admissible af
the set of equations # # and the starting equation # is of a recursive type well suited to programming on the digital computer
in finding the optimal r-stage policy from that of af stages only the function af is needed
when af has been found it may be transferred into the storage location of af and the whole calculation repeated
we also see how the results may be presented although if n the number of state variables is large any tabulation will become cumbersome
a table or set of tables may be set out as in table #.#
to extract the optimal r-stage policy with respect to the feed state af we enter section r of this table at the state af and find immediately from the last column the maximum value of the objective function
in the third column is given the optimal policy for stage r and in the fourth the resulting state of the stream when this policy is used
since by the principle of optimality the remaining stages use an optimal af-stage policy with respect to af we may enter section af of the table at this state af and read off the optimal policy for stage af and the resulting state af
proceeding in this way up the table we extract the complete optimal policy and if it is desired we can check on af by evaluating af at the last stage
it may be that the objective function depends only on af but also on af as when the cost of the operating policy is considered
a moment 's reflection shows that the above algorithm and presentation work equally well in this case
a form of objective function that we shall often have occasion to consider is af
here p represents the value of the stream in state p and q the cost of operating the stage with conditions q
hence p is the increase in value of the stream minus the cost of operation that is the net profit
if af denotes the net profit from stage r and af then the principle of optimality gives af
this sequence of equations may be started with the remark that with no process af there is no profit i.e. af
#.# the discrete stochastic process
the process in which the outcome of any one stage is known only statistically is also of interest although for chemical reactor design it is as important as the deterministic process
in this case the stage r operating with conditions af transforms the state of the stream from af to af but only the probability distribution of af is known
this is specified by a distribution function af such that the probability that af lies in some region d of the stage space is af
we cannot now speak of maximizing the value of the objective function since this function is now known only in a probabilistic sense
we can however maximize its expected value
for a single stage we may define af where the maximization is by choice of af
we thus have an optimal policy which maximizes the expected value of the objective function for a given af
if we consider a process in which the outcome of one stage is known before passage to the next then the principle of optimality shows that the policy in subsequent stages should be optimal with respect to the outcome of the first
then af the maximization being over all admissible af and the integration over the whole of stage space
the type of presentation of results used in the deterministic process may be used here except that now the fourth column is redundant
the third column gives the optimal policy but we must wait to see the outcome of stage r and enter the preceding section of the table at this state
the discussion of the optimal policy when the outcome of one stage is known before passing to the next is a very much more difficult matter
#.# the continuous deterministic process
in many cases it is possible to divide the process into a finite number of discrete stages since the state of the stream is transformed in a continuous manner through the process
we replace r the number of the stage from the end of the process by t a continuous variable which measures the distance of the point considered from the end of the process
the word distance is used here in a rather general sense
it may in fact be the time that will elapse before the end of the process
if t is the total length of the process its feed state may be denoted by a vector p(t) and the product state by p(q)
p denotes the state at any point t and q the vector of operating variables there
a gyro-stabilized platform system using restrained gyros is well suited for automatic leveling because of the characteristics of the gyro-platform-servo combination
the restrained gyro-stabilized platform with reasonable response characteristics operates with an approximate equation of motion neglecting transient effects as follows af where u is a torque applied about the output axis of the controlling gyro
the platform angle **yf is the angle about which the gyro is controlling
this is normally termed the gyro input axis ##-degrees away from the gyro output or **yj axis
the gyro angular momentum is defined by h
thus if the gyro and platform-controller combination maintains the platform with zero angular deviation about the **yf axis the system can be rotated with an angular velocity af if a torque is supplied to the gyro output axis aj
it is assumed that the gyros are designed with electrical torquers so that a torque can be applied about their output axes
in the system shown in fig. #-# the accelerometer output is amplified and the resulting voltage is applied to the gyro output-axis torquer
this torque causes the entire system to rotate about the **yf axis since the response to af
if the polarities are correct the platform rotates in such a direction as to reduce the accelerometer output to zero
as the accelerometer output is decreasing the torque applied to the gyro output axis decreases and therefore the rate decreases
finally when the accelerometer output is zero the entire system remains stationary and the platform is by definition leveled
a mathematical block diagram for the leveling system is shown in fig. #-#
the platform is initially off level by the angle aj
the angle generated by the platform servo **yf multiplied by g is the effective acceleration acting on the accelerometer
af is the scale factor of the accelerometer af
the voltage af is amplified by af and applied to the gyro torquer with scale factor af
finally the gyro-stabilized platform characteristic is represented by af
the system as indicated in fig. #-# is fundamental and simple because the transient effects of both the platform servo and the accelerometer have been neglected
with these factors included an upper limit is placed on the allowable loop gain by stability considerations
in this type of system a high loop gain is desirable because it provides a fast response time
when the frequency response characteristics of practical components are considered their effect on stability does present the most serious limit on the system loop gain
the time required for the system to reach a level position is approximately inversely proportional to the servo loop gain
in addition the cutoff frequency for input accelerations is approximately proportional to the servo loop gain
i.e. high loop gain causes the system to respond to horizontal components of accelerations
this problem usually determines the lower limit of loop gain rather than response time
it must be noticed in fig. #-# that the accelerometer responds to any input acceleration
the equation relating input acceleration to output platform angle is af
in practice the preflight leveling process takes place with the system mounted in the airframe
when the system is arranged for automatic leveling the platform angles respond to any horizontal components of acceleration acting on the accelerometers
there are many such components of acceleration present due to the effect of wind gusts engine noise turbulence around the vehicle etc.
one of the greatest problems associated with automatic leveling is establishing a true level in the presence of high-level acceleration noise
one solution to the problem is to operate with a low loop gain and to include low-pass filters
this technique causes the system to respond only to low frequency acceleration components such as the platform tilt
since a lower loop gain and low-pass filtering increases the response time a practical compromise must be reached
one of the most desirable solutions is achieved by the use of a non-linear amplifier for af
the amplifier is designed so that its gain is large for accelerometer signals above a certain threshold level
below this level the amplifier gain af is proportional and is of small value in order to provide adequate noise filtering
the effect is that the platform returns from an off-level position at a rapid rate until it is nearly level at which point the platform is controlled by a proportional servo with low enough frequency response so that the noise has little effect on the leveling process
when the system is on automatic leveling the gyro drift is canceled by the output of the leveling system amplifier af
the platform actually tilts off level so that the accelerometer output when amplified by af will supply the correct current to the gyro torquer to cancel the gyro drift
the amount of platform dip required depends upon the scale factors of the system
practical leveling considerations .
the automatic leveling system described in this section is readily adaptable to a gyro-stabilized platform consisting of three integrating gyros
the system requires some switching of flight equipment circuits
however the leveling operation can be maintained and controlled remotely with no mechanical or optical contact with the platform
this leveling system will hold the platform on-level automatically as long as the system is actuated
a useful by-product of this system is that the information necessary to set the gyro drift biases is available from the currents necessary to hold the system in level
the leveling process can be accomplished manually and the results are as satisfactory as those obtained with automatic equipment
the process consists in turning the platform manually until the outputs of both accelerometers are zero
the turning is accomplished by applying voltage to the gyro torquers described above
in brief the human replaces amplifier af in figs. #-# and #-#
manual leveling requires an appropriate display of the accelerometer outputs
if high accuracy is required in preflight leveling it is usually necessary to integrate or doubly integrate the accelerometer outputs this also minimizes the noise problem
with integration the effect of a small acceleration or small platform tilt angle can be seen after a time
however skill is required on the part of an operator to level a platform to any degree of accuracy
also it requires more time as compared to the automatic approach
manual leveling is inconvenient if the platform must be maintained accurately level for any prolonged period of time
the operator must continually supply the correct amount of turning current to the gyro torquers so that the effect of gyro drift is canceled
this process is especially difficult since gyro drifting is typically random
platform heading consists of orienting the sensitive axis of the accelerometers parallel to the desired coordinate system of the navigator
in simpler terms it amounts to pointing the platform in the proper direction
for purely inertial navigators two techniques are available to accomplish the platform heading use of external or surveying equipment to establish proper heading
use of the characteristics of the platform components for an indication of true heading
the choice of the heading technique is dependent upon the accuracy requirements field conditions and the time available to accomplish the heading
external determination of heading -- surveying technique .
with the gyro-stabilized platform leveled it can be headed in the proper direction by using surveying techniques
the platform accelerometers must be slightly modified for this procedure
before the accelerometers are mounted on the platform the direction of their sensitive axis must be accurately determined
a mirror is mounted on each accelerometer so that the plane of the mirror is perpendicular to the sensitive axis of the unit
a precision transit is set up so that it is aligned with respect to true north
this can be done to a high degree of accuracy by existing surveying techniques
with the transit set up a mirror on one of the accelerometers is sighted and the platform is turned until it is aligned
the sighting procedure includes the use of a fixture for the transit to project a beam of light which is darkened by crossed hairs on the accelerometer mirror
when the platform is aligned the reflected image of the crossed hairs can be seen exactly superimposed upon the original crossed hairs
the images can easily be aligned with a high degree of accuracy
the platform is turned as required by supplying currents to the appropriate gyro torquers
although this technique is simple and satisfactory one practical difficulty does exist the direction of true north must be known for each launch point
however this difficulty is too serious if it is realized that a surveying team can establish a true north base line with a few days' work
in many installations the inertial platform is raised off the ground a considerable height when it is mounted in the vehicle before flight
with this situation it is difficult to sight in on the platform with surveying equipment
if the platform is too high off the ground a transit can be mounted on a stand to raise it up to the platform
obviously the heading accuracy is lessened by such techniques since errors are introduced because of motion of the stand
the transit can be replaced by an autocollimator
this instrument provides an electrical signal proportional to the angular deviations of the platform and can be used to automatically hold the platform on true heading
the electrical signal from the autocollimator is amplified and supplied to the z-gyro torquer
if the polarity is correct the platform will turn until the heading error angle is zero
information is also available from this autocollimator system to set the drift bias for the z-axis gyro
if the z gyro is drifting a current generated by the autocollimator is delivered to the gyro torquer to cancel the drift
if the drift error is systematic it can be canceled with a bias circuit which can be arranged and adjusted to supply the required compensating current
electrical pickoffs .
it is possible to locate an angular electrical pickoff which will indicate the angular deviation between the true heading direction and the platform
essentially the stator or reference portion of the pickoff is established with respect to the true heading direction and the platform is turned either manually or automatically until the angular electrical pickoff signal is reduced to zero
gyrocompass alignment is an automatic heading system which depends upon the characteristic of one gyro to establish true heading
for the case of a purely inertial autonavigator consisting of three restrained gyros a coordinate system is used where the sensitive axis of the x accelerometer is parallel to the east-west direction at the base point and the y accelerometer sensitive axis is parallel to the north-south direction at the base point
the accelerometers are mounted rigidly on the platform
thus if one accelerometer is properly aligned the other is also
the input axis of the appropriate gyros are parallel to the sensitive direction of the accelerometers
figure #-# shows a platform system with the gyro vectors arranged as described above
the platform is leveled and properly headed so that the x-gyro input axis is parallel to the east-west direction and the y-gyro input axis is parallel to the north-south direction
the input axis of the x gyro when pointing in the east-west direction is always perpendicular to the spin axis of earth
if the platform is properly headed the x-gyro input axis will see a component of the earth 's rotation
the sensing of this rotation by the x gyro can be utilized to direct the platform into proper heading
in fig. #-# the input axis of the three-axis platform is shown at some point on the earth
the point is at a latitude **yl and the platform is at an error in heading east
the earth is spinning at an angular velocity **zq equal to one revolution per ## hr.
when the platform is level **ye is a rotation about the z axis of the platform af
since the earth is rotating and the unleveled gyro-stabilized platform is fixed with respect to a reference in space an observer on the earth will see the platform rotating with respect to the earth
scotty did go back to school
his parents talked seriously and lengthily to their own doctor and to a specialist at the university hospital mr. mckinley was entitled to a discount for members of his family and it was decided it would be best for him to take the remainder of the term off spend a lot of time in bed and for the rest do pretty much as he chose provided of course he chose to do nothing too exciting or too debilitating
his teacher and his school principal were conferred with and everyone agreed that if he kept up with a certain amount of work at home there was little danger of his losing a term
scotty accepted the decision with indifference and did enter the arguments
he was discharged from the hospital after a two-day checkup and he and his parents had what mr. mckinley described as a celebration lunch at the cafeteria on the campus
rachel wore a smart hat and because she had been warned recently about smoking puffed at her cigarettes through a long ivory holder stained with lipstick
scotty 's father sat sprawled in his chair angular alert as a cricket looking about at the huge stainless-steel appointments of the room with an expression of proprietorship
teachers men who wore brown suits and had gray hair and pleasant smiles came to their table to talk shop and to be introduced to scotty and rachel
rachel was polite scotty indifferent
they ate the cafeteria food with its orange sauces and scotty gazed without interest at his food the teachers the heroic baronial windows and the bright ranks of college banners
his father tried to make the food a topic
the blueberry pie is good scotty
i recommend it
he looked at his son his face worried
scotty murmured no thanks so softly his father had to bend his gaunt height across the table and turn a round brown ear to him
scotty regarded the ear and the grizzled hair around it with a moment of interest
he said more loudly i'm full old pop
he had eaten almost nothing on the crested three-sectioned plate and had drunk about half the milk in its paper container
he 's all right craig rachel said
i can fix him something later in the afternoon when we get home
since his seizure scotty had had little appetite
yet his changed appearance surprisingly was one of plumpness
his face was fuller
his lips and the usually sharp lines of his jaw had become swollen-looking
he breathed now with his mouth open showing a whitely curving section of lower teeth
he kept his eyes with their puffed blurred lids always lowered though apparently focusing
even his neck seemed thicker and therefore shorter
his hands which had been as quick as a pair of fluttering birds were now neither active nor really relaxed
they lay on his lap palms up stiffly motionless the tapered fingers a little thick at the joints
altogether he had since the seizure the appearance of a boy who overindulged in food and took no exercise
he looked lazy spoiled a little querulous
rachel had little to say
she greeted her husband 's colleagues with smiling politeness offering nothing
mr. mckinley for all his sprawling and his easy familiarity was completely alert to his son eyes always on the still face jumping to anticipate scotty 's desires
it was a strained silent lunch
rachel said i'd better get him to bed
the doctors had suggested scotty remain most of every afternoon in bed until he was stronger
since mr. mckinley had to give a lecture rachel and scotty drove home alone in the plymouth
they did speak much
scotty gazed out at ugly gray slums and said softly look at those stupid kids
it was a negro section of peeling row houses store-front churches and ragged children
rachel had to bend toward scotty and ask him to repeat
he said nothing
and then there are lots of kids around here
scotty looked at the children his mouth slightly opened his eyes dull
he felt tired and full and calm
the days seemed short perhaps because his routine was each day almost the same
he rose late and went down in his bathrobe and slippers to have breakfast either alone or with rachel
virginia treated him with attention and tried to tempt his appetite with special food biscuits cookies candies the result of devoted hours in the tiled kitchen
she would hover over him and looking like her brother anxiously watch the progress of scotty 's fork or spoon
you don't eat enough honey
try to get that down
rachel observing would say he has to rediscover his own capacity
it'll take time
virginia and rachel talked to each other quietly now as allies who are political rather than natural might in a war atmosphere
both watched scotty constantly rachel without seeming to virginia openly her eyes filled with concern
scotty was neutral
he did resent their supervision or virginia 's sometimes tiring sympathy
he ate what he felt like slept as much or as little as he pleased and moved about the draughty rooms of the house when he was in bed with slow dubious steps like an elderly tourist in a cathedral
his energy was gone
he was able now to sit for hours in a chair in the living room and stare out at the bleak yard without moving
his hands lay loosely yet stiffly they were like wax hands almost lifelike quite folded in his lap
his mouth hung slightly open
when he was asked a question or addressed in such a way that some response was inescapable he would answer
if as often happened he had to repeat because he had spoken too softly he would repeat his words in the same way without emphasis or impatience only a little louder
he had mentioned kate
he had even thought about her much except once or twice at night in bed when his slowly ranging thoughts would abruptly almost accidentally encounter her
at these times he felt a kind of pain in his upper chest but it was an objective pain in no way different from others in intensity and different in kind
it was like the bandaged wound on the back of his head which occasionally throbbed
it was merely another part of his weakness
he was calm drugged and lazy
he did care
rachel mentioned kate
she said i notice the girl from across the street hasn't bothered to phone or visit
scotty said that 's all right
kate 's all right
he thought about it briefly then deliberately turned the talk to something else
once sitting at the front window in his parents' room he saw kate come out of her house
she was with elizabeth
they were far off and looked tiny
the heavy branches in his front yard would hide and then reveal them
they turned at the bottom of kate 's steps and moved off in the direction of the park
he thought he saw it awakened and for a moment interested him that elizabeth held a leash in her hand and that a round fuzzy puppy was on the end of the leash
then they disappeared and scotty got up and went into his own room and got into bed
by the time he was under the covers he had forgotten about seeing kate
the doctor since scotty was no longer allowed to make his regular trips into town to see him came often and informally to the house
he would sit slim-waisted and spare on the edge of scotty 's bed his legs crossed so elaborately that the crossed foot could tap the floor
scotty did mind the doctor 's unsmiling teasing as he used to
husky young man he said with mock distaste
i imagine you're always battling in school
i don't go to school any more
the doctor had to bend close to hear
his delicate hand as veined as a moth 's wing rested absently on scotty 's chest
scotty said the same words more loudly
well we're taking a little vacation that 's all
he turned unsmilingly to rachel
i think by the end of next week he could get out in the air a little
he could now but the weakness is very definite
it would exhaust him further and unnecessarily
he'll be stronger soon
his stethoscope was on the table by scotty 's bed and he picked it up and wagged it at scotty
he said fussily just keep the cap on those strong emotions
the stethoscope glinted silver in the darkening room
i'll drop by again in a few days
rachel stayed on after the doctor had gone
she smoothed the covers on scotty 's bed and picked things up from the floor
she did touch him
scotty watched with disinterest
he did speak
he had no desire to
she said do you think you'll miss school
he had noticed how formal and irritably exact rachel had grown
he did care
he felt her irritability did concern him yet he knew he would care even if it did
he shook his head
we've had any number of calls about you
you could win a popularity contest at that school without any trouble
miss estherson called twice
she wants to pay you a visit
she says the children miss you
apparently you were the light of their lives
scotty shrugged slightly
rachel came close to the bed bent as if she would kiss him then moved away
she was frowning
that doctor annoys me
she seemed to speak to herself
do you suppose his self-consciousness is characteristic of the new negro professionals or merely of doctors in general
she turned to him again
well mrs. charles sally has phoned too
she was very worried
rachel 's tone was dry
she didn't really say she glanced away at the floor then swooped gracefully and picked up one of scotty 's slippers
i mean do you feel like seeing kate
scotty said i don't know
it was true
there was the slight pain but it was no different from the throbbing in his head
well there 's time in any case
we'll wait till you're stronger and then talk about it
she put the slipper neatly by its mate at the foot of the bed
scotty said okay
this time rachel kissed him lightly on the forehead
scotty was pleased
his father was a constant visitor
scotty would hear the front door in the evening and then his father 's deep slow voice
it floated up the stairs
and rachel 's or virginia 's reply better
he 's getting plenty of rest
is his appetite improved
or does he get exercise
the exchange was almost invariable and scotty in his bed could hear every word of it
he never smiled
it required an energy he no longer possessed to be satirical about his father
his father would come upstairs and stand self-consciously at the foot of the bed and look at his son
after a pause during which he studied scotty 's face as if scotty were there and could study him too mr. mckinley would ask the same questions he had asked downstairs
scotty would reply softly and his father apologetically would ask him to repeat
i'm eating more he would say
or i walk around the house a lot
perhaps you should get out a little
i'm supposed to yet
he was irritated
he did mind the useless kindly questions
he looked at the lined face with vague interest
he felt he was noting it as if it were something he might think about when he grew stronger
mr. mckinley examined everything with critical care seeking something material to blame for his son 's illness
have you got enough blankets
and another time without accusation you never wore that scarf i bought you
where their sharp edges seemed restless as sea waves thrusting themselves upward in angry motion papa-san sat glacier-like his smooth solidity his very immobility defying all the turmoil about him
our objective the colonel had said that day of the briefing is papa-san
there the objective sat brooding over all
gouge burn blast insult it as they would could anyone really take papa-san
between the ponderous hulk and himself in the valley over which papa-san reigned men had hidden high explosives booby traps and mines
the raped valley was a pregnant womb awaiting abortion
on the forward slope in front of his own post stretched two rows of barbed wire
at the slope 's base coils of concertina stretched out of eye range like a wild tangle of children 's hoops stopped simultaneously weirdly poised as if awaiting the magic of the child 's touch to start them all rolling again
closer still regular barricades of barbed wire hung on timber supports
was it all vain labor
who would clean up the mess when the war was over
smiling at his quixotic thoughts warren turned back from the opening and lit a cigarette before sitting down
tonight a group of men tomorrow night he himself would go out there somewhere and wait
if he were to go with white he would be out there two days just listening in the dark at some point between here and papa-san but moving ever deeper into enemy land behind papa-san itself
was this what he had expected
he hadn't realized that there would be so much time to think so many lulls
somehow he had forgotten what he must have been told that combat was an intermittent activity
now he knew that the moment illuminated by the vision on the train would have to be approached
it could take place tomorrow night or it might occur months from now
there was just too much time
time to become afraid
white 's suggestion flattered but he did like the identity
he did spill over with hatred for the enemy
he hadn't even seen him yet
pressing his cigarette out in the earth warren walked to the slit and scanned the jagged hills
he saw no life but still stood there for a time peering at the unlovely hills his gaze continually returning to papa-san
he had come here in order to test himself
while most of his beliefs were still unsettled he knew that he did believe in killing
yet he was here
he had come because he could live out his life feeling that he had been a coward
there were ten men on the patrol which sergeant prevot led out that next night
the beaming rok was carrying a thirty-caliber machine gun
another man lugged the tripod and a box of ammunition
warren and white each carried in addition to their own weapons and ammo a box of ammo for the rok 's machine gun
others carried extra clips for the browning automatic rifle which was in the hands of a little mexican named martinez
prevot had briefed the two new men that afternoon
we just sit quiet and wait prevot had said
be sure the man nearest you is awake
if joe doesn't show up we'll all be back here at #### hours
otherwise we hold a reception
then we pull out under our mortar and artillery cover but nobody pulls out until i say so
remember what i said about going out to get anybody left behind
that still holds
we bring back all dead and wounded
at #### hours they had passed through the barbed wire at the point of departure
then began the journey through their own mine fields
ours were kinder than theirs some said
they set bouncing betties to jump and explode at testicle level while we more mercifully had them go off at the head
big ones and little
the crude wooden boxes of the enemy our nicely turned gray metal disks
but theirs defied the detectors
a foot misplaced a leg missing
all sizes big ones some wired to set off a whole field little ones hand grenade size
booby traps to fill the head with chunks of metal
warren tried to shake off the jumble of his fears by looking at the sky
it was dark
prevot had said that the searchlights would be bounced off the clouds at #### hours which gives us time to get settled in position
because they were new men and to be sure that they didn't get lost prevot had placed warren and white in the center of the patrol as it filed out
his eyes now fixed on white 's solid figure warren could hear behind him the tread of another
he could also hear the stream which he had seen from his position
they were going to follow it for part of their journey
it 's safe prevot had said and it provides cover for our noise
soon they were picking their way along the edge of the stream which glowed in the night
on their right rose the embankment covered with brush and trees
if a branch extended out too far each man held it back for the next and if they met a low overhang each warned the other
thus stealthily they advanced upstream
then they turned to the right climbed the embankment and walked into the valley again
there was no cover here only grass sighing against pant-legs
and with each sigh like a whip in the hand of an expert the grass stripped something from warren
the gentle whir of each footstep left him more naked than before until he felt his unprotected flesh tremble chilled by each new sound
the shapes of the men ahead of him lacked solidity as if the whip had stripped them of their very flesh
the dark forms moved like mourners on some nocturnal pilgrimage their dirge unsung for want of vocal chords
the warped broken trees in the valley assumed wraith-like shapes
clumps of brush that they passed were so many enchained demons straining in anger to tear and gnaw on his bones
looming over all papa-san leered down at him threatening a hundred hidden malevolencies
off in the distance a searchlight flashed on its beam slashing the sky
the sharp ray was absorbed by a cloud then reflected to the earth in a softer diffused radiance
somewhere over there another patrol had need of light
warren thought of all the men out that night who like himself had left their protective ridge and fear working at their guts picked their way into the area beyond
from the east to the west coast of the korean peninsula was a strip of land in which fear-filled men were at that same moment furtively crawling through the night sitting in sweaty anticipation of any movement or sound or shouting amidst confused rifle flashes and muzzle blasts
white 's arm went up and warren raised his own
the patrol was stopping
prevot came up
take that spot over there he whispered pointing to a small clump of blackness
give me your machine gun ammo
warren handed him the metal box and prevot quietly disappeared down the line
lying in the grass behind the brush clump warren looked about
the others likewise had hidden themselves in the grass and the brush
over his shoulder he could see prevot with the machine gun crew
even at this short distance they were only vague shapes setting up the machine gun on a small knoll so that it could fire above the heads of the rest of the patrol
warren eased his rifle 's safety off and gently slowly sneaked another clip of ammunition from one of the cloth bandoleers that marked the upper part of his body with an aj
this he placed within quick reach
the walk and his fears had served to overheat him and his sweaty armpits cooled at the touch of the night air
although the armored vest fitted the upper part of his body snugly he felt no security
figures seemed to crouch in the surrounding dark
in the distance he saw a band of men who seemed to advance and retreat even as he watched
certain this menace was only imaginary he yet stared in fascinated horror his hand sticky against the stock of his weapon
he was aware of insistent inner beatings as if prisoners within sought release from his rigid body
above the glowing ivory baton of their searchlight pointed at the clouds diluting the valley 's dark to a pallid light
then the figures which held his attention became a group of shattered trees standing like the grotesques of a medieval damnation scene
even so he could ease the tension of his body
the rough surface of the earth itself seemed to resist every attempt on his part to relax
sensing the unseen presence of the other men in the patrol he felt mutely united to these nine near-strangers sharing this pinpoint of being with him
he sensed something precious in the perilous moment something akin to the knowledge gained on his bicycle trip through the french countryside a knowledge imprisoned in speechlessness
in france he had puzzled the meaning of the great stone monuments men had thrown up to the sky and always as he wandered he felt a stranger to their exultation
they were poems in a strange language of which he could barely touch a meaning enough to make his being ache with the desire for the fullness he sensed there
brittany that stone-gray mystery through which he traveled for thirty days sleeping in the barns of farmers or alongside roads had worked some subtle change in him he knew and it was in brittany that he had met pierre
pierre had no hands
they had been severed at the wrists
with leather cups fitted in his handlebars he steered his bicycle
he and warren had traveled together for four days
they visited the shipyards at brest and pierre had to sign the register vouching for the integrity of the visiting foreigner
he took the pen in his stumps and began to write
cried the guard who ran from the hut to shout to other men standing about outside
they crowded the small room and peered over one another 's shoulders to watch the handless man write his name in the book
c'est formidable they exclaimed
and then the questions came eager interested questions and many compliments on his having overcome his infirmity
doesn't it ever bother you warren had asked to have people always asking you about your hands
oh the french are a very curious people pierre had laughed
they are also honest seekers after truth
now the english are painfully silent about my missing hands
they refuse to mention or to notice that they are there
the americans like yourself take the fact for granted try to be helpful but don't ask questions
i'm used to all three but i think the french have the healthiest attitude
that was the day that pierre had told warren about the abbey of solesmes
you are looking tired and there you can rest
it will be good for you
i think too he said his dark eyes mischievous that you will find there some clue to the secret of the cathedrals about which you have spoken
within two weeks warren was ringing the bell at the abbey gate
the monk who opened the door immediately calmed his worries about his reception i speak english the old man said but i do hear it very well
he smiled and stuck a large finger with white hairs sprouting on it into his ear as though that might help
smiling at warren 's protestations the old monk took his grip from him and led him down a corridor to a small parlor
will you please wait in here
mickie sat over his second whisky-on-the-rocks in a little bar next to the funeral parlor on pennsylvania avenue
al 's little cafe was small dark narrow and filled with the mingled scent of beer tobacco smoke and italian cooking
hanging over the bar was an oil painting of a nude al had accepted from a student at the corcoran gallery who needed to eat and drink and was broke
the nude was small and black-haired and elfin and was called eloise
this was one place where moonan could go for a drink in a back booth without anyone noticing him or at least coming up and hanging around and wanting to know all the low-down
the other patrons were taxi drivers and art students and small shopkeepers
the reporters had yet discovered that this was his hideaway
his friend jane was with him
she was wise enough to realize a man could be good company even if he did weigh too much and didn't own the mint
she was the widow of a writer who had died in an airplane crash and mickie had found her a job as head of the historical section of the treasury
this meant sorting out press clippings and the like
jane sat receptive and interested
mickie had a pleasant glow as he said you see both of them i mean the president and jeff lawrence are romantics
a romantic is one who thinks the world is divinely inspired and all he has to do is find the right key and then divine justice and altruism will appear
it 's like focusing a camera
the distant ship isn't there until you get the focus
you know what i'm talking about
i'm sure all girls feel this way about men until they live with them
but when it comes to war the colonel knows what it is and jeff doesn't
mr. christiansen knows that a soldier will get the distinguished service medal for conduct that would land him in prison for life or the electric chair as a civilian
he had a mean unbroken sheer bastard in his outfit and someone invented the name trig for him
that 's to say he was trigger happy
he'd shoot at anything if it was the rear end of a horse or his own sentry
he was a wiry inscrutable silent country boy from the red clay of rural alabama and he spoke with the broad drawl that others normally make fun of
but in front of trig
i heard of some that tried it back in the states and he'd knock them clear across the room
there'd been a pretty bad incident back at the marine base
a new york kid a refugee from one of the harlem gangs made fun of trig 's accent and drew a knife
before the fight was over the harlem boy had a concussion and trig was cut up badly
they caught trig stealing liquor from the officers' mess and he got a couple of girls in trouble
the fear of punishment just didn't bother him
it wasn't there
it was left out of him at birth
this is why he made such a magnificent soldier
he wasn't troubled with the ordinary rank-and-file fear that overcomes and paralyzes and sends individual soldiers and whole companies under fire running in panic
it just didn't occur to trig that anything serious would happen to him
do you get the picture of the kind of fellow he was
jane nodded with a pleasant smile
there was a sniper 's nest in a mountain cave and it was picking off our men with devilish accuracy
the colonel ordered that it be wiped out and i suggested you ask for volunteers and promise each man on the patrol a quart of whisky ten dollars and a week-end pass to davao
trig was one of the five volunteers
the patrol snaked around in back of the cave approached it from above and dropped in suddenly with wild howls
you could hear them from our outpost
there was a lot of shooting
we knew the enemy was subdued because a flare was fired as the signal
so we hurried over
two of our men were killed a third was wounded
trig and a very black colored boy from detroit had killed or put out of action ten guerrillas by grenades and hand-to-hand fighting
when we got there trig and the negro were quarreling over possession of a gold crucifix around the neck of a wounded filipino
the colored boy had it and trig lunged at him with a knife and said give that to me you black bastard
we don't 'low nigras to walk on the same sidewalk with white men where i come from
the negro got a bad slice on his chest from the knife wound
what did the colonel do about the men
jane asked in her placid interested way
he recommended both of them for the dsm and the detroit fellow for the purple heart too for a combat-inflicted wound
so you see mr. christiansen knows what it 's all about
but jeff lawrence
when he was in the war he was in law or supplies or something like that and an old buddy of his told me he would come down on sundays to the pentagon and read the citations for medals just like the one we sent in for trig and go away with a real glow
these were heroes nine feet tall to him
jefferson lawrence was alone at the small perfectly appointed table by the window looking out over the river
he had dinner and sat there over his coffee watching the winding pattern of traffic as it crossed the bridge and spread out like a serpent with two heads
beside him was mrs. dalloway
he thought how this dainty fragile older woman threading her way through the streets of westminster on a day in june enjoying the flowers in the shops the greetings from old friends but never really drawing a deep passionate breath was so like himself
he and mrs. dalloway too had never permitted themselves the luxury of joys that dug into the bone marrow of the spirit
he had because he was both poor and ambitious
poverty imposes a kind of chastity on the ambitious
they cannot stop to grasp and embrace and sit in the back seat of cars along a dark country lane
no they must look the other way and climb one more painful step up the ladder
he made the decision with his eyes open or so he thought
at any cost he must leave the dreary pennsylvania mining town where his father was a pharmacist
and so he had so he had
at state college he had no time to walk among the violets on the water 's edge
from his room he could look out in springtime and see the couples hand in hand walking slowly deliciously across the campus and he could smell the sweet vernal winds
he was stone
he was unmoved
he had to teach himself patiently that these traps were for him
he must mentally pull the blinds and close the window so that all that existed was in the books before him
at law school the same
more of this stamping down of human emotion as a young lawyer in new york
by the time he was prosperous enough his goals were high he was bald and afraid of women
the only one who would have him was his cripple the strange unhappy woman who became his wife
perhaps it was right
perhaps it was just
he had dared to defy nature to turn his back to the lorelei and he was punished
like mrs. dalloway with her regrets about peter walsh he had his moments of melancholy over a youth too well spent
if he had had a son he would tell him gather ye rosebuds while ye may this same flower that smiles today tomorrow will be dying
but then his son could afford it
lawrence was waiting for bill boxell
the vice president had called and asked if he could see the secretary at his home
he said the matter was urgent
the secretary was uneasy about the visit
he did like boxell
he suspected something underhanded and furtive about him
lawrence could put his finger on it precisely and this worried him
when you disliked or distrusted a man you should have a reason
human nature was a piece of meat you could tell was bad by its smell
lawrence stared a minute at the lighted ribbon of traffic hoping that a clue to his dislike of the vice president would appear
therefore he decided he was unfair to the young man and should make an effort to understand and sympathize with his point of view
a half hour later the vice president arrived
he looked very carefully at every piece of furnishing as though hoping to store this information carefully in his mind
he observed the florentine vase in the hall the renoir painting in the library as well as the long shelves of well-bound volumes
the pattern of the oriental rug the delicate cut-glass chandelier
he said to the secretary i understand you came from a little pennsylvania town near wilkes-barre
how did you find out about this
he waved his arm around at the furnishings
it was a discourteous question lawrence decided
this young man had so little time to learn he had to be curious
he had to find out
the secretary did tell him at what cost at what loneliness he learned these things
he merely said any good decorator these days can make you a tasteful home
the vice president said if you hear of any names that would fix me cheap in return for advertising they decorated the vice president 's home let me know
i can do business with that kind
again lawrence thought a little sadly these were the fees of poverty and ambition
boxell did have the chance to grow up graciously
he had to acquire everything he was going to get in four years
they had brandy in the library
boxell looked at lawrence with a searching glance the kind that a prosecuting attorney would give a man on trial
what are your weaknesses
where will you break
how best to destroy your peace
the vice president said with a slight bluster there isn't anyone who loves the president more than i do
old chris is my ideal
at the same time you have to face facts and realize that a man who 's been in the marine corps all his life doesn't understand much about politics
what does a monk know about sex
lawrence listened with the practiced deceptive calm of the lawyer but his face was in the shadow
so we have to protect the old man for his own good
you see what i mean
congress is full of politicians and if you want to get along with them you have to be politic
this is why i say we just can't go ahead and disarm the germans and pull down our own defenses
let me tell you what happened to me today
a fellow came up to me a senator i don't have to tell you his name and he told me i love the president like a brother but god damn it he 's crucifying me
i've got a quarter of a million germans in my state and those krautheads tune in on father werther every night and if he tells them to go out and piss in the public square that 's what they do
he 's telling them now to write letters to their congressmen opposing the disarmament of germany
and another one comes to me and he says look here there 's a mill in my state employs five thousand people making uniforms for the navy
the bishop looked at him coldly and said take it or leave it
literally there was nothing else to do
he was caught in a machine
but sojourner was easily excited or upset and said quite calmly let 's go and see what it 's like
annisberg was about seventy-five miles west of birmingham near the georgia border and on the tallahoosa river a small and dirty stream
the city was a center of manufacture especially in textiles and also because of the beauty of some of its surroundings a residence for many owners of the great industries in north alabama
but it had as was usual in southern cities of this sort a black bottom a low region near the river where the negroes lived servants and laborers huddled together in a region with no sewage save the river where streets and sidewalks were neglected and where there was much poverty and crime
wilson came by train from birmingham and looked the city over
the rather pleasant white city was on the hill where the chief stores were
beyond were industries and factories
then they went down to black bottom
in the midst of this crowded region was the allen african methodist episcopal church
it was an old and dirty wooden structure sadly in need of repair
but it was a landmark
it had been there ## years or more and everybody in town black and white knew of it
it had just suffered a calamity the final crisis in a long series of calamities
for the old preacher who had been there twenty-five years was dead and the city mourned him
he was a loud-voiced man once vigorous but for many years now declining in strength and ability
he was stern and overbearing with his flock but obsequious and conciliatory with the whites especially the rich who partly supported the church
the deacon board headed by a black man named carlson had practically taken over as the pastor grew old and had its way with the support of the amen corner
the characteristic thing about this church was its amen corner and the weekly religious orgy
a knot of old worshippers chiefly women listened weekly to a sermon
it began invariably in low tones almost conversational and then gradually worked up to high shrill appeals to god and man
and then the amen corner took hold re-enacting a form of group participation in worship that stemmed from years before the greek chorus spreading down through the african forest overseas to the west indies and then here in alabama
with shout and slow dance with tears and song with scream and contortion the corner group was beset by hysteria and shivering wailing shouting possession of something that seemed like an alien and outside force
it spread to most of the audience and was often viewed by visiting whites who snickered behind handkerchief and afterward discussed negro religion
it sometimes ended in death-like trances with many lying exhausted and panting on chair and floor
to most of those who composed the amen corner it was a magnificent and beautiful experience something for which they lived from week to week
it was often re-enacted in less wild form at the wednesday night prayer meeting
wilson on his first sunday witnessed this with something like disgust
he had preached a short sermon trying to talk man-to-man to the audience to tell them who he was what he had done in macon and birmingham and what he proposed to do here
he sympathized with them on the loss of their old pastor
but then at mention of that name the amen corner broke loose
he had no chance to say another word
at the very end when the audience was silent and breathless a collection was taken and then slowly everyone filed out
the audience did think much of the new pastor and what the new pastor thought of the audience he did dare at the time to say
during the next weeks he looked over the situation
first of all there was the parsonage an utterly impossible place for civilized people to live in originally poorly conceived apparently repaired for years with no plumbing or sewage with rat-holes and rot
it was arranged that he would board in the home of one of the old members of the church a woman named catt who as wilson afterward found was briefly referred to as the cat because of her sharp tongue and fierce initiative
ann catt was a lonely devoted soul never married conducting a spotless home and devoted to her church but a perpetual dissenter and born critic
she soared over the new pastor like an avenging angel lest he stray from the path and know all the truth and gossip of which she was chief repository
then wilson looked over the church and studied its condition
the salary of the pastor had for years been $### annually and even this was in arrears
wilson made up his mind that he must receive at least $#,### but when he mentioned this to the deacons they said nothing
the church itself must be repaired
it was dirty and neglected
it really ought to be rebuilt and he determined to go up and talk to the city banks about this
meanwhile the city itself should be talked to
the streets in the colored section were dirty
there was typhoid and malaria
the children had nowhere to go and no place to play even sidewalks
the school was small dark and ill-equipped
the teacher was a pliant fool
there were two liquor saloons very far from the church one white that is conducted for white people with a side entrance for negroes
the other exclusively negro
undoubtedly there was a good deal of gambling in both
on the other side of the church was a quiet well-kept house with shutters and recently painted
wilson inquired about it
it was called kent house
the deacon of the church carlson was its janitor
one of the leading members of the amen corner was cook
there were two or three colored maids employed there
wilson was told that it was a sort of hotel for white people which seemed to him rather queer
why should a white hotel be set down in the center of black bottom
but nevertheless it looked respectable
he was glad to have it there
the rest of black bottom was a rabbit warren of homes in every condition of neglect disrepair and careful upkeep
dives carefully repaired huts and nicely painted and ornamented cottages were jumbled together cheek by jowl with little distinction
the best could escape from the worst and the worst nestled cosily beside the better
the yards front and back were narrow
some were trash dumps some had flower gardens
behind were privies for there was no sewage system
after looking about a bit wilson discovered beyond black bottom across the river and far removed from the white city a considerable tract of land and it occurred to him that the church and the better negro homes might gradually be moved to this plot
he talked about it to the presiding elder
the presiding elder looked him over rather carefully
he was sure what kind of a man he had in hand
but there was one thing that he had to stress and that was that the contribution to the general church expenses the dollar money had been seriously falling behind in this church and that must be looked after immediately
in fact he intimated clearly that that was the reason that wilson had been sent here to make a larger contribution of dollar money
wilson stressed the fact that clear as this was they must have a better church a more business-like conduct of the church organization and an effort to get this religious center out of its rut of wild worship into a modern church organization
he emphasized to the presiding elder the plan of giving up the old church and moving across the river
the presiding elder was sure that that would be impossible
but he told wilson to go ahead and try
and wilson tried
it did seem impossible
the bank which held the mortgage on the old church declared that the interest was considerably in arrears and the real estate people said flatly that the land across the river was being held for an eventual development for white working people who were coming in and that none would be sold to colored folk
when it was proposed to rebuild the church wilson found that the terms for a new mortgage were very high
he was sure that he could do better if he went to atlanta to get the deal financed
but when this proposal was made to his deacon board he met unanimous opposition
the church certainly would be removed
the very proposition was sacrilege
it had been here fifty years
it was going to stay forever
it was hardly possible to get any argument on the subject
as for rebuilding well that might be looked into but there was no hurry no hurry at all
wilson again went downtown to a different banker an intelligent young white man who seemed rather sympathetic but he shook his head
reverend he said i think you don't quite understand the situation here
don't you see the amount of money that has been invested by whites around that church
tenements stores saloons some gambling i hope too much
the colored people are getting employment at kent house and other places and they are near their places of employment
when a city has arranged things like this you cannot easily change them
now if i were you i would just plan to repair the old church so it would last for five or ten years
by that time perhaps something better can be done
then wilson asked what about this kent house which you mention
i don't understand why a white hotel should be down here
the young banker looked at him with a certain surprise and then he said flatly i'm afraid i can't tell you anything in particular about kent house
you'll have to find out about it on your own
hope to see you again
and he dismissed the colored pastor
it was next day that sojourner came and sat beside him and took his hand
she said my dear do you know what kent house is
no said wilson i don't
i was just asking about it
what is it
it 's a house of prostitution for white men with white girls as inmates
they hire a good deal of local labor including two members of our trustee board
they buy some supplies from our colored grocers and they are patronized by some of the best white gentlemen in town
wilson stared at her
my dear you must be mistaken
talk to mrs. catt she said
and after wilson had talked to mrs. catt and to others he was absolutely amazed
this of course was the sort of thing that used to take place in southern cities putting white houses of prostitution with colored girls in colored neighborhoods and carrying them on openly
but it had largely disappeared on account of protest by the whites and through growing resentment on the part of the negroes as they became more educated and got better wages
but this situation of kent house was more subtle
the wages involved were larger and more regular
the inmates were white and from out of town avoiding local friction
the backing from the white town was greater and there was little publicity
good wages patronage and subscription of various kinds stopped open protest from negroes
and yet wilson knew that this place must go or he must go
and for him to leave this job now without accomplishing anything would mean practically the end of his career in the methodist church if in all churches
payne dismounted in madison place and handed the reins to herold
there was a fog which increased the darkness of the night
two gas lamps were no more than a misleading glow
he might have been anywhere or nowhere
the pretence was that he was delivering a prescription from dr. verdi
secretary of state seward was a sick man
the idea had come from herold who had once been a chemist 's clerk
the sick were always receiving medicines
no one would question such an errand
the bottle was filled up with flour
before payne loomed the old clubhouse seward 's home where key had once been killed
now it would have another death
from the outside it was an ordinary enough house of the gentry
he clomped heavily up the stoop and rang the bell
like the bell at mass the doorbell was pitched too high
it was still good friday after all
a nigger boy opened the door
payne did notice him
he was thinking chiefly of cap
if their schedules were to synchronize there was no point in wasting time
he pushed his way inside
for a moment the hall confused him
this was the largest house he had ever been in almost the largest building except for a hotel
he had no idea where seward 's room would be
in the half darkness the banisters gleamed and the hall seemed enormous
above him somewhere were the bedrooms
seward would be up there
he explained his errand but without bothering much to make it plausible for he felt something well up in him which was the reason why he had fled the army
he did really want to kill but as in the sexual act there was a moment when the impulse took over and could be downed even while you watched yourself giving way to it
he was no longer worried
everything would be all right
he knew that in this mood he could be stopped
still the sensation always surprised him
it was a thrill he felt no part in
he could only watch with a sort of gentle dismay while his body did these quick appalling and efficient things
he brushed by the idiotic boy and lumbered heavily up the stairs
they were carpeted but made for pumps and congress gaiters the great clodhoppers he wore
the sound of his footsteps was like a muffled drum
at the top of the stairs he ran into somebody standing there angrily in a dressing gown
he stopped and whispered his errand
young frederick seward held out his hand
panting a little payne shook his head
dr. verdi had told him to deliver his package in person
frederick seward said his father was sleeping and then went through a pantomime at his father 's door to prove the statement
very well payne said
i will go
he smiled but now that he knew where the elder seward was he did intend to go
he pulled out his pistol and fired it
it made no sound
it had misfired
reversing it he smashed the butt down on frederick seward 's head over and over again
it was the first blow that was always difficult
after that violence was exultantly easy
he got caught up into it and became a different person
only afterwards did an act like that become meaningless so that he would puzzle over it for days whereas at the time it had seemed quite real
the nigger boy fled down the stairs screaming murder
it was murder at all
payne was more methodical than that
he was merely clearing a way to what he had to do
he ran for the sick room found his pistol was broken and threw it away
a knife would do
from childhood he had known all about knives
someone blocked the door from inside
he smashed it in and tumbled into darkness
he saw only dimly moving figures but when he slashed them they yelled and fled
he went for the bed jumped on it and struck where he could repeatedly
it was like finally getting into one 's own nightmares to punish one 's dreams
two men pulled him off
nobody said anything
payne hacked at their arms
there was a lady there in a nightdress
he would have wanted to hurt a lady
another man approached this one fully dressed
when the knife went into his chest he went down at once
i'm mad shouted payne as he ran out into the hall
i'm mad and only wished he had been
that would have made things so much easier
but he was mad
he was only dreaming
he clattered down the stairs and out of the door
somewhere in the fog the nigger boy was still yelling murder
one always wakes up even from one 's own dreams
the clammy air revived him
herold he saw had fled
well one did expect much of people like herold
he unhitched his horse walked it away mounted and spurred it on
the nigger boy was close behind him
then the nigger boy turned back and he was alone
he rode on and on
he had no idea where he was
after some time he came to an open field
an open field was better than a building that was for sure so he dismounted turned off the horse and plunged through the grass
he felt curiously sleepy the world seemed far away
he knew he should get to cap but he didn't know how
he was sure for he had done as he was told hadn't he
cap would find him and take care of him
so choosing a good tree he clambered up into it found a comfortable notch and curled up in it to sleep like the tousled bear he was with his hands across his chest as though surfeited with honey
violence always made him tired but he was frightened
in boston edwin booth was winding up a performance of a new way to pay old debts
it was a part so familiar to him that he did bother to think about it any more
acting soothed him
on a stage he always knew what to do and tonight to judge by the applause he must be doing it better than usual
as sir giles overreach how often had he had to play that part who did believe a word of it he raised his arm and declaimed where is my honour now
that was one of the high spots of the play
the audience as usual loved it
he was delighted to see them so happy
if he had any worries it was only the small ones about mother in new york and his daughter edwina and what she might be doing at this hour with her aunt asia in philadelphia
everyone is ambivalent about his profession if he has practised it long enough but there were still moments when he loved the stage and all those unseen people out there who might cheer you or boo you but that was largely though entirely up to you
they made the world seem friendly somehow though he knew it was
wilkes was quite right about one thing
laura keene had been in the green room
the commotion had brought her into the wings
since she could act one part suited her as well as any other and so she was the first person to offer mr. lincoln a glass of water holding it up to the box high above her head to miss harris who had asked for it
she had been one of the first to collect her wits
it was so much that the shot had stunned the audience as that they had been stunned already
most of them had seen our american cousin before and unless miss keene was on stage there was much to it
the theatre was hot and they were drugged with boredom
the stage had been empty except for harry hawk doing his star monologue
the audience was fond of harry hawk he was a dear in or out of character but he was particularly funny
at the end of the monologue the audience would applaud
meanwhile it looked at the scenery
well i guess i know enough to turn you inside out you sockdologizing old mantrap
said trenchard otherwise hawk
there was always a pause here before the next line
that was when the gun went off
yet even that explosion did mean much
guns were going off all over washington city these days because of the celebrations and the theatre was soundproof
then the audience saw a small dim figure appear at the edge of the presidential box
sic semper tyrannis it said mildly
booth had delivered his line
behind him billowed a small pungent cloud of smoke
they strained forward
they had heard what had been said
they had been sitting too long to be able to stand up easily
the figure leapt from the box almost lost its balance the flag draped there tore in the air the figure landed on its left leg fell on its hands and pressed itself up
harry hawk still had his arm raised towards the wings
his speech faltered
he did lower his arm
the figure was so theatrically dressed that it was as though a character from some other play had blundered into this one
the play for saturday night was to be a benefit performance of the octoroon
this figure looked like the slave dealer from that
but it also looked like a toad hopping away from the light
there was something maimed and crazy about its motion that disturbed them
then it disappeared into the wings
harry hawk had shifted position but he at last lowered his arm
mrs. lincoln screamed
there was no mistaking that scream
it was what anyone who had ever seen her had always expected her to do
yet this scream had a different note in it
that absence of an urgent self-indulgence dashed them awake like a pail of water
clara harris one of the guests in the box stood up and demanded water
her action was involuntary
when something unexpected happened one always asked for water if one were a woman brandy if one were a man
mrs. lincoln screamed again
in the presidential box someone leaned over the balustrade and yelled he has shot the president
that got everybody up
on the stage harry hawk began to weep
laura keene brushed by him with the glass of water
the crowd began to move
in washington city everyone lived in a bubble of plots and one death might attract another
it was exactly panic they gave way to but they could just sit there
the beehive voices for no one could bear silence drowned out the sound of mrs. lincoln 's weeping
at the rear of the auditorium upstairs some men tried to push open the door to the box corridor
it would give
a dr. charles taft clambered up on the stage and got the actors to hoist him up to the box
in the audience a man named ferguson lost his head and tried to rescue a little girl from the mob on the same principle which had led miss harris to demand water
someone opened the corridor door from the inside and called for a doctor
somehow dr. charles leale was forced through the mob and squeezed out into the dingy corridor
he went straight to the presidential box
as usual mrs. lincoln had lost her head but nobody blamed her for doing so now
there was a little blood on the hem of her dress for the assassin had slashed miss harris 's companion major rathbone with a knife
rathbone said he was bleeding to death
by the look of him he wasn't that far gone
with a sneer the man spread his legs and a third time confronted them
once more katie reared and whinnied in fear
for a moment boy and mount hung in midair
stevie twisted and frantically commanded the mare to leap straight ahead
but the stranger was nimbler still
with a bold arm he dared once more to obstruct them
katie reared a third time then trembling descended
the stranger leered
seizing the bridle he tugged with all his might and forced katie to her knees
it was absurd
stevie could feel himself toppling
he saw the ground coming up and the stranger 's head
with incredible ferocity he brought his fists together and struck
the blow encountered silky hair and hard bone
the man uttered a weird cry spun about and collapsed in the sand
katie scrambled to her feet stevie agilely retaining his seat
again katie reared and now wickedly he compelled her to bring her hooves down again and again upon the sprawled figure of the stranger
he could feel his own feet iron-shod striking repeatedly until the body was limp
he gloated and his lips slavered
he heard himself chortling
they rode around and around to trample the figure into the sand
only the top of the head with a spot bare and white as a clamshell remained visible
stevie was shouting triumphantly
a train hooted
instantly he chilled
they were pursuing him
he was frightened
his fists clutched so tightly that his knuckles hurt
then katie stumbled and again he was falling falling
his mother was nudging him but he was still falling
his head hung over the boards of katie 's stall
before it was sprawled the mangled corpse of the bearded stranger
stevie wake up now
we're nearly there
he had been dreaming
he was safe in his mama 's arms
the train had slowed
houses winked as the cars rolled beside a little depot
the trainman called
he came by and repeated po' chavis
startled him awake
the room vibrated as if a giant hand had rocked it
a dull boom and a throbbing echo
the walls bulged the floor trembled the windowpanes rattled
he stared at the far morning expecting a pendulum to swing across the horizon
he raced to the window and yanked at the sash
the wood was old the paint alligatored
a fresh breeze saluted him
he put his head out
there was the slate roof of the church
ivy climbed the red brick walls like a green-scaled monster
the clock which had struck presented an innocent face
in the kitchen mama was wiping the cupboards
there 's a tower and a steeple on the church a million feet high
and the loudest clock in the whole world
i know stephen she smiled
they say that our steeple is one hundred and sixty-two feet high
the clock you heard strike it 's really the town clock was installed last april by mrs. shorter on her birthday
he dressed and sped outdoors
he crossed broome street to orange square
the steeple leaned backward while the church advanced like a headless creature in a long shapeless coat
the spire seemed to hold up the sky
port jervis basking in the foothills was the city of god
the dutch reformed church with two steeples and its own school was on main street
the episcopal church was one block down sussex street
the catholic saint mary 's church with an even taller steeple and a cross on top stood on ball street
the catholics had the largest cemetery near the neversink river where main street ran south
stevie whistled when he passed these alien grounds
god was everywhere in the belfry in the steeple in the clouds in the trees and in the mountains hulking on the horizon
somewhere beyond where shadows lurked must be the yawning pit of which papa preached and the dreadful lake of fire
so walking in awe he became familiar with god who resided chiefly in drew centennial church with its high steeple and clock
there was no church like drew church no preacher like papa who was intimate with him and could consign sinners to hellfire
to know god he must follow in papa 's footsteps
he was fortunate and proud
the veterans idling on their benches in the square beneath the soldiers' monument got to their feet when papa approached morning reverend
his being and his will stevie could divide god from his papa illumined every parish face turned the choir into a band of angels and the pulpit into the tollgate to heaven
we have nine hundred and eleven members in our charge mama announced and three hundred and eighty sunday-school scholars
when papa went out to do god 's work stevie often accompanied him in the buggy which was drawn by violet the new black mare
although they journeyed westerly as far as germantown beyond the erie roundhouse and the machine shop and along the delaware and hudson canal and northward to brooklyn below point peter he could see the church spire wherever he looked back
sometimes they went south and rolled past the tollhouse afternoon reverend
and crossed the suspension bridge to matamoras
that was pennsylvania
in the delaware river three long islands were overgrown with greening trees and underbrush
south of laurel grove cemetery and below the junction of the neversink and the delaware was the tri-state rock from which stevie could spy new jersey and pennsylvania as well as new york simply by spinning around on his heel
on these excursions papa instructed him on man 's chief end which was his duty to god and his own salvation
however a boy 's lively eyes might rove
where cuddleback brook purled into the neversink was a magnificent swimming hole
papa pointed a scornful finger at the splashing youth idle recreation
stevie saw no idols
it troubled him that he couldn't always see what papa saw
he was torn between the excitement in the sun-inflamed waters and a little engine chugging northward on the monticello branch
where you been today
ludie inquired every evening pretending that he did care
he'll make a preacher out of you
no he won't
somebody 's got to be a preacher in the family
he made a will and last testament before we left paterson
i heard them
uncle and aunt howe were the witnesses
will he die
ludie could be hateful
to speak of papa dying was a sin
it could never happen as long as god was alert and the drew steeple stood guard with its peaked lance
stevie was constantly slipping into the church
he pulled with all his strength at the heavy brass-bound door and shuffled along the wainscoted wall
the cold mysterious presence of god was all around him
at the end of a shaft of light the pews appeared to be broad stairs in a long dungeon
far away standing before a curtained window in the study room was his father hands tucked under his coattails and staring into the dark church
the figure was wreathed in an extraordinary luminescence
the boy shuddered at the deathly pale countenance with its wrinkles and gray hair
would papa really die
the mouth was thin-lipped and wide the long cleft in the upper lip like a slide
when papa 's slender fingers removed the spectacles there were red indentations on the bridge of the strong nose
it 's time you began to think on god stephen
perhaps one day he will choose you as he chose me long ago
therefore give him your affection and store up his love for you
open your heart to him and pray stephen pray
for his mercy and his guidance to spare you from evil and eternal punishment in the lake of fire
stevie had heard these words many times yet on each occasion they caused him to tremble
for he feared the lake of fire
he strove to think of god and his eternal wrath
he must pray to be spared
papa was disappointed that none of the brothers had heard the call
george townley or ted certainly ludie
burt was at hackettstown and will at albany law school where they surely could hear it
someday god would choose him
he would hear the call and would run to tell papa
the stern face would relax the black-clad arms would embrace him my son
yet how might he know the call when it came
probably as in scriptures a still small voice would whisper
it would summon him once
if he missed it never again
what if it came when he was playing or was asleep and dreaming
he must fail to hear it
he was papa 's chosen
therefore nothing but good could happen to him even in god 's wrathful storms
when the skies grew dark and thunder rolled across the valley he was unafraid
aggie might fly into a closet shut the door and bury her head in the clothes
he dared to wait for the lightning
lightning could strike you blind if you were a sinner
but he was good
he clenched his fists and faced the terror
barrels tumbled down the mountainsides and bounced and bounced till their own fury split them open
lightning might strike the steeples of the other churches
of drew church
a flash illumined the trees as a crooked bolt twigged in several directions
violet whinnied from the stable
he ran out into the downpour sped across the yard and into the buggy room
don't be afraid violet
he shouted and was aghast at the echoes
don't you be afraid
he would save her
if there was a fire or a flood he would save mama first and violet next
drenched and shaking he stood near the sweet-smelling stall and dared to pat her muzzle
don't you be afraid violet
after the storm the sky cleared blue and cool and fragrant air swept the hills
when the sun came out stevie strode proudly into orange square smiling like a landlord on industrious tenants
the fountain had brimmed over the cannon were wet the soldiers' monument glistened
even before the benches had dried the civil war veterans were straggling back to their places
the great spire shone as if the lightning had polished it
the pointed shadow had nearly touched him
he trailed ludie to the baseball game in the lot on kingston street near the dutch reformed
go on home
ludie screeched at him
someone'll tell papa
no one told on ludie even when he slipped live grasshoppers into the mite-box
ludie did as he pleased
ludie took his slingshot and climbed to the rooftop to shoot at crows
ludie chewed roofer 's tar
ludie had a cigar box full of marbles and shooters and a roman candle from last fourth of july
ludie hopped rides on freight cars and was chased by mr. yankton the railroad guard
he came home overheated ran straight to the ice-chest and gulped shivery cold water
stevie envied him
he too cocked his cap at a jaunty angle jingled marbles in his pocket and swaggered down main street
on the christophers' lawn little girls in white pinafores were playing grownups at a tea party
a newfoundland sat solemnly beside a doghouse half his size
stevie yearned for a dog
he wondered whether god had a dog in the sky
he meandered down pike street past the first national bank with its green window shades
he crossed the tracks to delaware house where ladies in gay dresses and men in straw boaters and waxed mustaches crowded the verandah
a tall lady with a ruffled collar very low on her bosom turned insolent green eyes upon him
she was taller than aggie
she was so beautiful with her rosy mouth and haughty air that she had to be wicked
a piano tinkled
p. j. as ludie called the town was crowded with summer people who came to the mountains to escape the heat in the big cities
they stayed at hotels and boardinghouses or at private homes
rich people went to delaware house opera house american house or fowler house
if the crummy bastard could write
that 's how it should be
it 's those two fucken niggers
krist i wish they could write
he thought of sweet wet nigger pussy
oh sweet land of heaven haint there just nothin like sweet nigger pussy
he thought of her the first one
he had caught her coming out of the shack
she was a juicy one
oh how they bounced
fresh warm sweet and juicy sweet lovin sixteen she was
man how i love nigger pussy
the snow came a little faster now he noted
he thought of joe harris the nigger who had gone after his sister
he chuckled the memory vivid
jee-sus we fixed him
yooee we fixed him
the snow again
if only the fucken weather wasn't so lousy
goddamn niggers lord
what i have to put up with
sonuvabitch i can't figure out what in hell for they went and put niggers in my squad for
only one worth a shit and that 's brandon
he ain't so bad
his thoughts turned to other things
the big shock everybody had when they found ol slater and those others done for
he had been pretty scared himself wondering what the hell was coming off
but he soon saw which way the ball was bouncing
soon came back to his senses
i soon came back to my senses he said aloud to the young blizzard proudly drawing himself up as if making a report to some important superior
i was the first to get my squad on the ball and anybody thinkin it was easy is pretty damn dumb
look at thum
that goddamn redheader was the worst
he kept sayin me me i don't wanta wind up like em
but i told him goddammit
i told him he said aloud they'll get the guys that done it
that'll put the place back to normal
normal by god
maybe it 's a good thing it happened
maybe they'll stop it now once for all
clean the place up
they're doin it now
i hear the whole bunch is croakin out in the snow
they'll get the guys that done it
there was something troubling him though as yet they hadn't five days
prickly twinges of annoyance ran through him
his eyes blinked hard snapping on and squashing some bad things that were trying to push their way into him
a tune began to whirl inside his head
one of his favorites guitar boogie
it always came on faithfully just like a radio or juke box whenever he started to worry too much about something when the bad things tried to push their way into him
the music drove them off or away and he was free to walk on air in a very few moments humming and jiving within beating the rhythm within
he glowed with anticipation about what would happen to the culprits when they caught them
turn the bastards over to me to me and my boys no nigger ever got what would be comin to them reactionary bastards
he had never heard the word reactionary before his life as a pow began
it was a word he was proud of a word that meant much to him and he used it with great pleasure almost as if it were an exclusive possession and more he sensed himself to be very highly educated four cuts above any of the folks back home
four cuts at least he chuckled to himself and i owe it all to them
the word also made him feel hate sincere hate for those so labeled
he used it very effectively when he wanted to get his squad on the ball
it came up again and again in the discussion sessions
lousy reactionary bastards been tryin to fuck up the program for months
hired hard lackeys of the warmongering capitalists
captured sent here
to fuck up the program
you guys remember that
remember that he heard himself haranguing them
he saw himself before them delivering the speech
he laughed suddenly feeling a surge of power telling him of his hold over them seeing himself before them receiving utmost respect and attention
one day ching had told him smiling patting him on the back as they walked to the weekly conference of squad leaders keep it up your squad is good one of the best keep it up keep up the good work
that was really something coming from ching
really something he said aloud
dirty reactionary bastards comin down here in the night and bumpin off ol slater and those other poor bastards
they'll get them by god and let them bring them down here to me just let them god i'll slice their balls right off
his arm moved swiftly violently once twice
he felt intense satisfaction
he was tingling within
before him mutilated bleeding to death they lay
it was as if it had been done
bastards he said aloud spitting on them
he halted and looked around
rivers of cold sweat were suddenly unleashed within him
the thought came back the one nagging at him these past four days
he tried to stifle it
but the words were forming
he knew he couldn't
he braced himself
somebody'll hafta start thinkin
he fought it seeking to kill the last few words but on they came out
he was trembling a strange feeling upon him fully expecting some catastrophe to strike him dead on the spot
but it didn't
and he took heart
the final word came forth
now he heard it fully
bout takin his place he listened waited nothing happened
he felt good
his old self
the music arrived taking him its rhythm
stroked him snaked all through him the lyrics lifted him took him from one magic isle to another stopping briefly at each brandon
he is good
but a nigger
jesus the guy says he is trying
but he isn't with it at all with it
when i talked to ching about it he said everyone can learn if he is a reactionary or lazy
no one is stupid
that 's what he said
he oughta know
it is plain as hell johnson is no reactionary
so you're tryin johnson you bastard you
he looked over at him lying there asleep and he felt a wave of revulsion
how he loathed him
sleepy-eyed soft-spoken johnson biggest thorn in my side of the whole fucken squad
he was the guy what always goofed at question time
why couldn't they have dumped him off on someone else
why didn't the damn reactionaries bump him off
like a particle drawn to a magnet he returned to that which was pressing so hard in his mind
the music surged up but it failed to check it
who is the man to take his place
the guy with most on the ball
most on the ball
thoroughly wised up
knows the score with a supreme effort he broke it off
he turned to the window again
a gnawing and gnashing within him
the snow was tumbling down furiously now
huge glob-flakes hitting the ground piling higher and higher
he stared at it amazed alarmed
the whole fucken sky 's cavin in
cover the whole building bury us all by nightfall
somebody got to be somebody if i don't put my two cents in soon somebody else will i know they're waitin only for one thing for the bastards what done it to be nailed
maybe they already got them
he was again tingling with pleasure seeing himself clearly in slater 's shoes
top dog sleeping and eating right there with the staff
ching tien all of them
poor ol slater
jesus imagine the crummy bastards they'll get em they'll get what 's comin to em
he whirled about suddenly
it was nothing though his heart was thumping wildly
somebody was up
that was all
boy you're stirrin early a sleepy voice said
yehhh said coughlin testily eyeing him up and down
lookit that come down willya said the man scratching himself yawning
yehhh said coughlin practically spitting on him
the man moved away
that 's the way
they'll toe the line
keep the chatter to a minimum short answers one word if possible
less bull the more you can do with em
that 's brown 's trouble
all he does is to bullshit with his squad and they are the stupidest bastards around
just about to get their asses kicked into hut seven
plenty of room there now
all those dumb #-balls croaked
you can do anything with these dumb fucks if you know how
they'd cut their mothers' belly open
give um the works
see he 's already snapping it up the dumb jerk
coughlin grinned feeling supremely on top of things
he watched the snow once again
it infuriated him
it made no sense to him
he whirled around suddenly hot all over finding the man who had been standing before him a few moments back nailing him to the spot on which he now stood open-mouthed
name william foster 's four internal contradictions in capitalism
quick quick now
the man shrank before the hot fury searching frantically for the answer
finnegan woke up
there was a hell of a noise this time of morning
he stared out the window
for christ 's sake
the whole fucken sky 's caved in
he looked for the source of the noise that had awakened him
it was that prick coughlin
what the hell was he up to now
why didn't he drop dead
how did they miss him when they got slater
then he was asking himself the usual early morning questions what the hell am i doin here
is this a nut-house
am i nuts
is this for real
am i dreamin
from somewhere in the hut came coughlin 's voice
how long did you study
how long buddy
for christ 's sake
a voice pleaded
don't christsake me buddy
i'm no hero
did i start the damn war
automatically finnegan started going over today 's lesson
capitalism rots from the core
did i start the damn war
that 's a good one
i thought i knew
why don't uncle sam mind his own fucken business
i'll bet both together did
so fuck them both
just let me go home to jersey back to the shore oh jesus the shore
the waves breakin in on you and your girl at night there on the warm beach in the moonlight
if i hafta do this to stay alive by god i'll do it
i hated the goddamn army from the first day i got in anyhow
all pricks like coughlin run it anyway one way or another
he rolled over and tried to shut out the noise now much louder
he snuggled into the blanket
he was sitting on top of a log which was spinning round and around in the water
a river wide as the missouri where it ran by his place
the log was spinning
but he was
why should i be spinning just because the goddamn log is spinning
he asked this out loud but no one heard it over the other noise in the hut
over on the bank the west bank a man stood calling to him
he couldn't make out what he was saying
no doubt it had to do with the log
why should he be concerned
rousseau is so persuasive that voltaire is almost convinced that he should burn his books too
but while the two men are riding into the country where they are going to dinner they are attacked in the dark of the forest by a band of thieves who strip them of everything including most of their clothes
you must be a very learned man says voltaire to one of the bandits
a learned man
the bandit laughs in his face
but voltaire perseveres
he goes to the chief himself
at what university did you study
he refuses to believe that the bandit chief never attended a higher institution
to have become so corrupt he says surely you must have studied many arts and sciences
the chief annoyed by these questions knocks voltaire down and shouts at him that he only never went to any school but never even learned how to read
when finally the two bedraggled men reach their friend 's home voltaire 's fears are once again aroused
for it is such a distinguished place with such fine works of art and such a big library that there can be little doubt but that the owner has become depraved by all this culture
to voltaire 's surprise however their host gives them fresh clothes to put on opens his purse to lend them money and sits them down before a good dinner
immediately after dinner however rousseau asks for still another favor
could he have pen and paper please
he is in a hurry to write another essay against culture
such was the impromptu that voltaire gave to howls of laughter at sans souci and that was soon circulated in manuscript throughout the literary circles of europe to be printed sometime later but with the name of timon of athens the famous misanthrope substituted for that of rousseau
but at the same time how understandable
how could the rich for whom life was made so simple ever understand the subterfuges the lies the frauds the errors sins and even crimes to which the poor were driven in their efforts to overcome the great advantages the rich had in the race of life
how for example could a voltaire understand the strange predicament in which a rousseau would find himself when soon after the furor of his first discourse he acquired still another title to fame
this time as a musician
as a composer
ever since he had first begun to study music and to teach it rousseau had dreamed of piercing through to fame as the result of a successful opera
but his facility in this genre was great
and his efforts to get a performance for his gallant muses invariably failed
and for good reasons
his operatic music had little merit
but then one day while on a week 's visit to the country home of a retired swiss jeweler rousseau amused the company with a few little melodies he had written to which he attached no great importance
he was really amazed to discover the other guests so excited about these delicate little songs
put a few such songs together they urged him
string them onto some sort of little plot and you'll have a delightful operetta
he didn't believe them
nonsense he said
this is the sort of stuff i write and then throw away
cried the ladies enchanted by his music
you must make an opera out of this material
and they wouldn't leave off arguing and pleading until he had promised
oh the irony and the bitterness of it
that after all his years of effort to become a composer he should now now when he was still stoutly replying to the critics of his discourse on the arts and sciences be so close to a success in music and have to reject it
or at least appear to reject it
but what else could he do
you couldn't on the one hand decry the arts and at the same time practice them could you
well yes perhaps in literature since you could argue that you couldn't keep silent about your feelings against literature and so were involved in spite of yourself
but now music too
that would be too much
and the fault of course was rameau 's
the fault was rameau 's and that of the whole culture of this parisian age
for it was rameau 's type of music that he had been trying to write and that he couldn't write
these little songs however were sweet nothings from the heart tender memories of his childhood little melodies that anyone could hum and that would make one want to weep
he couldn't appear as a composer now
that glory craved for so long was now forbidden to him
still just for the ladies and just for this once for this one weekend in the country he would make a little piece out of his melodies
the ladies were delighted and jean jacques was applauded
and everyone went to work to learn the parts which he wrote
but then after the little operetta had been given its feeble amateur rendering everyone insisted that it was too good to be lost forever and that the royal academy of music must now have the manuscript in order to give it the really first-rate performance it merited
rousseau was aware that he must seem like a hypocrite standing there and arguing that he could possibly permit a public performance
the ladies especially couldn't understand what troubled him
bah what was a contradiction in one 's life
every woman has had the experience of saying no when she meant yes and saying yes when she meant no
rousseau had to admit that though he couldn't agree to a public performance he would indeed just for his own private satisfaction dearly love to know how his work would sound when done by professional musicians and by trained voices
i'd simply like to know if it is as good as you kind people seem to think he said
duclos the historian pointed out to jean jacques that this was impossible
the musicians of the royal opera would rehearse a work merely to see how it would sound
merely to satisfy the author 's curiosity
but he recalled that rameau had once had a private performance of his opera armide behind closed doors just for himself alone
duclos understood what was bothering rousseau that the writer of the prosopopoeia of fabricius should now become known as the writer of an amusing little operetta
that would certainly be paradoxical
but duclos thought he saw a way out
let me do the submitting to the royal academy he suggested
your name will never appear
no one will even suspect that it is your work
to that rousseau could agree
but now what crazy twists and turns of his emotions
afraid at one and the same time that his work might be turned down which would be a blow to his pride even though no one knew he was the author and that the work would be accepted and then that his violent feelings in the matter would certainly betray how deeply concerned he was in spite of himself
and how anxious this lover of obscurity was for applause
and thus torn between his desire to be known as the composer of a successful opera and the necessity of remaining true to his proclaimed desire for anonymity rousseau suffered through several painful weeks
all these emotions were screwed up to new heights when after acceptance and the first rehearsals there ensued such a buzz of excitement among parisian music lovers that duclos had to come running to rousseau to inform him that the news had reached the superintendent of the king 's amusements and that he was now demanding that the work be offered first at the royal summer palace of fontainebleau
imagine the honor of it
what was your answer
jean jacques asked striving to appear unimpressed
i refused duclos said
what else could i do
monsieur de cury was incensed of course
but i said i would first have to get the author 's permission
and i was certain he would refuse
how infuriating all this was
why had this success come to him before he had plunged into his discourse and before he had committed himself to a life of austerity and denial
now when everything was opening up to him even the court of louis ##
he had to play a role of self-effacement
back and forth duclos had to go between m. de cury and jean jacques and between the duke d'aumont and jean jacques again as his little operetta the village soothsayer though still unperformed took on ever more importance
and of course the news of who the composer was did finally begin to get around among his closest friends
but they naturally kept his secret well and the public at large knew only of a great excitement in musical and court circles
how titillating it was to go among people who did know him as the composer but who talked in the most glowing terms of the promise of the piece after having heard the first rehearsals
the furor was such that people who could possibly have squirmed their way into the rehearsals were pretending that they were intimate with the whole affair and that it would be sensational
and listening to such a conversation one morning while taking a cup of chocolate in a cafe rousseau found himself bathed in perspiration trembling lest his authorship become known and at the same time dreaming of the startling effect he would make if he should proclaim himself suddenly as the composer
he felt himself now as he himself says in his confessions at a crucial point of his life
and that was why on the day of the performance when a carriage from the royal stables called to take him to the palace he did bother to shave
on the contrary he was pleased that his face showed a neglect of several days
seeing him in that condition and about to enter the hall where the king the queen the whole royal family and all the members of the highest aristocracy would be present grimm and the abbe raynal and others tried to stop him
you can't go in that way
jean jacques asked
who is going to stop me
you haven't dressed for the occasion
they pointed out to him
i'm dressed as i always am rousseau said
neither better nor worse
at home yes they argued
but here you are in the palace
there 's the king
and madame de pompadour
if they are here then surely i have the right to be here rousseau said
and even more right
since i am the composer
but in such a slovenly condition
what is slovenly about me
is it because of my slovenliness that hair grows on my face
surely it would grow there whether i washed myself or
a hundred years ago i would have worn a beard with pride
and those without beards would have stood out as dressed for the occasion
now times have changed and i must pretend that hair doesn't grow on my face
that 's the fashion
and fashion is the real king here
louis ## since even he obeys
now if you don't mind i should like to hear my own piece performed
but of course behind his boldness he didn't feel bold at all
he trembled lest his piece should fail
and this in addition to his usual fear of being among people of high society his fear of making some inane or inappropriate remark
and even deeper than that his fear lest in this closed hall he should suddenly itch to relieve himself
could he walk out in the midst of his piece
here before the court
before the king
it was the first time any of us had laughed since the morning began
the rider from concord was as good as his word
he came spurring and whooping down the road his horse kicking up clouds of dust shouting
by god they're a-coming they are
we heard him before he ever showed and we heard him yelling after he was out of sight
solomon chandler hadn't misjudged the strength of his lungs at all
i think you could have heard him a mile away and he was bursting at every seam with importance
i have observed that being up on a horse changes the whole character of a man and when a very small man is up on a saddle he'd like as prefer to eat his meals there
that 's understandable and i appreciate the sentiment
as for this rider i never saw him before or afterwards and never saw him dismounted so whether he stood tall or short in his shoes i can't say
but i do know that he gave the day tone and distinction
the last thing in the world that resembled a war was our line of farmers and storekeepers and mechanics perched on top of a stone wall and this dashing rider made us feel a good deal sharper and more alert to the situation
we came down off the wall as if he had toppled all of us and we crouched behind it
i have heard people talk with contempt about the british regulars but that only proves that a lot of people talk about things of which they are deplorably ignorant
whatever we felt about the redcoats we respected them in terms of their trade which was killing
and i know that i myself was nauseated with apprehension and fear and that my hands were soaking wet where they held my gun
i wanted to wipe my flint but i didn't dare to the state my hands were in just as i didn't dare to do anything about the priming
the gun would fire or just as chance willed
i put a lot more trust in my two legs than in the gun because the most important thing i had learned about war was that you could run away and survive to talk about it
the gunfire which was so near that it seemed just a piece up the road now stopped for long enough to count to twenty
and in that brief interval a redcoat officer came tearing down the road whipping his horse fit to kill
i don't know whether he was after our rider who had gone by a minute before or whether he was simply scouting conditions
but when he passed us by a musket roared and he reared his horse swung it around and began to whip it back in the direction from which he had come
he was a fine and showy rider but his skill was wasted on us
from above me and somewhere behind me a rifle cracked
the redcoat officer collapsed like a punctured bolster and the horse reared and threw him from the saddle except that one booted foot caught in the stirrup
half crazed by the weight dragging the dust and the heat the horse leaped our wall dashing out the rider 's brains against it and leaving him lying there among us while the horse crashed away through the brush
it was my initiation to war and the insane symphony war plays
for what had happened on the common was only terror and flight
but this grinning broken head ten feet away from me was the sharp definition of what my reality had become
and now the redcoats were coming and the gunfire was a part of the dust cloud on the road to the west of us
i must state that the faster things happened the slower they happened
the passage and rhythm of time changed and when i remember back to what happened then each event is a separate and frozen incident
in my recollection there was a long interval between the death of the officer and the appearance of the first of the retreating redcoats and in that interval the dust cloud over the road seems to hover indefinitely
yet it could have been more than a matter of seconds and then the front of the british army came into view
it was only hours since i had last seen them but they had changed and i had changed
in the very front rank two men were wounded and staggered along trailing blood behind them
no drummers here no pipers and the red coats were covered with a fine film of dust
they marched with bayonets fixed and as fixed on their faces was anger fear and torment
rank after rank of them came down the road and the faces were all the same and they walked in a sea of dust
committeemen hold your fire
hold your fire
a voice called and what made it even more terrible and unreal was that the redcoat ranks never paused for an instant only some of them glancing toward the stone wall from behind which the voice came
the front of their column had already passed us when another officer came riding down the side of the road five paces from where we were
my cousin simmons carried a musket but he had loaded it with bird shot and as the officer came opposite him he rose up behind the wall and fired
one moment there was a man in the saddle
the next a headless horror on a horse that bolted through the redcoat ranks and during the next second or two we all of us fired into the suddenly disorganized column of soldiers
one moment the road was filled with disciplined troops marching four by four with a purpose as implacable as death
the next a cloud of gun smoke covered a screaming fury of sound out of which the redcoat soldiers emerged with their bayonets and their cursing fury
in the course of this they had fired on us
but i have no memory of that
i had squeezed the trigger of my own gun and to my amazement it had fired and kicked back into my shoulder with the force of an angry mule
and then i was adding my own voice to the crescendo of sound hurling more vile language than i ever thought i knew sobbing and shouting and aware that if i had passed water before it was enough for my pants were soaking wet
i would have stood there and died there if left to myself but cousin simmons grabbed my arm in his viselike grip and fairly plucked me out of there
and then i came to some sanity and plunged away with such extraordinary speed that i outdistanced cousin simmons by far
everyone else was running
later we realized that the redcoats had stopped their charge at the wall
their only hope of survival was to hold to the road and keep marching
we tumbled to a stop in deacon gordon 's cow hole a low-lying bit of pasture with a muddy pool of water in its middle
a dozen cows mooed sadly and regarded us as if we were insane as perhaps we were at that moment with the crazy excitement of our first encounter the yelling and shooting still continuing up at the road and the thirst of some of the men which was so great that they waded into the muddy water and scooped up handfuls of it
isaac pitt one of the men from lincoln had taken a musket ball in his belly
and though he had found the strength to run with us now he collapsed and lay on the ground dying the reverend holding his head and wiping his hot brow
it may appear that we were cruel and callous but no one had time to spend sympathizing with poor isaac except the reverend
i know that i myself felt that it was a mortal shame for a man to be torn open by a british musket ball as isaac had been yet i also felt relieved and lucky that it had been him and myself
i was drunk with excitement and the smell of gunpowder that came floating down from the road and the fact that i was afraid now but only waiting to know what to do next
meanwhile i reloaded my gun as the other men were doing
we were less than a quarter of a mile from the road and we could trace its shape from the ribbon of powder smoke and dust that hung over it
wherever you looked you saw committeemen running across the meadows some away from the road some toward it some parallel to it
and about a mile to the west a cluster of at least fifty militia were making their way in our direction
cousin joshua and some others felt that we should march toward lexington and take up new positions ahead of the slow-moving british column but another group maintained that we should stick to this spot and this section of road
i didn't offer any advice but i certainly did want to go back to where the officer lay with his brains dashed out
someone said that while we were standing here and arguing about it the british would be gone
but cousin simmons said he had watched them marching west early in the morning and moving at a much brisker pace it had still taken half an hour for their column to pass what with the narrowness of the road and their baggage and ammunition carts
while this was being discussed we saw the militia to the west of us fanning out and breaking into little clusters of two and three men as they approached the road
it was the opinion of some of us that these must be part of the committeemen who had been in the battle of the north bridge which entitled them to a sort of veteran status and we felt that if they employed this tactic it was likely enough the best one
mattathias dover said
it makes sense
if we cluster together the redcoats can make an advantage out of it but there 's a blessed thing they can do with two or three of us except chase us and we can outrun them
that settled it and we broke into parties of two and three
cousin joshua dover decided to remain with the reverend and poor isaac pitt until life passed away and he was hurt so badly he did seem for long in this world
i went off with cousin simmons who maintained that if he didn't see to me he didn't know who would
good heavens adam he said i thought one thing you'd have no trouble learning is when to get out of a place
i learned that now i said
we ran east for about half a mile before we turned back to the road panting from the effort and soaked with sweat
there was a clump of trees that appeared to provide cover right up to the road and the shouting and gunfire never slackened
under the trees there was a dead redcoat a young boy with a pasty white skin and a face full of pimples who had taken a rifle ball directly between the eyes
three men were around him
they had stripped him of his musket and equipment and now they were pulling his boots and jacket off
cousin simmons grabbed one of them by the shoulder and flung him away
god 's name what are you to rob the dead with the fight going on
cousin simmons roared
they tried to outface him but joseph simmons was as wide as two average men and it would have taken braver men than these were to outface him
that summer the gambling houses were closed despite the threats of pierre ameaux a gaming-card manufacturer
dancing was no longer permitted in the streets
the bordel and other places of prostitution were emptied
the slit breeches had to go
drunkenness was no longer tolerated
in defiance a chinless reprobate jake camaret marched down the aisle in st. peter 's one sunday morning followed by one of the women from the bordel whose dress and walk plainly showed the lack of any shame
plunking themselves down on the front bench they turned to smirk at those around them
john 's first impulse was to denounce their blasphemy
but the thought occurred that god would want this opportunity used to tell them about him
calmly he opened the bible and read of the woman at the well
he finished the worship service as if there had been no brazen attempt to dishonor god and man
the next morning as the clock struck nine he appeared at the council meeting in the town hall and insisted that the couple would have to be punished if the church was to be respected
i have told you before and i tell you again monsieur favre said rudely
stick to the preaching of the gospel
john stiffened in anger
that is the answer the ungodly will always make when the church points its fingers at their sins
i say to you that the church will ever decry evil
john 's reply was like a declaration of war
monsieur favre sat down in his high-backed stall lips compressed eyes glinting
ablard corne a short man with a rotunda of stomach rose
every eye was on him as he began to speak
what master calvin says is true
how can we have a good city unless we respect morality
abel poupin a tall man with sunken cheeks and deep-set eyes got to his feet
we all know that jake camaret and the woman are brazenly living together
it would be well to show the populace how we deal with adulterers
philibert berthelier the son of the famous patriot disagreed
do listen to that frenchman
he is throttling the liberty my father gave his life to win
john was quietly insistent
there can be no compromise when souls are in jeopardy
a week later the sentence of the council was carried out jake camaret and the woman were marched naked through the streets past a mocking populace
before them stalked the beadle proclaiming as he went thus the council deals with those who break its laws adulterers thieves murderers and lewd persons
let evildoers contemplate their ways and let every man beware
john 's thoughts raced painfully into the past as he read the letter he had just received from his sister mary
charles had died two weeks before in early november without being reconciled to the church
the canons in a body had tried to force him on his deathbed to let them give him the last rites of the church but he had died still proclaiming salvation by faith
burial had taken place at night in the ground at the public crossroads under the gibbet so that his enemies could find his body and have it dug up and burned
the abbot of st. eloi claude de mommor had been a good friend but even he thought charles deserved burial in hallowed ground
john closed his eyes and saw once again the little niche in his mother 's bedroom where she had knelt to tell the good virgin of her needs
the blue-draped virgin was still there but no one knelt before her now
she too prayed only to god
for an instant john longed for the sound of the bells of noyon-la-sainte the touch of his mother 's hand the lilt of charles 's voice in the square raftered rooms his father 's bass tones rumbling to the canons and the sight of the beloved bishop
but he had to follow the light
unless god expected a man to believe the holy scriptures why had he given them to him
the white-clad trees stood like specters in the february night
snow buried the streets and covered the slanting rooftops as john trudged toward st. peter 's
a carriage crunched by its dim lights filtering through the gloom
the sharp wind slapped at him and his feet felt like ice as the snow penetrated the holes of his shoes his only ones now patched with folded parchment
the city had recently given him a small salary but it was enough to supply even necessities
as he neared the square a round figure muffled in a long black cape whisked by
john recognized ablard corne and called out a greeting
how grateful he was to such men
there were several on the council who tried to live like christians
despite their efforts the problems seemed to grow graver all the time
quickening his steps john entered the vast church and climbed the tower steps to the bells
underneath the big one in the silent moonlight lay a dead pigeon and on the smaller bell the clemence two gray and white birds slept huddled together in the cold winter air
john leaned upon the stone balustrade
he brushed back his black hair shoving it under his pastor 's cap to keep it from blowing in his eyes
below the moon-splashed world rolled away to insurmountable white peaks
above him the deep blue sky glittered with stars
he stood very still his arms at his sides staring up at the heavens then down at the blinking lights below
how long my lord
i have never asked for an easy task but i am weary of the strife
sleep was difficult these days
indigestion plagued him
severe headaches were frequent
loneliness tore through him like a physical pain whenever he thought of peter robert nerien nicholas cop martin bucer and even the compromising louis du tillet
an occasional traveler from italy brought news of peter robert who was now distributing his bible among the waldensian peasants
letters came regularly from nerien nicholas and martin
he had anthony and william to confide in and consult
but william continued to find a bitter joy in smashing images and tearing down symbols sacred to the old church
john found it difficult but he held him in check
and anthony was busy most of the time courting this girl and that
his easy good looks made him a favorite with the ladies
geneva instead of becoming the city of god as john had dreamed had in the two years since he had been there continued to be a godless place where all manner of vice flourished
refugees poured in signing the confession and rules in order to remain and then disregarding them
dice rolled prostitutes plied their trade thieves stole murderers stabbed and the ungodly blasphemed
catholics who were truly christians longed for the simple penance of days gone by
libertines recalled the heroism of the past and demanded are we going to allow the protestant pope master calvin to curtail our liberty
why oh why doesn't he stick to preaching the gospel instead of meddling in civic affairs politics economics and social issues that are no concern of the church
and john 's reply was always the same anything that affects souls is the concern of the church
we will have righteousness
tears burned behind his eyes as he prayed and meditated tonight
unless the confusion cleared he would be coming here much longer
monsieur favre 's threat would become a reality for he continued to proclaim loudly that the city must rid itself of that frenchman
the slow tapping of a cane on the stone steps coming up to the tower interrupted his reverie
faint at first the tapping grew until it sounded loud against the wind
what is he doing here at this hour
he started down the steps to meet the near-blind preacher who had been one of the early gospelers in paris
is that you
i came to warn you of a plot
john stood above him his face ashen
slowly like a man grown old he took eli 's hand and led him below to the tower study guiding him to a chair beside the little hearth where a fire still burned
john asked tiredly
monsieur favre just paid me a visit
i went to your rooms and anthony told me you were here
two anabaptists caroli and benoit are to challenge you and william to a debate before the council
it is to be a trap
you know the law if you lose the debate after accepting a challenge you will be banished
what will be the subject
you are to be accused of arianism to confuse the religious who remain loyal
anger and fear fused in john
ever since the fourth century a controversy had raged over the person of christ
those who refused to believe that he was the eternal son of god were termed arianists
peter caroli had come to geneva saying that he had been a bishop of the church of rome and had been persecuted in paris for his reformed faith
he asked to be appointed a preacher
but michael sept had unmasked him revealing he had never been a bishop but was an anabaptist afraid to state his faith because he knew john calvin had written a book against their belief that the soul slept after death
so john had refused to agree to his appointment as a preacher and now caroli sought revenge
if william agrees we should insist on a public debate he said at length
there is more to the conspiracy
bern demands that the lord 's supper be administered here as it used to be with unleavened bread
furthermore bern decrees that we must do as we are ordered by the council preach only the word of god and stop meddling in politics
it was always the spirit with christ
matters such as leavened or unleavened bread are inconsequential
geneva must remain a sovereign state
we will yield to the demands of bern
the firelight played over eli 's flowing white locks and rugged features
monsieur favre indicated that if i would co-operate after you and william are banished following the debate i will be given a place of influence
what was your reply to that
that i would rather be banished with two such christians than be made the chief syndic
the following morning as john entered the place molard on his way to visit a sick refugee he had a premonition of danger
then suddenly a group of men and dogs circled him
he wanted to run but he knew that if he did he would be lost
he stood very still his heart thumping wildly
on the outskirts of the rabble the camaret brothers and gaspard favre shook their fists
are you going to comply with the demands of bern
the chinless jake called
a rowdy with a big blob of a nose roared
john lifted his hand for silence
know this the ministers will yield to the demands of bern
his voice shook a little
somebody heaved a stone
for an instant john was stunned
when he felt the side of his head his fingers came away covered with blood
before he could duck another stone struck him
let him be now
pierre ameaux the gaming-card manufacturer said his little pig eyes glaring
we have taught him a lesson
the crowd moved back and john started dizzily down the hill
fists pummeled him as he staggered forward
then he slipped and went down on his hands and knees in the melting snow
at once a bevy of dogs was snapping and snarling around him
one more horrible than the rest lunged growling deep in his throat his hair bristling
with great difficulty john clambered to his feet and started to run sweat pouring down his face
standing in the shelter of the tent a rejected hospital tent on which the rain now dripped no longer drumming adam watched his own hands touch the objects on the improvised counter of boards laid across two beer barrels
there was of course no real need to rearrange everything
a quarter inch this way or that for the hardbake or the toffee or the barley sugar or the sardines or the bitters or the condensed milk or the stationery or the needles what could it mean
adam watched his own hands make the caressing anxious movement that when rain falls and nobody comes and ruin draws close like a cat rubbing against the ankles has been the ritual of stall vendors forever
he recognized the gesture
he knew its meaning
he had seen a dry old yellowing hand reach out with that painful solicitude to touch to rearrange to shift aimlessly some object worth a pfennig
back in bavaria he had seen that gesture and at that sight his heart had always died within him
on such occasions he had had the courage to look at the face above the hand whatever face it might be
now the face was his own
he wondered what expression as he made that gesture was on his face
he wondered if it wore the old anxiety or the old taut stoicism
but there was no need he remembered for his hand to reach out for his face to show concern or stoicism
it was nothing to him if rain fell and nobody came
then why was he assuming the role the gesture and the suffering
what was he expiating
or was he now taking the role the gesture and the suffering because it was the only way to affirm his history and identity in the torpid befogged loneliness of this land
this was virginia
he looked out of the tent at the company street
the rain dripped on the freezing loblolly of the street
beyond that misty gray of the rain he saw the stretching hutment low diminutive log cabins chinked with mud with doorways a man would have to crouch to get through with roofs of tenting laid over boughs or boards from hardtack boxes or fence rails with cranky chimneys of sticks and dried mud
the chimney of the hut across from him was surmounted by a beef barrel with ends knocked out
in this heavy air however that device did seem to help
the smoke from that chimney rose as sluggishly as smoke from any other and hung as sadly in the drizzle creeping back down along the sopping canvas of the roof
over the door was a board with large inept lettering home sweet home
this was the hut of simms purdew the hero
the men were huddled in those lairs
adam knew the names of some
he knew the faces of all hairy or shaven old or young fat or thin suffering or hardened sad or gay good or bad
when they stood about his tent chaffing each other exchanging their obscenities cursing command or weather he had studied their faces
he had had the need to understand what life lurked behind the mask of flesh behind the oath the banter the sadness
once covertly looking at simms purdew the only man in the world whom he hated he had seen the heavy slack bestubbled jaw open and close to emit the cruel obscene banter and had seen the pale-blue eyes go watery with whisky and merriment and suddenly he was seeing the face of that vile creature
he was seeing somehow the face of a young boy the boy simms purdew must once have been a boy with sorrel hair and blue eyes dancing with gaiety and the boy mouth grinning trustfully among the freckles
in that moment of vision adam heard the voice within himself saying i must hate him i must hate him or i shall die
his heart suddenly opened to joy
he thought that if once only once he could talk with simms purdew something about his own life and all life would be clear and simple
if simms purdew would turn to him and say adam you know when i was a boy it was a funny thing happened
lemme tell you now
if only simms purdew could do that whatever the thing he remembered and told
it would be a sign for the untellable and he adam would understand
now adam in the gray light of afternoon stared across at the hut opposite his tent and thought of simms purdew lying in there in the gloom snoring on his bunk with the fumes of whisky choking the air
he saw the sign above the door of the hut home sweet home
he saw the figure of a man in a poncho coming up the company street with an armful of wood
it was pullen james the campmate of simms purdew
he carried the wood carried the water did the cooking cleaning and mending and occasionally got a kick in the butt for his pains
adam watched the moisture flow from the poncho
it gave the rubberized fabric a dull gleam like metal
pullen james humbly lowered his head pushed aside the hardtack-box door of the hut and was gone from sight
adam stared at the door and remembered that simms purdew had been awarded the medal of honor for gallantry at antietam
the street was again empty
the drizzle was slacking off now but the light was grayer
with enormous interest adam watched his hands as they touched and shifted the objects on the board directly before him
into the emptiness of the street and his spirit moved a form
the form was swathed in an army blanket much patched fastened at the neck with a cord
from under the shapeless huddle of blanket the feet moved in the mud
the feet wore army shoes in obvious disrepair
the head was wrapped in a turban and on top of the turban rode a great hamper across which a piece of poncho had been flung
the gray face stared straight ahead in the drizzle
moisture ran down the cheeks gathered at the tip of the nose and at the chin
the figure was close enough now for him to see the nose twitching to dislodge the drop clinging there
the figure stopped and one hand was perilously freed from the hamper to scratch the nose
then the figure moved on
this was one of the irish women who had built their own huts down near the river
they did washing
adam recognized this one
he recognized her because she was the one who in a winter twilight on the edge of camp had once stopped him and reached down her hand to touch his fly
slice o' mutton bhoy
she had queried in her soft guttural
slice o' mutton
her name was mollie
they called her mollie the mutton and laughed
looking down the street after her adam saw that she had again stopped and again removed one hand from the basket
he could make out but he knew that again she was scratching her nose
mollie the mutton was scratching her nose
the words ran crazily in his head mollie the mutton is scratching her nose in the rain
then the words fell into a pattern mollie the mutton is scratching her nose scratching her nose in the rain
mollie the mutton is scratching her nose in the rain
the pattern would stop
it came again and again
he felt trapped in that pattern in the repetition
suddenly he thought he might weep
what 's the matter with me
he demanded out loud
he looked wildly around at the now empty street at the mud at the rain
oh what 's the matter with me
when he had stored his stock in the great oak chest locked the two big hasps and secured the additional chain tied the fly of the tent and picked up the cash box he moved up the darkening street
he would consign the cash box into the hands of jed hawksworth then stand by while his employer checked the contents and the list of items sold
he did know
his mind closed on that prospect as though fog had descended to blot out a valley
far off in the dusk he heard voices singing muffled but strong
in one of the huts a group of men were huddled together singing
he strained to hear
he heard the words rock of ages cleft for me let me hide myself in thee
let the water and the blood from thy riven side flow
he thought i am a jew from bavaria
he was standing there he thought in virginia in the thickening dusk in a costly greatcoat that had belonged to another jew
that other jew a young man too had left that greatcoat behind in a rich house and marched away
he had crossed the river which now beyond the woods yonder was sliding darkly under the mist
he had plunged into the dark woods beyond
he had died there
what had that man that other young jew felt as he stood in the twilight and heard other men far away singing together
adam thought of the hutments regiment after regiment row after row the thousands of huts stretching away into the night
he thought of the men the nameless thousands huddling in them
he thought of simms purdew snoring on his bunk while pullen james crouched by the hearth skirmishing an undershirt for lice and a wet log sizzled
he thought of simms purdew who once had risen at the edge of a cornfield a maniacal scream on his lips and swung a clubbed musket like a flail to beat down the swirl of rebel bayonets about him
he thought of simms purdew rising up fearless in glory
he felt the sweetness of pity flood through him veining his very flesh
those men lying in the huts they did know
they did know who they were or know their own worth
in the pity for them his loneliness was gone
then he thought of aaron blaustein standing in his rich house saying god is tired of taking the blame
he is going to let history take the blame for a while
he thought of the old man laughing under the glitter of the great chandelier
he thought only in my heart can i make the world hang together
adam rose from the crouch necessary to enter the hut
he saw mose squatting by the hearth breaking up hardtack into a pan
a pot was boiling on the coals
gonna give ole buckra all his money
mose asked softly
yeah mose murmured yeah
and look what he done give us
adam looked at the pot
what is it
chicken mose said and theatrically licked his lips
gre't big fat chicken yeah
he licked his lips again
a chicken with six tits and a tail lak a corkscrew
and it squealed for slop
fooled you huh
it is the same ole same tell me its name
it is sowbelly with tits on
it is salt po'k
it is salt po'k and skippers
that po'k it was so full of skippers it would jump and run and come when you say hoo-pig
had to put my foot on it to hole it down while i cut it up fer the lob-scuse
he dumped the pan of crumbled hardtack into the boiling pot of lobscouse
good ole lob-scuse he mumbled and stirred the pot
he stopped stirring and looked over his shoulder
know what ole buckra et tonight
know what i had to fix fer ole him
adam shook his head
chicken mose said
she was a child too much a part of her environment too eager to grow and learn and experience
once they were at easthampton for the summer again fritzie said a good place even though they were being robbed
one soft evening that marvelous sea-blessed time when the sun 's departing warmth lingers and a smell of spume and wrack haunts everything amy had picked herself off the floor and begun to walk
fritzie was on the couch reading
laura was sitting in an easy chair about eight feet away
the infant in white terry-cloth bathrobe her face intense and purposeful had essayed a few wobbly steps toward her father
y'all wanna walk walk he said
then gently he shoved her behind toward laura
amy walked making it halfway across the cottage floor
she lost a second picking herself up and continuing her pilgrimage to laura
then laura took her gently and shoved her off again toward fritzie amy did laugh this was work concentration achievement
in a few minutes she was making the ten-foot hike unaided
soon she was parading around the house flaunting her new skill
some liar 's logic a wisp of optimism as fragile as the scent of tropical blossoms that came through the window a euphoria perhaps engendered by the pill fritzie had given her consoled her for a moment
amy had to be safe had to come back to them if only to reap that share of life 's experiences that were her due if only to give her parents another chance to do better by her
through the swathings of terror she jabbed deceit 's sharp point amy would be reborn a new child with new parents living under new circumstances
the comfort was short-lived yet she found herself returning to the assurance whenever her imagination forced images on her too awful to contemplate without the prop of illusion
gazing at her husband 's drugged body his chest rising and falling in mindless rhythms she saw the grandeur of his fictional world that lush garden from which he plucked flowers and herbs
she envied him
she admired him
in the darkness she saw him stirring
he seemed to be muttering his voice surprisingly clear
y'all should have let me take that money out andrus said
'nother minute i'd have been fine
h'all should have let me do it
laura touched his hand
yes i know fritzie
i should have
the heat intensified on tuesday
southern california gasped and blinked under an autumn hot spell drier more enervating more laden with man 's contrived impurities than the worst days of the summer past
it could continue this way hitting ### and more in the valley joe mcfeeley knew into october
he and irvin moll were sipping coffee at the breakfast bar
both had been up since #:## irv on the early-morning watch mcfeeley unable to sleep during his four-hour relief
the night before they had telephoned the andrus maid selena masters and she had arrived early bursting her vigorous presence into the silent house with an assurance that amused mcfeeley and confounded moll
the latter thanking her for the coffee had winked and muttered sure 'nuff honey
selena was the wrong woman for these crudities
with a hard eye she informed moll don't sure 'nuff me officer
i'm honey only to my husband understand
sergeant moll understood
the maid was very black and very energetic trim in a yellow pique uniform
her speech was barren of southernisms
she was one of eliot sparling 's neutralized minorities adopting the rolling r 's and constricted vowels of los angeles
seeing her dark intelligent face one would have gauged the voice as that of a westwood village matron ten years out of iowa
after she had served the detectives coffee and toast they politely declined eggs uncomfortable about their tenancy she settled down with a morning newspaper and began reading the stock market quotations
while she was thus engaged mcfeeley questioned her about her whereabouts the previous day any recollections she had of people hanging around of overcurious delivery boys or repairmen of strange cars cruising the neighborhood
she answered him precisely missing a beat in her scrutiny of the financial reports
selena masters joe realized was her own woman
she was the only kind of negro laura andrus would want around independent unservile probably charging double what ordinary maids did for housework and doubly efficient
when the parents emerged from the bedroom a few minutes later the maid greeted them quietly
i'm awful sorry about what 's happened selena said
maybe today'll be a good-news day
she charged off to the bedrooms
moll took his coffee into the nursery
during the night a phone company technician had deadened the bells and installed red blinkers on the phones
someone would have to remain in the office continually
mcfeeley greeted the parents then studied his notebook
he wanted to take the mother to headquarters at once and start her on the mug file
andrus did answer him
his face was bloated with drugging redder than normal
the woman had the glassy look of an invalid as if she had slept at all
oh we managed she said
i'm a little groggy
did anything happen during the night
few crank calls mcfeeley said
a couple of tips we're running down nothing promising
we can expect more of the same
too bad your number is in the directory
didn't occur to me my child would be kidnaped when i had it listed andrus muttered
he settled on the sofa with his coffee warming his hands on the cup although the room was heavy with heat
the three had little to say to each other
the previous night 's horror the absolute failure overcast with the intrusions of the press had left them all with a wan sense of uselessness of play-acting
sipping their coffee discussing the weather the day 's shopping fritzie 's commitments at the network all of which he would cancel they avoided the radio the morning tv news show even the front page of the santa luisa register resting on the kitchen bar
kidnaper spurns ransom
amy still missing
once andrus walked by it hastily scanned the bold black headline and the five-column lead of the article by duane bosch staff correspondent age given and muttered we a buncha national celebrities
mcfeeley told the parents he would escort them to police headquarters in a half hour
before that he wanted to talk to the neighbors
he did want to bring the andruses to the station house too early rheinholdt had summoned a press conference and he didn't want them subjected to the reporters again
he could think of nothing else to tell them no assurances no hopeful hints at great discoveries that day
when the detective left andrus phoned his secretary to cancel his work and to advise the network to get a substitute director for his current project
mrs. andrus was talking to the maid arranging for her to come in every day instead of the four days she now worked
outside only a handful of reporters remained
the bulk of the press corps was covering rheinholdt 's conference
in contrast to the caravan of the previous night there were only four cars parked across the street
two men he did recognize were sipping coffee and munching sweet rolls
he did see sparling or degroot or ringel or any of the feverish crew that had so harassed him twelve hours ago
however the litter remained augmented by several dozen lunchroom suppers
the street cleaner had yet been around
one of the reporters called to him anything new lieutenant
and he ignored him skirting the parked cars and walking up the path to the skopas house
when mcfeeley was halfway to the door the proprietor emerged a mountainous dark man his head thick with resiny black hair his eyes like two of the black olives he imported in boatloads
mcfeeley identified himself
the master of the house his nourished face unrevealing consented to postpone his departure a few minutes to talk to the detective
inside as soon as mr. skopas had disclosed in a hoarse whisper the detective 's errand his family gathered in a huddle forming a mass of dark flesh on and around a brocaded sofa which stood at one side of a baroque fireplace
flanked by marble urns and alabaster lamps they seemed to be posing for a tribal portrait
it was amazing how they had herded together for protection an enormous matriarch in a quilted silk wrapper rising from the breakfast table
a gross boy in his teens shuffling in from the kitchen with a sandwich in his hands
a girl in her twenties fat and sullen descending the marble staircase
then all four gathering on the sofa to face the inquisitor
they answered him in monosyllables nods occasionally muttering in greek to one another awaiting the word from papa who restlessly cracked his knuckles anxious to stuff himself into his white cadillac and burst off to the freeway
no they hadn't seen anyone around
no they didn't know the andrus family
yes they had read about the case
yes they had let some reporters use their phone but they would no longer
they offered no opinions volunteered nothing betrayed no emotions
studying them mcfeeley could help make comparison with the andrus couple
the skopas people seemed to him of that breed of human beings whose insularity frees them from tragedy
he imagined they were the kind whose tax returns were never examined if they were they were never penalized whose children had no unhappy romances whose names never knew scandal
the equation was simple wealth brought them happiness and their united front to the world was their warning that they meant to keep everything they had let no one in on the secrets
by comparison fritzie and laura andrus were quivering fledglings
they possessed no outer fortifications no hard shells of confidence
they had enough difficulty getting from day to day let alone having an awful crime thrust upon them
skopas expressed no curiosity over the case offered no expression of sympathy made no move to escort mcfeely to the door
all four remained impacted on the sofa until he had left
he had spoken to mrs.
emerson the previous day
there remained a family named kahler owners of a two-story tudor-style house on the south side of the andrus home
their names had come up in any discussions with laura and he had no idea what they would be like
mcfeeley noted the immaculate lawn and gardens each blade of grass cropped bright and firm
each shrub glazed with good health
the door was answered by a slender man in his sixties straight-backed somewhat clerical in manner wearing rimless glasses
when joe identified himself he nodded unsmiling and ushered him into a sedate living room
mrs. kahler joined them
she had a dried-out quality a gray lean woman unattractive
both were dressed rather formally
the man wore a vest and a tie the woman had on a dark green dress and three strands of pearls
funny thing mr. kahler said when they were seated when i heard you ringing i figured it was that guy down the block hausman
mcfeeley looked puzzled
kahler continued i fixed his dog the other day and i guess he 's sore so i expected him to come barging in
mr. kahler went on to explain how hausman 's fox terrier had been making in his flower beds
the dog refused to be scared off so kahler had purchased some small firecrackers
he would lay in wait in the garage and when the terrier came scratching around he'd let fly with a cherry bomb
scared the hell out of him kahler grinned
i hit him in the ass once
both grinned at the detective
finally all i needed was to throw a little piece of red wood that looked like a firecracker and that dumb dog would run ki-yi-ing for his life
in the dim underwater light they dressed and straightened up the room and then they went across the hall to the kitchen
she was intimidated by the stove
he found the pilot light and turned on one of the burners for her
the gas flamed up two inches high
they found the teakettle
and put water on to boil and then searched through the icebox
several sections of a loaf of dark bread
a tiny cake of ice
in their search for what turned out to be the right breakfast china but the wrong table silver they opened every cupboard door in the kitchen and pantry
while she was settling the teacart he went back across the hall to their bedroom opened one of the suitcases and took out powdered coffee and sugar
she appeared with the teacart and he opened the windows
do you want to call eugene
he didn't but it was really a question and so he left the room walked down the hall to the front of the apartment hesitated and then knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
a sleepy voice answered
le petit dejeuner harold said in an accent that did credit to miss sloan his high-school french teacher
at the same time his voice betrayed uncertainty about their being here and conveyed an appeal to whatever is reasonable peace-loving and dependable in everybody
since ordinary breakfast-table conversation was impossible it was at least something that they were able to offer eugene the sugar bowl with their sugar in it and the plate of bread and butter and that eugene could return the pitcher of hot milk to them handle first
eugene put a spoonful of powdered coffee into his cup and then filled it with hot water
stirring he said i am sorry that my work prevents me from doing anything with you today
they assured him that they did expect or need to be entertained
harold put a teaspoonful of powdered coffee in his cup and filled it with hot water and then stirring he sat back in his chair
the chair creaked
every time he moved or said something the chair creaked again
eugene was entirely silent or openly rude unless asking harold to move to another chair and placing himself in the fauteuil that creaked so alarmingly was an act of rudeness
it went right on creaking under his own considerable weight and all it needed harold thought was for somebody to fling himself back in a fit of laughter and that would be the end of it
through the open window they heard sounds below in the street cartwheels a tired horse 's plodding step voices
harold indicated the photograph on the wall and asked what church the stone sculpture was in
eugene told him and he promptly forgot
they passed the marmalade the bread the black-market butter back and forth
nothing was said about hotels or train journeys
eugene offered harold his car to use at any time he cared to and when this offer was accepted the armchair creaked
they all three had another cup of coffee
eugene was in his pajamas and dressing gown and on his large feet he wore yellow turkish slippers that turned up at the toes
excuse me he said in berlitz english and got up and left them to bathe and dress
the first shrill ring of the telephone brought harold out into the hall
he realized that he had no idea where the telephone was
at that moment the bathroom door flew open and eugene came out with his face lathered for shaving and strode down the hall tying the sash of his dressing gown as he went
the telephone was in the study but the ringing came from the hall
between the telephone and the wall plug there was sixty feet of cord and when the conversation came to an end eugene carried the instrument with him the whole length of the apartment to his bathroom where it rang three more times while he was shaving and in the tub
before he left the apartment he knocked on their door and asked if there was anything he could do for them
harold shook his head
sabine called a few minutes ago eugene said
she wants you and barbara to have dinner with her tomorrow night
he handed harold a key to the front door and cautioned him against leaving it unlocked while they were out of the apartment
when enough time had elapsed so that there was little likelihood of his returning for something he had forgotten harold went out into the hall and stood looking into one room after another
in the room next to theirs was a huge cradle of mahogany ornately carved and decorated with gold leaf
it was the most important-looking cradle he had ever seen
then came their bathroom and then a bedroom that judging by the photographs on the walls must belong to mme cestre
a young woman who looked like alix with her two children
alix and eugene on their wedding day
matching photographs in oval frames of mme bonenfant and an elderly man who must be alix 's grandfather
mme vienot considerably younger and very different
and a gray-haired man whose glance direct lifelike and mildly accusing was contradicted by the gilt and black frame
it was the kind of frame that is only put around the photograph of a dead person
professor cestre could it be
with the metal shutters closed the dining room was so dark that it seemed still night in there
one of the drawing-room shutters was partly open and he made out the shapes of chairs and sofas which seemed to be upholstered in brown or russet velvet
the curtains were of the same material and there were some big oil paintings portraits in the style of lancret and boucher
though taken individually the big rooms were or seemed to be square the apartment as a whole formed a triangle
the apex the study where eugene slept was light and bright and airy and cheerful
the window looked out on the place redoute it was the only window of the apartment that did
looking around slowly he saw a marble fireplace a desk a low bookcase of mahogany with criss-crossed brass wire instead of glass panes in the doors
the daybed eugene had slept in made up now with its dark-brown velours cover and pillows
the portable record player with a pile of classical records beside it
beethoven 's fifth was the one on top
da-da-da-dum music could be eugene 's passion
besides the records were dusty
he tried the doors of the bookcase
the titles he could read easily through the criss-crossed wires works on theology astral physics history biology political science
he moved over to the desk and stood looking at the papers on it but touching anything
the clock on the mantel piece was scandalized and ticked so loudly that he glanced at it over his shoulder and then quickly left the room
the concierge called out to them as they were passing through the foyer
her quarters were on the right as you walked into the building and her small front room was clogged with heavy furniture a big round oak dining table and chairs a buffet with a row of unclaimed letters inserted between the mirror and its frame
the suitcases had come while they were out and had been put in their room the concierge said
he waited until they were inside the elevator and then said now what do we do
call the vouillemont i guess
rather than sit around waiting for the suitcases to be delivered they had gone sight-seeing
they went to the flea market expecting to find the treasures of europe and found instead a duplication of that long double row of booths in tours
cheap clothing and junk of every sort as far as the eye could see
they looked even so
looked at everything
barbara bought some cotton aprons and harold bought shoestrings
they had lunch at a sidewalk cafe overlooking the intersection of two broad busy unpicturesque streets and coming home they got lost in the metro
it took them over an hour to get back to the station where they should have changed in order to take the line that went to the place redoute
it was the end of the afternoon when he took the huge key out of his pocket and inserted it into the keyhole
when he opened the door there stood eugene on his way out of the apartment
he was wearing sneakers and shorts and an open-collared shirt and in his hand he carried a little black bag
he did explain where he was going and they did ask
instead they went on down the hall to their room
do you think he could be having an affair
barbara asked as they heard the front door close
oh no harold said shocked
well this is france after all
i know but there must be some other explanation
he 's probably spending the evening with friends
and for that he needs a little bag
they went shopping in the neighborhood and bought two loaves of bread with the ration coupons they had been given in blois and some cheese and a dozen eggs and a bag of oranges from a peddler in the place redoute the first oranges they had seen since they landed
they had vermouth sitting in front of a cafe
when they got home harold was grateful for the stillness in the apartment and thought how under different circumstances they might have stayed on here in these old-fashioned high-ceilinged rooms that reminded him of the irelands' apartment in the east eighties
they could have been perfectly happy here for ten whole days
he went down the hall to eugene 's bathroom to turn on the hot-water heater and on the side of the tub he saw a pair of blue wool swimming trunks
he felt them
they were damp
he reached out and felt the bath towel hanging on the towel rack over the tub
he looked around the room and then called out come here quick
what is it
barbara asked standing in the doorway
i've solved the mystery of the little bag
there it is and there is what was in it
but where do people go swimming in paris
that boat in the river maybe
there 's a big boat anchored near the place de la concorde with a swimming pool in it didn't you notice it
but if he has time to go swimming he had time to be with us
she looked at him in surprise
i know he said reading her mind
i don't know what i'm going to do with you
it 's because we are in france he said and know so few people
so something like this matters more than it would at home
also he was so nice when he was nice
all because i didn't feel like dancing
i don't think it was that really
then what was it
i don't know
i wish i did
the tweed coat maybe
the thing about eugene is that he 's very proud
and the thing about hurt feelings the wet bathing suit pointed out is that the person who has them is quite the innocent party he believes himself to be
for instance what about all those people harold rhodes went toward unhesitatingly as if this were the one moment they would ever have together their one chance of knowing each other
fortunately the embarrassing questions raised by objects do need to be answered or we would all have to go sleep in the open fields
and in any case answers may clarify but they do change anything
he brought with him a mixture of myrrh and aloes of about a hundred pounds' weight
they took jesus 's body then and wrapped it in winding-clothes with the spices
that is how the jews prepare a body for burial
listed as present at the descent were mary mary 's sister mary magdalene john joseph of arimathea nicodemus
search as he might he could find no place where the bible spoke of a moment when mary could have been alone with jesus
mostly the scene was crowded with mourners such as the dramatic dell'arca lamentation in bologna where the grief-stricken spectators had usurped mary 's last poignant moment
in his concept there could be no one else present
his first desire was to create a mother and son alone in the universe
when might mary have had that moment to hold her child on her lap
perhaps after the soldiers had laid him on the ground while joseph of arimathea was at pontius pilate 's asking for christ 's body nicodemus was gathering his mixture of myrrh and aloes and the others had gone home to mourn
those who saw his finished pieta would take the place of the biblical witnesses
they would feel what mary was undergoing
there would be no halos no angels
these would be two human beings whom god had chosen
he felt close to mary having spent so long concentrating on the beginning of her journey
now she was intensely alive anguished
her son was dead
even though he would later be resurrected he was at this moment dead indeed the expression on his face reflecting what he had gone through on the cross
in his sculpture therefore it would be possible for him to project anything of what jesus felt for his mother
only what mary felt for her son
jesus' inert body would be passive his eyes closed
mary would have to carry the human communication
this seemed right to him
it was a relief to shift in his mind to technical problems
since his christ was to be life size how was mary to hold him on her lap without the relationship seeming ungainly
his mary would be slender of limb and delicate of proportion yet she must hold this full-grown man as securely and convincingly as she would a child
there was only one way to accomplish this by design by drawing diagrams and sketches in which he probed the remotest corner of his mind for creative ideas to carry his concept
he started by making free sketches to loosen up his thinking so that images would appear on paper
visually these approximated what he was feeling within himself
at the same time he started walking the streets peering at the people passing or shopping at the stalls storing up fresh impressions of what they looked like how they moved
in particular he sought the gentle sweet-faced nuns with head coverings and veils coming to the middle of their foreheads remembering their expressions until he reached home and set them down on paper
discovering that draperies could be designed to serve structural purposes he began a study of the anatomy of folds
he improvised as he went along completing a life-size clay figure then bought yards of an inexpensive material from a draper wet the lightweight cloth in a basin and covered it over with clay that argiento brought from the bank of the tiber to the consistency of thick mud
no fold could be accidental each turn of the drapery had to serve organically to cover the madonna 's slender legs and feet so that they would give substantive support to christ 's body to intensify her inner turmoil
when the cloth dried and stiffened he saw what adjustments had to be made
so that 's sculpture commented argiento wryly when he had sluiced down the floor for a week making mud pies
see argiento if you control the way these folds are bunched like this or made to flow you can enrich the body attitudes
they can have as much tactile appeal as flesh and bone
he went into the jewish quarter wanting to draw hebraic faces so that he could reach a visual understanding of how christ might have looked
the jewish section was in trastevere near the tiber at the church of san francesco a ripa
the colony had been small until the spanish inquisition of #### drove many jews into rome
here for the most part they were well treated as a reminder of the old testament heritage of christianity
many of their gifted members were prominent in the vatican as physicians musicians bankers
the men did object to his sketching them while they went about their work but no one could be persuaded to come to his studio to pose
he was told to ask for rabbi melzi at the synagogue on saturday afternoon
michelangelo found the rabbi in the room of study a gentle old man with a white beard and luminous grey eyes robed in black gabardine with a skullcap on his head
he was reading from the talmud with a group of men from his congregation
when michelangelo explained why he had come rabbi melzi replied gravely
the bible forbids us to bow down to or to make graven images
that is why our creative people give their time to literature to painting or sculpture
but rabbi melzi you don't object to others creating works of art
each religion has its own tenets
i am carving a pieta from white carrara marble
i wish to make jesus an authentic jew
i cannot accomplish this if you will help me
the rabbi said thoughtfully i would want my people to get in trouble with the church
i am working for the cardinal of san dionigi
i'm sure he would approve
what kind of models would you prefer
in their mid-thirties
bulky laborers but sinewy men
rabbi melzi smiled at him with infinitely old but merry eyes
leave me your address
i will send you the best the quarter has to offer
michelangelo hurried to sangallo 's solitary bachelor room with his sketches asked the architect to design a stand which would simulate the seated madonna
sangallo studied the drawings and improvised a trestle couch
michelangelo bought some scrap lumber
together he and argiento built the stand covering it with blankets
his first model arrived at dusk
he hesitated for a moment when michelangelo asked him to disrobe so michelangelo gave him a piece of toweling to wrap around his loins led him to the kitchen to take off his clothes
he then draped him over the rough stand explained that he was supposed to be recently dead and was being held on his mother 's lap
the model quite plainly thought michelangelo crazy
only the instructions from his rabbi kept him from bolting
but at the end of the sitting when michelangelo showed him the quick free drawings with the mother roughed in holding her son the model grasped what michelangelo was after and promised to speak to his friends
he worked for two hours a day with each model sent by the rabbi
mary presented quite a different problem
though this sculpture must take place thirty-three years after her moment of decision he could conceive of her as a woman in her mid-fifties old wrinkled broken in body and face by labor or worry
his image of the virgin had always been that of a young woman even as had his memory of his mother
jacopo galli introduced him into several roman homes
here he sketched sitting in their flowing gowns of linen and silk young girls yet twenty some about to be married some married a year or two
since the santo spirito hospital had taken only men he had had no experience in the study of female anatomy
but he had sketched the women of tuscany in their fields and homes
he was able to discern the body lines of the roman women under their robes
he spent concentrated weeks putting his two figures together a mary who would be young and sensitive yet strong enough to hold her son on her lap
and a jesus who though lean was strong even in death a look he remembered well from his experience in the dead room of santo spirito
he drew toward the composite design from his meticulously accurate memory without need to consult his sketches
soon he was ready to go into a three-dimensional figure in clay
here he would have free expression because the material could be moved to distort forms
when he wanted to emphasize or get greater intensity he added or subtracted clay
next he turned to wax because there was a similarity of wax to marble in tactile quality and translucence
he respected each of these approach techniques and kept them in character his quill drawings had a scratchiness suggesting skin texture
the clay he used plastically to suggest soft moving flesh as in an abdomen in a reclining torso
the wax he smoothed over to give the body surface an elastic pull
yet he never allowed these models to become fixed in his mind
they remained rough starting points
when carving he was charged with spontaneous energy
too careful or detailed studies in clay and wax would have glued him down to a mere enlarging of his model
the true surge had to be inside the marble itself
drawing and models were his thinking
carving was action
the arrangement with argiento was working well except that sometimes michelangelo could figure who was master and who apprentice
argiento had been trained so rigorously by the jesuits that michelangelo was unable to change his habits up before dawn to scrub the floors whether they were dirty or
water boiling on the fire for washing laundry every day the pots scoured with river sand after each meal
argiento this is senseless he complained liking to work on the wet floors particularly in cold weather
you're too clean
scrub the studio once a week
no said argiento stolidly
i was taught
and god help anyone who tries to unteach you
yet he knew that he had nothing to grumble about for argiento made few demands on him
the boy was becoming acquainted with the contadini families that brought produce into rome
on sundays he would walk miles into the campagna to visit with them and in particular to see their horses
the one thing he missed from his farm in the po valley was the animals
frequently he would take his leave of michelangelo by announcing
today i go see the horses
it took a piece of bad luck to show michelangelo that the boy was devoted to him
he was crouched over his anvil in the courtyard getting his chisels into trim when a splinter of steel flew into his eye and imbedded itself in his pupil
he stumbled into the house eyes burning like fire
argiento made him lie down on the bed brought a pan of hot water dipped some clean white linen cloth and applied it to extract the splinter
though the pain was considerable michelangelo was too concerned
he assumed he could blink the splinter out
but it would come
argiento never left his side keeping the water boiled applying hot compresses throughout the night
by the second day michelangelo began to worry
and by the second night he was in a state of panic he could see nothing out of the afflicted eye
at dawn argiento went to jacopo galli
galli arrived with his family surgeon maestro lippi
the surgeon carried a cage of live pigeons
he told argiento to take a bird out of the cage cut a large vein under its wing let the blood gush into michelangelo 's injured eye
the surgeon came back at dusk cut the vein of a second pigeon again washed out the eye
beth was very still and her breath came in small jerking gasps
the thin legs twitched convulsively once then kate felt the little body stiffening in her arms and heard one strangled sound
the scant flesh grew cool beneath her frantic hands
the child was gone
when juanita awoke kate was still rocking the dead child still crooning in disbelief no no oh no
they put kate to bed and wired jonathan and sent for the young presbyterian minister
he sat beside kate 's bed with the others throughout the morning talking talking of god 's will while kate lay staring angrily at him
when he told her god had called the child to him she rejected his words rebelliously
few of the neighbors came but mrs. tussle came called by tragedy
it always comes in threes she sighed heavily
trouble never comes but in threes
they held the funeral the next morning from the crossroads church and buried the little box in the quiet family plot
kate moved through all the preparations and services in a state of bewilderment
she would accept the death of such a little child
god called her to him the minister had said
god would do that kate thought stubbornly
jonathan 's letter came as she knew it would and he had accepted their child 's death as another judgment from god against both kate and himself
in blind panic of grief she accepted jonathan 's dictum and believed in her desperation that she had been cursed by god
she held jonathan 's letter his words burning like a brand and knew suddenly that the bonds between them were severed
she had nothing left but her duty to his land and his son
joel came and sat mutely with her sharing her pain and anguish averting his eyes from the ice packs on her bosom
juanita and mrs. tussle kept kate in bed a week until her milk dried
when she returned to life in the big house she felt shriveled of all emotion save dedication to duty
she disciplined herself daily to do what must be done
she had even steeled herself to keep juanita upstairs in the nurse 's room off the empty nursery although the girl tried to insist on moving back to the quarters to spare kate remembrance of the baby 's death
juanita drooped about the place wearing a haunted brooding look which kate attributed to the baby 's death until the day a letter came for her addressed to miss juanita fitzroy bearing a grafton postmark
seeing the slanting hand kate knew uneasily that it was from the yankee colonel
the federal forces had taken parkersburg and grafton from the rebels and were moving to take all the mountains
kate tried to contain her curiosity and foreboding at what the letter portended at what involvement existed for juanita
uncle randolph and joel had replanted the bottom lands with difficulty for more of the slaves including annie had sneaked off when the soldiers broke camp
joel worked like a field hand in the afternoons after school
he had been at lessons in the schoolhouse since they returned from harpers ferry
kate felt she had deserted the boy in her own loss
she loved him and missed his company
uncle randolph had been riding out every evening on some secret business of his own
what it was kate could fathom
he claimed to be visiting the waterfront saloon at the crossroads to play cards and drink with his cronies but kate had smelled brandy on him since mrs. lattimer 's funeral
joel knew what he was about however
you're gonna get caught she heard joel say to uncle randolph by the pump one morning
this old fox chuckled uncle randolph
everybody knows i'm just a harmless deaf old man who takes to drink
i aim to keep a little whisky still back in the ridge for my pleasure
whiskey still my foot said joel
you're back there riding with the guerrillas the moccasin rangers
hush said uncle randolph smiling or i'll give you another black eye
he patted the eye joel had had blackened in a fight over being rebel at the crossroads some days back
kate had no idea what they were talking of although she had seen the blue lights and strange fires burning and winking on the ridges at night had heard horsemen on the river road and hill trails through the nights till dawn
stranger uncle randolph began riding home nights with a jug strapped to his saddle drunkenly singing old dan tucker at the top of his voice
hearing his voice ring raucously up from the road kate would await him anxiously and watch perplexed as he walked into the house cold sober
what he was about became clear to her with the circulation of another broadside proclamation by general mcclellan threatening reprisals against rebel guerrillas
she was taken up in worry for the reckless old man
kate drew more and more on her affection for joel through the hot days of summer work
she had taken him out of the schoolhouse and closed the school for the summer after she saw miss snow crack joel across the face with a ruler for letting a snake loose in the schoolroom
kate had walked past the school on her morning chores and had seen the whole incident had seen joel 's burning humiliation before miss snow 's cold bespectacled wrath
he had the hardest pains of growing before him now as he approached twelve
these would be his hardest years she knew and he missed his father desperately
she tried to find some way to draw him out to help him
whenever she found time she went blackberry picking with him and they would come home together mouths purple arms and faces scratched tired enough to forget grief for another day
he tended the new colts beau had sired
he helped kate and juanita enlarge the flower garden in the side yard where they sometimes sat in the still evenings watching the last fat bees working against the summer 's purple dusk
no one went much to the crossroads now except uncle randolph
they stayed in their own world on the bluff waiting for letters and the peddler bringing the news
jonathan wrote grimly of the destruction of harpers ferry before they abandoned it
of their first engagement at falling waters after old jack 's first brigade had destroyed all the rolling stock of the b & o railroad
the men were restive he wrote ready to take the battle to the enemy as jackson wished
the peddler came bawling his wares and told them of the convention in wheeling which had formed a new state government by declaring the government at richmond in the east illegal because they were traitors
dangling his gaudy trinkets before them he told of the rebel losses in the mountains at cheat and rich mountains both and the federal march on beverly
cleaned all them rebs out'n the hills they did
they won't never git over inter loyal western virginia them traitors
the federals is making everybody take the oath of loyalty around these parts too he crowed
after he had gone kate asked uncle randolph proudly would you take their oath
and the old man had given a sly and wicked laugh and said hell yes
i think i've taken it about fifty times already
winking at joel 's look of shock
her mother wrote kate of her grief at the death of kate 's baby and at jonathan 's decision to go with the south and dear kate she wrote poor dr. breckenridge 's son robert is now organizing a militia company to go south to his good father 's sorrow
maj. anderson of fort sumter is home and recruiting volunteers for the u.s. army
in spite of the fact that the state legislature voted us neutral john hunt morgan is openly flying the confederate flag over his woolen factory
rumor of a big battle spread like a grassfire up the valley
accounts were garbled at the telegraph office when they sent old george down to parkersburg for the news
all dey know down dere is it were at manassas junction and it were a big fight the old man told them
in the next few days they had cause to rejoice
it had been a big battle and the confederate forces had won
jonathan and ben were on the lists of the dead or on that of the missing
kate and mrs. tussle waited for letters anxiously
joel went to the crest of a hill behind the house and lit an enormous victory bonfire to celebrate
when kate hurried in alarm to tell him to put it out she saw other dots of flames among the western virginia hills from the few scattered fires of the faithful
they all prayed now that the north would realize that peace must come for virginia had defended her land victoriously
the week after manassas the sound of horses in the yard brought kate up in shock from an afternoon 's rest when she saw the federal soldiers from her upstairs window
they had already lost most of their corn she thought
were they to be insulted again because of the south 's great victory
she remembered mcclellan 's last proclamation as she hurried fearfully down the stairs
at the landing she saw juanita her face flushed pink with excitement run down the hall from the kitchen to the front door
juanita stopped just inside the open door her hand to her mouth
as kate came swiftly down the stairs to the hall she saw colonel marsh framed in the doorway his face set in the same vulnerable look juanita wore
kate greeted him gravely uneasy with misgivings at his visit
what brings you here again colonel marsh
she asked taking him and juanita into the parlor where the shutters were closed against the afternoon sun
i stopped to say goodbye mrs. lattimer and to tell you how sorry i was to hear about your baby
i wish our doctor could have saved her
it was a terrible loss to me said kate quietly feeling the pain twist again at the mention knowing now that juanita must have written to him at grafton
where will you go now that you're leaving parkersburg
she asked him seeing juanita 's eyes grow bleak
as you know general mcclellan has been occupying beverly
he has notified me that he has orders to go to washington to take over the army of the potomac
i am to go to washington to serve with him
when are you to leave
kate asked watching them both now anxiously
their eyes betrayed too much of their emotions she thought sadly
would you permit juanita to walk about the grounds with me for a short spell mrs. lattimer
stay here in the parlor where it 's cool she said trying to be calm
it would be better for joel and uncle randolph and mrs. tussle to see them
kate went back and reminded the kitchen women of the supper preparations
then she took iced lemonade to marsh 's young aide where he sat in the cool of the big trees around the flower garden
when marsh called to his aide and the pair rode off down the river road where the gentians burned blue juanita was shaken and trying to cry
she sought kate out upstairs her lips trembling
he wants me to go with him tomorrow she told kate
what do you want to do
kate asked uneasy at the gravity of the girl 's dilemma
i could go with him
he knows me as your niece which of course i am
but i am a slave
you own me
it 's your decision said juanita holding her face very still trying to contain the bitterness of her voice as she enunciated her words too distinctly
no the decision is yours
i have held your papers of manumission since i married mr. lattimer
the red glow from the cove had died out of the sky
the two in the bed knew each other as old people know the partners with whom they have shared the same bed for many years and they needed to say no more
the things left unsaid they both felt deeply and with a sigh they fell back on the well-stuffed pillows
anita put out the remaining candles with a long snuffer and in the smell of scented candlewick the comforting awareness of each other 's bodies the retained pattern of dancers and guests remembered their minds grew numb and then empty of images
they slept mynheer with a marvelously high-pitched snoring the damn seahorse ivory teeth watching him from a bedside table
in the ballroom below the dark had given way to moonlight coming in through the bank of french windows
it was a delayed moon but now the sky had cleared of scudding black and the stars sugared the silver-gray sky
martha schuyler old slow careful of foot came down the great staircase dressed in her best lace-drawn black silk her jeweled shoe buckles held forward
well i'm here at last she said addressing the old portraits on the walls
i don't hear the music
i am getting deaf i must admit it
she came to the ballroom and stood on the two carpeted steps that led down to it
where is everyone
i say where is everyone
peter you lummox you've forgot to order the musicians
she stood there a large old woman smiling at the things she would say to him in the morning this big foolish baby of a son
there were times now like this when she lost control of the time count and moved freely back and forth into three generations
was it a birthday ball
when peter had reached his majority at eighteen
or was it her own first ball as mistress of this big house a van rensselaer bride from way upstate near albany from rensselaerwyck
and this handsome booby staring and sweating was he her bridegroom
martha picked up the hem of her gown and with eyes closed she slowly began to dance a stately minuet around the ballroom
david cortlandt was tired beyond almost the limits of his flesh
he had ridden hard from boston and he was used to horseback
now driving the horse and sulky borrowed from mynheer schuyler he felt as if every bone was topped by burning oil and that every muscle was ready to dissolve into jelly and leave his big body helpless and unable to move
the road leading south along the river was shaded with old trees and in the moonlight the silvery landscape was like a setting for trolls and wood gods rather than the hudson river valley of his boyhood memories
he slapped the reins on the back of the powerful gray horse and held on as the sulky 's wheels hit a pothole and came out with a jolt and went on
he would cross to manhattan to harlem heights before morning
there a certain farmhouse was a station for the sons of liberty
he would send on by trusted messenger the dispatches with their electrifying news
and he would sleep sleep and never think of roads and horses' sore haunches of colonial wars
strange how everything here fitted back into his life even if he had been away so long
mynheer sir francis the valley society the very smell of the river on his right purling along to the bay past fish weirs and rocks and ahead the sleepy ribbon of moon-drenched road
a mist was walking on the water white as cotton but with a blending and merging grace
ahead there was a stirring of sudden movement at a crossroads
david reached for the pair of pistols in the saddlebags at his feet
he pulled out one of them and cocked it
a strange wood creature came floating up from a patch of berry bushes
it was a grotesque hen five or six feet tall
it had the features of a man bewhiskered by clumps of loose feathers
it ran this apocalyptic beast on two thin legs and its wings were they feathered arms
flapped as it ran
its groin was bloody
black strips of skin hung from it
the horse shied at the dreadful thing and flared its nostrils
david took a firm hand with it
the creature in feathers looked around and david saw the mad eyes glazed with an insane fear
the ungainly bird thing ran away and to david its croaking sounded like the crowing of a tormented rooster
then it was gone
he drove on wary and shaken
the sons were out tonight
new york lay bleaching in the summer sun and the morning fish hawk flying in the heated air saw below him the long triangular wedge of manhattan island
it was thickly settled by fifteen thousand citizens and laid out into pig-infested streets mostly around the battery going bravely north to wall street but giving up and becoming fields and farms in the region of harlem heights
from there it looked across at westchester county and the hudson river where the manor houses estates and big farms of the original non-indian landowners began
on the east side of the island of manhattan the indifferent hawk knew the east river that connected new york bay with long island sound
on the western tip of long island protruded brooklyn heights
it commanded a view over manhattan and the harbor
a fringe of housing and gardens bearded the top of the heights and behind it were sandy roads leading past farms and hayfields
husbandry was bounded by snake-rail fences and there were grazing cattle
on the shores north and south the fishers and mooncursers smugglers lived along the churning great south bay and the narrow barrier of sand fire island
the morning hawk hungry for any eatable killable digestible item kept his eyes on the ring of anchored ships that lay off the shores in the bay sheltered by the jersey inlets
they often threw tidbits overboard
the larger ships were near paulus hook already being called by a few jersey city
these were the ships of his majesty 's navy herding the hulks of the east indies merchants and the yachts and ketches of the loyalists
the news of battle on breed 's hill had already seeped through and new york itself was now left in the hands of the local provincial congress
the fish hawk his wings moving circled and glided lower
the gilt sterns of the men-of-war becoming clearer to him the sides of the wooden sea walls alternately painted yellow and black the bronze cannon at the ports
the captain 's gig of h.m.s. mercury was being rowed to h.m.s. neptune
on shore the freed slaves to despotism the town dwellers watched the ships and waited
the chevaux de frise those sharp stakes and barriers around the fort at the battery pointed to a conflict between the town and sea power rolling in glassy swells as the tide came in
across the bay the palisades were heavy in green timber
their rock paths led down to the hudson
below in the open bay facing manhattan was staten island gritty with clam shells and mud flats behind which nested farms cattle barns and berry thickets
along wappinger creek in dutchess county past the white church at fishkill past verplanck 's point on the east bank of the hudson to the white salt-crusted roads of the long island rockaways there was a watching and an activity of preparing for something explosive to happen
today tomorrow six months even perhaps a year
the fish hawk flew on and was lost from sight
the british ships rolled at anchor sent out picket boats and waited for orders from london
waited for more ships more lobster-backed infantry and asked what was to be done with a war of rebellion
david cortlandt having slept away a day and a night came awake in a plank farmhouse on the harlem river near spuyten duyvil
he looked out through windowpanes turned a faint violet by sun and weather looked out at king 's bridge toward westchester
the road seemed animated with a few more wagons than usual
a carriage raising up the choking june dust and beyond in a meadow a local militia company drilling with muskets kentuck' rifles every kind of horse pistol old sword or cutlass
the wraith-like events of the last few days flooded david 's mind and he rubbed his unshaved chin and felt again the ache in his kidneys caused by his saddle odyssey from boston
pensive introspective he ached
he had sent the dispatches downtown to the proper people and had slept
now there was more to do
orders written down had to be transmitted to the local provincial government
he scratched his mosquito-plagued neck
from the saddlebags hung on a hitchcock chair david took out a good english razor a present from john hunter
he found tepid water in a pitcher and a last bit of soap and he lathered his face and stood stropping the razor on his broad leather belt its buckle held firm by a knob of the bedpost
he hoped he was free of self-deception
here he was suddenly caught up in the delirium of a war in the spite and calumny of whigs and tories
there would be great need soon for his skill as surgeon but somehow he had planned to use his knowledge merely for war
david cortlandt had certain psychic intuitions that this rebellion was wholly what it appeared on the surface
he knew that many were using it for their own ends
but it did matter
he stropped the razor slowly
what mattered was that a new concept of americans was being born
that some men did want it he could understand
the moral aridity of merchants made them loyal usually to their ledgers
yet some like morris manderscheid would bankrupt themselves for the new ideas
unique circumstances would test us all he decided
injury and ingratitude would occur
no doubt john hancock would do well now
war was a smugglers' heaven
and what of that poor tarred and feathered wretch he had seen on the road driving down from schuyler 's
things like that would increase rather than be done away with
one had to believe in final events or one was stranded in the abyss of nothing
he saw with john hunter now that the perfectability of man was a dream
life was a short play of tenebrous shadows
david began to shave with great sweeping strokes
time plays an essential part in our mortality and suddenly for no reason he could imagine or admit the image of peg laughing filled his mind so desirable so lusty so full of nuances of pleasure and joy
he drove sensual patterns off carefully shaving his long upper lip
it is harder he muttered to meditate on man or woman than on god
david finished shaving washed his face clean of lather and combed and retied his hair
he was proud that he had never worn a wig
more and more of the colonials were wearing their own hair and using powder
he felt cheerful again refreshed
presentable in his wide-cut brown suit the well-made riding boots
it is so easy to falsify sentiment
in the meadow below militia officers shouted at their men and on king 's bridge two boys sat fishing
the future would happen
he did have to hurry it by thinking too much
a man could be tossed outside the dimension of time by a stray bullet these days
he began to pack the saddlebags
and all this too shall pass away it came to him out of some dim corner of memory from a church service when he was a boy yes in a white church with a thin spur steeple in the patriarchal hudson valley where a feeling of plenitude was normal in those english-dutch manors with their well-fed squires
burly leathered men and wrinkled women in drab black rags carried on in a primitive way almost unchanged from feudal times
peasants puzzled andrei
he wondered how they could go on in poverty superstition ignorance with a complete lack of desire to make either their land or their lives flourish
andrei remembered a bathyran meeting long ago
tolek alterman had returned from the colonies in palestine and before the national leadership exalted the miracles of drying up swamps and irrigating the desert
a fund-raising drive to buy tractors and machinery was launched
andrei remembered that his own reaction had been one of indifference
had he found the meaning too late
it aggravated him
the land of the lublin uplands was rich but no one seemed to care
in the unfertile land in palestine humans broke their backs pushing will power to the brink
he had sat beside alexander brandel at the rostrum of a congress of zionists
all of them were there in this loosely knit association of diversified ideologies and each berated the other and beat his breast for his own approaches
when alexander brandel rose to speak the hall became silent
i do care if your beliefs take you along a path of religion or a path of labor or a path of activism
we are here because all our paths travel a blind course through a thick forest seeking human dignity
beyond the forest all our paths merge into a single great highway which ends in the barren eroded hills of judea
this is our singular goal
how we travel through the forest is for each man 's conscience
where we end our journey is always the same
we all seek the same thing through different ways an end to this long night of two thousand years of darkness and unspeakable abuses which will continue to plague us until the star of david flies over zion
this was how alexander brandel expressed pure zionism
it had sounded good to andrei but he did believe it
in his heart he had no desire to go to palestine
he loathed the idea of drying up swamps or the chills of malaria or of leaving his natural birthright
before he went into battle andrei had told alex i only want to be a pole
warsaw is my city tel aviv
and now andrei sat on a train on the way to lublin and wondered if he was being punished for his lack of belief
he saw the smug eyes of the home army chief roman and all the romans and the faces of the peasants who held only hatred for him
they had let this black hole of death in warsaw 's heart exist without a cry of protest
once there had been big glittering rooms where ulanys bowed and kissed the ladies' hands as they flirted from behind their fans
i am a jew
day by day week by week month by month the betrayal gnawed at andrei 's heart
he ground his teeth together
i hate warsaw he said to himself
i hate poland and all the goddamned mothers' sons of them
all of poland is a coffin
the terrible vision of the ghetto streets flooded his mind
what matters now
what is beyond this fog
only palestine and i will never live to see palestine because i did believe
by late afternoon the train inched into the marshaling yards in the railhead at lublin which was filled with lines of cars poised to pour the tools of war to the russian front
at a siding another train which was a familiar sight these days
andrei 's skilled eye sized them up
they were poles
he guessed by their appearance that they were rumanians
he walked toward the center of the city to keep his rendezvous with styka
of all the places in poland andrei hated lublin the most
the bathyrans were all gone
few of the native jews who had lived in lublin were still in the ghetto
from the moment of the occupation lublin became a focal point
he and ana watched it carefully
lublin generally was the forerunner of what would happen elsewhere
early in #### odilo globocnik the gauleiter of vienna established ss headquarters for all of poland
the bathyrans ran a check on globocnik and had only to conclude that he was in a tug of war with hans frank and the civilian administrators
globocnik built the death's-head corps
lublin was the seed of action for the final solution of the jewish problem
as the messages from himmler heydrich and eichmann came in through alfred funk lublin 's fountainhead spouted
a bevy of interlacing lagers work camps concentration camps erupted in the area
sixty thousand jewish prisoners of war disappeared into lublin 's web
plans went in and out of lublin indicating german confusion
a tale of a massive reservation in the uplands to hold several million jews a tale of a plan to ship all jews to the island of madagascar stories of the depravity of the guards at globocnik 's camps struck a chord of terror at the mere mention of their names
lipowa # sobibor chelmno poltawa belzec krzywy-rog budzyn krasnik
ice baths electric shocks lashings wild dogs testicle crushers
the death's-head corps took in ukrainian and baltic auxiliaries and the einsatzkommandos waded knee-deep in blood and turned into drunken dope-ridden maniacs
lublin was their heart
in the spring of #### operation reinhard began in lublin
the ghetto a miniature of warsaw 's was emptied into the camp in the majdan-tartarski suburb called majdanek
as the camp emptied it was refilled by a draining of the camps and towns around lublin then by deportees from outside poland
in and in and in they poured through the gates of majdanek but they never left and majdanek was growing any larger
what was happening in majdanek
was operation reinhard the same pattern for the daily trains now leaving the umschlagplatz in warsaw
was there another majdanek in the warsaw area as they suspected
andrei stopped at litowski place and looked around quickly at the boundary of civil buildings
his watch told him he was still early
down the boulevard he could see a portion of the ghetto wall
he found an empty bench opened a newspaper and stretched his legs before him
krakow boulevard was filled with black nazi uniforms and the dirty brownish ones of their auxiliaries
andrei glanced up over the top of the paper and looked into the mustached homely face of sergeant styka
styka sat beside him and pumped his hand excitedly
i have been waiting across the street at the post office since dawn
i thought you might get in on a morning train
it 's good to see you again styka
styka studied his captain
he almost broke into tears
to him andrei androfski had always been the living symbol of a polish officer
his captain was thin and haggard and his beautiful boots were worn and shabby
remember to call me jan andrei said
styka nodded and sniffed and blew his nose vociferously
when that woman found me and told me that you needed me i was never so happy since before the war
i'm lucky that you were still living in lublin
styka grumbled about fate
for a time i thought of trying to reach the free polish forces but one thing led to another
i got a girl in trouble and we had to get married
a bad girl
so we have three children and responsibilities
i work at the granary
nothing like the old days in the army but i get by
many times i tried to reach you but i never knew how
i came to warsaw twice but there was that damned ghetto wall
styka blew his nose again
were you able to make the arrangements
there is a man named grabski who is the foreman in charge of the bricklayers at majdanek
i did exactly as instructed
i told him you are on orders from the home army to get inside majdanek so you can make a report to the government in exile in london
ten thousand zlotys
can he be trusted
he is aware he will live for twenty-four hours if he betrays you
good man styka
captain jan must you go inside majdanek
the stories everyone really knows what is happening there
what good will it really do
i don't know
perhaps perhaps there is a shred of conscience left in the human race
perhaps if they know the story there will be a massive cry of indignation
do you really believe that jan
i have to believe it
styka shook his head slowly
i am only a simple soldier
i cannot think things out too well
until i was transferred into the seventh ulanys i was like every other pole in my feeling about jews
i hated you when i first came in
but my captain might have been a jew but he wasn't a jew
what i mean is he was a pole and the greatest soldier in the ulanys
the men of our company had a dozen fights defending your name
you never knew about it but by god we taught them respect for captain androfski
since the war i have seen the way the germans have behaved and i think holy mother we have behaved like this for hundreds of years
how can you tell an insane man to reason or a blind man to see
but we are neither blind nor insane
the men of your company would allow your name dishonored
why do we let the germans do this
i have sat many hours with this styka
all i ever wanted was to be a free man in my own country
i've lost faith styka
i used to love this country and believe that someday we'd win our battle for equality
but now i think i hate it very much
and do you really think that the world outside poland will care any more than we do
the question frightened andrei
please don't go inside majdanek
i'm still a soldier in a very small way styka
it was an answer that styka understood
grabski 's shanty was beyond the bridge over the river bystrzyca near the rail center
grabski sat in a sweat-saturated undershirt cursing the excessive heat which clamped an uneasy stillness before sundown
he was a square brick of a man with a moon-round face and sunken polish features
flies swarmed around the bowl of lentils in which he mopped thick black bread
half of it dripped down his chin
he washed it down with beer and produced a deep-seated belch
grabski looked at the pair of them
he grunted a sort of yes answer
my cousin works at the labor bureau
he can make you work papers
it will take a few days
i will get you inside the guard camp as a member of my crew
i don't know if i can get you into the inner camp
maybe yes maybe no but you can observe everything from the roof of a barrack we are building
grabski slurped his way to the bottom of the soup bowl
can't understand why the hell anyone wants to go inside that son-of-a-bitch place
orders from the home army
nothing there but jews
we get strange orders
well what about the money
andrei peeled off five one-thousand-zloty notes
grabski had never seen so much money
his broad flat fingers petrified into massive sausages by years of bricklaying snatched the bills clumsily
this ain't enough
you get the rest when i'm safely out of majdanek
i ain't taking no goddamned chances for no jew business
andrei and styka were silent
she was getting real dramatic
i'd have been more impressed if i hadn't remembered that she'd played hedda gabler in her highschool dramatics course
i didn't want her back on that broken record
nothing 's free in the whole goddam world was all i could think of to say
when i'd delivered myself of that gem there was nothing to do but order up another drink
i am she said
i'd forgotten all about thelma and the kentucky derby and how it was thelma 's fifty dollars i was spending
it was just me and eileen getting drunk together like we used to in the old days and me staring at her across the table crazy to get my hands on her partly because i wanted to wring her neck because she was so ornery but mostly because she was so wonderful to touch
drunk or sober she was the most attractive woman in the world for me
i was crazy about her all over again
it was the call of the wild all right
that evening turned out to be hell like all the others
we moved down broadway from ginmill to ginmill
it was the same old routine
eileen got to dancing just a little tiny dancing step to a hummed tune that you could hardly notice and trying to pick up strange men but each time i was ready to say to hell with it and walk out she'd pull herself together and talk so understandingly in that sweet husky voice about the good times and the happiness we'd had together and there i was back on the hook
i did have the decency to call up thelma and tell her i'd met old friends and would be home late
i could scratch her eyes out eileen cried and stamped her foot when i came back from the phone booth
you know i don't like my men to have other women
i hate it
i hate it
she got so drunk i had to take her home
it was a walk up on hudson street
she just about made me carry her upstairs and then she clung to me and wouldn't let me go
there was a man 's jacket on the chair and a straw hat on the table
the place smelt of some kind of hair lotion these pimplike characters use
what about ballestre
i had to shake her to make her listen
what about him
suddenly she was very mysterious and dramatic
precious and i allow each other absolute freedom
we are above being jealous
he 's used to me bringing home strange men
i'll just tell him you're my husband
he can't object to that
well i object
if he pokes his nose in here i'll slug him
that really would be funny
she began to laugh
she was still laughing when i grabbed her and started rolling her on the bed
after all i'm made of flesh and blood
i'm a plaster saint
waking up was horrible
never in my life have i felt so remorseful about anything i've done as i did about spending that night with my own wife
we both had hangovers
eileen declared she couldn't lift her head from the pillow
she lay under the covers making jabbing motions with her forefinger telling me where to look for the coffeepot
i was stumbling in my undershirt trying to find my way around her damn kitchenette when i smelt that sickish sweet hairtonic smell
there was somebody else in the apartment
honest i could feel the hair stand up on the back of my neck like a dog 's that is going to get into a fight
i turned around with the percolator in my hand
my eyes were so bleary i could barely see him but there he was a little smooth olivefaced guy in a new spring overcoat and a taffycolored fedora
brown eyes eyebrow mustache
oval face without an expression in the world
we didn't have time to speak before eileen 's voice was screeching at us from the bed
joseph maria ballestre meet francis xavier bowman
exboyfriend meet exhusband
she gave the nastiest laugh i ever heard
and don't either of you forget that i'm any man 's property
if you want to fight go down on the sidewalk
she was enjoying the situation
eileen was a psychologist all right
instead of wanting to sock the poor bastard i found myself having a fellowfeeling for him
maybe he felt the same way
i never felt such a lowdown hound in my life
first thing i knew he was in the kitchenette cooking up the breakfast and i was handing eileen her coffeecup and she was lying there handsome as a queen among her courtiers
i couldn't face thelma after that night
i didn't even have the nerve to call her on the telephone
i wrote her that i'd met up with eileen and that old bonds had proved too strong and asked her to send my clothes down by express
of course i had to give her eileen 's address but she never came near us
all she did was write me a pleasant little note about how it was beautiful while it lasted but that now life had parted our ways and it was goodbye forever
she never said a word about the fifty dollars
she added a postscript begging me to be careful about drinking
i must know that that was my greatest weakness underlined three times
afterwards i learned that eileen had called thelma on the telephone and made a big scene about thelma trying to take her husband away
that finished me with thelma
trust eileen to squeeze all the drama out of a situation
and there i was shacked up with eileen in that filthy fourth floor attic on hudson street
i use the phrase advisedly because there was something positively indecent about our relationship
i felt it and it ate on me all the time but i didn't know how right i was till later
what i did know was that precious was always around
he slept in the hall bedroom at the head of the stairs
who do you think pays the rent
you wouldn't have me throw the poor boy out on the street eileen said when i needled her about it
i said sure that was what i wanted her to do but she paid no attention
eileen had a wonderful way of listening to things she didn't want to hear
still i didn't think she was twotiming me with precious right then
to be on the safe side i never let eileen get out of my sight day or night
precious had me worried
i couldn't make out what his racket was
i'd thought him a pimp or procurer but he didn't seem to be
he was smooth and civil spoken but it seemed to me there was something tough under his selfeffacing manner
still he let eileen treat him like a valet
whenever the place was cleaned or a meal served it was precious who did the work
i never could find out what his business was
he always seemed to have money in his pocket
the phone had been disconnected but telegrams came for him and notes by special messenger
now and then he would disappear for several days
connections was all he would say with that smooth hurt smile when i put leading questions
oh he 's just an international spy eileen would shout with her screechy laugh
poor devil he can't have been too happy either
he got no relief from drink because though sometimes precious would buy himself a drink if he went out with us in the evening he'd leave it on the table untouched
when i was in liquor i rode him pretty hard i guess
occasionally if i pushed him too far he'd give me a look out of narrowed eyes and the hard cruel bony skull would show through that smooth face of his
some day i told eileen that guy will kill us both
she just wouldn't listen
getting drunk every night was the only way i could handle the situation
eileen seemed to feel the same way
we still had that much in common
the trouble was drinking cost money
the way eileen and i were hitting it up we needed ten or fifteen dollars an evening
eileen must have wheedled a little out of precious
i raised some kale by hocking the good clothes i had left over from my respectable uptown life but when that was gone i didn't have a cent
i don't know what we would have done if pat o'dwyer hadn't come to town
pat o'dwyer looked like a heavier jim
he had the same bullet head of curly reddish hair but he didn't have jim 's pokerfaced humor or his brains or his charm
he was a big thick beefy violent man
now pat may have been a lecher and a plugugly but he was a good churchgoing catholic and he loved his little sister
those o'dwyers had that irish clannishness that made them stick together in spite of politics and everything
pat took eileen and me out to dinner at a swell steak house and told us with tears in his eyes how happy he was we had come together again
whom god hath joined etcetera
the o'dwyers were real religious people except for kate
now it would be up to me to keep the little girl out of mischief
pat had been worried as hell ever since she'd lost her job on that fashion magazine
it had gone big with the hollywood girls when he told them his sister was an editor of art and apparel
how about me trying to help her get her job back
all evening eileen had been as demure as a little girl getting ready for her first communion
it just about blew us both out of the water when eileen suddenly came out with what she came out with
but brother i can't take a job right now she said with her eyes on her ice cream i'm going to have a baby francis xavier 's baby my own husband 's baby
my first thought was how had it happened so soon but i counted back on my fingers and sure enough we'd been living together six weeks
pat meanwhile was bubbling over with sentiment
greatest thing that ever happened
now eileen really would have to settle down to love honor and obey and she'd have to quit drinking
he'd come east for the christening by god he would
when we separated that evening pat pushed a hundred dollar bill into eileen 's hand to help towards a layette
before he left town pat saw to it that i was fixed up with a job
pat had contacts all over the labor movement
a friend of pat 's named frank sposato had just muscled into the portwatchers' union
the portwatchers were retired longshoremen and small time seafarers off towboats and barges who acted as watchmen on the wharves
most of them were elderly men
it was responsible and sometimes dangerous work because the thieving is awful in the port of new york
they weren't as well paid as they should have been
one reason the portwatchers let sposato take them over was to get the protection of his musclemen
sposato needed a front some labor stiff with a clean record to act as business agent of the redhook local
there i was a retired wobbly and structural iron worker who'd never gouged a cent off a fellow worker in my thirty years in the movement
for once radicalism was a recommendation
sposato couldn't wait to get me hired
with my gray hair and my weatherbeaten countenance i certainly looked the honest working stiff
the things a man will do for a woman
there was one fact which rector could overlook one truth which he could deny
as long as there were two human beings working together on the same project there would be competition and you could no more escape it than you could expect to escape the grave
no matter how devoted a man was no matter how fully he gave his life to the lord he could never extinguish that one spark of pride that gave him definition as an individual
all of the jobs in the mission might be equal in the eyes of the lord but they were certainly equal in the eyes of the lord 's servants
it was only natural that fletcher would strive for a position in which he could make the decisions
even rector himself was prey to this spirit of competition and he knew it for a more exalted office in the hierarchy of the church his ambitions for the bishopry had died very early in his career but for the one clear victory he had talked about to the colonel
he was sure how much of this desire was due to his devotion to the church and how much was his own ego demanding to be satisfied for the two were intertwined and could be separated
he wanted desperately to see kayabashi defeated the communists in the village rooted out the mission standing triumphant for in the triumph of the lord he himself would be triumphant too
but perhaps this was a part of the eternal plan that man 's ambition when linked with god would be a driving indefatigable force for good in the world
how foolish it was to try to fathom the truth in an area where only faith would suffice
he would have to work without questioning the motives which made him work and content himself with the thought that the eventual victory however it was brought about would be sweet indeed
his first move was to send hino to the village to spend a few days
his arm had been giving him some trouble and rector was enough of a medical expert to determine whether it had healed improperly or whether hino was simply rebelling against the tedious work in the print shop using the stiffness in his arm as an excuse
in any event rector sent him to the local hospital to have it checked telling him to keep his ears open while he was in the village to see if he could find out what kayabashi was planning
hino was elated at the prospect
he was allowed to spend his nights at an inn near the hospital and he was given some extra money to go to the pachinko parlor an excellent place to make contact with the enemy
he left with all the joyous spirit of a child going on a holiday nodding attentively as rector gave him his final instructions
he was to get involved in no arguments
he was to try to make no converts
he was simply to listen and report back what he heard
it was a ridiculous situation and rector knew it for hino frankly partisan openly gregarious would make a poor espionage agent
if he wanted to know anything he would end up asking about it point-blank but in this guileless manner he would probably receive more truthful answers than if he tried to get them by indirection
in all of his experience in the mission field rector had never seen a convert quite like hino
from the moment that hino had first walked into the mission to ask for a job any job his qualifications neatly written on a piece of paper in a precise hand he had been ready to become a christian
he had already been studying the bible
he knew the fundamentals and after studying with fletcher for a time he approached rector announced that he wanted to be baptized and that was that
rector had never been able to find out much about hino 's past
hino talked very little about himself except for the infrequent times when he used a personal illustration in connection with another subject
putting the pieces of this mosaic together rector had the vague outlines of a biography
hino was the fourth son of an elderly farmer who lived on the coast in chiba and divided his life between the land and the sea supplementing the marginal livelihood on his small rented farm with seasonal employment on a fishing boat
without exception hino 's brothers turned to either one or both of their father 's occupations but hino showed a talent for neither and instead spent most of his time on the beach where he repaired nets and proved immensely popular as a storyteller
he had gone into the japanese navy had been trained as an officer had participated in one or two battles he never went into detail regarding his military experience and at the age of twenty-five quite as a bolt out of the blue he had walked into the mission as if he belonged here and had become a christian
rector was often curious
often tempted to ask questions but he never did
if and when hino decided to tell him about his experiences he would do so unasked
rector had no doubt that hino would come back from the village bursting with information ready to impart it with his customary gusto liberally embellished with his active imagnation
when the telephone rang on the day after hino went down to the village rector had a hunch it would be hino with some morsel of information too important to wait until his return for there were few telephones in the village and the phone in rector 's office rarely rang unless it was important
he was surprised to find kayabashi 's secretary on the other end of the line
he was even more startled when he heard what kayabashi wanted
the oyabun was entertaining a group of dignitaries the secretary said businessmen from tokyo for the most part and kayabashi wished to show them the mission
they had never seen one before and had expressed a curiosity about it
i guess it will be all right
when would the oyabun like to bring his guests up here
this afternoon the secretary said
at three o'clock if it will be of convenience to you at that time
all right rector said
i will be expecting them
he was about to hang up the phone but a note of hesitancy in the secretary 's voice left the conversation open
he had something more to say
i beg to inquire if the back is now safe for travelers he said
rector laughed despite himself
unless the oyabun has been working on it he said then checked himself and added you can tell kayabashi-san that the back road is in very good condition and will be quite safe for his party to use
the secretary sighed with relief and then the telephone clicked in rector 's hand
rector had no idea why kayabashi wanted to visit the mission
for the oyabun to make such a trip was either a sign of great weakness or an indication of equally great confidence and from all the available information it was probably the latter
kayabashi must feel fairly certain of his victory in order to make a visit like this a trip which could be so easily misinterpreted by the people in the village
at the same time it was unlikely that any businessmen would spend a day in a christian mission out of mere curiosity
no kayabashi was bringing his associates here for a specific purpose and rector would be able to fathom it until they arrived
when he had given the call a few moments thought he went into the kitchen to ask mrs. yamata to prepare tea and sushi for the visitors using the formal english china and the silver tea service which had been donated to the mission then he went outside to inspect the grounds
fujimoto had a pile of cuttings near one side of the lawn
rector asked him to move it for the time being
he wanted the mission compound to be effortlessly spotless
a good initial impression would be important now
he went into the print shop where fletcher had just finished cleaning the press
how many pamphlets do we have in stock
i should say about a hundred thousand fletcher said
i would like to enact a little tableau this afternoon rector said he explained about the visit and the effect he wished to create the picture of a very busy mission
he did wish to deceive kayabashi exactly just to display the mission activities in a graphic and impressive manner
fletcher nodded as he listened to the instructions and said he would arrange the things rector requested
rector 's next stop was at the schoolroom where mavis was monitoring a test
he beckoned to her from the door and she slipped quietly outside
he told her of the visitors and then of his plans
how many children do you have present today
she looked back toward the schoolroom
fifteen she said
no only fourteen
the little ito girl had had to go home
she has a pretty bad cold
i would like them to appear very busy today busy exactly but joyous exuberant full of life
i want to create the impression of a compound full of children
do you think you can manage it
as rector was walking back toward the residential hall johnson came out of the basement and bounded up to him
the altercation in the coffee house had done little to dampen his spirits but he was still a little wary around rector for they had yet discussed the incident
i think i've fixed the pump so we won't have to worry about it for a long time he said
i've adjusted the gauge so that the pump cuts out before the water gets too low
fine rector said
he looked out over the expanse of the compound
it was going to take a lot of activity to fill it
have you ever operated a transit
no sir johnson said
you are about to become a first-class surveyor rector said
when konishi gets back with the jeep i want you to round up two or three japanese boys
konishi can help you
you'll find an old transit in the basement
the glass is out of it but that won't matter
it looks pretty efficient and that 's the important thing
he went on to explain what he had in mind
he said he could do it
rector was warming to his over-all strategy by the time he got back to the residential hall
it was rather a childish game all in all but everybody seemed to be getting into the spirit of the thing and he could remember when he had enjoyed planning anything quite so much
he was sure what effect it would have but that was really beside the point when you got right down to it
he was going to lose the mission by default and whatever reason kayabashi had for bringing his little sight-seeing group to the mission he was going to be in for a surprise
he found elizabeth in the parlor and asked her to make sure everything was in order in the residential hall and then to take charge of the office while the party was here
when everything had been done rector went back to his desk to occupy himself with his monthly report until three o'clock
at two thirty he sent fujimoto to the top of the wall at the northeast corner of the mission to keep an eye on the ridge road and give a signal when he first glimpsed the approach of kayabashi 's party
then rector attired in his best blue serge suit sat in a chair out on the lawn in the shade of a tree smoking a cigarette and waiting
the air was cooler here and the lacy pattern of the trees threw a dappled shadow on the grass an effect which he found pleasant
she concluded by asking him to name another hour should this one be inconvenient
the fish took the bait
he replied that he could imagine what importance there might be in thus meeting with a stranger but joy of joys he would be at home at the hour mentioned
but when she called he had thought better of the matter and decided to involve himself in a new entanglement
she was told by the manservant who opened the door that his lordship was engaged on work from which he had left strict orders he was to be disturbed
claire was bitterly disappointed but determined to let the rebuff daunt her purpose
she wrote again and now abandoning for the moment the theme of love she asked for help in the matter of her career
she could act and she could write
his lordship was concerned in the management of drury lane but if there were no opportunities there would he read and criticize her novel
at last he consented to meet her and following that brief interview claire wrote him a yet more remarkable proposal
have you any objection to the following plan
on thursday evening we may go out of town together by some stage or mail about the distance of ten or twelve miles
there we shall be free and unknown
we can return the following morning
she concluded by asking for a brief interview to settle with you where and she threw in a tribute to his gentle manners and the wild originality of your countenance
she opened his reply with trembling fingers he agreed
and he would see her that evening
victory at last
at their meeting he told her to bother about where he would attend to that
there was one of the new forte-pianos in the room and as claire rose to go he asked her to sing him one song before she left
she sang him scott 's charming ballad rosabelle which was the vogue of the moment
she had never sung better
your voice is delightful he approved with a warm smile
tomorrow will be a new experience i have never before made love to a nightingale
there have been cooing doves chattering magpies thieving jackdaws a proud peacock a silly goose and a harpy eagle whom i was silly enough to mate with and who is now busy tearing at my vitals
and so they went he choosing of all places an inn near medmenham abbey scene a generation ago of the obscene orgies of the hellfire club
he regaled claire with an account of the mock mass performed by the cassocked bloods which he had had at firsthand from old bud dodington one of the leaders of the so-called order
each wore the monkish scourge at his waist but this it seems was employed for self-flagellation
naked girls danced in the chancel of the abbey the youngest and seemingly the most innocent being chosen to read a sermon filled with veiled depravities
the jaded amorist conjured up pictures of the blasphemous rites with relish
alas all that belonged to the age of devil dashwood and wicked wilkes abbot and beadsman of the order
the casual seduction of a seventeen-year-old bluestocking seemed tame by comparison
they passed close by the turn to bishopsgate
a scant half mile away shelley and mary were doubtless sitting on their diminutive terrace the air about them scented with stock and listening to the nightingale who had nested in the big lime tree at the foot of the garden
charming and peaceful but what were charm and peace compared to high adventure
alone with the fabulous byron
how many women had longed for the privilege that was hers
how was she to behave claire wondered
to be passive to be girlishly shy was palpably absurd
she was the pursuer as clearly as was venus in shakespeare 's poem
and while her adonis did suffer from inexperience satiety might well be an equal handicap
no she would pretend modesty but neither must she be crudely bold
mystery that was the thing
in the bedroom she would insist on darkness
with his club foot he might well be grateful
at the inn which was situated close to a broad weir byron was greeted by the landlord with obsequious deference and addressed as milord
the place was evidently a familiar haunt and claire wondered what other illicit loves had been celebrated in the comfortable rooms to which they were shown
the fire in the sitting room was lighted
what about the bedroom
seems to me last time i was here the grate bellowed out smoke as it might have been preparing us for hell
we found some owls had built a nest in the chimney milord but i promise you you'll never have trouble of that sort again
so only had he been here before but it seemed he might well come again
claire felt suddenly small and cheap heroine of a trivial episode in the voluminous history of don juan
a cold supper was ordered and a bottle of port
when napoleon 's ship had borne him to elba french wines had started to cross the channel the first shipments in a dozen war-ridden years but the supplies had yet reached rural hostelries where the sweet wines of the spanish peninsula still ruled
as they waited for supper they sat by the fire glasses in hand while byron philosophized as much for his own entertainment as hers
sex is overpriced he said
the great greek tragedies are concerned with man against fate man against man for the prize of a woman 's body
so don't see yourself as a heroine or fancy this little adventure is an event of major importance
the gods seemed to think sex pretty important she rebutted
mars and venus bacchus and ariadne jupiter and io byron and the nymph of the owl 's nest
that would be minerva i suppose
wasn't the owl her symbol
so you know something of the classics do you
tell me about minerva how she behaved what she did to please you
i'll tell you nothing
i don't ask you who 'tis you're being unfaithful to husband or lover
frankly i don't care
for a moment she thought of answering with the truth but she knew there were men who shied away from virginity who demanded some degree of education in body as well as mind
very well she said i'll catechize you
what matter the others so long as i have my place in history
she was striking the right note
no man ever had a better opinion of himself and indeed with one so favored flattery could hardly seem overdone
brains and beauty high position in both the social and intellectual worlds athlete fabled lover if ever the world was any man 's oyster it was his
the light supper over claire went to him and slipping an arm about his shoulder sat on his knee
he drew her close and hand on cheek turned her face to his
her lips moist and parted spoke his name
his hand went to her shoulder and pushed aside the knotted scarf that surmounted the striped poplin gown
then to better purpose he took hold of the knot and with dextrous fingers untied it
the bodice beneath was buttoned and withdrawing his lips from hers he set her upright on his knee and started to undo it unhurriedly as if she were a child
but kindled by his kiss his caressing hand her desire was aflame
she sprang up and went swiftly to the bedroom
lord byron poured himself another glass of wine and held it up to the candle flame admiring the rich color
he drank slowly with due appreciation
it was an excellent vintage
he rose and went to the bedroom
pausing in the doorway he said the form of the human female unlike her mind and her spirit is the most challenging loveliness in all nature
when claire returned to bishopsgate she longed to tell them she had become byron 's mistress
by odd coincidence on the evening of her return shelley chose to read parisina which was the latest of the titled poet 's successes
as he declaimed the sonorous measures it was as much as claire could do to restrain herself from bursting out with her dramatic tidings
although it is the best of which he is capable said shelley as he closed the book it is still poetry of a high order
if he would only leave the east said mary
i am tired of sultans and scimitars
the hero of his next poem is napoleon bonaparte said claire with slightly overdone carelessness
how do you know that
i was told it on good authority claire answered darkly
i mustn't tell i mustn't tell she repeated to herself
i promised him i wouldn't
winter came and with it mary 's baby a boy as she had wished
william he was called in honor of the man who was at once shelley 's pensioner and his most bitter detractor
with a pardonable irony shelley wrote to the father who had publicly disowned his daughter
fanny and mrs. godwin will probably be glad to hear that mary has safely recovered from a very favorable confinement and that her child is well
at the same time another child this one of shelley 's brain was given to the world alastor a poem of pervading beauty in which the reader may gaze into the still depths of a fine mind 's musings
alastor was published only to be savagely attacked contemptuously ignored
shelley sent a copy to southey a former friend and another to godwin
neither acknowledged the gift
only mary 's praise sustained him in his disappointment
she understood completely
a thought nor a cadence was missed in her summary of appreciation
you have made the labor worth while he said to her smiling
and in the future since i write for a public of one i can save the poor publishers from wasting their money
a public of one mary echoed reprovingly
how can you say such a thing
there will be thousands who will thrill to the loveliness of alastor
there are some even now
what about that dear clever mr. thynne
i am sure he is in raptures
poor mr. thynne he always has to be trotted out for my encouragement
there are other mr. thynnes
everyone is bewitched by byron 's caliphs and harem beauties
mary 's supercritical attitude toward byron had nothing to do with his moral disrepute
she was resentful of his easy success as compared with shelley 's failure
the same month that alastor was published murray sold twenty thousand copies of the siege of corinth a slovenly bit of byronism that even shelley 's generosity rebelled at
the lordly poet was at low-water mark
the careless writing was in keeping with his mood of savage discontent
on all sides doors were being slammed in his face
the previous scandals gaily diverting as they were had only served to increase his popularity
now under the impact of his wife 's disclosures he was brought suddenly to the realization that there was a limit to tolerance however brilliant however far-famed the offender might be
he tried defiance and openly flaunted his devotion to his half sister but he soon saw as did she that this course if persisted in would involve them in a common ruin
for the moment there was no woman in his life and it was this vacuum that had given claire her opportunity
but the liaison successfully started in the last days of autumn was now languishing
byron since the separation from his wife had been living in a smallish house in piccadilly terrace
he refused to bring claire to it even as an occasional visitor claiming that his every move was watched by spies of the milbankes
beckworth handed the pass to the colonel
he had thought that the suggestion of taking it himself would tip the colonel in the direction of serving his own order but the slip of paper was folded and absently thrust into the colonel 's belt
despite his yearning the colonel would go down to see the men come through the lines
he would remain in the tent waiting impatiently occupied by some trivial task
fetch me the copies of everything b and c companies have requisitioned in the last six months
the last six months sir
you heard me
there 's a lot of waste going on here
it 's got to stop
i want to take a look
this is no damned holiday beckworth
beckworth left the tent
below he could see the bright torches lighting the riverbank
he glanced back
the colonel crouched tensely on one of the folding chairs methodically tearing at his thumbnail
the bombproof was a low-ceilinged structure of heavy timbers covered with earth
it stood some fifty paces from the edge of the bank
from the outside it seemed no more than a low drumlin a lump on the dark earth
a crude ladder ran down to a wooden floor
two slits enabled observers to watch across the river
the place smelled strongly of rank fertile earth rotting wood and urine
the plank floor was slimed beneath watson 's boots
at least the union officer had been decent enough to provide a candle
there was no place to sit but watson walked slowly from the ladder to the window slits and back stooping slightly to avoid striking his head on the heavy beams
in the corner was the soldier with the white flag
he stood stiffly erect clutching the staff his body half hidden by the limp cloth
watson hardly looked at him
the man had come floundering aboard the flat-bottomed barge at the last instant brandishing the flag of truce
someone had hauled him over the side and he had remained silent while they crossed
an officer with a squad of men had been waiting on the bank
the men in the boats had started yelling happily at first sight of the officer two of them calling him billy
when the boat had touched the weaker ones and the two wounded men had been lifted out and carried away by the soldiers
watson had presented his pouch and been led to the bombproof
the officer had told him that both lists must be checked
watson had given his name and asked for a safe-conduct pass
the officer surprised said he would have to see
watson had nodded absently and muttered that he would check the lists himself later
he had peered through the darkness at the rampart
the men he would take back across the river stood there but he turned away from them
he wanted no part of the emotions of the exchange no memory of the joy and gratitude that other men felt
he had hoped to be alone in the bombproof but the soldier had followed him
though watson carefully ignored the man he could deny his presence
perhaps it would be better to speak to him since silence could exorcise his form
watson glanced briefly at him seeing only a body rigidly erect behind the languid banner
we won't be too long
if my pass is approved i may be a half hour
the soldier answered in a curious muffled voice his lips barely moving
watson turned away and did see the man 's knees buckle and his body sag
he had acknowledged the man
it was easier to think now watson decided
the stiff figure in the corner no longer blocked his thoughts
he paced slowly stooping staring at the damp slippery floor
he tried to order the words of the three union officers seeking to create some coherent portrait of the dead boy
but he groped blindly
his lack of success steadily eroded his interest
he stopped pacing leaned against the dank timbered wall and let his mind drift
a feeling of futility an enervation of mind greater than any fatigue he had ever known seeped through him
what in the name of god was he doing crouched in a timbered pit on the wrong bank of the river
why had he crossed the dark water to bring back a group of reclaimed soldiers or to skulk in a foul-smelling hole
he grew annoyed and at the same time surprised at that emotion
he was conscious of a growing sense of absurdity
hillman had written it all out hadn't he
wasn't the report official enough
what did he hope to accomplish here
hillman had ordered him to leave the far bank
prompted by a guilty urge he had disobeyed the order of a man he respected
to tell john something he would find out for himself
the figure in the corner belched loudly a deep liquid eruption
watson snorted and then laughed aloud
the soldier 's voice was muffled again stricken with chagrin
he clutched the staff and his dark eyes blinked apologetically
'scuse me sir
let 's get out of here
watson ran up the ladder and stood for a second sucking in the cool air that smelled of mud and river weeds
to his left the two skiffs dented their sharp bows into the soft bank
the flat-bottomed boat swung slowly to the pull of the current
a soldier held the end of a frayed rope
three union guards appeared carrying their rifles at ready
watson stared at them curiously
they were stocky men well fed and clean-shaven with neat uniforms and sturdy boots
behind them shambled a long column of weak tattered men
the thin gray figures raised a hoarse cawing cry like the call of a bird flock
they moved toward the skiffs with shocking eagerness elbowing and shoving
four men were knocked down but did attempt to rise
they crept down the muddy slope toward the waiting boats
the union soldiers grounded arms and settled into healthy indifferent postures to watch the feeble boarding of the skiffs
the crawling men tried to rise and fell again
no one moved to them
watson watched two of them flounder into the shallow water and listened to their voices beg shrilly
in a confused soaked and stumbling shift of bodies and lifting arms the two men were dragged into the same skiff
the third crawling man forced himself erect
he swayed like a drunkard his arms milling in slow circles
he paced forward unsteadily leaning too far back his head tilted oddly
his steps were short and stiff and with his head thrown back his progress was a supercilious strut
he appeared to be peering haughtily down his nose at the crowded and unclean vessel that would carry him to freedom
he stalked into the water and fell heavily over the side of the flat-bottomed barge his weight nearly swamping the craft
watson looked for the fourth man
he had reached the three passive guards
he crept in an incertain manner patting the ground before him
the guards did look at him
the figure on the earth halted seemingly bewildered
he sank back on his thin haunches like a weary hound
then he began to crawl again
watson watched the creeping figure
he felt a spectator interest
would the man make it or
if only there was a clock for him to crawl against
if he failed to reach the riverbank in five minutes say then the skiffs would pull away and leave him groping in the mud
say three minutes to make it sporting
still the guards did move but stood inert aloof from the slow-scrambling man
the figure halted and watson gasped
the man began to creep in the wrong direction deceived by a slight rise in the ground
he turned slowly and began to crawl back up the bank toward the rampart
watson raced for him his boots slamming the soft earth
the guards came to life with astonishing menace
they spun and flung their rifles up
watson gesticulated wildly
one man dropped to his knee for better aim
let me help him for the love of god
the guards lowered their rifles and their rifles and peered at watson with sullen puzzled faces
watson pounded to the crawling man and stopped panting heavily
he reached down and closed his fingers on the man 's upper arm
beneath his clutch a flat strip of muscle surged on the bone
watson bent awkwardly and lifted the man to his feet
watson stared into a cadaverous face
two clotted balls the color of mucus rolled between fiery lids
light sticks of fingers the tips gummy with dark earth patted at watson 's throat
the man 's voice was a sweet patient whisper
henry said that he'd take my arm and get me right there
but you ain't henry
it don't matter
is it far
how far could it be watson thought bleakly how far can a blind man crawl
another body length or all the rest of his nighted life
you talk deep
like us fellas
it raises the voice bein in camp
come on now
can you walk
why course i can
i can walk real good
watson stumbled down the bank
the man leaned his frail body against watson 's shoulder
he was no heavier than a child
watson paused for breath
the man wheezed weakly his fetid breath beating softly against watson 's neck
his sweet whisper came after great effort
i wish you was henry
he promised to take me
we're almost there
watson supported the man to the edge of the bank and passed the frail figure over the bow of the nearest skiff
the man swayed on a thwart turning his ruined eyes from side to side
watson turned away sickened for the first time in many months
he heard the patient voice calling
where are you henry
make him lie down
watson snatched a deep breath
he had meant to shout
he stood with his back to the skiff
the men mewed and scratched begging to be taken away
watson spoke bewilderedly to the dark night flecked with pine-knot torches
what do you do to them
intelligence jabbed at him accusingly
he was angry sickened
he had felt that during the afternoon
no nor later
all his emotions had been inward self-conscious
in war on a night like this it was only the outward emotions that mattered what could be flung out into the darkness to damage others
that was it
he was sure of it
john 's type of man allowed this sort of thing to happen
what a fool he had been to think of his brother
so charles was dead
what did it matter
his name had been crossed off a list
already his cool body lay in the ground
what words had any meaning
what had he thought of to go to john grovel and beg understanding
to confess with a canvas chair as a prie-dieu gouging at his heart until a rough and stupid hand bade him rise and go
men were slaughtered every day tumbled into eternity like so many torn parcels flung down a portable chute
what made him think john had a right to witness his brother 's humiliation
what right had john to any special consideration
was john better more deserving
to hell with john
let him chafe with impatience to see charles rip open the note with trembling hands and read the formal report in hillman 's beautiful schoolmaster 's hand
john would curse
he believed that brave boys didn't cry
watson spat on the ground
he was grimly satisfied
he had stupidly thought himself compelled to ease his brother 's pain
now he knew perfectly that he had but longed to increase his own suffering
i would want to be one of those writers who begin each morning by exclaiming o gogol o chekhov o thackeray and dickens what would you have made of a bomb shelter ornamented with four plaster-of-paris ducks a birdbath and three composition gnomes with long beards and red mobcaps
as i say i wouldn't want to begin a day like this but i often wonder what the dead would have done
but the shelter is as much a part of my landscape as the beech and horse-chestnut trees that grow on the ridge
i can see it from this window where i write
it was built by the pasterns and stands on the acre of ground that adjoins our property
it bulks under a veil of thin new grass like some embarrassing fact of physicalness and i think mrs. pastern set out the statuary to soften its meaning
it would have been like her
she was a pale woman
sitting on her terrace sitting in her parlor sitting anywhere she ground an axe of self-esteem
offer her a cup of tea and she would say why these cups look just like a set i gave to the salvation army last year
show her the new swimming pool and she would say slapping her ankle i suppose this must be where you breed your gigantic mosquitoes
hand her a chair and she would say why it 's a nice imitation of those queen anne chairs i inherited from grandmother delancy
these trumps were more touching than they were anything else and seemed to imply that the nights were long her children ungrateful and her marriage bewilderingly threadbare
twenty years ago she would have been known as a golf widow and the sum of her manner was perhaps one of bereavement
she usually wore weeds and a stranger watching her board a train might have guessed that mr. pastern was dead but mr. pastern was far from dead
he was marching up and down the locker room of the grassy brae golf club shouting bomb cuba
let 's throw a little nuclear hardware at them and show them who 's boss
he was brigadier of the club 's locker-room light infantry and at one time or another declared war on russia czechoslovakia yugoslavia and china
it all began on an autumn afternoon and who after all these centuries can describe the fineness of an autumn day
one might pretend never to have seen one before or to more purpose that there would never be another like it
the clear and searching sweep of sun on the lawns was like a climax of the year 's lights
leaves were burning somewhere and the smoke smelled for all its ammoniac acidity of beginnings
the boundless blue air was stretched over the zenith like the skin of a drum
leaving her house one late afternoon mrs. pastern stopped to admire the october light
it was the day to canvass for infectious hepatitis
mrs. pastern had been given sixteen names a bundle of literature and a printed book of receipts
it was her work to go among her neighbors and collect their checks
her house stood on a rise of ground and before she got into her car she looked at the houses below
charity as she knew it was complex and reciprocal and almost every roof she saw signified charity
mrs. balcolm worked for the brain
mrs. ten eyke did mental health
mrs. trenchard worked for the blind
mrs. horowitz was in charge of diseases of the nose and throat
mrs. trempler was tuberculosis mrs. surcliffe was mothers' march of dimes mrs. craven was cancer and mrs. gilkson did the kidney
mrs. hewlitt led the birthcontrol league mrs. ryerson was arthritis and way in the distance could be seen the slate roof of ethel littleton 's house a roof that signified gout
mrs. pastern undertook the work of going from house to house with the thoughtless resignation of an honest and traditional laborer
it was her destiny
it was her life
her mother had done it before her and even her old grandmother who had collected money for smallpox and unwed mothers
mrs. pastern had telephoned most of her neighbors in advance and most of them were ready for her
she experienced none of the suspense of some poor stranger selling encyclopedias
here and there she stayed to visit and drink a glass of sherry
the contributions were ahead of what she had got the previous year and while the money of course was hers it excited her to stuff her kit with big checks
she stopped at the surcliffes' after dusk and had a scotch-and-soda
she stayed too late and when she left it was dark and time to go home and cook supper for her husband
i got a hundred and sixty dollars for the hepatitis fund she said excitedly when he walked in
i did everybody on my list but the blevins and the flannagans
i want to get my kit in tomorrow morning would you mind doing them while i cook the dinner
but i don't know the flannagans charlie pastern said
nobody does but they gave me ten last year
he was tired he had his business worries and the sight of his wife arranging pork chops in the broiler only seemed like an extension of a boring day
he was happy enough to take the convertible and race up the hill to the blevins' thinking that they might give him a drink
but the blevins were away
their maid gave him an envelope with a check in it and shut the door
turning in at the flannagans' driveway he tried to remember if he had ever met them
the name encouraged him because he always felt that he could handle the irish
there was a glass pane in the front door and through this he could see into a hallway where a plump woman with red hair was arranging flowers
infectious hepatitis he shouted heartily
she took a good look at herself in the mirror before she turned and walking with very small steps started toward the door
oh please come in she said
the girlish voice was nearly a whisper
she was a girl he could see
her hair was dyed and her bloom was fading and she must have been crowding forty but she seemed to be one of those women who cling to the manners and graces of a pretty child of eight
your wife just called she said separating one word from another exactly like a child
and i am sure that i have any cash any money that is but if you will wait just a minute i will write you out a check if i can find my checkbook
won't you step into the living room where it 's cozier
a fire had just been lighted he saw and things had been set out for drinks and like any stray his response to these comforts was instantaneous
where was mr. flannagan he wondered
travelling home on a late train
changing his clothes upstairs
taking a shower
at the end of the room there was a desk heaped with papers and she began to riffle these making sighs and and noises of girlish exasperation
i am terribly sorry to keep you waiting she said but won't you make yourself a little drink while you wait
everything 's on the table
what train does mr. flannagan come out on
mr. flannagan is away she said
her voice dropped
mr. flannagan has been away for six weeks
i'll have a drink then if you'll have one with me
if you will promise to make it weak
sit down he said and enjoy your drink and look for your checkbook later
the only way to find things is to relax
all in all they had six drinks
she described herself and her circumstances unhesitatingly
mr. flannagan manufactured plastic tongue depressors
he travelled all over the world
she didn't like to travel
planes made her feel faint and in tokyo where she had gone that summer she had been given raw fish for breakfast and so she had come straight home
she and her husband had formerly lived in new york where she had many friends but mr. flannagan thought the country would be safer in case of war
she would rather live in danger than die of loneliness and boredom
she had no children
she had made no friends
i've seen you though before she said with enormous coyness patting his knee
i've seen you walking your dogs on sunday and driving by in the convertible
the thought of this lonely woman sitting at her window touched him although he was even more touched by her plumpness
sheer plumpness he knew is a vital part of the body and has no procreative functions
it serves merely as an excess cushion for the rest of the carcass
and knowing its humble place in the scale of things why did he at this time of life seem almost ready to sell his soul for plumpness
the remarks she made about the sufferings of a lonely woman seemed so broad at first that he didn't know what to make of them but after the sixth drink he put his arm around her and suggested that they go upstairs and look for her checkbook there
i've never done this before she said later when he was arranging himself to leave
her voice shook with feeling and he thought it lovely
he didn't doubt her truthfulness although he had heard the words a hundred times
i've never done this before they always said shaking their dresses down over their white shoulders
i've never done this before they always said waiting for the elevator in the hotel corridor
i've never done this before they always said pouring another whiskey
i've never done this before they always said putting on their stockings
on ships at sea on railroad trains in summer hotels with mountain views they always said i've never done this before
where have you been
mrs. pastern asked sadly when he came in
it 's after eleven
i had a drink with the flannagans
she told me he was in germany
he came home unexpectedly
charlie ate some supper in the kitchen and went into the tv room to hear the news
throw a little nuclear hardware at them
show them who 's boss
but in bed he had trouble sleeping
he thought first of his son and daughter away at college
he loved them
it was the only meaning of the word that he had ever known
then he played nine imaginary holes of golf choosing his handicap his irons his stance his opponents and his weather in detail but the green of the links seemed faded in the light of his business worries
his money was tied up in a nassau hotel an ohio pottery works and a detergent for window-washing and luck had been running against him
his worries harried him up out of bed and he lighted a cigarette and went to the window
in the starlight he could see the trees stripped of their leaves
during the summer he had tried to repair some of his losses at the track and the bare trees reminded him that his pari-mutuel tickets would still be lying like leaves in the gutters near belmont and saratoga
maple and ash beech and elm one hundred to win on three in the fourth fifty to win on six in the third one hundred to win on two in the eighth
children walking home from school would scuff through what seemed to be his foliage
then getting back into bed he thought unashamedly of mrs. flannagan planning where they would next meet and what they would do
there are he thought so few true means of forgetfulness in this life that why should he shun the medicine even when the medicine seemed as it did a little crude
it was as though she noted clearly that her nephews had been to see her for ten years since their last journey eastward to witness their uncle izaak being lowered into the rocky soil
that aside from due notification of certain major events in their lives two marriages two births one divorce christmas and easter cards of the traditional sort had been the only thin link she had with them through the widowed years
her thoughts were discrete
but there was a look about her mouth as though she were tasting lemons
she grasped the chair arms and brought her thin body upright like a bird alert for flight
she turned and walked stiffly into the parlor to the dainty-legged escritoire warped and cracked now from fifty years in an atmosphere of sea spray
there she extracted two limp vellum sheets and wrote off the letters one to abel one to mark
once her trembling hand with the pen grasped tight in it was pressed against the paper the words came sharply smoothly as authoritatively as they would dropping from her own lips
and the stiffly regal look of them she saw grimly lacked the quaver of age which thwarting the efforts of her amazing will ran through her spoken words like a thin ragged string
please come down as soon as you conveniently can the upright letters stalked from the broad-nibbed pen i have an important matter to discuss with you
to abel i am afraid there is much to amuse small children here
i should be obliged if you could make other arrangements for your daughters
you may stay as long as you wish of course but if arranging for the care of the girls must take time into account i think a day or two should be enough to finish our business in
to mark please give my regards to myra
she signed the letters quickly stamped them and placed them on the hall table for raphael to mail in town
then she went back to the wicker chair and resolutely adjusted her eyes to the glare on the water
my nephews will be coming down she said that evening as angelina brought her dinner into the dining room the whole meal on a vast linen-covered tray
she looked at the girl speculatively from eyes which had paled with the years
from the early evening lights of them which had first startled izaak to look at her in an uncousinly way they had faded to a near-absence of color which had possibly from her constant looking at the water something of the light of the sea in them
angelina placed the tray on the table and with a flick of dark wrist drew off the cloth
she smiled and the teeth gleamed in her beautifully modeled olive face
that will be so nice for you mrs. packard she said
her voice was ripe and full and her teeth flashed again in sicilian brilliance before the warm curved lips met and her mouth settled in repose
um said the old lady and brought her eyes down to the tray
you remember them i suppose
she glinted suspiciously at the dish before her blowfish
i hope raphael bought them whole
angelina stepped back her eyes roaming the tray for omissions
then she looked at the old woman again her eyes calm
yes she said i remember that they came here every summer
i used to play with the older one sometimes when he'd let me
the name fell with lazy affectionate remembrance from her lips
for an instant the old aunt felt something indefinable flash through her smile
she would have said triumph
then angelina turned and with an easy grace walked toward the kitchen
jessica packard lifted her head and followed the retreating figure her eyes resting nearly closed on the unself-conscious rise and fall of the rounded hips
for a moment she held her face to the empty doorway
then she snorted and groped for her fork
there 's no greater catastrophe in the universe she reflected dourly impaling tender green beans on the silver fork than the dwindling away of a family
procreation expansion proliferation these are the laws of living things with the penalty for obeying them the ultimate in punishments oblivion
when the fate of the individual is visited on the group then the warm sweet butter dripped from her raised trembling fork and she pushed her head forward belligerently ah then the true bitterness of existence could be tasted
and indeed the young garden beans were brackish in her mouth
she was the last living of the older generation
what had once been a widespread family at one time she knew there were enough packards to populate an entire county had now narrowed down to the two boys abel and mark
she swung her eyes up to the blue of the window her jaws gently mashing the bitter beans
what hope lay in the nephews she asked the intensifying light out there with one married to a barren woman and the other divorced having sired two girl children with none to bear on the packard name
it seemed to her as it seemed each night that the gloom drew itself in and became densest at the table 's empty chairs giving her the frequent illusion that she dined with shadows
here too she talked low quirking her head at one or another of the places most often at izaak 's armchair which faced her across the long table
or it might have been the absent nephews she addressed consciously playing with the notion that this was one of the summers of their early years
she thought again of her children those two who had died young before the later science which might have saved them could attach even a label to their separate malignancies
the girl her first she barely remembered
it could have been anyone 's infant for it had survived the bassinet
but the boy the boy had been alive yesterday
each successive movement in his growing was recorded on the unreeling film inside her
he ran on his plump sticks of legs freezing now and again into the sudden startled attitudes which the camera had caught and held on the paling photographs all carefully placed and glued and labeled resting in the fat plush album in the bottom drawer of the escritoire
in the cruel clearness of her memory the boy remained unchanged quick with the delight of laughter and the pain with which she recalled that short destroyed childhood was still unendurable to her
it was one with the desolate rocks and the alien water on those days when she hated the sea
the brothers drove down together in mark 's small red sports car mark at the wheel
they rarely spoke
abel sat and regarded the farm country which spreading out from both sides of the road rolled greenly up to where the silent white houses and long barns and silos nested into the tilled fields
he saw the land with a stranger 's eyes all the old familiarness gone
and it presented itself to him as it would to any stranger impervious complete in itself
there was stability there too a color which his life had had once
that is what childhood is he told himself
solid settled lost
in the stiff neutral lines of the telephone poles he saw the no-nonsense pen strokes of aunt jessica 's letter
what bad grace what incredible selfishness he and mark had shown
the boyhood summers preceding their uncle 's funeral might never have been
they had closed over absolutely with the sealing of old izaak 's grave
the small car flew on relentlessly
the old woman stubbornly reigning in the house above the crashing waters took on an ominous reality
abel moved and adjusted his long legs
i suppose it has to do with the property mark had said over the telephone when they had discussed their receipt of the letters
until the words had been spoken did abel suddenly see the old house and the insistent sea and feel his contrition blotted out in one shameful moment of covetousness
he and mark were the last of the family and there lay the cape ann property which had seemed to have no end stretching from horizon to horizon in those golden days of summer
now abel turned his head to look at his brother
mark held the wheel loosely but his fingers curved around it in a purposeful way and the deliberate set of his body spoke plainly of the figure he'd make in the years to come
his sandy hair was already beginning to thin and recede at the sides and abel looked quickly away
mark easily looked years older than himself settled his world comfortably categorized
the vacation traffic was becoming heavier as they approached the sea
she didn't mention bringing myra mark said maneuvering the car into the next lane
she 's probably getting old crotchety i mean and we figured uh-uh better
they've never met you know
but myra wouldn't budge without an express invitation
i feel kind of bad about it
he gave abel a quick glance and moved closer to the wheel hugging it to him and abel caught this briefest of allusions to guilt
i imagine the old girl hasn't missed us much mark added his eyes on the road
abel ignored the half-expressed bid for confirmation
it was barely possible that his brother was right
he could tell they were approaching the sea
the air took on a special strength now that they'd left the fecund warmth of the farmland behind
there was the smell of the coast like a primeval memory composed of equal parts salt water clams seaweed and northern air
he turned from the flying trees to look ahead and saw with an inward boy 's eye again the great fieldstone house which built on one of the many acres of ancestral land bordering the west harbor had been izaak 's bride-gift to his cousin-wife as the last century ended
mark 's thoughts must have been keeping silent pace beside his own climbing the same crags in dirty white sneakers clambering out on top of the headland and coming upon the sudden glinting water at the same instant
remember the starbird
mark asked and abel lifted his eyes from the double lines in the middle of the road the twin white ribbons which the car swallowed rapidly as it ascended the crest of the hill and came down
the starbird abel said
there was the day uncle izaak had in an unexpected grandiose gesture handed over the pretty sloop to abel for keeps on condition that he never fail to let his brother accompany him whenever younger the boy wished
the two of them had developed into a remarkable sailing team all of this happening in a time of their lives when their youth and their brotherhood knitted them together as no other time or circumstance could
they seemed then to have had a single mind and body a mutuality which had been accepted with the fact of their youth casually
he saw the starbird as she lay her slender mast up and gently turning its point describing constant languid circles against a cumulus sky
both of them had known the feeling of the small life in her waiting ready for the two of them to run up her sails
the starbird had been long at the bottom of the bay
they came unexpectedly upon the sea
meeting it without preparation as they did robbed of anticipation a common disappointment seized them
they were climbing the hill in the night when the headlights abruptly probed solid blackness became two parallel luminous tubes which broadened out into a faint mist of light and ended
mark stopped the car and switched off the lights and they sat looking at the water which there being no moon out at first could be distinguished from the sky only by an absence of stars
his eyes were old and they never saw well but heated with whisky they'd glare at my noise growing red and raising up his rage
i decided i hated the pedersen kid too dying in our kitchen while i was away where i couldn't watch dying just to entertain hans and making me go up snapping steps and down a drafty hall pa lumped under the covers at the end like dung covered with snow snoring and whistling
oh he'd care about the pedersen kid
he'd care about getting waked so he could give up some of his whisky to a slit of a kid and maybe lose one of his hiding places in the bargain
that would make him mad enough if he was sober
i didn't hurry though it was cold and the pedersen kid was in the kitchen
he was all shoveled up like i thought he'd be
i pushed at his shoulder calling his name
i think his name stopped the snoring but he didn't move except to roll a little when i shoved him
the covers slid down his skinny neck so i saw his head fuzzed like a dandelion gone to seed but his face was turned to the wall there was the pale shadow of his nose on the plaster and i thought well you don't look much like a pig-drunk bully now
i couldn't be sure he was still asleep
he was a cagey sonofabitch
i shook him a little harder and made some noise
pap-pap-pap-hey i said
i was leaning too far over
i knew better
he always slept close to the wall so you had to lean to reach him
oh he was smart
it put you off
i knew better but i was thinking of the pedersen kid mother-naked in all that dough
when his arm came up i ducked away but it caught me on the side of the neck watering my eyes and i backed off to cough
pa was on his side looking at me his eyes winking the hand that had hit me a fist in the pillow
get the hell out of here
i didn't say anything trying to get my throat clear but i watched him
he was like a mean horse to come at from the rear
it was better though he'd hit me
he was bitter when he missed
get the hell out of here
big hans sent me
he told me to wake you
a fat hell on big hans
get out of here
he found the pedersen kid by the crib
get the hell out
pa pulled at the covers
he was tasting his mouth
the kid 's froze good
hans is rubbing him with snow
he 's got him in the kitchen
it 's the pedersen kid
nothing to steal from the crib
he was just lying there
hans found him froze
that 's where he was when hans found him
i ain't hid nothing in the crib
you don't understand pa
the pedersen kid
i goddamn well understand
pa had his head up glaring his teeth gnawing at the place where he'd grown a mustache once
i goddamn well understand
you know i don't want to see pedersen
why should i
what did he come for hey
god dammit get
and don't come back
find out something
you're a fool
both you and hans
don't come back
he was shouting and breathing hard and closing his fist on the pillow
he had long black hairs on his wrist
they curled around the cuff of his nightshirt
big hans made me come
big hans said
a fat hell on big hans
he 's an even bigger fool than you are
i taught him dammit and i'll teach you
you want me to drop my pot
he was about to get up so i got out slamming the door
he was beginning to see he was too mad to sleep
then he threw things
once he went after hans and dumped his pot over the banister
pa'd been shit-sick in that pot
hans got an axe
he didn't even bother to wipe himself off and he chopped part of pa 's door down before he stopped
he might have gone that far if pa hadn't been locked in laughing fit to shake the house
that pot put pa in an awful good humor whenever he thought of it
i always felt the memory was present in both of them stirring in their chests like a laugh or a growl as eager as an animal to be out
i heard pa cursing all the way downstairs
hans had laid steaming towels over the kid 's chest and stomach
he was rubbing snow on the kid 's legs and feet
water from the snow and water from the towels had run off the kid to the table where the dough was and the dough was turning pasty sticking to the kid 's back and behind
ain't he going to wake up
what about your pa
he was awake when i left
what'd he say
did you get the whisky
he said a fat hell on big hans
don't be smart
did you ask him about the whisky
he said a fat hell on big hans
don't be smart
what 's he going to do
go back to sleep most likely
you'd best get that whisky
take the axe
pa 's scared to hell of axes
listen to me jorge i've had enough to your sassing
this kid 's froze bad
if i don't get some whisky down him he might die
you want the kid to die
well get your pa and get that whisky
pa don't care about the kid
well he don't
he don't care at all and i don't care to get my head busted neither
he don't care and i don't care to have his shit flung on me
he don't care about anybody
all he cares about is his whisky and that dry crack in his face
get pig-drunk that 's what he wants
he don't care about nothing else at all
pedersen 's kid neither
the kid neither
i'll get the spirits ma said
i'd wound big hans up tight
i was ready to jump but when ma said she'd get the whisky it surprised him like it surprised me and he ran down
ma never went near the old man when he was sleeping it off
the first thing every morning when she washed her face she could see the scar on her chin where he'd cut her with a boot cleat and maybe she saw him heaving it again the dirty sock popping out as it flew
it should have been nearly as easy for her to remember that as it was for big hans to remember going after the axe while he was still spattered with pa 's yellow sick insides
no you won't big hans said
yes hans if they're needed ma said
hans shook his head but neither of us tried to stop her
if we had then one of us would have had to go instead
hans rubbed the kid with more snow rubbed rubbed
i'll get more snow i said
i took the pail and shovel and went out on the porch
i don't know where ma went
i thought she'd gone upstairs and expected to hear she had
she had surprised hans like she had surprised me when she said she'd go and then she surprised him again when she came back so quick like she must have because when i came in with the snow she was there with a bottle with three white feathers on its label and hans was holding it angrily by the throat
oh he was being queer and careful pawing about in the drawer and holding the bottle like a snake at the length of his arm
he was awful angry because he'd thought ma was going to do something big something heroic even especially for her i know him i know him we felt the same sometimes while ma wasn't thinking about that at all anything like that
there was no way of getting even
it wasn't like getting cheated at the fair
they were always trying so you got to expect it
now hans had given ma something of his we both had when we thought she was going straight to pa something valuable
but since she didn't know we'd given it to her there was no easy way of getting it back
hans cut the foil off finally and unscrewed the cap
he was put out too because there was only one way of understanding what she'd done
ma had found one of pa 's hiding places
she'd found one and she hadn't said a word while big hans and i had hunted and hunted as we always did all winter every winter since the spring that hans had come and i had looked in the privy and found the first one
pa had a knack for hiding
he knew we were looking and he enjoyed it
but now ma
she'd found it by luck most likely but she hadn't said anything and we didn't know how long ago it'd been or how many other ones she'd found saying nothing
pa was sure to find out
sometimes he didn't seem to because he hid them so well he couldn't find them himself or because he looked and didn't find anything and figured he hadn't hid one after all or had drunk it up
but he'd find out about this one because we were using it
a fool could see what was going on
if he found out ma found it that'd be bad
he took pride in his hiding
it was all the pride he had
i guess fooling hans and me took doing
but he didn't figure ma for much
he didn't figure her at all and if he found out a woman it'd be bad
hans poured some in a tumbler
you going to put more towels on him
that 's what he needs something warm to his skin don't he
where he 's froze good
heat 's bad for frostbite
that 's why i only put towels on his chest and belly
he 's got to thaw slow
you ought to know that
colors on the towels had run
ma poked her toe in the kid 's clothes
what are we going to do with these
big hans began pouring whisky in the kid 's mouth but his mouth filled without any getting down his throat and in a second it was dripping from his chin
here help me prop him up
i got hold his mouth open
i didn't want to touch him and i hoped ma would do it but she kept looking at the kid 's clothes piled on the floor and the pool of water by them and didn't make any move to
come on jorge
lift don't shove lift
o.k. i'm lifting
i took him by the shoulders
his head flopped back
his mouth fell open
the skin on his neck was tight
he was cold all right
hold his head up
his mouth is open
his throat 's shut
he'll choke anyway
hold his head up
don't hold him like that
put your arms around him
he was cold all right
i put my arm carefully around him
hans had his fingers in the kid 's mouth
now he'll choke for sure
just hold him like i told you
he was cold all right and wet
i had my arm behind his back
he was in his mid-fifties at this time long past the establishment of his name and the wish to be lionized yet once again and it was almost a decade since he had sworn off lecturing
there was never a doubt any more how his structures would be received
it was always the same unqualified success now
he could no longer build anything whether a private residence in his pennsylvania county or a church in brazil without it being obvious that he had done it and while here and there he was taken to task for again developing the same airy technique they were such fanciful and sometimes even playful buildings that the public felt assured by its sense of recognition after a time a quality of authentic uniqueness about them which once established by an artist as his private vision is no longer disputable as to its other values
stowey rummel was internationally famous a crafter of a genuine americana in foreign eyes an original designer whose inventive childishness with steel and concrete was made even more believably sincere by his personality
he had lived for almost thirty years in this same stone farmhouse with the same wife a remarkably childish thing in itself
he rose at half-past six every morning made himself some french coffee had his corn flakes and more coffee smoked four cigarettes while reading last sunday 's herald tribune and yesterday 's pittsburgh gazette then put on his high-topped farmer 's shoes and walked under a vine bower to his workshop
this was an enormously long building whose walls were made of rocks some of them brought home from every continent during his six years as an oil geologist
the debris of his other careers was piled everywhere
a pile of wire cages for mice from his time as a geneticist and a microscope lying on its side on the window sill vertical steel columns wired for support to the open ceiling beams with spidery steel cantilevers jutting out into the air masonry constructions on the floor from the time he was inventing his disastrous fireplace whose smoke would pass through a whole house visible all the way up through wire gratings on each floor
his files desk drafting board and a high stool formed the only clean island in the chaos
everywhere else his ideas lay or hung in visible form his models drawings ten-foot canvases in monochromes from his painting days and underfoot a windfall of broken-backed books that looked as though their insides had been ransacked by a maniac
bicycle gear-sets he had once used as the basis of the design for the camden cycly company plant hung on a rope in one corner and over his desk next to several old and dusty hats was a clean pair of roller skates which he occasionally used up and down in front of his house
he worked standing with his left hand in his pocket as though he were merely stopping for a moment sketching with the surprised stare of one who was watching another person 's hand
sometimes he would grunt softly to some invisible onlooker beside him sometimes he would look stern and moralistic as his pencil did what he disapproved
it all seemed if one could have peeked in at him through one of his windows as though this broken-nosed man with the muscular arms and wrestler 's neck was merely the caretaker trying his hand at the boss 's work
this air of disengagement carried over to his apparent attitude toward his things and people often mistook it for boredom in him or a surrender to repetitious routine
but he was bored at all
he had found his style quite early in his career and he thought it quite wonderful that the world admired it and he could imagine why he should alter it
there are after all fortunate souls who hear everything but only know how to listen to what is good for them and stowey was as things go a fortunate man
he left his home the day after new year 's wearing a mackinaw and sheepskin mittens and without a hat
he would wear this same costume in florida despite his wife cleota 's reminders over the past five days that he must take some cool clothes with him
but he was too busy to hear what she was saying
so they parted when she was in an impatient humor
when he was bent over behind the wheel of the station wagon feeling in his trouser cuffs for the ignition key which he had dropped a moment before she came out of the house with an enormous rumanian shawl over her head which she had bought in that country during one of their trips abroad and handed him a clean handkerchief through the window
finding the key under his shoe he started the engine and while it warmed up he turned to her standing there in the dripping fog and said defrost the refrigerator
he saw the surprise in her face and laughed as though it were the funniest expression he had ever seen
he kept on laughing until she started laughing with him
he had a deep voice which was full of good food she had cooked and good humor
an explosive laugh which always carried everything before it
he would settle himself into his seat to laugh
whenever he laughed it was all he was doing
and she was made to fall in love with him again there in the rutted dirt driveway standing in the cold fog mad as she was at his going away when he really didn't have to mad at their both having got older in a life that seemed to have taken no more than a week to go by
she was forty-nine at this time a lanky woman of breeding with an austere narrow face which had the distinction of a steeple or some architecture that had been designed long ago for a stubborn sort of prayer
her eyebrows were definite and heavy and formed two lines moving upward toward a high forehead and a great head of brown hair that fell to her shoulders
there was an air of blindness in her gray eyes the startled-horse look that ultimately comes to some women who are born at the end of an ancestral line long since divorced from money-making and which besides has kept its estate intact
she was personally sloppy and when she had colds would blow her nose in the same handkerchief all day and keep it soaking wet dangling from her waist and when she gardened she would eat dinner with dirt on her calves
but just when she seemed to have sunk into some depravity of peasanthood she would disappear and come down bathed brushed and taking breaths of air and even with her broken nails her hands would come to rest on a table or a leaf with a thoughtless delicacy a grace of history so to speak and for an instant one saw how ferociously proud she was and adamant on certain questions of personal value
she even spoke differently when she was clean and she was clean now for his departure and her voice clear and rather sharp
now drive carefully for god 's sake
she called trying to attain a half humorous resentment at his departure
but he did notice and was already backing the car down to the road saying toot-toot
to the stump of a tree as he passed it the same stump which had impaled the car of many a guest in the past thirty years and which he refused to have removed
she stood clutching her shawl around her shoulders until he had swung the car onto the road
then when he had it pointed down the hill he stopped to gaze at her through the window
she had begun to turn back toward the house but his look caught her and she stood still waiting there for what his expression indicated would be a serious word of farewell
he looked at her out of himself she thought as he did only for an instant at a time the look which always surprised her even now when his uncombable hair was yellowing a little and his breath came hard through his nicotine-choked lungs the look of the gaunt youth she had suddenly found herself staring at in the tate gallery on a thursday once
now she kept herself protectively ready to laugh again and sure enough he pointed at her with his index finger and said toot
once more and roared off into the fog his foot evidently surprising him with the suddenness with which it pressed the accelerator just as his hand did when he worked
she walked back to the house and entered feeling herself returning sensing some kind of opportunity in the empty building
there is a death in all partings she knew and promptly put it out of her mind
she enjoyed great parties when she would sit up talking and dancing and drinking all night but it always seemed to her that being alone especially alone in her house was the realest part of life
now she could let out the three parakeets without fear they would be stepped on or that stowey would let them out one of the doors
she could dust the plants then break off suddenly and pick up an old novel and read from the middle on
improvise cha-chas on the harp
and finally the best part of all simply sit at the plank table in the kitchen with a bottle of wine and the newspapers reading the ads as well as the news registering nothing on her mind but letting her soul suspend itself above all wishing and desire
she did this now comfortably aware of the mist running down the windows of the silence outside of the dark afternoon it was getting to be
she fell asleep leaning on her hand hearing the house creaking as though it were a living a private life of its own these two hundred years hearing the birds rustling in their cages and the occasional whirring of wings as one of them landed on the table and walked across the newspaper to perch in the crook of her arm
every few minutes she would awaken for a moment to review things stowey yes was on his way south and the two boys were away in school and nothing was burning on the stove and lucretia was coming for dinner and bringing three guests of hers
then she fell asleep again as soddenly as a person with fever and when she awoke it was dark outside and the clarity was back in her eyes
she stood up smoothing her hair down straightening her clothes feeling a thankfulness for the enveloping darkness outside and above everything else for the absence of the need to answer to respond to be aware even of stowey coming in or going out and yet now that she was beginning to cook she glimpsed a future without him a future alone like this and the pain made her head writhe and in a moment she found it hard to wait for lucretia to come with her guests
she went into the living room and turned on three lamps then back into the kitchen where she turned on the ceiling light and the switch that lit the floods on the barn illuminating the driveway
she knew she was feeling afraid and inwardly laughed at herself
they were both so young after all so unready for any final parting
how could it have been thirty years already she wondered
but yes nineteen plus thirty was forty-nine and she was forty-nine and she had been married at nineteen
she stood still over the leg of lamb rubbing herbs into it quite suddenly conscious of a nausea in her stomach and a feeling of wrath a sensation of violence that started her shivering
but they all said no your time will come
enjoy being a bride while you can
there was no room for company in the tiny weaning house where the albright boys always took their brides till they could get a house and a farm of their own
so when the big house filled up and ran over the sisters-in-law found beds for everyone in their own homes
and there was still anything that linda kay could do
so linda kay gave up asking and accepted her reprieve
without saying so she was really grateful
for to attend the dying was something she had never experienced and certainly had imagined when she thought of the duties she would have as bobby joe 's wife
she had made curtains for all the windows of her little house and she had kept it spotless and neat shabby as it was and cooked good meals for bobby joe
she had done all the things she had promised herself she would do but she had thought of this
people died she would have said in hospitals or in cars on the highway at night
bobby joe was gone all day now coming in for dinner and sometimes for supper
when they first married he had been working in the fields all day and she would get in the car and drive to wherever he was working to take him a fresh hot meal
now there was no work in the fields nor would there be till it rained and she did know where he went
that she complained or had any cause to
four or five of the cousins from east texas were about his age so naturally they ran around together
there was no reason for her to ask what they did
thus a new pattern of days began to develop for granny albright did die
she lay still on the bed her head hardly denting the pillow
sometimes she opened her eyes and looked around and sometimes she took a little milk or soup
they stopped expecting her to die the next minute but only in the next day or two
those who had driven hundreds of miles for the burial would go home for she might die any time
but they might as well unpack their suitcases for she might linger on
so the pattern was established
when linda kay had put up her breakfast dishes and mopped her linoleum rugs she would go to the big house
there was anything she could do there but that was where everyone was or would be
bobby joe and the boys would come by say how 's granny
and sit on the porch a while
the older men would be there at noon and maybe rest for a time before they took their guns off to the creek or drove down the road towards town
the women and children stayed at the albrights'
the women keeping their voices low as they worked around the house or sat in the living room sounded like chickens shut up in a coop for the night
the children had to play away from the house in the barn loft or the pasture behind the barn to maintain a proper quietness
off and on all day someone would be wiping at the powdery gray dust that settled over everything
the evaporative cooler had been moved to granny 's room and her door was kept shut
so that the rest of the house stayed open though there was a question as to whether it was hotter or cooler that way
the dust clogged their throats and the heat parched them so that the women were always making ice water
they had cleaned up an old ice box and begun to buy fifty-pound blocks of ice in town as the electric refrigerator came nowhere near providing enough ice for the crowds who ate and drank there
one afternoon as the women sat clucking softly a new carload of people pulled up at the gate
it was a cadillac black grayed with the dust of the road its windows closed tight so you knew that the people who climbed out of it would be cool and unwrinkled
they were an old fat couple as linda kay described them to herself a thick middle-aged man and a girl about ten or twelve
there was much embracing much exclaiming
and how is she
about the same john about the same
all the women got up and offered their chairs and when they were all seated again the guests made their inquiries and their explanations
we were on our vacation in canada howard explained in a muffled voice that must have been used to booming and the news didn't catch up with us till we were nearly home
we came on as soon as we could
there was the suggestion of ice water and in spite of the protest we're really thirsty linda kay to escape the stuffy air and the smothering soft voices hurried to the kitchen
she filled a big pitcher and set it with glasses on a tray
carrying it to the living room she imagined the picture she made tall and roundly slim a bit sophisticated in her yellow sheath with a graceful swingy walk that she had learned as a twirler with the school band
almost immediately she was ashamed of herself for feeling vain at such a time in such a place and she tossed back her long yellow hair smiling shyly as she entered the room
howard the thick middle-aged man was looking at her
she felt the look and looked back because she could help it seeing that he was neither as old nor as thick as she had at first believed
and who is this
he asked when she passed him a glass
oh that 's linda kay mama albright said fondly
she married our baby boy bobby joe this summer
let 's see cousin ada said
he 's a right smart younger than the rest
oh yes mama laughed
he 's ten years younger than ernest
we didn't expect him to come along
thought for the longest he was a tumor
this joke was funny to linda kay and she blushed as she always did
then hearing the muffled boom of howard 's laughter blushed redder
who is howard anyway
she asked bobby joe that night
he makes me uncomfortable
oh he 's a second cousin or something
he got in the oil business out at odessa and lucked into some money
how old is he
gosh i don't know
thirty-five i guess
he 's been married and got this half-grown kid
if he bothers you don't pay him any mind
he 's just a big windbag
bobby joe was thinking about something else
say did you know they're fixing to have a two-day antelope season on the double j
he was talking about antelope again when they woke up
listen i never had a chance to kill an antelope
there never was a season before but now they want to thin 'em out on account of the drouth
did he ever visit here when he was a kid
linda kay asked
hell i don't know
when he was a kid i wasn't around
bobby joe took a gun from behind the door and with a quick bye now was gone for the day
almost immediately howard and his daughter debora drove up in the cadillac
we're going after ice howard said and thought maybe you'd go along and keep us company
there was really no reason to refuse and linda kay had never ridden in a cadillac
driving along the caliche-topped road to town howard talked
finally he said tell me about yourself and linda kay told him because she thought herself that she had had an interesting life
she was such a well-rounded teenager having been a twirler future farmers sweetheart and secretary of future homemakers
in her sophomore year she had started going steady with bobby joe who was a football player future homemakers sweetheart and president of future farmers
it was easy to see that they were made for each other and they knew what they wanted
bobby joe would be a senior this year and he planned to graduate
but there was no need for linda kay to go on since all she wanted in life was to make a home for bobby joe and blushing raise his children
you lucky kids he said
i'd give anything if i could have found a girl like you
then he told linda kay about himself
of course he couldn't say much really because of debora but linda kay could imagine what kind of woman his wife had been and what a raw deal he had got
it made her feel different about howard
she was going to tell bobby joe about how mistaken she had been but he brought one of the cousins home for supper and all they did was talk about antelope
bobby joe was trying to get linda kay to say she would cook one if he brought it home
cook a whole antelope
why i couldn't even cook a piece of antelope steak
i never even saw any
oh you could
i want to roast the whole thing and have it for the boys
linda kay told him he couldn't do anything like that with his grandma dying and he said well they had to eat didn't they they weren't all dying
linda kay felt like going off to the bedroom to cry
but they were going up to the big house after supper and she had to put on a clean dress and fix her hair a little
every night they all went to mama and papa albright 's and sat on the open front porch where they could get the breeze
it was full-of-the-moon or a little past and nearly light as day
they all sat around and drank ice water and the men smoked and everybody had a good time
once in a while they said what a shame it was with granny dying but they all agreed she wouldn't have wanted it any other way
that night the older men got to talking about going possum-hunting on a moonlight night
bobby joe and two or three of the other boys declared they had never been possum-hunting and uncle bill farnworth from mama albright 's side of the family said he would just get up from there and take them right then
after they had left some of the people moved around to find more comfortable places to sit
there were many chairs so that some preferred to sit on the edge of the porch resting their feet on the ground and others liked to sit where they could lean back against the wall
howard who had been sitting against the wall said he needed more fresh air and took the spot on the edge of the porch where bobby joe had been sitting
you'll be a darn sight more comfortable there howard ernest said laughing and they all laughed
linda kay felt that she was exactly more comfortable
bobby joe had been sitting close to her touching her actually and holding her hand from time to time but it seemed at once that howard sat much closer
perhaps it was just that he had so much more flesh so that more of it seemed to come in contact with hers
but she had never been so aware of anyone 's flesh before
still she was sorry he sat by her but in fact was flattered
he had become the center of the company such stories he had to tell
he had sold oil stock to bob hope and bing crosby in person
he had helped fight an oil-well fire that raged six days and nights
but tell me doctor where do you plan to conduct the hatching
that will have to be in the hotel the doctor retorted confirming alex 's anticipations
what i want you to do is to go to the market with me early tomorrow morning and help smuggle the hen back into the hotel
the doctor paid the bill and they repaired to the hotel room number nine to initiate alex further into these undertakings
the doctor opened the smallest of his cases an unimposing straw bag and exposed the contents for alex 's inspection
inside carefully packed in straw were six eggs but the eye of a poultry psychologist was required to detect what scientifically valuable specimentalia lay inside
to alex they were merely six unusual hens' eggs
there was little enough time to contemplate them however
in an instant the doctor was stalking across the room with an antique ledger in his hands thoroughly eared and big as a table top
he placed it on alex 's lap
this is my hen ledger he informed him in an absorbed way
it 's been going since #### when i was a junior in college
that first entry there is the vermont flumenophobe the earliest and one of the most successful of my eighty-three varieties great big scapulars and hardly any primaries at all
couldn't take them near a river though or they'd squawk like a turkey cock the day before thanksgiving
the ledger was full of most precise information date of laying length of incubation period number of chick reaching the first week second week fifth week weight of hen size of rooster 's wattles and so on all scrawled out in a hand that looked more chinese than english the most jagged and sprawling alex had ever seen
below these particulars was a series of alpha-beta-gammas connected by arrows and crosses which denoted the lineage of the breed
alex 's instruction was rapid for the doctor had to go off to the rue ecole de medecine to hear more speeches with only time for one sip of wine to sustain him through them all
but after the doctor 's return that night alex could see from the high window in his own room the now familiar figure crouched on a truly impressive heap of towels apparently giving its egg-hatching powers one final chance before it was replaced in its office by a sure-enough hen
a knocking at alex 's door roused him at six o'clock the following morning
it was the doctor dressed and ready for the expedition to the market and alex was obliged to prepare himself in haste
the doctor stood about waiting for alex to dress with a show of impatience and soon they were moving as quietly as could be through the still-dark hallways past the bedroom of the patronne and so into the street
the market was far and once there the doctor 's sense of immediacy left him and he fell into a state of harmony with the birds around him
he stroked the hens and they responded with delighted clucks he gobbled with the turkeys and they at once were all attention he quacked with the ducks and cackled with a pair of exceedingly flattered geese
the dawn progressed and it seemed that the doctor would never be done with his ministrations when quite abruptly something broke his revery
it was a fine broody hen white with a maternal eye and a striking abundance of feathers in the under region of the abdomen
the doctor with the air of a man whose professional interests have found scope drew alex 's attention to those excellences which might otherwise have escaped him the fine color in comb and wattles the length and quality of neck and saddle hackles the firm wide spread of the toes and a rare justness in the formation of the ear lappets
all search was ended
he had found his fowl
the purchase was effected and they made their way towards the hotel again the hen with whom some sort of communication had been set up nestling in the doctor 's arms
the clocks struck seven-thirty as they approached the hotel entrance
and hopes that the chambermaid and patronne would still be abed began to rise in alex 's well exercised breast
the doctor was wearing a long new england greatcoat hardly necessary in the june weather but a garment which proved well adapted to the sequestration of hens
alex entered first and was followed by the doctor who for all his care manifested a perceptible bulge on his left side where the hen was cradled
they advanced in a line across the entrance hall to the stairway and up with gingerly steps towards the first landing
it was then that they heard the tread of one descending and in some perturbation glancing up saw the patronne coming towards them as they gained the landing
bonjour messieurs vous etes matinals she greeted them pleasantly
alex explained that they had been out for a stroll before breakfast while the doctor edged around behind him attempting to hide the protuberance at his left side behind alex 's arm and back
vous voulez vos petits dejeuners tout de suite alors
their hostess enquired
alex told her that there was no hurry for their breakfasts trying at the same time to effect a speedy separation of the persons before and behind him
the doctor he noticed was attempting a transverse movement towards the stairs but before the movement could be completed a distinct and audible cluck ruffled the air in the hollow of the stair-well
eyes swerved in the patronne 's head alex coughed loudly and the doctor with a sforzando of chicken noises floating behind him took to the stairs in long-shanked leaps
ejaculated the surprised woman looking at alex for an explanation but he parting from her without ceremony only offered a few words about the doctor 's provincial american speech and a state of nerves brought on by the demands of his work
with that he hurried up the stairs followed by her suspicious gaze
when alex entered his room the doctor was already preparing a nest in the straw case six eggs ready for the hen 's attentions
there was no reference to the incident on the stairs his powers being absorbed by this more immediate business
the hen appeared to have no doubts as to her duties and was quick to settle down to the performance of them
one part of her audience was totally engaged the connoisseur witnessing a peculiarly fine performance of some ancient classic the other part the guest of the connoisseur attentive as one who must take an intelligent interest in that which he does fully understand
the spectacle progressed towards a denouement which was obviously still remote
the audience attended
time elapsed but the doctor was obviously unconscious of its passage until an unwelcome knock on the door interrupted the processes of nature
startled he jumped up to pull hen and case out of view and alex went to the door
he opened it a crack and in doing so made as much shuffling coughing and scraping noise as possible in order to drown emanations from the hen who had begun to protest
it was giselle the fille de chambre come to clean the room and while she stood before him with ears pricked up and regard all curiosity explaining her errand alex could see from the corner of his eye the doctor doing all he could to calm the displeased bird
giselle was reluctant but alex succeeded in persuading her to come back in five minutes and the door was shut again
who was that young feller
the doctor instantly asked
that was the fille de chambre the one you thought couldn't get the eggs out
she looked mighty interested though
anyhow she 's coming back in five minutes to do the room
the doctor 's mind was working at a great speed
he rose to put his greatcoat on and addressed alex in a muted voice
have you got our keys handy
right in my pocket
now you go outside and beckon me when it 's safe
the hall was empty and alex beckoned
they climbed the stairs which creaked very loudly to their sensitive ears and reached the next floor
a guest was locking his room
they passed behind him and got to alex 's room unnoticed
the doctor sat down rather wearily caressing the hen and remarking that the city was the place for a poultry-loving man but no sooner was the remark out than a knock at this door obliged him to cover the hen with his greatcoat once more
at the door alex managed to persuade the increasingly astonished fille de chambre to return in ten minutes
it was evident that a second transfer had to be effected and that it had to take place between the time the fille finished the doctor 's room and the time she began alex 's
they waited three minutes and then crept out on tip-toe
the halls were empty and they passed down the stairs to number nine and listened at the door
a bustle of sheets being smoothed and pillows being arranged indicated the fille de chambre 's presence inside
they listened and suddenly a step towards the door announced another important fact
the doctor shot down to the lavatory and turned the doorknob but to no effect the lavatory was occupied
although a look of alarm passed over his face he did arrest his movements but disappeared into the shower room just as the chambermaid emerged from number nine
alex suppressed those expressions of relief which offered to prevail in his face and escape from his throat
unwarranted they were in any case for as he stood facing the fille de chambre his ears were assailed by new sounds from the interior of the shower room
the events of the last quarter of an hour mysterious to any bird accustomed only to the predictable life of coop and barnyard had overcome the doctor 's hen and she gave out a series of cackly wails perhaps mourning her nest but briefly enjoyed
the doctor 's wits had left him however for all his sixty-eight years and the wails were almost immediately lost in the sound of water rushing out from the showerhead
alex nodded to the maid as though nothing unusual were taking place and entered the doctor 's room
shortly the doctor himself entered his hair somewhat wet from the shower but evidently satisfied with the outcome of their adventures
without comment he opened the closet and from its shelves constructed a highboard around the egg case which he had placed on the floor inside
next the hen was nested and all seemed well
the two men sat for some time savoring the pleasure of escape from peril and the relief such escape brings before they got up and left the hotel the doctor to go to the conference house and alex to go to the main post office
alex returned to the hotel rather weary and with no new prospects of a role in the late afternoon but found the doctor in an ebullient mood
at the time alex arrived he was engaged in some sort of intimate communication with the hen who had settled herself on the nest most peacefully after the occurrences of the morning
chickens have short memories the doctor remarked that 's why they are better company than most people i know and he went on to break some important news to alex
well he began it seems like some people in paris want to hear more from me than those fellers over at the conference house do
they've got a big vulture from tanganika at the zoo here with a wife for him too very rare birds both of them the only vulturidae of their species outside africa
seems like she 's willing but the male just flops around all day like the bashful boy who took jeannie may behind the barn and then didn't know what to do and the people at the zoo haven't got any vulture chicks to show for their trouble
going downstairs with the tray winston wished he could have given in to miss ada but he knew better than to do what she said when she had that little-girl look
there were times it wasn't right to make a person happy like the times she came in the kitchen and asked know we don't keep peanut butter for a peanut butter sandwich
you in this house he always told her
why winston she'd cry i just now saw you eating it out of the jar
but he knew how important it was for her to keep her figure
in the kitchen leona his little young wife was reading the morning paper
her legs hung down long and thin as she sat on the high stool
here winston said gently what 's these dishes doing washed
the enormous plates which had held mr. jack 's four fried eggs and five strips of bacon were still stacked in the sink
leave me alone leona said
can't you see i'm busy
she looked at him impudently over the corner of the paper
this is moving day winston reminded her and i bet you left things every which way upstairs your clothes all over the floor and the bed made
his eye had fastened on her leg
bending he touched her knee
if i catch you one more time down here without stockings
she twitched her leg away
fuss fuss old man
she had an alley cat 's manners
winston stacked miss ada 's thin pink dishes in the sink
then he spread out the last list on the counter
to be left behind was printed at the top in miss ada
winston took out a pencil admired the point and wrote slowly and heavily clothes stand
sighing leona dropped the paper and stood up
i guess i better get ready to go
winston watched her fumbling to untie her apron
carefully he undid the bow
how come your bows is always cockeyed
she turned and put her arms around his neck
i don't want to leave here winston
now listen to that
he drew back embarrassed and pleased
i thought you was sick to death of this big house
said you wore yourself out cleaning all these empty rooms
at least there is room here she said
what room is there going to be in an apartment for any child
i told you what miss ada 's doctor said
i don't mean miss ada
what you think i care about that
i mean our children
she sounded as though they already existed
in spite of the hundred things he had on his mind winston went and put his arm around her waist
we've got plenty of time to think about that
all the time in the world
we've only been married four years january
that 's a long time waiting
how many times have i told you he began and was almost glad when she cut him off too many times
and flounced to the sink where she began noisily to wash her hands
too many times was the truth of it winston thought
he hardly believed his reason himself any more
although it had seemed a good reason to begin with no couple could afford to have children
how you going to work with a child hanging on you
he asked leona
you want to keep this job don't you
he doubted whether she heard him over the running water
he sat for a while with his hands on his knees watching the bend of her back as she gathered up her things a comb a bottle of aspirin to take upstairs and pack
she made him sad some days and he was never sure why
it was something to do with her back the thinness of it and the quick jerky way she bent
she was too young that was all
too young and thin and straight
it was mr. jack bellowing out in the hall
winston hurried through the swinging door
i've been bursting my lungs for you mr. jack complained
he was standing in front of the mirror tightening his tie
he had on his gray tweed overcoat and his city hat and his brief case lay on the bench
i don't know what you think you've been doing about my clothes he said
this coat looks like a rag heap
there were a few blades of lint on the shoulder
winston took the clothesbrush out of the closet and went to work
he gave mr. jack a real going-over
he brushed his shoulders and his back and his collar with long firm strokes
mr. jack cried when the brush tipped his hat down over his eyes
winston apologized and quickly set the hat right
then he stood back to look at mr. jack who was pulling on his pigskin gloves
winston enjoyed seeing him start out
he wore his clothes with style
when he was going to town nothing was good enough he had cursed at winston once for leaving a fleck of polish on his shoelace
at home he wouldn't even wash his hands for supper and he wandered around the yard in a pair of sweaty old corduroys
the velvet smoking jackets pearl-gray wine and blue which miss ada had bought him hung brushed and unworn in the closet
good-by winston mr. jack said giving a final set to his hat
look out for those movers
winston watched him hurry down the drive to his car
a handsome fine-looking man it made him proud to see
after mr. jack drove away winston went on looking out the window
he noticed a speck of dirt on the sill and swiped at it with his finger
then he looked at his finger at the wrinkled heavy knuckle and the thick nail he used like a knife to pry up slit and open
for the first time he be sad about the move
that house was ten years off his life let himself
each brass handle and hinge shone for his reward and he knew how to get at the dust in the china flowers and how to take down the long glass drops which hung from the chandelier
he knew the house like a blind man through his fingers and he did like to think of all the time and rags and polishes he had spent on keeping it up
ten years ago he had come to the house to be interviewed
the tulips and the big pink peonies had been blooming along the drive and he had walked up from the bus almost singing
miss ada had been out back in a straw hat planting flowers
she had talked to him right there with the hot sun in his face which made him sweat and feel ashamed
winston had been surprised at her for that
still he had liked the way she had looked in a fresh neat cotton dress citron yellow if he remembered
she had had a dignity about her even barefoot and almost too tan
since then the flowers she had planted had spread all over the hill
already the jonquils were blooming in a flock by the front gate and the periwinkles were coming on blue by the porch steps
in a week the hyacinths would spike out
and the dogwood in early may for miss ada 's alfresco party
and after that the japanese cherries
now the yard looked wet and bald the trees bare under their buds but in a while miss ada 's flowers would bloom like a marching parade
she had dug a hole for each bulb each tree wore a tag with her writing on it
where would she go for her gardening now
somehow winston didn't think she'd take to window boxes
sighing he hurried to the living room
he had a thousand things to see to
still he couldn't help thinking we're all getting old getting small
the snail is pulling in her horns
in the living room miss ada was standing by the window with a sheaf of lists in her hand
she was looking out at the garden
winston she said get the basket for the breakables
winston had the big straw basket ready in the hall
he brought it in and put it down beside her
miss ada was looking fine
she had on her easter suit blue with lavender binding
halfway across the house he could have smelled her morning perfume
it hung in all her day clothes sweet and strong
sometimes when he was pressing winston raised her dresses to his face
frowning miss ada studied the list
well let 's see
the china lemon tree
the alabaster cockatoo
winston followed her around the room collecting the small frail objects christmas birthday and anniversary and wrapping them in tissue paper
neither of them trusted the movers
when they came to mr. jack 's photograph twenty by twelve inches in a curly silver frame miss ada said by rights i ought to leave that seeing he won't take my clotheshorse
she smiled at winston and he saw the hateful hard glitter in her eyes
he picked up the photograph and began to wrap it
at least you could leave it for the movers miss ada said
what possessed you to tell me a clotheshorse would be a good idea
winston folded the tissue paper carefully
he 's used it every day
every morning i lay out his clothes on it
well that 's over now
and it was his main present
leave that fool picture out she added sharply
winston laid it in the basket
mr. jack sets store by that
it was meant to be my present
but she went on down the list
winston was relieved
those presents had been on his mind
he had only agreed with miss ada about getting the valet but he had actually suggested the photograph to mr. jack
you know what she likes winston he had said wearily one evening in november when winston was pulling off his overshoes
tell me what to get her for christmas
she 's been talking about a picture winston had told him
you mean picture of me
but winston had persuaded him
on christmas night they had had a disagreement about it
winston had heard because he was setting up the liquor tray in the next room
through the door he had seen mr. jack walking around waiting for miss ada
finally she had come down
winston had heard her shaking out the skirt of her new pink silk hostess gown
how do you like it
she had asked
mr. jack had said you look about fifteen years old
is that a compliment
i don't know
he had stood at a little distance studying her as though he would walk around next and look at the back of her head
lovie you make me feel naked
miss ada had giggled and she went sweeping and rustling to the couch and sank down
you look like that picture i have at the office mr. jack had started
a line a wrinkle
i look like an old man compared and he had picked up his photograph with the red christmas bow still on it
look an old man
will you wear pink when you're sixty
darling i love that photograph
i'm going to put it on my dresser
i guess it 's children make a woman old
a man gets old anyhow
after a minute he went on people must think the curse is on me seeing you fresh as an apple and me old and gray
i'll give you a medical certificate framed if you like miss ada had said
all i want is a picture with a few lines
make the man put them in if he has to
after that they had sat for five minutes without saying a word
then miss ada had stood up rustling and rustling and gone upstairs
was it love
i had no doubt that it was
during the rest of the summer my scholarly mania for making plaster casts and spatter prints of catskill flowers and leaves was all but surpassed by the constantly renewed impressions of jessica that my mind served up to me for contemplation and delight
nothing in all the preceding years had had the power to bring me closer to a knowledge of profound sorrow than the breakup of camp the packing away of my camp uniforms the severing of ties with the six or ten people i had grown most to love in the world
in final separation from them in the railroad terminal across the river from new york i would nearly cry
my parents' welcoming arms would seem woeful inadequate unwanted
but that year was different for just as the city in the form of my street clothes had intruded upon my mountain nights so an essential part of the summer gave promise of continuing into the fall jessica and i about to be separated by a mere footbridge or messhall kitchen but by the immense obstacle of residing in cruelly distant boroughs had agreed to correspond
these letters became the center of my existence
i lived to see an envelope of hers in the morning mail and to lock myself in my room in the afternoon to reread her letter for the tenth time and finally prepare an answer
my memory has catalogued for easy reference and withdrawal the image of her pink scented stationery and the unsloped almost printed configurations of her neat studious handwriting with which she invited me to recall our summer so many sentences beginning with remember when
and others concerning camp friends who resided in her suburban neighborhood and news of her commencing again her piano lessons her private school a visit to boston to see her grandparents and an uncle who was a surgeon returned on furlough wounded from the war in europe
in my letters i took on a personality that differed from the self i knew in real life
then epistolatory me was a foreign correspondent dispatching exciting cables and communiques full of dash and wit and glamor quoting from the books i read imitating the grand styles of the authors recommended by a teacher in whose special after-school class i was enrolled
the letters took their source from a stream of my imagination in which i was transformed into a young man unlike my bunkmate eliot sands he of the porch steps anecdotes who smoked cigarettes performed the tango wore fifty dollar suits and sneaked off into the dark with girls to do unimaginable things with them
like eliot in my fantasies i had a proud bearing and with a skill that was vaguely continental i would lead jessica through an evening of dancing and handsome descriptions of my newest exploits would guide her gently to the night 's climax which in my dreams was always represented by our almost suffocating one another to death with deep moist kisses burning with love
the night after reading her letter about her surgeon uncle it must have been late in september i had a vision of myself returned in ragged uniform from the front nearly dying my head bandaged and blooded and jessica bending over me the power of her love bringing me back to life
for many nights afterward the idea of her having been so close to me in that imagined bed would return and fill me with obscure and painful desires would cause me to lie awake in shame tossing with irresolution longing to fall into a deep sleep
the weeks went by and the longer our separation grew the more unbounded and almost unbearable my fantasies became
they caused my love for jessica to become warmer and at the same time more hopeless as if my adolescent self knew that only torment would ever bring me the courage to ask to see her again
as it turned out jessica took matters into her own hands
having received permission to give a camp reunion-halloween party she asked that i come and be her date
i went and mum and nervous all but made a fool of myself
again among those jubilantly reunited bunkmates i was shy with jessie and acted as i had during those early saturday mornings when we all seemed to be playing for effect to be detached and unconcerned with the girls who were properly our dates but about whom later in the privacy of our bunks we would think in terms of the most elaborate romance
i remember standing in a corner watching jessica act the hostess serving soft drinks to her guests
she was wearing her dark hair in two thick braids to attain an american girl effect she thought was appropriate to halloween
it made her look sweet and schoolgirlish i was excited to be with her but i did know how to express it
yet a moment did come that night when the adventurous letter writer and fantasist seemed to stride off my flashy pages out of my mind and plant himself in reality
it was late we were playing kissing games and jessica and i were called on to kiss in front of the others
we blushed and were flustered and it turned out to be the fleetest brush of lips upon cheek
the kiss outraged our friends but it was done and meanwhile had released in me all the remote exciting premonitions of lust all the mysterious sensations that i had imagined a truly consummated kiss would convey to me
it was at that party that finally overcoming my timidity inspired by tales only half-understood and overheard among older boys i asked jessie to spend new year 's eve with me
lovingly she accepted and so great was my emotion that all i could think of saying was you're amazing you know
later we agreed to think of how we wished to spend that night
we would write to one another and make a definite plan
she was terribly pleased
among my school and neighborhood friends during the next months i bragged and swaggered and pompously described my impending date
but though i boasted and gave off a dapper front i was beneath it all frightened
it would be the first time i had ever been completely alone with a girl i loved
i had no idea of what subjects one discussed when alone with a girl or how one behaved should i hold her hand while walking or only when crossing the street
should i bring along a corsage or send one to her
was it preferable to meet her at home or in the city
should i accompany her to the door of her home or should i ask to be invited in
in or out should i kiss her goodnight
all this was unknown to me and yet i had dared to ask her out for the most important night of the year
when in one letter jessica informed me that her father did like the idea of her going out alone on new year 's eve i knew for a moment an immense relief
but the letter went on she had cried she had implored she had been miserable at his refusal and finally he had relented and now how happy she was how expectant
her optimism gave me heart
i forced confidence into myself
i made inquiries i read a book of etiquette
in december i wrote her with authority that we would meet on the steps of the hotel astor a rendezvous spot that i had learned was the most sophisticated
we would attend a film and later on i stated we might go to the mayflower coffee shop or child 's or toffenetti 's for waffles
i set the hour of our meeting for seven
at five o'clock that night it was already dark and behind my closed door i was dressing as carefully as a groom
i wore a new double-breasted brown worsted suit with a faint herringbone design and wide lapels like a devil 's ears
my camp-made leather wallet bulky with twisted raised stitches around the edges i stuffed with money i had been saving
hatless in an overcoat of rough blue wool i was given a proud farewell by my mother and father and i set out into the strangely still streets of brooklyn
i felt superior to the neighborhood friends i was leaving behind felt older than my years and was full of compliments for myself as i headed into the subway that was carrying its packs of passengers out of that dull borough and into the unstable tantalizing excitement of manhattan
times square when i ascended to it with my fellow subway travellers all dressed as if for a huge wedding in a family of which we were all distant members was nearly impassable the sidewalks swarming with celebrants with bundled up sailors and soldiers already hugging their girls and their rationed bottles of whiskey
heavy-coated severe-looking policemen sat astride noble horses along the curbside to prevent the revellers from spilling out in front of the crawling traffic
the night was cold but the crowd kept one warm
the giant electric signs and marquees were lit up for the first time since blackout regulations had been instituted and the atmosphere was alive with the feeling that victory was just around the corner
cardboard noisemakers substitutes for the unavailable tin models were being hawked and bought at makeshift stands every few yards along broadway and one 's ears were continually serenaded by the horns' rasps and bleats
an old gentlemen next to me held a boy scout bugle to his lips and blasted away at every fourth step and during the interim shouted out v for victory
his neighbors cheered him on
there was a great sense of camaraderie
how did one join them
where were they all walking to
was i supposed to buy a funny hat and a rattle for jessica
it was a quarter of seven when the crowd washed me up among the other gallants who had established the astor steps as the beach-head from which to launch their night of merrymaking
i looked over their faces and felt a twinge they all looked so much more knowing than i
i looked away
i looked for jessica to materialize out of the clogging curdling crowd and as the time passed and i waited a fiend came to life beside me and whispered in my ear how was i planning to greet jessica
where exactly would we go after the movie
suppose the lines in front of the movie houses were too long and we couldn't get in
suppose i hadn't brought along enough money
i felt for my wallet
its thick substantial outline calmed me
but when i saw that it was already ten past seven i began to wonder if something had gone wrong
suppose her father had changed his mind and had refused to let her leave
suppose at this very moment her father was calling my house in an effort to cancel the plans
i grew uneasy
all about me there was a hectic interplay of meetings taking place like abrupt jerky scenes in old silent movies joyous greetings and beginnings huggings and kissings enthusiastic forays into the festive night
whole platoons were taking up new positions on the steps arriving and departing while i stayed glued like a signpost to one spot
at #:## two hotel doormen came thumping down the steps carrying a saw-horse to be set up as a barricade in front of the haberdashery store window next to the entranceway and as i watched them in their gaudy red coats that nearly scraped the ground their golden fringed epaulets and spic red-visored caps i suddenly saw just over their shoulders jessica gracefully making her way through the crowd
my heart almost stopped beating
there were thirty-eight patients on the bus the morning i left for hanover most of them disturbed and hallucinating
an interne a nurse and two attendants were in charge of us
i felt lonely and depressed as i stared out the bus window at chicago 's grim dirty west side
it seemed incredible as i listened to the monotonous drone of voices and smelled the fetid odors coming from the patients that technically i was a ward of the state of illinois going to a hospital for the mentally ill
i suddenly thought of mary jane brennan the way her pretty eyes could flash with anger her quiet competence the gentleness and sweetness that lay just beneath the surface of her defenses
we had become good friends during my stay at cook county hospital
i had told her enough about myself to offset somewhat the damaging stories that had appeared in local newspapers after my little adventure in marshall field & co.
she knew that i lived at a good address on the gold coast that i had once been a medical student and was thinking of returning to the university to finish my medical studies
she knew also that i was unmarried and without a single known relative
she wasn't quite sure that i felt enough remorse about my drinking or that i would return to it once i was out and on my own again
this had worried her
i read those newspaper stories about you she had said
you must have loved that girl very much but you couldn't have meant it when you said that you wanted to kill her
why do you say that
i was full of booze and well a drunk is apt to do anything he says he'll do
i grew up in an irish neighborhood on chicago 's west side
don't tell me about drunks
you're the kind to go violent
were you in love with that girl
would it make any difference to you if i were mary jane
she met my eyes suddenly angry
i wouldn't have gone into nursing if i didn't care about people
i'm interested in every patient i've helped take care of
when i think of people like you well i
you what mary jane
you are young intelligent have a whole lifetime before you to make something worth while of yourself but you mess it up with whiskey indifference self-destructive attitudes
i don't blame that girl for breaking her engagement with you
was she pretty
oh yes i said feeling annoyed she was very pretty
you don't believe that i'm going back to medical school and finish do you
why should i
i've worked this ward for three months now
we keep getting the same ones back again and again
they all mean well have great promises to make when they are about to go home but drinking is their sickness
you've seemed like them but maybe you are
you've treated your stay here like a big joke
it 's a joke to be sent to a place like this or to hanover
i wanted to go to college too
why didn't you
chicago has some of the best
her eyes flashed angrily
that 's what i mean about you anderson she said
you don't seem to know much about reality
i'll tell you why i didn't go to college
i'm the oldest of six children
my father 's a policeman and makes less than seven thousand dollars a year
there was no money for tuition for clothes for all the things you apparently take for granted
nurses' training here doesn't cost anything
they even pay me six dollars a month
i think it 's a good deal
i'm going to become a good nurse and i've got two baby brothers that are going to have college if i have to work at my profession until i'm an old maid to give it to them
do you have a boy friend
that 's none of your business she said then changed the subject
what about your father and mother don't you think of them when you're in a place like this
my father and mother died when i was two years old i said
my aunt raised me
aunt mary died when i was doing my military service
i have no one but myself to worry about
something in my voice must have touched her deeply because her anger passed quickly and she turned away to keep me from seeing her face
i'm sorry she said
i don't know what i'd do without my family
we've always been so close
tell me more about them
her eyes became bright as she talked about her father and mother aunts and uncles cousins
listening i felt cheated and lonely as only an orphan can
when she had finished i said
your dad sounds like a good father and a good policeman
i'll bet he wouldn't be pleased if a rumdum like me were to ask his daughter for a date i mean after i'm out of the hospital a month or so from now
my father is a sergeant of detectives and has been attached to homicide for five years
he 's a pretty good judge of character anderson
i don't think he'd mind too much if he were sure you'd decided to be a rumdum in the future
what about you
how would you feel about it if i were to ask you for a date when i get through at hanover
if i thought you were serious about going back to school that you'd learned something from your experiences here and at hanover well i might consider such an offer
what about your that girl you were going to kill
it suddenly seemed very important to me that mary jane brennan should know the truth about me that i was the confused sick irresponsible person she believed me to be
there are things about me that i can't tell you now mary jane i said but if you'll go out to dinner with me when i get out of hanover i'd like to tell you the whole story
i can say this i'm dead serious about going back to school
as for that other girl let 's just say that i never want to see her again
you will get to come home on long weekends from hanover won't you
yes i'll get one overnight a month
we'll go up to the edgewater beach hotel for dinner i said
do you like to dance
they always have a good orchestra
i like to dance she said then turned and walked away
there hadn't been anything really personal in her interest in me
i knew that
it was just that she felt deeply about every patient on the ward and wanted to believe that they might benefit from their treatment there
now riding this hospital bus feeling isolated and utterly alone i knew that she was genuine and unique quite unlike any girl i had known before
it seemed the most important thing in my life at this moment that she should know the real truth about me
it was a fantastic story
only two people in the state of illinois knew that i was entering hanover state hospital under an assumed name or why
it was unlikely that any girl as sharp as mary jane brennan would believe it without proof
but i had the proof all documented in a legal agreement which i would show her the moment i was free to do so
as the bus turned into the main highway and headed toward hanover i settled back in my seat and closed my eyes thinking over the events of the past two weeks trying to put the pieces in order
i wondered suddenly as i listened to the disconnected jabberings coming from the patient behind me if i had perhaps imagined it all
perhaps this was reality and dale nelson the actor was delusion
a figment of carl anderson 's imagination
i had come to chicago from new york early in september with a dramatic production called ask tony
it was a bad play real grade-a turkey which only a prevalence of angels with grandiose dreams of capital gain and tax money to burn could have put into rehearsal
no one even the producer had any real hope of getting it back to broadway
but because it was a suspense gangster story of the capone era many of us felt that it might catch on for a run in chicago continue as a road company and eventually become a movie
such optimism was completely unjustified
the critics literally screamed their indignation
ask tony was doomed from the moment kupcinet leveled on it in his sun-times column
we opened on friday and closed the following monday
out of the entire cast i alone received good notices for my portrayal of a psychopathic killer
this let me in for a lot of kidding from the rest of the company two members of which were native chicagoans
we were paid off tuesday morning and given tickets back to new york
i felt lonely and depressed as i packed my bags at the croydon hotel
it seemed to me that my life was destined to be one brilliant failure after another
i had been among the top third in my class at n.y.u. had wanted desperately to go to medical school but i'd run out of money and energy at the same time
then later i had quit my safe secure five-a-week spot on a network soap opera to take a part in this play
it seemed to me that i was only unlucky but quite stupid as well
i knew that i'd soon be back working as an orderly at the hospital or as a counterman at union news or schraffts while waiting for another acting job to open
it suddenly occurred to me that i did particularly like acting that i was at some sort of crossroads and would have to decide soon what i was going to do with my life
i closed the last bag and stood all three at the door for the bellboy to pick up then went to the bathroom for a drink of water
the telephone rang
when i answered it a voice too dignified and british to be real said is this mr. dale nelson the actor
all right i said
why don't you bastards lay off for a while
i beg your pardon sir
this is dale nelson the actor
i'm calling you mr. nelson at the request of mr. phillip wycoff
could you possibly have lunch with him today
his car could pick you up at your hotel at twelve
you'll send the rolls-royce of course
yes of course mr. nelson
i started to say something else appropriate but the man had hung up
i finally went downstairs to the bar off the main lobby where most of the cast were drowning their sorrows over the untimely passing of ask tony
they all bowed low as i approached them
all right you bastards i said the great actor is about to buy a drink
i laid a tenspot on the bar and motioned to the bartender to serve a round
he had just returned my change when the doorman came in off the street to page me
i walked over to him
you mr. nelson
mr. wycoff 's car is waiting for you at the east entrance
i followed him out through the lobby to the street
an ancient rolls-royce as shiningly impressive as the day it came off the ship was parked at the curb
the elderly chauffeur immaculate in a dark uniform stood stiffly at attention holding open the door of the town car
i was giving the parked cars the once-over
the oldsmobile with the license number jyj ### was in stall number five
okay i said to the attendant i'll let you know if i close the deal on the office in this building
i walked with him back to the entrance
he gave me a ticket on the agency car and parked it
i was back in ten minutes
forgot to get something out of the car i told him showing him my ticket
he started to say something as i walked in and then suddenly grinned and said oh yes
you're the one i was talking to about a monthly rental
that 's right i told him
he consulted the parking ticket then looked at a notation and said you're in the third row back toward the rear
can you find it all right
sure i told him
i went back to the agency car and got out an electric bug one of the newest devices for electronic shadowing
i always keep a set in the car
i put in new batteries so as to be certain i'd have plenty of power and on my way out walked over to the regular parking stalls and stood looking at them thoughtfully
i waited until the parking attendant was busy with a customer then slipped around the back of the car with license number jym ### attached the electronic bug to the rear bumper and walked out
the attendant waved me on
one of the hardest chores a detective has is hanging around on a city street trying to make himself inconspicuous keeping an eye on the entrance of an office building and waiting
for the first fifteen or twenty minutes it 's possible to be more or less interested in window displays then in people passing by
after a while however a person 's mind gets fed up and that magnifies all of the disagreeable physical symptoms which go with that sort of an assignment
you want to sit down
your leg muscles and back muscles feel weary
you're conscious of the fact that your feet hurt that the city pavements are hard
i waited a solid two hours before my man came out of the office building
he came out alone
i wasn't far behind him when he entered the parking lot and hurried over to his car
the attendant recognized me once more and said what did you do about that office
i haven't made up my mind yet i said
it 's a sublease
i have a couple of them i'm figuring on
one here and one that 's out quite a ways where there 's usually curb parking
that curb parking is undependable and annoying particularly when it rains he said
i kept trying to get him to take my money
okay i told him
i'm in a rush right now
i know where the car is
want me to drive it out
i'll have one of the boys get it he said
it 's one of the rules on transients
regulars drive out their own cars
make it as snappy as you can will you
oh that 's all right he said
you're going to be a regular
you'll get in the office building here
you don't want to lease a place way out in the sticks
you get business where the business is where it isn't
i grinned at him handed him a couple of dollars and said by the time you get the parking charge figured up there should be a cigar in it for you
i hurried over to the agency heap jumped in started the motor and was just in time to see the car i wanted to shadow turn to the left
i was held up a bit trying to make a left turn
by the time i'd made it he was gone
traffic was pretty heavy
i turned on the electric bug and the signal came in loud and clear
i made time and picked him up within ten blocks
i stayed half a block behind him letting lots of cars keep in between us listening to the steady beep beep beep
after fifteen minutes of traffic driving he turned to the left
i couldn't see him but the electric bugging device gave steady beeps when it was straight ahead short half beeps when the car i was following was to the left and long drawn-out beeps when it turned to the right
if it ever got behind me the beep turned to a buzz
i turned left too soon and got a signal showing that i was still behind him but he was to the right
after a while the signal became a buzz and i knew he was behind me
that meant he'd parked someplace
i made a big circle until i located the car parked at the curb in front of an apartment house
i found a parking place half a block away sat in the car and waited
my quarry was in the apartment house for two hours
then he came out and started driving toward the beach
by this time it was dark
i could get up close to him where there was traffic but had to drop far behind when there wasn't traffic
my lights would have been a giveaway if i'd tried to shadow him in the conventional manner
moreover i'd have lost him if it hadn't been for the electronic shadowing device
his signal was coming loud and clear and then all of a sudden it turned to a buzz
i circled the block and found he was in the parking lot of a high-class restaurant
i sat where i could watch the exit and realized i was hungry
i sat there with the faint odor of charcoal-broiled steaks tantalizing my nostrils and occasionally catching the aroma of coffee
my man came out an hour later drove to the beach turned right and after half a mile went to the swim and tan motel
it was a fairly modern motel with quite a bit of electrical display in front
i remembered it was the peeping tom place
i waited until my man was coming out of the office with the key to a cabin before i went in to register
the card the man i was shadowing had filled out was still on the counter
i noticed that he was in unit ## and that he had registered under the name of oscar l. palmer and wife giving a san francisco address
he had written out the license number of his car but had transposed the last two figures an old dodge which is still good
ninety-nine times out of a hundred the motel manager doesn't check the license number on the plates against the license number the tenant writes out
if he does it 's still better than an even chance he won't notice the transposition of the numbers and if he should notice it the thing can be passed off as an honest mistake
i used the alias of robert c. richards gave the first three letters and the first and last figure of the license number on the agency heap but a couple of phony numbers in between
i could have written anything
the manager of the motel was a woman who apparently didn't care
she was complying with the law in regard to registrations but she certainly wasn't checking license numbers or bothering the tenants
you mean you're all alone mr. richards
your wife isn't going to join you later
i don't think so
if you expect her to show up she said you'd better put and wife on there
it 's a formality you know
any difference in the rate
to you she said smiling
it 's ten dollars either way
there are ice cubes in a container at the far end and in another by the office
there are three soft-drink vending machines and if you should be joined by anybody try to keep things quiet if you will
we like to run a nice quiet place
thank you i told her
i took another sidelong glance at the other registration card then took the key to unit ## that she had given me and went down long enough to park the car
the construction was reasonably solid
like the cracker-box construction of so many of the motel units that have stucco all over the outside but walls that are thin enough so you can hear every movement of the people in the adjoining apartment
i put a small electric amplifier against the wall on the side i wanted to case
with the aid of that i could hear my man moving around heard him cough a couple of times heard the toilet flush heard the sound of water running
whoever his companion was going to be she was going to join him later
she knew where to come
he didn't have to telephone
i was so hungry my stomach felt all lines of communication had been severed
it 's one thing to go without food when you're occupied with some work or when you're simply postponing a meal but when you're dependent on someone else and know that you can't eat until he 's bedded down for the night hunger can be a gnawing torture
i had noticed a drive-in down the road a quarter of a mile
the batteries on the bugging device i had put on the car were still fresh enough to send out good strong signals
the powerful microphone i could press against the wall between my motel unit and that occupied by the man would bring in the sound of any conversation and i was positively nauseated i was so hungry
i got in the car drove down to the drive-in and ordered a couple of hamburgers with everything included a cup of coffee and the fastest service possible
the place wasn't particularly busy at that time of night and the girl who was waiting on me who was clothed in the tightest-fitting pair of slacks i had ever seen on a woman and a sweater that showed everything there was and there was lots of it wanted to be sociable
you really in a hurry handsome
i'm in a hurry beautiful
it 's early in the evening to be in a hurry
there 's lots of time left
there may be any women left i said
she gave a little pout and said i don't get off work until eleven o'clock
that 's when my evening commences
i'll be here at ten-fifty-five i said
that 's what they all say
what 's that thing going buzz-buzz-buzz in your car
i said darn it that 's the automatic signal that shows when the ignition key is on
i didn't turn it off
i reached over and switched off the electronic bugging device
she went in to get the hamburgers and i switched on the device again and kept the signal from dowling 's car coming in steady and clear until i saw her starting back with the hamburgers
then i shut off the device again
she wanted to hang around while i was eating
don't you think it 's selfish to have dinner before you go to pick her up
no i said
it 's a kindness to her
you see she 's on a diet
she'll eat just a pineapple and cottage cheese salad and i'm to have one with her so she won't feel out of place
diets can be terrible the girl said
how much overweight is she
a bit i said but she 's keeping her figure in hand
she looked at me provocatively
good figures should be kept in hand she said and walked away with an exaggerated wiggle
i turned on the device again half fearful that i might find silence but the buzzes came in loud and clear
when i switched on the lights for her to come and get the check i had the exact change plus a dollar tip
the fat man said all we gotta do is go around the corner
the gun moved
the thin man said that-a-way
second building on the right
it says police right on the door
so even if we was as dumb as you take us for we could still find it
roberta and dave began to back toward the door
the thin man waved the gun again
he said right around the corner
it says water works but there is a policeman on duty too
a night policeman just like in the states
canada doesn't have much of this here juvenile delinquency problem but we keep a night policeman all the same on account of the crazy tourists
at the door dave paused to feel for the latch
roberta glanced up at her husband
he was going to be sensible and try to do anything rash with that gun pointed at him
she measured the distance from where they stood to the men and the gun measured the distance from the men to the back room
she decided to risk it
there was something phony about all this gun waving something quite what it seemed in the detailed directions for finding the police
dave had the latch under his thumb now and he removed his arm from his wife in order to pull the door open
in a flash she was away to the back paying no attention to three angry shouts from the male throats
she tore open the back door
it was dark inside the room but enough light spilled from the restaurant behind her to enable her to make out a round table with a green cloth top
there was a small sideboard with some empty beer bottles on it and perhaps fifteen wooden chairs
slowly she turned to face the men again
rat-face at the counter was on his feet
the distance between where she stood and where dave waited at the outside door was a hundred miles
keeping her frightened gaze on the men at the counter she began to feel her way to the door
she sidled along the booths one step at a time
the gun followed her
as she reached dave and felt his arm go around her felt him pull her to the safety of his person she knew with the certainty of despair that something bad had happened to lauren
the two men watched as dave closed the door behind them watched them cross the sidewalk to their car
it was getting light
the fat man removed his apron put on a greasy and wrinkled jacket and zipped it over his paunch
the thin man moved swiftly to the phone and dialed a number
when he was answered he said albert
i'm sending you a couple of customers yeah just get them out of my hair and keep them out i don't give a damn what you tell them only don't believe a word they say they're out to make trouble for me and it is up to you to stop them i don't care how and one more thing cate 's cafe closed at eleven like always last night and rose and clarence corsi left for quebec yesterday some shrine or other i think it was called saint simon 's yeah yesterday
he turned from the phone and strode to the front of the restaurant
the white buick hadn't moved away yet
a line of worry formed a twitch pulled his mouth over to one side
he said grosse
you ain't kidding me the kid don't know the name of this town
i ain't kidding you vince
how could she
she musta been walking in her sleep you seen her yourself in here
howda i know
remember how she looked when barney held the door for her
kinda like a zombie
she was just waking up when we found her at the garage
stupid fools ain't got enough brains between the two of you
grosse muttered his head down one hand playing with the zipper on his jacket
had enough brains to call ya up so as ya could do sompin about it when the parents i coulda let her go go his eyes were lowered so he couldn't have seen the narrow pointed face of his companion suddenly writhe with fury
but he was aware of it just the same
he knew vince steiner was one of those men who had to work up a fury once in a while just to prove how dangerous he could be
with a curse vince seized the thing nearest a glass sugar container with a spouted metal top and threw it against the wall opposite
the heavy glass didn't break but the top flew off
sugar sprayed with a hiss that was loud in the silence
really startled but careful to appear so grosse sucked noisily on his pipe
vince cursed steadily
why does everything have to happen to me
grosse quietly got a broom and started to sweep up the sugar
vince watched him
his mouth worked over the profanity the obscenities in his vocabulary
once he said why'n hell didn't you look in the back seat of the car before you drove off
don't you and barney ever use your brains
the fat man didn't answer
he got one of the menus and brushed the spilled sugar onto it and carried it to a box on the floor behind the counter
he returned the menu to its place between catchup bottle and paper napkin dispenser
he spoke soothingly
she don't know nothing about them cars
she thinks she 's in a ordinary garage
how do you know stupid
and put cate 's gun back
grosse tucked the gun under the counter
one word of this gets to guardino
who 's telling guardino
vince swore again
you get that kid over to rose 's house
the fat man winced
he ran a finger down his cheek tracing the scratch there
why can't i leave her locked up in the tool crib
the thin man stopped his pacing long enough to glance at the clock
you and barney get her over to rose 's before it gets too light
after guardino 's left we'll dump the kid somewhere near the border where she kin get home
god help you if she knows where she 's been
grosse spread his hands
what am i going to do with her all day
in the tool crib she can't get away
what the hell do i care what you do with her all day
just get her where guardino won't see her and start asking questions
grosse swore now
dammit all vince
i ain't no baby sitter
vince shouted finally get her over to rose 's and i'll come by and see that she stays put
grosse rubbed the bridge of his nose where it was swollen
he spoke sullenly
you don't hafta get nasty
i wish you luck when you try scaring that kid
suddenly he grinned
his voice lost its sullen tones and he chuckled
i got one question
what is it
are you a poor dumb canadian or a smart aleck from the states
vince lifted his hand as if to strike but his thin lips spread in a smile
grosse ducked and sniggered
where'd you say you was born
in a chicago slum just like you
and i ain't going back there on account of one lousy kid
lauren landis rubbed her face against the blanket
she had cried a little because she was frightened
she could easily understand why the two men had been startled to find a strange girl in the back seat of their car she had figured that out but she couldn't understand their subsequent actions
was it because she had shown panic
who could blame her for that
it was one thing to awaken outside a restaurant where your parents were eating and quite another to awaken in a strange garage and know your parents had gone on home without you
she was glad the fat man had left
barney was really frightening
she jumped as the little man now appeared at the window and reaching through the opening offered her a bottle of coke
she smiled at him wetly
although she found she was thirsty she was about to refuse never never take candy from a strange man when she saw the bottle was unopened
he placed a bottle opener on the counter
so he understood her panic
she blew her nose on a tissue and opened the coke bottle
it was icy cold and tasted delicious
she felt a lift in spirit
when she was finished she pushed it back
the man was busy doing something to the inside of the door-frame on the driver 's side of a car
she called softly barney
he looked in her direction but he didn't answer
she said barney why is he keeping me here
still no answer
he seemed to be looking at a point above the little window
lauren said why can't i call my home
or borrow some money from someone and go home by bus
i could send the money right back
barney finished the cigarette he had been smoking
he dropped it and carefully ground it to nothing with the sole of his heavy shoe
now he looked at her
he said i only work here
lauren said please
but he was back at work on a car
she dropped her head on her arms on the counter
how could he be kind one moment and cruel the next
did he know something that made him feel sad and sorry for her
and was he afraid to do anything as definite as releasing her
her heart was thumping painfully
the unknown was so much worse than what dangers lay ahead for her
what awful thing had she to face in the next few hours
something wet and hot was trickling on her wrists
with a sturdy act of will she turned her mind away from herself
as long as she could do nothing constructive about the situation she was in she would think about something else
her mother and father for instance
where were they now
in her mind she followed the white buick along the road somewhere between here and the niagara river
her father 's attention would be on the road ahead and it wouldn't deviate an inch until he crossed the bridge at the falls and took the river road to lasalle and finally turned in at their own driveway at ### heather heights
then he would yawn and stretch and shout all out
this is the end of the line
and what would her mother be doing right now
her mother would be fast asleep curled up against that wonderful big safe solid shoulder next to her on the front seat
lauren landis was in trouble and she was alone
roberta landis put her hand on her husband 's arm as he slid in the driver 's seat beside her
somewhere birds were sweetly calling were answered
her teeth chattered so that she made three attempts at speech before she became intelligible
i saw that woman 's apron behind the door
there was a wet spot she couldn't have been gone long
dave made some sound meant to convey agreement
he inserted the car key in the lock
roberta was violently trembling
she stammered you heard what he said about police
why don't we drive around the corner
the car door crashed shut
the engine throbbed into life
dave said i got the message
roberta said no
suppose lauren comes looking for us
i can sit here in the car while you walk around the corner
the big car sprang away from the curb like something alive
he said i'm going to leave my wife and my car out here in sight of those
roberta glanced at him and stopped trembling
his jowls were spiked by barbs of graying beard
his small mean eyes regarded marty steadily unblinkingly
his eyes were threaded by little filaments of red as if tiny veins had burst and flooded blood into them
as he chewed his gum and exuded wheezing breath marty smelt the reek of bad whiskey
marty recognized the man
he had driven the car that passed them on the road outside admassy 's place
this was acey squire proprietor of the juke joint
marty smiled at squire pleasantly and said there was a cab waiting for me here
do you know where it might have gone
squire chewed his gum his jaw moving in a steady rhythm
he looked straight at marty
he did answer
marty scanned the faces of the others nearest him looked into their staring eyes
did anyone see my cab
he asked keeping his voice casual
he avoided showing any surprise or annoyance when no one answered him
i have to get back to jarrodsville he went on
i see there are some cars here
i wonder if one of you gentlemen could drive me back to town
i'd be happy to pay for the favor of course
the seventeen men stood and stared at him for a moment longer
and then a startling thing occurred
it was so utterly unexpected that marty stood for several moments with his mouth hanging open foolishly after it had happened
there was no word spoken no apparent signal given
yet the men all moved at the same instant
they piled into the waiting cars motors roared the cars sped off
the station wagon and the old plymouth headed east toward jarrodsville
the ford and the pickup truck sped west toward sanford 's run
in seconds all four cars were out of sight
marty land stood alone on a red-clay road as storm clouds gathered ominously in the sky again
from a great distance thunder growled and broke the silence
land looked back toward the dilapidated house
he thought he saw a pale face at a window
perhaps it was dora may
perhaps she would be glad that they hadn't hurt him
there were other farmhouses nearby
across the road there was one no more than a hundred yards away
there was another on this side a little further down
there were many more between here and jarrodsville
telephone poles lined the road
they reared tall and mocking
their wires stretched out into infinity
a single strand of wire reached into the silent houses beside the red-clay road
there was nothing he could do but walk
and jarrodsville was more than three miles away down an old dirt road that the rain had turned into a quagmire
marty faced east and started walking down the left side of the road
after he had proceeded a few feet he paused and turned up the cuffs of his trousers which were already damp and mud-caked
the viscous mud was ankle-deep and in places great puddles spread across the road and reflected the murky light
as he approached the first farmhouse thunder sounded behind him again closer now and louder like a steadily advancing drum corps
there were several people on the porch of the farmhouse
there was a very old man and a young woman and a brood of children ranging from toddlers to teen-agers
for just an instant he thought of appealing to them for help
perhaps they had a car or truck and would drive him into town
then he realized the utter futility of the idea
they were staring at him in the same blank and menacing way that the men outside the gate had stared
even the eyes of the smallest children seemed malicious
on his side of the road there were two farm hands well back in a field leaning against a plow
they too stared at him
the drums of thunder were right behind him now
a foolish thought came into his head
he remembered a story he had read as a youth
it was probably one of kipling 's tales of the british army
it concerned an officer who had been disgraced and drummed out
the steady roll of the drums had sounded behind him as he walked between the endless ranks of the men he had commanded and each man about-faced and turned his back as the officer approached
marty wished these poor farm people would turn their backs
the fencing by the roadside ended
now the dirt highway was bordered on either side by a fairly deep drainage ditch too broad to leap over unless you were an olympic star
the day 's rain had been added to the stagnant water
he was trapped on the road when he heard the sound of an approaching car
it was coming toward him
the car was now in sight
marty 's heart skipped a beat when he recognized it
it was the station wagon that had passed his cab on the road the station wagon that had been parked at the burch farm
acey squire 's station wagon
it had headed back toward jarrodsville
that had only been a ruse to lure him out on the deserted road
now acey and his friends were returning to seek him out
the station wagon came to a stop a couple of hundred feet in front of him beside a fenced field
then there was another sound
a second car was coming from the west from the direction of sanford 's run
it was the ford that had been outside burch 's farm
marty looked helplessly in both directions
it was a narrow road barely wide enough for two cars to pass
he could leave the road because of the water-filled drainage ditch
when the two cars were equidistant from him the station wagon started up again and the ford gathered speed
they bore down on him
there was nothing he could do except jump into the ditch
he jumped and sank to his knees in muddy water
as the two cars roared by there was a high-pitched eerie nerve-shattering sound
marty knew how the union soldiers must have felt at chancellorsville and antietam and gettysburg when the ragged gray ranks charged at them screaming the wild banshee howl they called the rebel yell
for moments he stood in water shivering and gasping for breath
he had turned his ankle slightly and it pained him
the cars with their load of howling men had disappeared in the distance
there had been two more cars parked at the farm a plymouth and a pickup truck
they would be coming for him next bearing down on him from both directions
and then the station wagon and the ford would seek him out again
he would be harassed repeatedly and would escape death by inches time after time all the way to jarrodsville
he still had three miles to go
back east the more affluent juvenile delinquents who could afford hyped-up autos instead of switch blades as lethal weapons played this same game and called it chicken
he could go through the fields
that way was barred on both sides of the road by a high barbed-wire fence
he had to make for the section of road just ahead that was bordered by the rail fence the section by the farmhouse
at least he could climb up on the fence when his tormenters roared by again
the admassy place could be far now
he would go in there climb through the window and at least be safe for a little while and able to rest
there was even a bare chance that the phone had been disconnected
he did dare climb back up to the road
he was deep in water but at least they could reach him there
he splashed on mud sucking at his feet with each step until he reached the end of the drainage ditch and the beginning of the fence that enclosed the farm
he climbed back to the road and he felt utterly exhausted
he stood panting for a moment
and then he saw something that he had seen before and panic gripped him again
the fence his only refuge when the metal death came roaring at him was made of rails all right but the rails were protected by a thick screening of barbed wire that would rip his flesh if he pressed against it
he lurched on down the road despairingly because there was no place else to go
he lost all sense of dignity
you could stand on dignity when you were soaked and muddied and your life was at stake
probably people were watching him from the porch or from behind the windows of this farmhouse too but he did bother to look
he broke into a dogtrot breathing heavily streaming with sweat
he had to reach admassy 's place
it was his only sanctuary
the fences on both sides of the road bristled with the barbed wire
the fences stretched on endlessly
and then he heard them
and now he saw them
the plymouth was coming at him from the east the pickup truck from the west
they had timed it better this time
they would reach him at almost exactly the same instant
he stopped stone-still
if he backed against the fence one of the cars would brush him as it passed and he would be cruelly lacerated by the wire
he stumbled to the middle of the road and simply stood there waiting for them a perfect target
the cars must have had their gas pedals pushed down to the floor boards
they were coming on at reckless speed for such old vehicles
they thundered at him
he held his arms close to his sides and made himself as small as possible
when the plymouth neared it veered toward him and seemed about to run him down
he forced himself to stay frozen there
if he moved he would be in the path of the other car
he thought the fender of the plymouth brushed his jacket as it went by
in a fraction of a second the pickup truck hurtled by on the other side
the weird insane sound of the rebel yell reverberated again and echoed from the distant hills
he did leave the middle of the road
he did try to run
he trudged on his aching eyes focused straight ahead
he was nearing the admassy house
he was going to make it he told himself
and then he heard a car coming from the east and he felt as if he would break down and weep
oh no again he said aloud
again so soon
there was a new sound a sound as piercing as the rebel yell yet different
it was the sound of a siren
now he saw that the approaching car was painted white and he began to wave his arms frantically
it was the prowl car from the sheriff 's office
the car drew up alongside him and stopped
get in charley estes said brusquely
he staggered into the back seat and lay back fighting for breath
there was someone in front with the sheriff
it was pete holmes the cabdriver
pete turned around and said to marty i guess you think i'm a yellow-bellied hound
but there wasn't no use in me staying there
i couldn't fight a dozen or so of 'em
if i'd stayed all that i'd have got was four punctured tires and one busted head
why didn't you wait at the burch house
you must've known i'd gone to get the sheriff
i was lucky they let me go i guess
the sheriff was occupied with maneuvering the car around in a very narrow space
when it was finally pointed east he said you should never have come out here alone
this is redneck country
every man in every one of these houses is a night rider
then he turned the telephone over to rourke and went into the bedroom to change his slippers for dry socks and shoes
rourke was talking on the phone when he came back
about an hour eh
are you positive
he listened a moment and then said hold it
he turned his head and said alvarez will definitely be in a back room at the jai alai club on south beach within an hour
want to try and meet him there
shayne looked at his watch
that wasn't too far from fifth street and should allow him to make scotty 's bar by midnight
he said with satisfaction that 's fine tim
i'll be there
rourke confirmed the appointment over the phone and hung up
i don't know what you're getting into mike he said unhappily
i hope to christ
shayne said briskly grab another drink if you want it
we've got one other call to make before i meet alvarez
it 's out in the northeast section
have you got my car here
it 's parked in front
rourke hastily slopped whiskey into his glass on top of half-melted ice-cubes
i'd better keep on driving yours shayne decided because i'll be going on over to the beach
i can drop you back here to pick mine up
he went to a closet to get a light jacket and took his hat from beside the door
timothy rourke gulped down the whiskey hastily and joined him asking who are we going to call on in the northeast section
that is maybe too much of a lady
at least i want to find out whether she 's home yet or
he opened the door and followed rourke out
in rourke 's car shayne drove east to biscayne boulevard and north toward felice perrin 's address which had been given to him by the peralta governess
as he drove he filled in timothy rourke briefly on the events of the evening after leaving the reporter to go to the peralta house and on his own surmises
i want to be in scotty 's bar at midnight when marsha makes her phone call there he ended grimly
i don't know whether that threatening letter of hers has anything to do with this situation or but i want to see who takes the call
this deal at las putas buenas where the two knife-men jumped you said rourke with interest that sounds like it was set up with malice aforethought by the luscious mrs. peralta doesn't it
it does shayne grunted sourly still able to taste her mouth on his in the green jungle parking lot
that story of hers about an unsigned note directing her to be there tonight sounds completely phony
if it was designed to put me on the spot it would have to have been written before peralta ever called me in on the case
do you think laura did have the counterfeit bracelet made without her husband 's knowledge
i haven't the faintest idea
i think her husband strongly suspects so and that 's why he called me in on the thing in direct defiance of his confederates and almost certainly without telling them why he was doing so
isn't this felice 's street
shayne asked peering ahead at the partially obscured street sign
rourke could see it better out the right-hand side and he said yes
turn to the left i think for that number you gave me
more than a block or so
shayne got in the left-hand lane and cut across the boulevard divider
there was a small neon-lighted restaurant and cocktail lounge on the southeast corner of the intersection as he turned into the quiet palm-lined street where most of the houses on both sides were older two-story mansions now cut up into furnished rooms and housekeeping apartments
shayne drove westward from the boulevard slowly letting rourke crane his head out the window and watch for street numbers
a single automobile was parked half-way up the block on the left-hand side
shayne noted idly that it carried miami beach license plates as he approached and then saw the flare of a match in the front seat as they passed indicating that it was occupied
he turned to see the briefly-illumed faces of two men in the parked car just as rourke said it 's the next house mike
on the right
instead of pulling into the curb shayne increased his speed slightly to the corner where he swung left
he went around the corner and parked turning off his lights and motor
i told you mike said rourke in an aggrieved voice
it was back there
shayne said i know it was tim
his voice was chilling and cold
did you see the car parked across the street
i didn't notice it
i was watching for numbers
it has a beach license tim
two men in the front seat
i got a quick look at their faces as we went past
unless i'm crazy as hell they're two of painter 's dicks
a couple named harris and geely
those names mean anything to you
wait a minute mike
in painter 's office this evening
shayne nodded grimly
the pair whom petey is officially commending for slapping me around and pulling me in
what are they doing here
a stake-out i suppose
on felice perrin
maybe with specific orders to see that i don't make contact with her
i'm positive tim
i may be wrong
i'll slide out and walk around the block back to the cocktail lounge on biscayne
you drive on and circle back and pull up beside them parked there
you're a reporter and you're looking for miss perrin to interview her
make them show their hands
if they are beach cops on a stake-out they'll admit it to a reporter
they've got no official standing on this side of the bay
as soon as you find out if they are geely and harris come on around to the lounge where i'll be waiting
shayne opened the door on his side and stepped out
timothy rourke groaned dismally as he slid under the wheel
the things you talk me into mike
how often do they add up to headlines
you should complain
he crossed the street and walked swiftly southward to circle back to the boulevard and north a block to the open restaurant
he was standing at the end of the bar enjoying a slug of cognac when rourke came in six or eight minutes later
the reporter nodded as he moved up beside him at the bar
shayne told the bartender bourbon and water and rourke told him it 's those two all right
harris and geely
i made them show me their identification before i could be persuaded to call on felice perrin
shayne said happily i've got it all worked out tim
take your time with your drink
i'll beat it
in exactly three minutes go in that phone booth behind you and call police headquarters
be excited and don't identify yourself
just say that a couple of drunks are having a hell of a fight down the street and they better send a patrol car
then hang up fast and come walking on down to the perrin address
i'll be waiting for you there
the bartender brought rourke 's drink and shayne laid a twenty-dollar bill on the bar
he said in a low voice i've got a date with a lady mister
will that pay for a pint i can take with me
you know how it is he added with a conspiratorial wink
candy is dandy but liquor is quicker and you don't have any candy for sale here anyhow
we sure don't
the bartender winked back at him and palmed the bill
he turned away and returned in a moment with a pint of brandy in a small paper sack which he slid over the counter to shayne
as the detective slid it into his pocket rourke asked sadly what in hell are you going to do mike
make a couple of punk detectives named geely and harris wish to god they'd stayed out of my way this afternoon
three minutes tim
shayne strode out blithely and rourke checked his watch and sipped his drink getting a dime ready to make the telephone call to the police
outside shayne hesitated when he saw that rourke had parked his coupe directly in front of the bar headed south
he walked over to the right-hand door opened it and got the reloaded automatic out of the glove compartment and put it in his hip pocket
he hoped he wouldn't be forced to use it in taking care of the beach detectives but its weight was comforting at his hip
on this side of the bay miami beach cops had no more legal rights than any ordinary citizen and shayne 's pistol permit was just as good as theirs
he went swiftly up the sidewalk toward the parked car with the two beach detectives in the front seat
he tugged the brim of his hat low as he approached stepped out into the street just behind the car and strode around to the right-hand side
the big paunchy man named geely was on that side half-turned in the seat toward his hatchet-faced companion so that his back partially rested against the closed door
shayne turned the handle and jerked the door open before either of the men were quite aware of his presence in the night
geely grunted and slid partly out and shayne 's left arm snaked in around his neck to help him while he set himself solidly on the roadway and swung his right fist to the big gum-chewing jaw before geely could straighten up
shayne stepped back to let him slump to the ground and then dived over him through the open door into harris who was cursing loudly and trying to drag a gun from a shoulder holster somewhat impeded by the steering wheel
shayne locked his big hands around harris' thin neck and dragged him out over the seat into the roadway
he hit him once on the sharp point of his chin and felt the body go limp
he dropped him into the street a couple of feet away from geely 's recumbent figure and stared down at both of them for a moment before kicking the big man lightly in the side
he didn't stir
they were both breathing heavily out cold and shayne didn't think either of them had recognized him or could describe him
he got the pint of liquor out of his pocket and unscrewed the top sprinkled the pungent stuff liberally over both men and then tossed the open bottle in on the front seat
he turned then to look toward the lighted boulevard and saw rourke 's tall emaciated figure come out of the lounge and hurriedly start to angle across the street toward the opposite side
shayne strolled across to intercept the reporter in front of the two-story house where felice perrin lived and asked casually get the police okay
said they'd have a patrol car here fast
let 's get inside
what happened with you
why the two damned fools got all excited when they saw the bottle and knocked each other out cold shayne said good-humoredly
they'll have fun explaining that to the miami cops
got no business over here on a stake-out anyway
they went up onto a front porch and into a small hallway where a dim bulb burned high in the ceiling
a row of mailboxes along the wall had numbers and names on them
shayne found one marked perrin aj
the stairway on the right was dark but there was a wall-switch at the bottom which lighted another dim bulb at the top and they went up
there were two front rooms both dark behind their transoms and there was no sound or light in the entire house to indicate that any of the occupants were awake
eight nine steps above him roberts had paused
mickey paused with him waiting no longer impatient trying now to think it out do a little planning
he looked down over the banister at the hotel desk with the telephone and pen set
if i could call in they could check the story while we were on our way
i wouldn't have to tell them i had roberts
then he heard it like a muffled thud felt a subtle change in air pressure
he glanced up in time to see roberts hurtling down on him from above literally flying through the air his bloody face twisted
mickey tried to flatten against the banister gripped it with one hand but roberts' full weight struck him at that moment in the groin
he gasped for air and the impact tore his hand from the rail
he tumbled with roberts helpless and in agony over and over down the steps
by a wrenching effort he managed to hunch and draw in to take the final fall on his back and shoulders rather than his head
he was fuzzy in his mind and for a moment helpless on the lobby floor but he was conscious and free of the weight of roberts' body
when his vision cleared he saw the taller one scrambling upward reaching
mickey was on his knees when roberts turned on the stairs and the razor flashed in his hand
he felt his empty pocket and knew that roberts had retrieved the only weapon at hand
mickey 's eyes fixed on the other 's feet which would first betray the moment and direction of an attack
he rose stiffly forcing his knees to lock
the knifelike pain in his groin nearly brought him down again
he made himself back off slowly his eyes wary on roberts who now had no more to lose than he
the pain dulled as he moved and he steadied inside
after a moment he extended one hand the fingers curled
come on he said
you want to be that big a fool i was hoping for this
roberts brushed at his eyes with his free hand and started down the steps
he held the razor well out to one side
he was invulnerable to attack but he could be handled mickey knew if he could be brought to make the first move
they were eight feet apart when roberts cleared the last step
mickey waited with slack arms
any time roberts he said
or would it be easier if i put my hands in my pockets
the taunt was lost on roberts
he advanced slowly directly giving no hint of a feint to either side
he was just short of arm 's reach when he stopped
mickey backed off two steps forcing him to come on again
there was a fixed grin on roberts' face made hideous by the swollen nose and the smeared blood
mickey backed off again and roberts hesitated then came along
they moved in a series of rhythmic fits and starts a macabre dance two steps back two steps forward two steps back
mickey felt his shoulders come up against the wall beside the heavy slab front door
this was going to be it now any second and what he had to remember was to keep his eye on the razor no matter what even if roberts should feint with a kick to the groin the deadly hand was his exclusive concern
the kick came sudden and vicious but short
mickey 's guts twisted with the effort but he kept his eye on the weapon
it moved in a silver arc toward his throat then veered downward
he hunched his left shoulder into it and slashed at roberts' forearm with his own felt the blade slide off his sleeve
before roberts could move inside to cut upward toward his face he slammed his right fist into roberts' belly
roberts sagged and slashed at him wildly
ducking mickey tripped and fell to one side landing heavily on the wood floor
then roberts was on him gasping for breath and for a couple of seconds mickey lost sight of the blade
he felt it rip at the side of his jacket and a momentary sting under his left ribs
he got a knee up into roberts' belly used both hands and heaved him clear then scrambled to his feet
they were in the center of the lobby now
still clutching the razor roberts came up into a crouch shaking his head
when he charged mickey was ready
he hit roberts with his left fist in the ribs and the razor cut toward him feebly then wobbled in mid-air
with his right fist and nearly all his weight behind it he smashed at the bloodstained face
roberts careened backward his back arched fought for balance and failing stumbled against the newel post at the foot of the stairs
the sound of his head striking the solid wood was an ultimate sudden-end sound
he fell on his side across the lowest step rolled over once then lay still
mickey found himself leaning against the desk with stiff hands panting for breath
after a minute he went to roberts looked at one of his eyes and felt for a pulse
he couldn't feel any
roberts appeared to be dead
if yet then soon very soon
suddenly it was cold in the lobby
it seemed to him that a long time had passed before he decided what to do
actually it was no more than eight or ten minutes and the sum of his reasoning came to this
there 's no way to take him in now and keep those other two wister and the one who hired the two of them from finding out about roberts and lamming out
the local law here would hold me till they check clear back home and maybe more than that
they would have to
by then they could never catch up with the others
there 's no other way
i'll have to do it myself
he looked at where roberts lay sprawled on the step
mickey was sure now he was dead
one thing he thought nobody knows about it yet
he climbed the stairs went into roberts' room found a suitcase and packed as much into it as he could
he left a few things
it didn't have to be perfect
roberts was a wastrel
walking away on impulse he might logically leave behind what it was inconvenient to carry
when he had closed the suitcase he found a rag and moved about the room wiping carefully everything he might have touched
it took him nearly an hour
he went to the room he had rented and got into his overcoat
he left the rest of his things and returned to the lobby
he set roberts' suitcase near the front door went outside and walked back to the garage
he was mildly surprised to find it was snowing
it snowed softly silently an undulating interruption of his vision against the night sky
he could feel it on his face and in his hair
he found the key to the jeep got it started and warmed it up for five minutes
then he backed out and swung around to the front drive
he went into the hotel and searched till he found the razor
he put it in his own pocket for safekeeping
he took the suitcase out to the jeep and put it in the front seat
then he went back for roberts
the body was heavier than he had anticipated
he got it onto his shoulder after some work and carried it outside and down to the jeep
he dumped it into the back and made sure it wouldn't roll out then returned to the porch and closed the front door making sure it was unlocked
he drove carefully in the direction of the brief tour they had taken earlier
it snowed continuously but quietly evenly
when he reached the dip in the woods he saw that already the earlier ruts were barely discernible
the jeep fought its way through the low spot and got onto higher ground
he drove in low gear to the fork in the road and swung as close as possible to the entrance to the abandoned mine
he parked facing it and left the headlights on but when he started into the tunnel with the suitcase he found the illumination extended no farther than half a dozen feet into the passage
he went back and got the flashlight returned to the tunnel and carried the suitcase to the edge of the pit he had found earlier
he tossed the bag into the pit and watched dry dust spray up around it
when the dust settled he went back to the jeep and carefully worked roberts' body onto his shoulder
it wasn't like carrying the suitcase
the soft snow was deceitful underfoot
twice he nearly fell
inside the passage he had to work his way over the fallen timber and nearly collapsed under his clumsy burden
by the time he reached the edge of the pit he was panting and his shoulder and back ached under the drag of the dead weight
he stood looking down for a few seconds then backed up two or three paces from the edge
there was too much weight casually to toss it away
he could feel himself falling in with it and being unable to get out
it would be a bad place to die
it was a bad place for roberts to wind up but roberts had asked for it
it was too late to worry about that
he knelt slowly and dumped the corpse onto the floor of the tunnel
it was a relief to get rid of the weight
he was shaking with tension and it took him a couple of minutes to get his breath and settle down
then he got on his knees and rolled roberts' body toward the edge
it hung momentarily on the point of dropping off
he gave it a strong push heard it slide then tumble dryly into the hole
he got to his feet and threw the flashlight beam into the pit
the body lay in an awkward sprawl twelve or fifteen feet below the level of the tunnel floor
deep enough he decided
there was little chance anyone would enter this shaft during the winter
the external signs of his approach to it would be covered by the snow probably by the next day
it wasn't cold enough in the tunnel to preserve the body intact
by spring it would be a skeleton
he made his way back to the jeep
he had started to back into the turn when he remembered the razor in his pocket
he climbed down went back into the tunnel and tossed the razor into the pit
it landed on roberts' sprawled right thigh poised precariously then slid off to the ground
he went back once more to the jeep and started the short drive to the hotel
in the garage he checked the jeep for signs of the use he had made of it
there were stains here and there and he cleaned them off using an oiled rag he found on a nail
he wiped the steering wheel and all the places he might have touched the jeep
he replaced the flashlight where it had been stowed got into his own car and backed it out of the garage
there were tire marks where it had been but they were overlapped by others and on the dusty floor would be noticeable except under close scrutiny
liz peabody he thought might spend some time grieving for her lost lover but he doubted that she would launch an investigation
he judged her to be a woman of some pride though much sense
still she would probably have sense enough to call in the local sheriff to find her boy friend who apparently had run away
he put in a call to cunningham from his hotel room
the maid answered and he decided nancy must be at work
jeb cautioned him to be too hopeful and then ignoring his own advice said excitedly but it does sound good
a woman named lisa who tells nobody anything about herself
that courtyard picture with the same initials
i'm exactly jumping up and down with enthusiasm
i'll call you in a day or so
on the highway he relaxed and enjoyed the drive over lake pontchartrain and along the coast
gulf springs was ten miles inland more of a quaint old coast town than those along the beach made garish by tourist attractions
he checked into a motel and drove downtown
the courthouse was a white-stucco building minus the customary dome
instead of the usual straggling privet hedges and patches of bare dirt in most small-town squares the building was hemmed in by a semitropical growth of camellias and azaleas and a smooth lawn the improbably bright-green shade of florist 's grass
he figured his best bet was a call on the sheriff
a clerk in the outer office took him in to sheriff carruthers a big paunchy man with thick white hair and a voice with a senatorial resonance which suggested he should be running for higher office
seated in front of the desk hank said i'm looking for some information with very little to go on sheriff
he explained the background of the case ending with the tenuous clue which had brought him to gulf springs
the sheriff 's swivel chair tilted back
so you're looking for a woman who married a man who might have lived here a year ago and might have been poisoned
if there was such a person i'm afraid she got away with it
pity we don't know more about him
i think the best bet is to go through the society columns of last year and see if any of the grooms match with the obituaries a little later
it'll be a tedious job but if you want to try it the old newspaper files are in the basement here in the county supervisor 's office
maybe the society editor would remember a good-looking out-of-town bride
that 's an idea
mrs. calhoun has been society editor here for twenty-five years
the editor says that marriages may be made in heaven but weddings are made in mrs. calhoun 's columns
she 's the one who decides which wedding is to get the lead space in the sunday paper and all that
once when the editor was just out of the hospital from a gallstone operation mrs. calhoun and the mother of the bride went out to his house and fought it out beside his bed
she'd be sure to remember any bride who was vague about background
she'd have made a great scientist dedicated to tracking down heredity and environment
she'd also remember if the groom died later
he stood up
i wish you good luck but please don't dig up too tough a case for me this close to election
if you find out anything come on back here and we'll get started on it
tracking down mrs. calhoun was like trying to catch up with paul revere between lexington and concord
it turned out that she also sold real estate cosmetics and hospital insurance
the wearying trek stretched into the afternoon from newspaper plant to insurance office to her house and back to the newspaper where he found her at five o'clock
she was a large woman with a frizzled gray poodle cut and a pencil clamped like a bit between her teeth while she hunted and pecked on an old typewriter
it took a couple of minutes to run through her various businesses and get down to the one he wanted
well i do remember one
from baton rouge
married a man named vincent black
i remember her because she didn't want her picture in the paper
first bride like that i've seen in twenty-five years
what reason did she give
said she had a breaking-out on her face some sort of allergy and none of her old pictures was good enough
i didn't see her till several days later at the wedding and her face looked like it had never had a blemish on it
but of course you couldn't see too well through the veil
was her name lisa carmody
now how in hell would i remember that
i can look it up
do they still live here
i think they moved away shortly after they were married
he was a salesman for something or other and must have been transferred
i'm sure it'll be in the files
we usually run a social note when somebody moves away
he stood up and thanked her
have they inherited some money or something
she asked with a reportorial gleam in her eye
he said vaguely well it is a little legal matter but nothing like that
he hurried across to the courthouse and caught the sheriff just as he was leaving
sounds like what you're after he said when hank had finished
come on let 's hurry down before they lock up for the day
in the basement the sheriff took him to a small dingy office occupied by a tall thin man informal in rolled-up shirt sleeves
mr. ferrell hirey lindsay chairman of the board of supervisors
mr. ferrell is a private detective hirey
wants to look up something in the newspaper files so don't lock him in here
sure said hirey
i'll just leave the door open
it latches when you close it so stay as long as you like
carruthers crossed the room to a metal door with an open grillework in the top half
he pulled it open
now don't shut this door
it won't open from inside
before we built the new jail we used to keep prisoners in here overnight sometimes when the old jail got too crowded
hirey treats himself a lot better than we do prisoners
they were a sight more comfortable than the ones in the jail with the cold air from hirey 's air conditioner coming through the grille
he walked past the sheriff into a windowless room with shelves full of big leather-bound volumes from floor to ceiling all around the walls
a metal table and four chairs stood in the center
they're all here back to #### carruthers told him
it 's all right to smoke but make sure your cigarettes are out before you leave
and of course you know to take clippings
i'll leave the air conditioner on for you mr. ferrell said hirey
don't forget to turn it off and close the door good so it'll latch
hank thanked them and promised to observe the rules
when they had gone he stood for a minute breathing in the mustiness of old paper and leather which the busily thrumming air conditioner couldn't quite dispel
in a tour around the stacks he found that the earliest volumes began on the left and progressed clockwise around the room
an old weakness for burrowing in records rose up to tempt him
it was indeed all here almost a century
from reconstruction to moon rockets
but he pulled away from the irrelevant old volumes and walked around to the newer ones
last year 's volume was at the top a couple of inches below the ceiling
near it was a metal ladder on casters attached to the top shelf
he pulled it over climbed up and lifted out the big volume almost losing his balance from the weight of it
he staggered over and dropped it on the table
since mrs. calhoun remembered only that the marriage had been in the spring he started to plod through several months
he tried to turn right to the society page in each one but interesting stories kept cropping up to distract him
at last he found it in the paper of april #
it told him little more than mrs. calhoun had remembered stating that it had been a small modest wedding compared to some of the others
there was a marked contrast in the amount of information on bride and groom
mr. black 's life was an open book so to speak from his birth in jackson mississippi through his basketball-playing days at l.s.u. and his attainment of a b.a. degree which had presumably prepared him for his career as district sales manager for peerless business machines
the one line on the bride said she was miss lisa carmody from baton rouge
no mention of new orleans
hank was beginning to feel sharp concern for mr. black
if mrs. black was who he thought she was mr. black 's peerless selling days might well be over
now for their exodus from gulf springs
this time the search took twice as long cutting down on his extra reading for he had to pick through several columns of one- and two-line social notes in each issue
he found it in the edition of may ##
the item said mr. and mrs. black had moved to jackson his home town so the lovely lisa had been with him a year ago
next on his program was a call to the jackson office of peerless business machines to find out if vincent black was still with them or more specifically still with us
he glanced at his watch saw it was only seven and decided to indulge his weakness now
for the next hour he scrambled happily up and down the ladder sharing the excitement of reporters who had seen mckinley 's assassination the iroquois theater fire in chicago and the hall-mills trial
in the middle of the stock market crash he heard a slight noise in the outer office
he turned around saw nothing and decided it must be a mouse
something else distracted him yet there was no sound only tomblike silence
then he knew it was sound but lack of it
the air conditioner was no longer running
he jumped up and turned around to see the metal door closing
it clanged shut as he sprang toward it
he pressed his face against the grille
the light shining through the grille dimly illumined the office beyond enough for him to see there was no one there
then he heard the outer door closing
hey come back he shouted
he thought it must be some damn janitor or cleaning woman puttering around figuring that hirey had gone off and forgotten to turn off everything and lock up
then the faint beginnings of fear stirred in his mind
unless he was stone-blind the person who'd just left couldn't have missed seeing hank through the open door of the brightly lighted room
and even if he'd somehow missed seeing him he wouldn't have gone off and left the light on and door open in the file room
whoever it was had meant to shut him up in here had followed him and waited till the courthouse and square were deserted
to search his room at the motel
to come back later and kill him after the stores had closed around the square and everybody had left
no they could kill him just as easy right now
nobody could hear what was going on in this underground vault
then he heard it and smelled it the steady hissing the dread familiar pungency of gas escaping
it must be coming from an upright heater against the far wall in the supervisors' office
until now lilac gaylor and lila kingsley had been like an anagram which he could unscramble at his own pace and choosing
except for those minutes in her room he had lost touch with her as a reality
gaylor 's obsession and cunningham 's chimera-chasing reminiscences had mesmerized him into thinking of lila and lilac separately or together as a legend
they kept drifting apart and merging again in his mind like some minute form of life on a microscope slide
well said mr. skyros
i take a little time to think it over
it was awkward very awkward
there would be all the nuisance of contacting someone else to take over
someone reasonably trustworthy
and angie would hear about it
and angie knew
time said angie and he smiled very sweet and slow at mr. skyros
too much time because i'll be needing some more myself pretty much right away
and i done favors for you big favor so long back didn't i and i'm right here to take on where pretty left off
i don't want no trouble you don't want no trouble nobody wants trouble mr. skyros
dear heaven no thought mr. skyros turning away as another man came in
he straightened his tie at the mirror with a shaking hand
the genial smile seemed painted on his face
angie knew speak of dangerous information
angie knew too much entirely already
really he had mr. skyros at bay
big favor i done you
acourse there 's this deal o' denny 's and jackie 's kinda hangin' fire ain't it maybe you've been kinda worryin' over that
and can't say i blame you said angie thoughtfully
this deal with the ace o' spades
anything to do with an ace o' spades bad luck
ace of spades a widow that was what they called a widow these low-class crooks remembered mr. skyros distractedly
all about that angie knew too
when things got a little out of hand they very rapidly got a lot out of hand it seemed to be a general rule
all just by chance and in a way tracing back to poor frank all of it because naturally brothers living together and angie
mr. skyros did at all like the look on angelo 's regular-featured almost girlishly good-looking face or indeed anything about angelo
mr. skyros was a man who thought very much about moral principles
he found money much more interesting
but all the same he thought now uneasily of the way in which angelo earned his living and paid for his own stuff and eyed the soft smile and the spaniel-like dark eyes and he felt a little ill
look my friend he said in my life i learn how is it the proverb says better an ounce of prevention to a pound of cure
i stay in business so long because i'm careful
two weeks a month we talk it over again and maybe if nothing happens meanwhile to say the cops know this and that then we make a little deal isn't it
that 's a long while said angie
i tell you you want to leave it that way i don't fool around with it
i go over to castro and get fixed up there
i can't wait no two weeks
and mr. skyros didn't like angie but what with prettyman and three of his boys inside and likely to come out and angie such a valuable salesman prettyman said all the nuisance and danger of getting in touch with practically a whole new bunch of boys why did everything have to happen at once
denny said stupidly why you ain't turning angie down are you mr. skyros
i mean we all figured i guess anybody'd figure angie
angelo gave him an affectionate smile
mr. skyros too smart a fellow want to get rid of me he said
it 's o.k. denny everything 's o.k. ain't it mr. skyros
oh god the name repeated over and over anybody to hear being a fool mr. skyros knew why
but aside from everything else it would scarcely be pleasant to have dealings with one who was nominally an underling and actually held you could say the whip hand
and all because of domokous
if mr. skyros had dreamed of all the trouble that young man would eventually cause
of course there was another factor
angie worth his weight in gold right now but these users they sometimes went down fast
who knew angie might last long
the sweat broke out on mr. skyros' forehead as he realized he had been actually thinking hoping planning perhaps
good god above had domokous been enough
he patted angelo 's thin shoulder paternally
now you don't want to go talking that way he said
sure sure you're the one take over for pretty soon as i get the supply get started up again isn't it
you don't need worry angelo
i tell you i know how it is with you my friend i sympathize and i'll make it a special point a special favor get in touch and get some stuff just for you
i don't know if i can manage it tonight or tomorrow but i'll try my best my friend
you see you got to remember we all got schedules like any business
my man he won't be around a little while he just fixed me up with this stuff they took out of the elite
it 's awkward you see that isn't it
well that 's your business mr. skyros said angie and his dreamy eyes moved past mr. skyros' shoulder to gaze vaguely out the ground-glass window
i appreciate it you do that
we don't none of us want no trouble
i'm in a room over the golden club on san pedro you just ask for me there you want see me
or maybe i call you tonight
about nine o'clock i call and see if you got any
a couple decks for me mr. skyros and ten-twelve to sell see i like to have a little ready cash
oh now i don't know about that much said mr. skyros
and you know angelo pretty he always keeps it a strict cash basis like they say
sure said angie
sure mr. skyros
fifty a throw that the deal
i bring you the cash say five hundred for ten decks
never mind how much i cut it how much i get and he smiled his sleepy smile again
standard deal mr. skyros
you go 'n' have a look round for it
i do my best said mr. skyros earnestly just for you my friend
this is awkward for everybody isn't it we all got to put up with inconvenience sometimes
but i do my best for you
he got out of there in a hurry brushing past another man in the door mopping his brow
the expedient thing yes very true one must make do as one could in some situations
it could all be straightened out later
very much later but when things had settled down a little
after this deal with the bouvardier woman went through
an ace of spades
he was a superstitious man but he felt perhaps there was a little something in that indeed
he rather wished he had never got into the business and still scarcely to be resisted a nice little profit with much work involved easy money
katya roslev who would be katharine ross so very soon now rang up her first sale of the day and counted back the change
she did notice that the customer seized her purchase and turned away without a smile or a word of thanks
usually she marked the few who did thank you you didn't get that kind much in a place like this and she played a little game with herself seeing how downright rude she could act to the others before they'd take offense threaten to call the manager
funny how seldom they did used to it probably
the kind who came into a cheap store like this
grab snatch i saw that first
and here i'll take this i was before her you wait on me now or i don't bother with it see
this kind of place
she'd be through here just no time at all leave this kind of thing 'way behind
off at noon and she'd never come back
never have to
money a lot of money enough
she'd be smart about it get him to give it to her in little bills so 's nobody would suspect maybe couldn't get it until monday account of that the banks but that wasn't really long to wait
when she'd waited so long already
no need say anything at all to the old woman
she had it all planned out how she'd do
she'd say she didn't feel good on sunday couldn't go to church there'd be a little argument but she could be stubborn and when the old woman had gone quick pack the things she'd need to take all but the dress she'd wear monday and take the bag down to that place in the station where you could put things in a locker overnight for a dime
then on monday morning or it might have to be tuesday get up and leave just the usual time and last thing put the money in an envelope under the old woman 's purse there in the drawer
she wouldn't be going to get that for an hour or so after katya had left go do the daily shopping
no need leave a note with it either or maybe just something like don't worry about me i'm going away to make a better life
a better life
it wasn't as if she wanted much
she didn't mind working hard as if she figured to do anything wrong to live easy and soft all she wanted was a chance where she wasn't marked as what she was
to be katharine ross and work in a nicer shop somewhere at a little more money so she could have prettier clothes and learn ladies' manners and all like that and get to know different people than up to now just the ones like her here with foreign-sounding names the ones went to the same church and different place different job different people she'd be all different too
prettier she'd do her hair another way
smarter and wear different kinds of clothes she'd be katharine ross just what that sounded like
you've give me the wrong change said the customer sharply
think i can't count
katya made up the amount in indifferent silence
she was listening to other voices out of the future
some of those vaguely-imagined new different people
oh katharine 's awfully nice and pretty too i like katharine let 's ask katharine to go with us she 's always lots of fun katharine
soon very soon now
mendoza didn't wake until nearly nine-thirty
it was going to be another hot day
already the thermometer stood close to ninety
alison was still sound asleep
he made fresh coffee and searched through all the desk drawers for more cigarettes before thinking of her handbag and found a crumpled stray cigarette at its bottom which tasted peculiarly of face powder
he left a note propped on the desk asking her to call him sometime today and drove home
after he'd got out fresh liver for bast he paused to look at her crouched daintily over her dish
surely she was just a trifle fatter around the middle
he seemed to remember reading somewhere that abyssinians had large litters and suffered a dismaying vision of the apartment overrun with a dozen kittens
y que sigue despues
he asked her severely
a lot of people are so peculiar that they don't like cats it 's the easiest thing in the world to find good homes for kittens and damn it you know very well if i have them around long impossible to give them away
and i suppose now that you've finally grown up if a little late you'd go on producing kittens every six months or so
yes well it 's a pity to spoil your girlish figure which all those kittens would do anyway but i think when you've raised these we'll just have the vet fix it so there won't be any more
i wonder if the carters would take one
and it 's no good looking at me like that as she wound affectionately around his ankles
maude 's long nose unexpectedly wrinkled up
happened to be in the hall
happened to hear you quarrel about her
oh well you can't really blame lolotte
she lost her beau to you
but she was talking of emile when she saw the black line of the open door
sarah remembered it clearly
maude went on
i've got to get busy
miss celie 's taken to her bed with the door locked
she opened it an inch and poked out the keys for me to give you
here she thrust a bundle of keys strung on a thick red cord into sarah 's hand
that there 's much use in locking up the smokehouse and the storehouse now
drink your coffee
maude suddenly looked quite capable of pouring it down her throat
i don't want it sarah said firmly
well i'll take it down with me as i go
maude swooped up the cup and hiked up her top hoop as if about to take off with a racing start
at the door she turned back her roman nose looking very long now and satiric
ben and lucien have gone after them
it 's just like that book your northern friend wrote except there aren't any ice floes to cross and no bloodhounds
i don't know mrs. stowe
what can they do if they find them
they can't do anything
it 's silly childish running after them like that
i told ben so
but of course the paterollers won't be of any help with everything so upset and that yankee cavalry outfit they say is running around god knows where
she had swished away she had been gone for a long time probably when sarah suddenly realized that she ought to stop her pour out the coffee so no one would drink it
but then the so-called coffee was bad enough at best cold it was all but undrinkable especially that cup
she was deeply horribly sure that lucien had filled it with opium
she had quarreled with lucien she had resisted his demands for money and if she died by the provisions of her marriage contract lucien would inherit legally only the immediate sum of gold under the floorboards in the office but later when the war was over her father 's entire estate
she felt cold and hot sticky and chilly at the same time
now wait a minute she told herself think about it
lucien is the only person in this house who could have put opium in that coffee
she had lost a bottle of opium but that was on the trip from new orleans
or someone had taken it during her first day at honotassa
yes she had missed it after her talk with emile after dinner just before emile was shot
rilly or glendora had entered her room while she slept bringing back her washed clothes
so somebody else could have come in too then or later while she was out of the room
it would have been easy to identify as opium by its odor
it was very reasonable to believe that lucien had procured unprocurable opium and come back to honotassa with a formed plan to murder her
he didn't even know that she was there
and he certainly couldn't have guessed that she would resist his demand for the gold or that she was the yielding yes and credible fool he had every right to expect
no he had been surprised unpleasantly surprised but surprised
then somebody else
don't question rev had said don't invite danger
her skin crawled lolotte had told maude that she was in the hall and the door was open
sarah had begun to tell lucien of emile she had begun to question and a little draft had crept across the room from the bedroom door open barely enough to show a rim of blackness in the hall
so lolotte or anybody could have listened and that somebody could have already been supplied with the missing bottle of opium
that was reasonable either
the opium had disappeared before emile 's death and whoever shot him could by any stretch of the imagination have foreseen sarah 's own doubts and suspicions and questions
she began to doubt whether there had been in fact a lethal dose of opium in the cup
so suppose somebody only wished to frighten her so she would leave honotassa
that made a certain amount of logic
added to the argument was the fact that while she might have tasted the coffee if it had been still hot she might even have drunk some of it she wouldn't have taken enough to kill her for she would have been warned by its taste
it was merely an attempt to frighten her
she wouldn't go back to new york as maude suggested
she wouldn't run like a scared cat
but well she'd be very careful
she dressed and the accustomed routine restored to her a sense of normal everyday life
but before she left her room she dug into her big moire bag took out the envelope holding her marriage contract and the wax seal had been broken
so somebody else knew what would happen to her father 's money if she died
rev had known all along
rev didn't need to break the wax seal read the contract and find out
he could conceivably have wished to make sure
rev loved honotassa it was like a part of his breath and body
rev had stressed the need for money
rev would never have tried to give her poison
she thrust the envelope back in the bag
there was no point in locking it up in the armoire now it was like locking the barn after the horse was stolen
and in all likelihood by now there was more than one person in the house who knew the terms of her marriage contract
there was no point either in telling herself again what a fool she'd been
she went downstairs and received another curious shock for when glendora flapped into the dining room in her homemade moccasins sarah asked her when she had brought coffee to her room and glendora said she hadn't
too much work this morning miss sarah everybody gone like that
sarah swallowed past another kind of constriction in her throat
well then who brought it
she come to the kitchen and say she take it up to you
glendora put down a dish of lukewarm rice
much breakfast this morning
i don't know what we're going to do miss sarah
we've got to eat sarah said curtly because a chill crawled over her again
glendora flapped away
the rice wasn't dosed with opium indeed it had no taste at all a grain of salt
she ate what she could and went out along the covered passageway with the rain dripping from the vines
in the kitchen glendora was despairingly picking chickens
get a basket sarah told her
we'll go to the storehouse
glendora dropped a chicken and a flurry of feathers and went with her through the drizzle to the storehouse
sarah found the right key and unlocked the door
it was a long low room like a root cellar for it was banked up with soil and vines had run rampant over that too
it was dark but dry and cool
she doled out what glendora vaguely guessed were the right amounts of dried peas eggs cornmeal a little salt
the shelves looked emptier than when miss celie had shown her the storeroom and since the men from the commissary had called
there were certainly now fewer mouths to feed but there was less to feed them with
she took glendora to the smokehouse unlocked it and saw with satisfaction there was still a quantity of hams and sides of bacon hanging from the smoke-stained rafters
they wouldn't go hungry yet
and the fields were green and growing
can't you possibly imagine what life is going to be like here
maude had said
she sent glendora back to the house her basket and her apron laden
she stood for a moment rain dripping from the trees over her head thinking of maude
maude had the opportunity to take the bottle of opium from sarah 's room
maude had the cool ruthlessness to do whatever she made up her mind to do
she couldn't see how her death could affect maude
she couldn't see any reason why maude would attempt to frighten her
besides there was something hysterical and silly something almost childish about an attempt to frighten her
maude was neither hysterical nor silly and sarah rather doubted if she had ever been childish
yet maude had suggested that sarah return to new york
maude could have shot emile if she'd had a reason to kill him
there was no use in standing there in the drizzle trying to find a link between emile 's murder and opium in a cup of coffee
she started back for the house saw a light in the office opened the door and surprised a domestic little scene which was far outside the dark realm of murder or attempted murder
rev george and lolotte were mending shoes
a lighted lamp stood on the table that dusky drizzling day
they were all three bent over a shabby riding boot
george had a tack hammer
lolotte held a patch of leather rev steadied something a tiny brad waiting for george 's poised hammer
george said first thing i do when i get to vicksburg again is get me a yankee
with boots on lolotte laughed softly
rev looked up and saw her
lolotte looked up and stiffened
george didn't look up at all
there was no way to know no way to guess whether any one of them was surprised at sarah 's appearance believing her to be drugged and senseless and just possibly dead
rev said come in sarah
reckon you know the news
and what news sarah thought as satirically as maude might have said it
rev 's face was suddenly a little fixed and questioning
he turned to george and lolotte
take your cobbler 's shop somewhere else
i want to talk to sarah
everything in the office the spreading circle of lamplight the patch of leather in lolotte 's hands
george poised with the tack hammer the homely everyday atmosphere all denied an attempt at murder
a rush of panic caught sarah
i mean i've got to to see to the kitchen
her words jumbled together and she all but ran from the office and from the question in rev 's face
now why did i do that
she thought as warm drizzling rain touched her face
she was no schoolgirl refusing to bear tales
as she reached the kitchen door the answer presented itself
if she told anyone of the opium it must be lucien her husband
it might be indeed it had already proved to be a marriage without love but it was marriage
so she couldn't choose rev as a confidant
it must be lucien
always provided that lucien himself had dosed her coffee with opium she thought as coldly and sharply again as maude might have said it
she paused at the kitchen door caught her breath told herself firmly that the opium was only an attempt to frighten her and went into the kitchen where glendora was eyeing the chickens dismally and maude was cleaning lamp chimneys
glendora gave a gulp
miss sarah i can't cut up no chicken
miss maude say she won't
again the homely everyday details of daily living refuted a vicious attempt to frighten her or to murder her
the homely everyday details of living and domestic requirements also pressed upon her with their immediate urgency
no matter what had happened or hadn't happened somebody had to see about dinner
she eyed the chickens with if she had known it something of glendora 's dismal look and thought with a certain fury of the time she had spent on latin verbs
since last night
i didn't think there was any reason to
maybe there isn't
speak to him again anyway
try talking to some of the fellows he works with friends anyone
try to find out how happy he is with his wife whether he plays around with women
you might try looking into his wife too
she might have been talking to some of her friends about her husband if they've been having any trouble
you think black 's the one we're looking for
i think he might be conrad said grimly
then again he might
what a stinking world rourke said
black is gilborn 's best friend
will you be coming back soon
i think so
i'm on my way to see the jacobs woman
you don't think gilborn is the
i don't think anything
i just don't want to go off half-cocked before picking up black that 's all
gilborn says he was in his office all day with her yesterday
i'd like to make sure
also it 's just possible she might know something about mrs. gilborn
i'll see you later
aren't you ever going to go home
it sure as hell doesn't look like it does it
i'm telling you if these corpses ever knew the trouble they put us to they'd think twice before letting themselves get knocked off
remember to tell that to the next corpse you meet
conrad hung up and sat on the small telephone-booth bench massaging his right leg
he looked at his watch
it was ten minutes before eleven
he wondered how long it would be before they had a signed confession from lionel black
thirty years' experience let him know even at this early stage that black was his man
but he still wanted to know why
it was a cold windy day the day after kitti 's death but stanley gilborn paid no attention to the blustery october wind
after leaving conrad gilborn had no destination
he simply walked noticing where he was caring
he stopped automatically at the street corners waiting for the traffic lights to change unheeding of other people his coat open and flapping
as he walked he tried to think
mainly of what conrad had tried to make him believe
there was nothing coherent about his thinking
it was a succession of picture-images passing through his mind the same ones different ones in no apparent sequence in no logical succession
the enormity of what conrad had told him made it impossible for gilborn to accept with any degree of realism the actuality of it
conrad 's words had intellectual meaning for him only
emotionally they penetrated him at all
whoever he was and your wife were intimate
gilborn remembered conrad 's exact words
they made sense and yet they didn't
he knew conrad had told him the truth
it was so
yet it wasn't so
it wasn't so because it couldn't be so
when kitti was alive and he remembered the pressure of her hand resting lightly on his arm she had been the center of his life
she was the sun he the closest planet orbiting around her the rest of the world existing and visible yet removed
for fifty-five years he had lived progressing towards a no-goal eating working breathing without plan without reason
kitti had come along to justify everything
she was his goal she was his reason
he had lived all his life waiting for her
once in the time that he had known her had he ever considered the possibility once for one one-thousandth of a second of her infidelity
he could consider it now
and so he walked aimless again
the walk ended inevitably right in front of his hotel building
the doorman began to nod his head automatically then remembered who gilborn was what had happened to him the night before
he looked at gilborn with undisguised curiosity
gilborn passed by him without seeing him
he crossed the lobby and rode up in the elevator lost in his own thoughts
in the apartment itself all was still
the police were no longer there
there was no evidence that anything was different than it had been
except that kitti wasn't there
without taking off his coat he sat in the blue chair which still faced the closed bedroom door
at last sitting there in the familiar surroundings the truth began to sink in
he felt no anger towards kitti no sense that she had betrayed him
she was all he had everything he had everything he wanted
someone had taken her away from him
where there is a left-hand entry in the ledger there is a right-hand one he remembered from his school days
where there is a victim there is a killer
whoever he was and your wife were intimate
he rose from the chair took off his coat
quickly he went into the bedroom
the bed still showed signs of where kitti had lain
gilborn stood there for a long time
he looked at the bed unblinkingly
the bed was empty now
kitti would lie in it no more
he would lie in it no more
gilborn wondered whether kitti had lain in that same bed with who
for thirty minutes stanley gilborn stood there
at the end of the half-hour racking his brains thinking over and over again of kitti her friends her past he left the bedroom
he could think of no answer
gilborn put on his coat again
before leaving he took one last lingering look at the apartment
he knew he would never see it again
in the street walking as quickly as he could stanley gilborn was a lone figure
on blanche jacobs kitti gilborn 's death had a quite different effect
for blanche kitti 's death was a source of guilty but nonetheless soaring happy hope
in blanche 's defense it must be said she was unaware of the newborn hope
if anyone had asked her she would have described herself only as nervous and worried
the figures on the worksheet paper in front of her were jumping and waving around so badly it was all she could do to make them out clearly enough to copy them with the typewriter
she wondered whether stanley would call
she wanted to be with him to give him the comfort and companionship she knew he needed
she had skipped her lunch hour in the fear that he might call while she was out
and now she was feeling sick both from concern about stanley and hunger
why hadn't he called
men she reflected even men like stanley are unpredictable
she tried to think of his unpredictable actions in the eleven years she had known him and discovered they weren't so many after all
stanley really was quite predictable
that was one of the things she liked about stanley
he wasn't like so many other men
the dentist last night for instance
dinner and the movies had been fine
he had taken her upstairs to say good night
she had invited him in for coffee
it was in the kitchen as she was watching the kettle waiting for the water to boil that he had grabbed for her
without warning without giving her a chance to prepare for it
from behind he had put his arms on her shoulders turned her around and pressed her to him so close she couldn't breathe
later she apologized for the long scratch across his face tried to explain she couldn't help herself that the panic arose in her unwanted
but he hadn't understood
when he left she knew she would never see him again
stanley wasn't like that
she could always predict what stanley was going to do ever since she first met him
except for that one morning
the morning he walked in to announce to her blushing that he was married
she thought she was going to die
she had assumed before then that one day he would ask her to marry him
blanche couldn't remember when she had first arrived at this conclusion
she thought it was sometime during the second week she worked for stanley
it was nothing that he said or did but it seemed so natural to her that she should be working for him looking forward to his eventual proposal
she was thirty-one years old then
her mother was already considerably concerned over her daughter 's future
but blanche had been able to maintain a serene and assured composure in the face of her widowed mother 's continued carping had been able to resist her urgings to date anyone who offered the slightest possibility of matrimony
for blanche it was only a matter of time before stanley would propose
it was to be expected that stanley would be shy slow in taking such a momentous step
stanley went along in life she knew convinced that he deserved the love and faith of no woman
as a result he never looked for it
but one day she expected he would somehow discover without her having to tell him that there was such a woman in the world
a woman who was willing to give him love faith and anything else a woman could give a husband
indeed there was a woman who unasked had already given him love
unquestionably blanche loved stanley
and then unexpectedly stanley made his announcement
on that first day blanche literally thought she was going to die or at the very least go out of her mind
it might have been easier for her if kitti walker hadn't been everything that blanche was
kitti was thirty years younger than stanley taller than stanley prettier than stanley had any right to hope for much less expect
kitti could have married a score of men
there was no reason for her to marry someone like stanley gilborn there was no need for her to marry stanley
kitti had come into the office on somebody 's recommendation because she needed help in preparing her income tax return
stanley had filled out the return and because when he was finished it was close to the lunch hour he had politely asked kitti to join him never expecting her to accept
blanche knew all this because the door to stanley 's office was open and without straining too hard she could hear everything that was said
stanley had gone out saying he would be back in an hour
he hadn't come back for over two
after that day blanche still didn't know exactly what had happened
there were mornings when stanley came in late afternoons when he left early days when he didn't come in at all
blanche knew something must be causing stanley 's new strange behavior but she never once connected it with kitti walker
it was too unprecedented
then six weeks after the day kitti first came into the office stanley announced he and kitti were married
somehow blanche managed to cover the stunned surprise and offer her congratulations
that night the two of them left for a week 's honeymoon in acapulco
while they were away blanche came into the office every morning running things as she had always run them for stanley going through the week in a dazed stupor getting things done automatically out of habit
for exactly one week she was able to continue in this manner
on the morning of stanley 's return however her strength left her
two hours of watching his serenely happy face listening to his soft humming as he bent over his penciled figures and blanche had to leave
she stayed away for ten days
those ten days were like no others that blanche had known
mostly she stayed in bed
she didn't tell anyone even her mother what was wrong
she refused to have a doctor insisting there was nothing a doctor could do for her
right said the fingerprint man
also if you're going to believe those prints you'll have to look for a killer who 's a top-grade piano player
he demonstrated by playing an imaginary piano doing a staccato passage with a broadly exaggerated attack
to make it clearer he shifted to acting out but with no change of manner the killing of rose mallory
his hands snatched at an imaginary bucket swooping down hard to grab it and coming away with equal snap like a ball that 's been bounced hard
in the same way he pantomimed grasping a mantel and bouncing cleanly off that pressing his hands against the floor and bouncing cleanly off that
he was moving like a ballet dancer playing for laughs
if rose mallory 's killer acted this way catching up with him was going to be a cinch
we'd know him by his stretch pants and the flowers he'd wear twined in his hair
perhaps if felix had first come upon us when this boy was cavorting so gaily up and down the hall outside the murdered woman 's apartment we might have had less trouble convincing felix of our seriousness
this you will remember was still new year 's day
by the time felix turned up it was early afternoon which one would think would be late enough so that by then except for small children and a few hardy souls who had yet sobered up it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night 's noisemakers and paper hats
felix was the exception
he had retained his hat and his horn and whatever fun might still be going he was ready to join it
that incidentally might give you some idea of what felix was like
after all he hadn't happened upon us in that second-floor hall without warning
the m.e. 's boys had finished their on-the-spot examination and the body had been removed for autopsy
the meat wagon therefore was out in front of the house any more but the cluster of squad cars was still there and there was a cop on the door downstairs to screen any comings and goings
there was furthermore the crowd of curious onlookers gathered in the street and a couple more cops to hold them at a decent distance
just put yourself in felix 's place for a moment
you're a taxpayer householder landlord
you've been away from home for the new year festivities but now the party is over and you come home
defining sobriety in the limited sense of being free from the clinical symptoms of the effects of alcohol ingested and yet eliminated from the system you are sober
you still have your paper hat and you're wearing it but then it is an extraordinary paper hat and in addition to anything else you may be you are also the sculptor who created that most peculiar dame out in the back yard
it 's too much to assume that you will have a more lasting interest in paper hats than will mr. average citizen
you have your paper horn clutched in your big craggy fist and for your entrance you have planned a noisy colorful and exuberant greeting to your friends and tenants
you find your house a focus of public and police attention
can you imagine yourself forgetting under the circumstances that you are approaching this startling and unexpected situation so unsuitably hatted and armed with a paper horn
maybe one could be startled into forgetfulness
you shoulder your way through the cluster of the curious and you barge up to the cop on the door
you identify yourself and ask him what 's going on
instead of answering you he sticks his head in the door and shouts up the stairs
got the upstairs guy he bellows
do i send him up
then he turns back to you
go on in he says
they'll tell you what 's cooking
even then as you go into the house oppressed by the knowledge that something is cooking and that your house has passed under this unaccountable official control could you go on forgetting that you still had that ridiculous hat on your head and you were still carrying that childish horn in your hand
what i'm getting at is that we were fully prepared for felix 's being an odd one
we'd seen his handiwork out in the back yard and the little his tenants had told us of him did make him sound a little special
we were however prepared for anything like the apparition that confronted us as felix came up the stairs
he of course must have been equally unprepared for what confronted him but nonetheless i did find his reaction startling
if felix was still wearing the hat and carrying the horn because he'd forgotten about them he now remembered
he came bounding up the stairs and joined the dance
he adjusted the hat lifted the horn to his lips as though it were a flute and fell in alongside our fingerprint expert to cavort with him
our man stopped dead and glowered at felix
felix threw his head back and laughed a laugh that shook the timbers of even that solidly built old house
this was a bull of a man
he was big-chested big-shouldered and heavy-armed
his face was ruddy and heavy and unlined and when he laughed he showed his teeth which were big and white and strong and unquestionably home-grown
i don't remember ever seeing teeth that were quite so white and at the same time quite so emphatically dentures
his hair had receded most of the way to the back of his neck
he had only a fringe of hair and he wore it cropped short
it was almost as white as his teeth
for a man of his mass he was curiously short
he wasn't a dwarf but he was a bit of a comic figure
a man with so big and so staggeringly developed a torso and such long and powerful arms is expected to stand taller than five feet five
for felix it was a bit of a stretch to make even that measurement
the man was just this side of being a freak
we waited till he had finished laughing and that gave us a few moments for taking stock of him
he was dressed in a manner esquire might suggest for the outdoor man 's country weekend
dark gray sports jacket lighter gray slacks pink flannel shirt black silk necktie
his eyes were clear
he was freshly shaved and if there had been any alcohol in him we could never have missed detecting some scent of it on the massive gusts of his laughter
even a whiff
eventually he subsided
me he said merrily
me the happy one
that much latin we remember gibby said dryly
you always live up to your name always like this always making happy
i try felix said blithely
the world is full of blokes who put their hearts into making the tragic scene
i've never noticed that it improves things any
bully for you gibby said
what 's the rest of your name
no rest of it
felix is all there is
all there ever was
the past i leave to historians felix intoned demonstrating that he could be pompous as well as happy
you live in the present
in the present felix proclaimed
for the future
is there any other time in which a man can live
we gibby announced are philosophers
we are assistant district attorneys
this gentleman is a police officer
he is a fingerprint specialist
could your future your immediate future be made to include taking us upstairs giving us a bit of space in which our friend can work and making available to him your finger tips
the happy one could never have looked happier
this was more than joy
it was ecstasy
those lovely whorls he chortled
so intricate so beautiful
come right along
i love fingerprints
he was prancing along the hall heading for the next flight of stairs
gibby called him back
we're here because of what happened last night he said
past yes but important
since it is important for the record let 's have the full name
grubb felix whispered
gibby asked bothering to whisper
shh felix implored
i can't see what would make it necessary for you to know
nothing could make it necessary to proclaim it to the whole world
obligingly gibby lowered his voice
edmund but for years
for years it 's been just felix
first thing i did after my twenty-first birthday was go into court and have it officially changed and this is something i don't tell everybody
that was almost forty years ago
having volunteered that he was a man of about sixty he bounded up the stairs and with each leap rendered the number less credible
this was a broth of a boy our felix and nothing was more obvious than the joy he took in demonstrating how agile he was and how full of juice and spirit
we followed him up the stairs
the cops would gather up connor and the foursome on the third floor and bring us those of them who would voluntarily submit to fingerprinting
you may think we didn't need nancy and jean but you always get what you can when you can and we had no guarantee that a fingerprint record on them couldn't be useful before we were through with this case
also if we had excluded the ladies we would have to that extent let the whole world know at least that much of where we stood
the killer if in our present group would certainly be interested in knowing that much and even though with the fingerprint evidence what it was i could see no way he could use this bit of information to improve on his situation there might always be some way
if you can possibly avoid it you don't hand out any extra chances
felix took us into his studio
it was that oddly shaped space at the very top of the house where ceiling heights had to accommodate themselves to the varying angles of roof slope
at each angle of its pitch a big skylight had been fitted into the roof and all these skylights were fitted with systems of multiple screens and shades
when felix first opened the door on it all these shades were tightly drawn and the whole studio was as dark as night
he quickly fixed that rolling back the shades on some of the skylights and adjusting screens on the others
he flew about the place making these adjustments and it was obvious that what he was doing was the fruit of long experience
none of his movements was tentative
there was no process of trial and error
starting with the room completely blacked out as it was when we came in he unerringly fixed things so that the whole place was bathed in the maximum of light without at any point admitting even so much as a crack of glare
expecting something more-than-average wacky i was surprised by what we found
there was no display of either works in progress or of finished work
here and there on work table or pedestal stood a shape with a sheet or a tarpaulin draped over it
these shapes might have been mad but there was no telling
they were all completely shrouded
the equipment was solid and heavy and in good condition
everything was orderly and it seemed to be arranged for the workman 's comfort convenience and efficiency
there were tools about but they were neatly kept
there was no confusion and no litter
supplies of sheet metal were neatly stacked in bins
andy did see the newspapers the next day
someone on his staff he suspected it was ed thornburg intercepted them and for this andy was grateful
he finally fell asleep around six in the morning with the aid of a sleeping capsule a crutch he rarely used and didn't awaken until early afternoon
memory flooded him the instant he opened his eyes and the sick feeling knotted his stomach
outside his window bloomed a beautiful summer day
presumably the same sun was shining upon little drew also and those who had kidnapped him
it was still a very big world despite all the modern cant to the contrary
hub was sitting in a chair that blocked the hall door
he was dozing perhaps the only sleep he'd gotten
he snapped to alertness at andy 's entrance
sorry mr. paxton
lot of people waiting to see you though
our own people
questions about the show tonight
hub picked up the telephone
shall i let them know you're awake
how 's lissa do you know
she 's got plenty of guts mr. paxton
you want me to call her
she expecting me to
hub shook his head so andy told him to bother
the only reason for contacting lissa was to comfort or to be comforted
he could manage the former or expect the latter
they had nothing to give to each other
the omission might look peculiar to outsiders but andy could bring himself to go through the motions simply for the sake of appearances
he had little time to himself anyway
as the afternoon sped toward evening the suite saw a steady procession of paxton aides pass in and out each with his own special problem
thornburg arrived with the writers
they had spent the morning revising the act eliminating all the gay songs patter and dancing with a view of the best public relations
what remained lacked the original verve but it was at least dignified as befitting the tragic circumstances
raymond fox reported that the orchestra had hastily rehearsed cradle song in case it was needed
charlie marble was back and forth on several occasions first to confer with andy on the advisability of cancelling the las vegas engagement they decided it was wise and later to announce that a prominent comedian also an agency client had agreed to fill the casino 's open date
and once bake slipped in pale and drawn last night 's liquor still on his breath with some of today 's added to it
he asked if there was anything he could do
andy invented a job to keep him busy sending him ahead to el dorado to supervise last minute arrangements
but from rocco vecchio they heard nothing
at last it was time to depart
hub nosing about spotted reporters in the lobby so andy was hustled away quietly through the hotel 's service entrance in a strange car which hub had procured somewhere
they succeeded in eluding the curious at the hotel but there was no chance of avoiding them at the nightclub
el dorado was surrounded by a mob
they overflowed the parking lot making progress by automobile difficult
long before he reached the protection of the stage door andy was recognized
word of his arrival spread through the crowd like a brushfire
they surged around him fingers pointing eyes prying
it was a hostile gathering but andy sensed the difference from last night 's hero-worshippers
they had come to admire but to observe
it 's worse inside thornburg informed andy
skolman 's jammed in every table he could find
under the heading of it 's an ill wind et cetera
backstage was tomblike by contrast
andy 's co-workers kept their distance awed by the tragedy
but in his dressing room was a large bouquet and a card that read we're with you all the way
it was signed by everyone in the troupe
andy couldn't help but be touched
he instructed shirl winter to compose a note of thanks to be posted on the call board
bake was waiting to report that lou duvol had been sobered up to the point where he could function efficiently
andy gathered that this had been no small accomplishment
bake himself looked better
any kind of job was better than brooding
andy told him bake i wish you'd talk to skolman see if some kind of p. a. system can be rigged up outside
it 's just barely possible with this crowd that the kidnapper wasn't able to get a table
i wouldn't want him to miss the message
skolman isn't going to like it much though giving away what he should be selling
skolman wasn't the only one who didn't care for andy 's scheme
a short time later lieutenant bonner stomped into the dressing room
i got a bone to pick with you mr. paxton
it 's those damn loudspeakers
andy rolled up the revised script he had been studying
what about them
they're going to louse me up good
my men have been here all afternoon setting up for this thing
bonner explained that with the nightclub 's cooperation the police had occupied el dorado like a battlefield
motion picture cameras had been installed to film the audience the reservation list was being checked out name by name and a special detail was already at work in the parking lot scrutinizing automobiles for a possible lead
however it was virtually impossible to screen the mob outside even if bonner had manpower available for the purpose
i want you to have the speakers taken out
seems like we're never going to see eye to eye lieutenant
didn't they tell you what i wanted the p. a. system for
sure i know
but it 's such a long shot
no longer than yours
what do you expect to get tonight anyway
you think somebody is going to stand up in the audience and make guilty faces
or have a sign on his car that says here comes the paxton kidnapper
andy crumbled the script in his fist
i can't stop you from doing what you think is right
but don't try to stop me either
someday bonner said you're going to ask us for help
i can hardly wait
what you don't understand is that i'm asking for it now
but bonner departed still full of ill will
he had gotten stuck with a job too big for his imagination
he had to cling to routine tested procedures
to act otherwise would be to admit his helplessness
but admit or bonner was helpless
the crime showed too much planning the kidnappers appeared too proficient to be caught by a checklist
andy 's performance was scheduled for eleven o'clock
he stalled for a half-hour longer hoping to hear something from vecchio about the ransom money
bake and shirl winter on separate telephones could reach him at any conceivable location in los angeles nor could they secure any clear-cut information regarding his efforts
the sweaty bastard 's probably halfway to peru with our money by now
when no one smiled he felt constrained to add just kidding natch
thornburg popped in to advise andy skolman 's sending up smoke signals
you about ready
what 's he complaining about
they're drinking aren't they
we got a bunch of sippers out there tonight
i guess nobody wants to pass out and miss anything
thornburg added in a lower voice but andy overheard they act more like a jury than an audience
andy said well i guess we can't wait any longer
hub you stick by the stage door
if rock shows up during the number or you hear anything give me the signal
shirl winter said i'll stay on the phone mr. paxton
there 's a couple of call-backs i can work on
you're a sweetheart but leave one line open
he may try to phone us
andy passed into the corridor their good lucks
it was what they said before every performance but tonight it sounded different as if he really needed it
they were right
the act cut to shreds and hastily patched together during the afternoon had been rehearsed sufficiently by anyone
the result had nothing of the polish pace or cohesion of the previous night
here 's where luck would normally step in
but this was no ordinary show and andy knew it
whether he sang well or badly had nothing to do with it
the audience had come to be entertained but to judge
twenty-four hours had changed him from a performer to a freak
within this framework what followed was strained even macabre
eliminating the patter and the upbeat numbers left little but blues and other songs of equal melancholy
the effect was as depressing as a gravestone the applause irresolute and short-lived
yet andy plowed ahead mouthing the inconsequential words as if they possessed real meaning and gradually his listeners warmed to him
their clapping grew more fervent
the evening was still beyond salvaging as a show but for him as a person
the worst was yet to come
as andy reached the finale of his act a subdued commotion backstage drew his attention to the wings
rocco vecchio a perspiring haggard vecchio was standing there flanked by two men in the uniforms of armored transport guards
vecchio was nodding and pointing at the large suitcase he held
andy felt his heart thud heavily with relief
he waved at fox to cut off the finale introduction
the music died away discordantly
he drew a deep breath
ladies and gentlemen in place of my regular closing number tonight i'd like to sing something of a different nature for you
ray if you please the cradle song
he sensed rather than heard the gasp that swept across the audience
nor could he blame them
this particular song at this particular time could only be interpreted as the ultimate in bad taste callous exploitation beyond the bounds of decency
having no choice he plunged into it anyway holding onto the microphone for support
lullaby and goodnight
his voice shook
for the first time in his life he forgot the lyrics midway through and had to cover up by humming the rest
he wondered if the audience would let him finish
though contemptuous they were still polite
but when he was finally through their scorn was made apparent
someone clapped tentatively then quickly stopped
otherwise the silence was complete
as the lights came up andy could see that a number of patrons were already on their way toward the exit
he stumbled off-stage
my god he muttered
hub was there to support him
it 's okay mr. paxton
the money 's here all of it
at this moment all he could think of was what he'd been forced to undergo
did you hear them
do you know what they think of me
bunch of damn jerks hub growled
who needs them
thornburg patted his arm
sure andy it'll be all right
nothing broken that can't be mended
the words were hollow
thornburg knew better than any of them that a public image was as fragile as humpty dumpty
all the king 's horses and all the king 's men
vecchio shouldered in
i got it andy
god knows how but i got it
you'll never believe the places i've been today
i practically had to sign your life away you'll probably fire me for some of the deals i had to go for but
andy nodded dully
it doesn't matter rock
we've done our part
he clutched that knowledge to him as he returned to his dressing room
the usual congratulatory crowd was conspicuously absent
the place had the air of a morgue
andy had no desire to linger himself but hub reported that the mob outside was still large despite the efforts of the police to disperse them
his son watched until he got as far as the hall almost out of sight then hurried after
he caught up with the old man in the living room
old man arthur had put down the suitcase to open the front door
just this one favor dad
just don't tell ferguson that crazy opinion of yours
the old man gave the room a stare in leaving
under the scraggly brows the pale old eyes burned with a bitter memory
it 's the truth
the bartlett girl was killed by mr. dronk 's son
rossi and ferguson have been across the street talking to the kid
they've found some sort of new evidence a bundle of clothes or something and it must link the kid even stronger to the crime
why won't you accept facts
the two kids were together a lot they were having some kind of teen-age affair god knows how far that had gone and the kid 's crippled
he limps and the man who hit you and took the cane he limped
my god how much more do you want
his father looked him over closely
you sound like an old woman
you should have gone to work today 'stead of sneaking around spying on the dronk house
now see here
the trouble with you old man arthur began and then checked himself
young mrs. arthur had opened the oven and there was a drifting odor of hot biscuits
the old man opened the door and stepped out into the sunlight
isn't enough time to go into it he finished and slammed the door in his son 's face
mrs. holden turned from the window draperies
they found something else up there she said half-aloud to the empty room
they took it away overalls or something
she walked restlessly across the room then back to the windows
now they've gone they didn't come back and they didn't arrest that dronk boy
she stood frowning and chewing her lip
she was wearing a brown cotton dress cut across the hips in a way that was supposed to make her look slimmer a yoke set into the skirt and flaring pleats below
she smoothed the skirt sat down then stood up and went back to the windows
why on earth did i send him off to work
there was excuse enough to keep him home that young mr. arthur 's still over there
with sudden energy she went to the phone and rang holden 's office and asked for him
i think you had better come home
mae we're so busy
mr. crosson 's been on everybody 's neck an order he expected didn't come through and he 's
i don't care
i want you here
i'm all alone and certain things are going on that look very ominous
i need someone to go out and find out what 's happening
but i couldn't do that even if i were home
his voice grew high and trembling
i can't be underfoot every time those cops turn around
they'll they'll think i did something
he couldn't see the grin that split her mouth
the teeth that shone into the phone were like a shark 's
you'll just have to risk it
you can't wander along in the dark can you
i'd think that you even more than i would be wondering what they're up to
they found some clothes she tossed in
deliberately she ignored the yelp
also that mr. ferguson was here
i guess he wants to ask you some questions
i stalled him off
he doesn't expect you until five
then i'd better wait until five
come home right away
she slapped the receiver into its holder and stepped away
her eyes were bright with anticipation
in his office mr. holden replaced the phone slowly
he rose from his chair
he had to cough then
he went to the window and choked there with the fresh breeze on his face
he got his hat out of the closet
for a moment he thought of going into crosson 's office to explain that he had to leave but there was now such a pain in his chest such a pounding in his head that he decided to let it go
he passed the receptionist in the outer office muttering i've got to go out for a little while
let her call crosson if she wanted to let crosson raise the roof or even can him he didn't care
he got into the car
putting the key into the switch pressing the accelerator with his foot putting the car into reverse seemed vast endeavors almost beyond the ability of his shaking body
once out in the street the traffic was a gadfly maze in which he wandered stricken
when he turned into the highway that led to the outskirts of the city and then rose toward home he had to pull over to the curb and wait for a few minutes sucking in air and squinting and blinking his eyes to clear them of tears
what on earth was in mae 's mind that she wanted him up there spying on what the cops were doing
what did she think he could do
he tried to ignore what his own common sense told him but it wasn't possible
her motives were too blatant
she wanted him to get into trouble
she wanted the police to notice him suspect him
she was going to keep on scheming poking prodding suggesting and dictating until the cops got up enough interest in him to go back to their old neighborhood and ask questions
and he knew in that moment with a cold sinking of despair a dying of old hopes that mae had spread some kind of word there among the neighbors
nothing bald open
they'd have some suspicions to repeat to the police
though his inner thoughts cringed at it he forced himself to think back recreating the scene in which mae claimed to have caught him molesting the child
it hadn't amounted to anything
there had been nothing evil or dirty in his intentions
a second scene flashed before his mind the interior of the garage at the new house and the young bartlett girl turning startled to meet him the dim dark and the sudden confusion and fear and then the brightness as mae had clicked on the light
suppose the cops somehow got hold of that
well it hadn't been what it seemed he'd had no idea the girl was in there
he hadn't touched her
and when he came to examine the scene there was a certain staginess to it it had the smell of planning and a swift suspicion darted into his mind
too monstrous of course
mae wouldn't have plotted a thing like that
it was just that little accidents played into her hands
like this murder
he leaned on the wheel clutching it staring into the sunlight and tried to bring order into his thoughts
he felt light-headed and sick
there was no use wandering off into a territory of utter nightmare
mae was his wife
she was married to him for better or for worse
she wouldn't be wilfully planning his destruction
but she was
even as the conviction of truth roared through him shattering his last hope of safety he was reaching to release the hand brake to head up the road for home doing her bidding
he drove and the road wobbled familiar scenes crept past on either side
he came to a stretch of old orange groves the trees dead some of them uprooted and then there was an outlying shopping area and tract houses
he had the feeling that he should abandon the car and run off somewhere to hide
but he couldn't imagine where
there was really no place to go finally except home to mae
at the gate he slowed looking around
cooper was beside his car on the curb at the right just standing there morosely
he didn't even look up
behind him on the steps of the little office sat old man arthur
he was straight something angry in his attitude as if he might be waiting to report something
holden stepped on the gas
a new idea drifted in from nowhere
he could go to the police
he could tell them his fears of being involved he could explain what had happened in the old neighborhood and how mae had misunderstood and how she had held it over him the scene was complete in his mind at the moment even to his own jerkings and snivelings and ferguson 's silent patience
he could throw himself on the mercy of the police department
it wasn't what mae would want him to do though
he was sure of this
once he had abandoned himself to the very worst once he had quieted all the dragons of worry and suspense there wouldn't be very much for mae to do
at that moment holden almost slammed on the brakes to go back to cooper and ask if ferguson was about
it would be such a relief
what was that old sign supposed to be painted over a door somewhere abandon hope all ye who enter here
why holden said to himself surprised at his own sudden insight i'll bet some of those people who enter are just as happy as can be
they've worried they've lain awake nights they've shook at the slightest footstep they've pictured their own destruction and now it 's all over and they can give up
sure they're giving up hope
hand in hand with hope went things like terror and apprehension
holden waved a hand at the empty street
glad to see you go
he drove into the paved space before the garage and got out slamming the car door
he looked up and down the street
if ferguson 's car had been in sight holden would have walked directly to it
he went to the front door and opened it and looked in
mae entered the room from the hallway to the kitchen
she had a cup of something steaming coffee perhaps in one hand a fresh piece of toast in the other
she stood there watching holden come in and she put the piece of toast in her mouth and bit off one corner with a huge chomp of her white teeth
i've been thinking she said swallowing the toast
didn't you have an old pair of painting overalls in the garage
you used them that time you painted the porch at our other house
and then you wiped up some grease
she had caught him off guard no preparation nothing certain but that ahead lay some kind of disaster
wait a minute
what do you
i've been looking for them and they're gone
i'm sure they were in the garage up until a couple of days ago
or even yesterday
you used to paint in them and then you just took them for rags
the police have them now
i don't remember any overalls at all
they were all faded
worn through at the knees
she stood sipping and chewing and watching
green paint wasn't it
well i'm sure of the color
but you had them
mae sit down
put down the cup of coffee
tell me what this is all about
she shook her head
she took another bite of toast
holden noticed almost absently how she chewed how the whole side of her cheek moved a slab of fat that extended down into her neck
my goodness you ought to remember if i do
you're going to have to go to the police and explain what happened
tell them the truth or something before they come here
a seeping coldness entered holden 's being
his nerves seemed frost-bitten down to the tips of his tingling fingers and his spine felt stiff and glass-like liable to break like an icicle at any moment
i've never owned any painting overalls
a man with a sketch pad in hand sat with a large pink woman in a small office at the end of a long dim corridor and made pencil lines on paper and said is this more like it mrs. macready
or are the eyebrows more like this
when he had finished with that he would go to another part of the hotel and say much the same things to someone else most probably a busboy
begin to look like him now would you say
different about the mouth huh
more like this maybe
men blew dust on objects in a room on the seventeenth floor of the hotel dumont and blew it off again and did the same in a tiny almost airless room in a tenement in the west forties
and men also used vacuum cleaners in both rooms sucking dust up once more
men from the third detective district eighteenth precinct had the longest the most tedious job
at the hotel dumont there had at the time in issue been twenty-three overnighters counting couples as singular
these included as one mr. and mrs. anthony payne who had checked in a little after noon the day before and had checked out together
but gardner willings was included
he had been at the dumont for almost a week
there was of course no special reason to believe that the man or woman they sought had stayed only overnight at the hotel
the twenty-three or twenty-two with the paynes themselves omitted provided merely a place to start and their identification was the barest of starts
with names and addresses listed verification came next
it would take time
it would almost inevitably trouble some water
i certainly was at the dumont last night and my husband couldn't have been
he 's in boston
of course he 's in
the hotel king arthur across the street provided almost twice as many problems
the king arthur offered respectable and convenient lodgings to people from the suburbs who wanted to see a show and didn't want heaven knew didn't want
to lunge anxiously through crowded streets to railroad stations and at odd hours of night drive from smaller stations to distant homes probably through rain or in november something worse
the king arthur was less expensive than the dumont
the king arthur had fifty-four overnighters again counting rooms rather than people
check the overnighters out
failing to find what was wanted as was most likely check out other guests with special but exclusive attention to those with rooms on the street
anyone active enough can reach a roof wherever his room may be
and know while all this went on that there was no real reason to suppose that the murderer had been a guest in either hotel
it was even certain the shot had been fired from either hotel
there were other roofs less convenient but impossible
it is dull business detecting and hard on feet
there was also the one salient question to ask and ask widely did you notice anything out of the way
like for example a man carrying a twenty-two rifle probably with a telescopic sight attached
there was of course no hope it really would be that simple
the sniper whether psychopathic marksman or murderer by intent would hardly have walked to his vantage point with rifle over shoulder whistling a marching tune
anybody carrying anything that might hide a rifle
long thin suitcase
or long fat suitcase for that matter
shrugs met that from room clerks from bellhops
but nothing it appeared long enough to attract attention
cases say for musical instruments
none noted at the dumont
several at the king arthur
a combo was staying there
and had been for a week
anything at all
shrugs met that
detective pearson eighteenth precinct thought for a time he might be on to something
a refuse bin at the dumont turned up a florist 's box a very long box for very long-stemmed flowers
traces of oil on green tissue
the lab to check
the lab sorry
anything at all strange
well a man had tried at the king arthur to register with an ocelot
at the dumont a guest had come in a collapsible wheel chair
at the king arthur one guest had had his head heavily bandaged and another had a bandaged foot and had walked with crutches
there had also been a man who must have had st. vitus or something because he kept jerking his head
as reports dribbled in william weigand tossed them into the centrifuge which had become his head
mullins came in
there was no sign of mrs. lauren payne at her house on nod road ridgefield connecticut
the house was modern large on five acres
must have cost plenty
the state cops would check from time to time
pass word when there was word to pass
weigand tossed this news into the centrifuge
sort things out damn it
sort out the next move
try to forget motive for the moment
only those actually with payne when he was shot or who had left the party within more than five minutes make five arbitrary positively had none
hathaway jerry 's publicity director
livingston birdwood producer of uprising
they had been with payne when he was shot could therefore have shot him from above
take gardner willings
he had left after the scuffle
had been seen to leave
he would have had ample time to go into a blind somewhere and wait his prey
consider him seriously therefore
intangibles entered then hunches which felt like facts
willings would ambush certainly
willings undoubtedly had
willings was presumably a better than average shot
but hunch now willings would ambush anything which went on two legs instead of four
because if for no other reason willings would never for a moment suppose he was bigger tougher than anything else that went on two legs
ambushes are laid by those who doubt themselves as any man may against a tiger
faith constable had had to go on from the party and had presumably gone on
to be checked out further
no motive is a part of fact
nobody in his right mind punishes a quarter-century-old dereliction
grudges simply do keep that well in a sane mind
faith constable had accomplished much in a quarter of a century
jeopardize it now to correct so old a wrong
bill shook his head
also he thought i doubt if she could hit the side of a barn with a shotgun
she had left the party early pleading a headache
no lack of opportunity presuming she had a gun
she might conceivably have brought one in in a large-enough suitcase
check on the payne luggage
she might now have taken it away again
motive her husband wandering
bitter unreasoning jealousy
heaven knew it happened and hell knew it too
but it happened almost always among the primitive and usually among the very young
call it mentally young
call it retarded
there was nothing to indicate that lauren payne was primitive
she did move in primitive circles
she was young but that young
it occurred to bill weigand that he was on a hunch basis eliminating a good many
he reminded himself that all eliminations were tentative
he also reminded himself that he had an unusual number of possibilities
the masons mother or son or mother and son
opportunity was obvious
here too the cause to hate lay well back in the years
but bitterness had more cause to remain even increasingly to corrode
with the boy particularly
the boy had apparently if mrs. macready was right in what she had told mullins only in recent months been forced to give up college to work as a busboy
seeing the man he blamed for this made much of youth and bitterness and
bill picked up the telephone
send out a pickup on mrs. mason and the boy when you've got enough to go on bill said
mullins would do
a man named lars simon playwright-director had expressed a wish that anthony payne drop dead
he would say of course that he had really had any such wish
that what he had said was no more than one of those things one does say lightly meaning nothing
which probably would turn out to be true
which he obviously had to be given the opportunity to say
a man named blaine smythe with y and e but pronounced without them had been fired at payne 's insistence
he was also if pam north was right a closer acquaintance of lauren payne 's than she now was inclined to admit
he might deny the latter
would certainly deny any connection between the two things or any connection of either with murder
he would have to be given the opportunity
it was evident that mullins was the man to go
it was evident that a captain should remain at his desk directing with a firm hand and keeping a firm seat
bill weigand was good and tired of the wall opposite and the crack in the plaster
let mullins keep the firm seat
when siamese cats are intertwined it is difficult to tell where one leaves off and another begins
stilts and shadow on pam 's bed appeared to be one cat rather large as siamese cats go and to be sure having two heads and two tails
on the other hand they or it seemed to have no legs whatever
pamela north said hi to her cats and added that proper cats met their humans at the door
of four dark brown ears one twitched slightly at this
all right pam said
i know it isn't dinnertime
but at this the one too-large cat suddenly became two cats stretching
shadow the more talkative began at once to talk her voice piteous
stilts a more direct cat leaped from the bed and trotted briskly toward the kitchen
shadow looked surprised wailed and trotted after her
the hell it isn't dinnertime two waving tails told pam north
it was whatever tale was told by tails
martha presumably would cope
she might be firm
it was most unlikely that she would be firm
they want to be fat cats pam thought and lighted a cigarette and leaned back on a chaise and considered pulling her thoughts together
after a time it occurred to her that her thoughts were worth the trouble
a vague feeling that anthony payne had had it coming was hardly a thought and was in any event reprehensible
had faith constable 's explanation of her confidence so uninvited been a little thin
that was more like a thought but a great deal more
had that tall dark boy carrying trays too heavy for him found what he might have considered adulation of a man he probably hated more than he could bear
and possessed himself how
of a rifle and killed
pam found she had no answers
had only a hope
the poor kid the poor frail kid
some people have luck and some have no luck and that whatever people who prefer order say is the size of it
the poor unlucky
the telephone rang
pam realized to her surprise that she had been almost dozing
at four o'clock in the afternoon
two martinis for lunch that was the trouble
i ought to remember
you do remember
you just hello
yes this is she
the voice had music in it
even with words coming too fast they came on the music of the voice
i said i would pam said
they won't talk about who gave the information
unless they have to
they don't mrs. constable
unless they have
she was interrupted
call this a cry for help faith constable said
through a door conveniently unlocked madden supplemented
that damn door said the police chief
a gift horse to be viewed with suspicion
madden 's dark face wore a meditative look
if there was collusion between an outside murderer and a member of the household it would be an elementary precaution to check on the door later
and it makes a very poor red herring for an inside job
much better to break a cellar window
don't forget there was the hope it would pass for a natural death pauling reminded him
well with a house as big as that there must be at least one cellar window that wouldn't be noticed right away unless there was a police investigation
and a pane of glass isn't hard to
the telephone interrupted him
he scooped up the receiver and said police chief into the mouthpiece and then oh yes mr. benson
i was hoping i'd hear from you today
with his free hand he pulled a pad and pencil toward him and began to make notes as he listened saying uh-huh and i see at intervals
at last he said well thank you for calling mr. benson
although there was no doubt in my mind and we've been handling it as one i'm glad to have it made official
he hung up
coroner he said to madden
he 's just heard from the pathologist who says mrs. meeker apparently died from suffocation
pauling looked at his notes
many minute hemorrhages in the lungs
particles of lint and thread in the mouth and nostrils
scrapings from the bed linen identical with the lint and thread found in the nasal and oral cavities
no other cause of death apparent
trachea clear of mucus and foreign objects
brain examined for thrombosis clot or hemorrhage
no signs of these no gross hemorrhage of lungs heart brain or stomach
that 's about it
oh the time of death
the duration of the digestive process varies the pathologist says but the empty stomach and the findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract indicate that mrs. meeker died several hours after her seven-o'clock dinner
probably around midnight give or take an hour either way
pauling paused again
so there it is he said
your problem of course unless johnston and the murderer are one and the same
they discussed this possibility
however likely it was pauling said he couldn't limit himself to it
he had to look for other prospects other motives until more conclusive evidence pointing to johnston came to light
madden with his investigation centered on the fraud said that tomorrow he would go to the bronx bank through which mrs. meeker 's checks to johnston had cleared
arthur williams had to be located they agreed
he might have been in collusion with johnston on the fraud
he might be mrs. meeker 's murderer or have played some part in her death
this was madden 's suggestion
the police chief shook his head over it
if arthur williams was involved in the fraud or the murder then he too had another identity
no one the medfield police had questioned professed to know any more about him than about johnston
pauling looked doubtful
madden explained that he was thinking of an application sent directly to mrs. meeker
then he asked to use the phone and called brian thayer who said that he was just leaving to keep a lunch date but would be home by two o'clock
madden said that he would see him at two and made another call this one to mrs. meeker 's lawyers
mr. hohlbein was out for the day but mr. garth would be free at one-thirty
the secretary 's tone indicated that an appointment at such short notice was a concession for which madden should be duly grateful
he inferred that hohlbein and garth were high-priced lawyers
he had lunch with pauling
promptly at one-thirty he entered hohlbein and garth 's elegant suite of offices in medfield 's newest professional building
he disliked garth on sight conservative clothes and haircut smile a shade too earnestly boyish for a man who must be well into his thirties handclasp too consciously quick and firm
youngish man on the make madden labeled him and was ready to guess that in a correct too pushing fashion the junior partner of the firm had political ambitions
that mrs. garth would be impeccably suitable as the wife of a rising young lawyer
that there were three children two boys and a girl
that she was active in the woman 's club and he in lions rotary and jaycee
and finally that neither of them had harbored an unorthodox opinion since their wedding day
madden knew that he could be completely wrong about all this but also knew that he would go right on disliking garth
garth was prepared to be helpful in what he referred to with fastidious distaste as this unfortunate johnston affair which would he said more than once have ever come about if mrs. meeker had only seen fit to consult mr. hohlbein or him about it
madden regretted being able to find fault with so true a statement
he asked to see a copy of mrs. meeker 's will
garth brought one out
the date october # #### immediately caught the inspector 's eye
fairly recent he remarked
was she in the habit of making new wills
she had reason to change the one she made right after mr. meeker 's death
her estate had grown considerably
she wanted to make a more equitable distribution of it among the groups that would benefit the most
particularly the scholarship fund
at the time the will was drawn mr. hohlbein mentioned to me how mentally alert she seemed for her age knowing just what changes she wanted made and so forth
mr. hohlbein and i have noticed some lapses since though
most of them this past year i'd say
even two or three years ago i doubt that she'd have become involved in this unfortunate johnston affair
she'd have consulted us you see
she always did before and showed the utmost confidence in whatever we advised
the inspector nodded doubting this
mrs. meeker hadn't struck him as ready to seek anyone 's advice least of all garth 's
with her sharp tongue she'd have cut his pompousness to ribbons
it would have been hohlbein who handled her affairs
madden settled back to read the will
he skimmed over the millions that went to meeker park medfield hospital the civic center the public health nursing association the library and so on pausing when he came to the scholarship fund
two millions were added to what had been set aside for it in mrs. meeker 's lifetime and the proviso made that as long as brian thayer continued to discharge his duties as administrator of the fund to the satisfaction of the board of trustees hereinafter appointed by the bank administering the estate he was to be retained in his present capacity at a salary commensurate with the increased responsibilities enlargement of the fund would entail
a splendid vote of confidence in thayer madden reflected
very nice for him
he went on to personal bequests a list of names largely unknown to him
twenty-five thousand to each of the great-nieces in oregon much to blood relatives out of millions ten thousand to this friend and that five thousand to another
to brian thayer the sum of ten thousand dollars
to the pecks ten thousand each
to joan sheldon the conditional bequest of ten thousand to be paid to her in the event that she was still in mrs. meeker 's employ at the time of the latter 's death
no additional five thousand for each year after joan 's twenty-first birthday
mrs. meeker hadn't got around to taking care of that
too bad madden thought
joan sheldon had earned the larger bequest
mr. hohlbein was left twenty thousand garth ten
there were no other names madden recognized
arthur williams 's might well have been included he felt
mrs. meeker had spent a small fortune on a search for him but had made no provision for him in her will if he should be found after her death and had never mentioned his name to her lawyers
madden took up this point with garth who shrugged it off
old people have their idiosyncrasies
this one came a bit high at thirty thousand or more
well she had a number of them where money was concerned garth said
sometimes we'd have trouble persuading her to make tax-exempt charitable contributions and i've known her to quarrel with a plumber over a bill for fixing a faucet
the next moment she'd put another half million into the scholarship fund or thirty thousand into something as impractical as this unfortunate johnston affair
there was no telling how she'd react to spending money
madden inquired next about the audit of the scholarship fund
there was an annual audit garth informed him
no discrepancies or shortages had ever been found
brian thayer was a thoroughly honest and competent administrator
his salary had reached the ten thousand mark
his expenses ran another four or five thousand
the lawyer didn't know him very well although he saw him occasionally at some dinner party thayer like himself madden reflected was the extra man so prized by hostesses and found him easy enough to talk to
but he didn't play golf didn't seem to belong to any local clubs his work took him away a lot of course which probably accounted for his tendency to keep to himself
garth 's glance began to flicker to his watch
he said that he had already told the police chief that he didn't know what insurance man had recommended johnston to mrs. meeker
he would offer no theory to account for her murder
the whole thing his manner conveyed was so far outside the normal routine of hohlbein and garth that it practically demanded being swept under the rug
no doubt mrs. meeker had snubbed him many a time and he felt no grief over her passing
even so madden 's dislike of the suave correct lawyer deepened
it would be all right with him he decided if his investigation of the fraud with its probable by-product of murder led to garth 's door
at first glance much of a motive for a man of his standing
but for all his air of affluence who could tell what his private financial picture was
the inspector knew as he left that this was wishful thinking
nevertheless he made a mental note to look into garth 's financial background
brian thayer had a downtown address
he lived in an apartment house over three or four years old a reclaimed island of landscaped brick and glass on the fringe of the business district
he occupied a two-bedroom apartment on the fourth floor using the second bedroom as his office
airy and bright the apartment was furnished with good modern furniture rugs and draperies
done by a professional decorator madden thought and somehow as impersonal as unremarkable as its occupant
in dunston the rent would run close to two hundred a month
in medfield perhaps twenty-five less all of it paid by thayer who could charge off one room on his expense account
he took madden into the room he used as an office
it contained a desk files a typewriter on a stand and two big leather armchairs
a newspaper open at stock-market reports lay on one of them
thayer folded it up and offered a drink
the inspector declined
to begin the interview he asked if thayer with more time to think it over could add to what he had said the other day about johnston
thayer shook his head
it 's all i think about too
that and her death
it 's still unbelievable that it was murder
for all her domineering ways i can't conceive of her having had a deadly enemy
dammit phil are you trying to wreck my career
because that 's what you're doing wrecking it wrecking it wrecking it
griffith had confronted hoag on the building 's front steps hoag had been permitted no further and backed him against a wrought-iron railing
his rage had built up as he made his way here from the second floor helped by the quantity of champagne he had consumed
hoag said i didn't send for you leigh
i want the captain in charge
where is he
phil for god 's sake go away
the undersecretary 's in there
i told you there 's nothing between midge and me nothing
it 's all in your mind
a couple of sobs escaped him followed by a sentiment that revealed his emotional state
why i'm fit to touch the hem of her garment
leigh get a grip on yourself
it 's about you or midge
i have some security information about the prime minister
griffith looked at him suspiciously through red-rimmed eyes
you mean it phil
you wouldn't pull my leg old man
i did get you on the platform this morning
i'm pulling your leg
will you call that captain
no use he won't come
he peered closely at hoag in the gathering darkness
what happened to your head
i was hit knocked out
now will you get him
he says i'm to take the message
he stared at hoag drunkenly
who'd hit you in the head
it doesn't matter
you get back to the captain and tell him this somebody 's going to take a shot at the prime minister and mahzeer is in on the plot
tell him under no circumstances to trust the prime minister with mahzeer
griffith said that 's impossible
mahzeer 's the ambassador
nevertheless it 's true
griffith was trying to clear his head of the champagne fuzz that encased it
i'll show you how wrong you are
mahzeer and the prime minister are alone right now
he nodded triumphantly
so that proves it
hoag looked terrified
where are they
where'd you expect the john
where is that
facing us two flights up
look old man you can't go up
they won't even let you in the front door
so why don't you be a good boy and
hoag grabbed him by the shoulders
listen to me leigh
if you want to spend another day in the state department another day you get in there and tell that captain what i told you
he bit out the words
and you know i can do it
griffith raised placating hands
easy does it phil
i was just going
i'm on my way
he turned and fled into the house and made his way up the marble stairs without once looking back
on the second landing he paused to look for docherty didn't see him and accepted a glass of champagne
he took several large swallows recollected that docherty had gone up another flight and decided he would be wise to cover himself by finding him
the way hoag was no telling what he might say or do
he finished his champagne and climbed uncertainly to the next landing
at the top a uniformed officer blocked further progress
yes what is it
i want captain docherty
he spotted docherty coming out of a room at the far end of the corridor and called to him
docherty said it 's okay bonfiglio let him by
they walked toward each other
griffith said hoag told me to tell you he waited until they were close
it was hideously embarrassing to let the prime minister be alone with mahzeer
griffith looked half-crocked to the captain
it would be just like him
he claims mahzeer 's in a plot to kill the p.m.
docherty went taut was it possible
could the ambassador himself be the man on this side the prime minister feared
possible he thought
the prime minister knew who his enemy was here
he wasn't going to allow himself to be led meekly to the slaughter
and if by some wild chance mahzeer was the man he wouldn't dare try anything now after docherty had looked in on the two of them to see that all was well
docherty was damned if he would make a fool of himself again the way he had earlier over the laundry truck
one more muddleheaded play like that one and they'd be leading him away
still this had to be checked out
where'd your friend hoag get his information
haven't the faintest captain
would you mind sending him up here
i'd like to talk to him
troubled he continued along the corridor poking his head into the next office for a careful look around
but hoag had stayed on the front steps when griffith disappeared into the building
he was unwilling to rely on griffith 's carrying his message and he had no confidence the police would act on it
if mahzeer was alone with the prime minister he could be arranging his execution while hoag stood out here shivering in the darkening street
he would have to do something on his own
the door opened and three men and a woman in a sari swept past him and down the stairs
in the lighted interior he saw other men and women struggling into their wraps
these were the early departures
in half an hour the reception would be over
if mahzeer was planning to set up the prime minister for muller he would have to do it in the next few minutes
hoag descended the stone steps to the street and looked up at the building
wide windows with many small leaded panes swept across the upper stories
on the second floor he saw the animated faces of the party guests
the scene looked like a christmas card
on the third floor one of the two windows was lighted
it was framed in maroon drapes and no faces were visible
this would be mahzeer 's office
he and the prime minister would be back from the window seated at mahzeer 's desk
they would be going over papers mahzeer had saved as excuse for just such a meeting
in a minute or five minutes the business would be done
mahzeer would stand up the prime minister would follow
mahzeer would direct the prime minister 's attention to something out the window and would guide him forward and then step to one side
the single shot would come
hoag would carry its sound to his grave
mahzeer of course would be desolate
how was he to suspect that an assassin had been lurking somewhere across the street waiting for just such a chance
where across the street
where was muller waiting with the rifle
narrow four-story buildings ran the length of the block like books tightly packed on a shelf
most of them could be eliminated
muller 's would have to be one of the half dozen almost directly opposite
the legation was generously set back from the building line
if the angle of fire were too great the jutting buildings on either side would interfere
would the shot come from a roof
he ran his eye along the roof copings
almost at once a figure bulked up
but dully glinting on the dark form were the buttons and badge of a policeman
with a cop patrolling the road muller would have to be inside a building if he was here at all and waiting for the prime minister somewhere between this street and the terminal building at la guardia airport
hoag crossed the narrow street squeezing between parked cars to reach the sidewalk
from this side he could see farther into the legation 's third-story window but he saw no faces
the room 's occupants were still seated or they had been called into the hallway by an alarmed police captain
if only the latter were true
he walked rapidly along the buildings scanning their facades one was a club that was out
two others he ruled out because all their windows were lighted
that left three possibly four one looking much like the next
he climbed the steps of the first and opened the door to the vestibule
he quickly closed it again
he had assumed that all these buildings had been divided into apartments but this one from a glance at the hall furnishings was obviously still a functioning town house and its owners were in residence
that made it doubtful as the hiding place of a man whose plans had to be made in advance
he went on to the next building and found what he expected the mingled cooking aromas of a public vestibule
on one wall was the brass front of a row of mailboxes
there were six apartments
the names on the mailboxes meant nothing to him
this was senseless he had no idea what to look for
he peered in the boxes themselves
all were empty except one and that one was jammed with letters and magazines
the occupants of apartment number # were probably away for a few days and likely to return on a friday
had muller made the same deduction
muller was attracted to the lore of mailboxes
he opened the inner door
the cooking odors were stronger all over the city at this hour housewives would be fussing over stoves
he climbed as quickly as he could urge his body up the two unbroken flights to the third floor pulling himself along on a delicate balustrade all that remained of the building 's beauty
he paused on the landing to steady his breathing and then bent to examine the single door by the light of the weak bulb overhead
now he was certain the lock had yielded to muller 's collection of keys
fresh scars showed that the door had been prized open
it had been shut again but the lock was broken
he noted with a thrill of fear that the door moved under his touch
what was he to do now
he had thought no further than finding muller
he realized now he had more than half hoped he wouldn't find him that muller would be here that the attempt would be scheduled for somewhere beyond hoag 's control
he could break in on an armed man
he would have to climb back down to the street and signal a cop
was there time
his thoughts were scattered by the sharp report of a rifle from the other side of the door
hoag pushed open the door at the far end of the long dark room muller was faintly silhouetted against the window the rifle still raised
he stood with his feet apart on a kitchen table he had dragged to the sill
he turned his head to the source of the disturbance and instantly back to the window and his rifle sight dismissing hoag for the moment with the same contempt he had shown in their encounter at hoag 's apartment
hoag stretched his left hand to the wall and fumbled for the switch evil flourishes in the dark
the room was bathed in light at the instant muller 's second shot came
muller nakedly exposed at the bright window like a deer pinned in a car 's headlights threw down the rifle and turned to jump from the table
his face wore a look of outrage
a shot caught him and straightened him up in screaming pain
a following volley of shots shattered glass ripped the ceiling and sent him lurching heavily from the table
he was dead before his body made contact with the floor
hoag stumbled back into the hall leaned against the wall and started to retch
after captain docherty sent arleigh griffith for hoag he was able to complete his detailed inspection of the third floor and to receive a report from his man covering the floors above before griffith returned buoyed up by a brief stop for another glass of champagne
the safe at ingleside district station stands next to the gum machine in a narrow passageway that leads to captain harris 's office to the left the lieutenant 's office farther along and to the left and the janitor 's supply closet straight ahead
the safe is a repository for three dead flashlight batteries a hundred and fifty unused left-hand fingerprint cards a stack of unsold policemen 's ball tickets from last year and thirty-seven cents in coins and stamps
gun set the captain 's fifth of hiram walker inside the safe before he reported to lt. killpath though he knew that killpath 's ulcer prevented him from making any untoward incursion on herman wolff 's gift
it was more a matter of tact and also it was none of killpath 's goddam business
he walked up to the lieutenant 's office leaned wearily against the gun rack that housed four rifles and a gas gun nobody remembered having used and a submachine gun that was occasionally tried out on the academy range
he stared at the clerk who sat at a scarred and ancient fumed-oak desk stuffing envelopes
where 's the lieut
the clerk wagged his head toward the captain 's office
gun went to the connecting door which was open and stood at attention while orville torrence killpath in full uniform finished combing his hair
the lieutenant 's sparse brown hair was heavily pomaded and as killpath raked the comb through it it stuck together in thatches so that it looked like umbrella ribs clinging to his pink skull
the lieutenant eyed gun 's reflection in the mirror over the washbowl and then glanced back at his own face moving the comb methodically around his head
leave me alone gun thought
fight with sam schaeffer fight with the whole damned bureau
but leave me alone
because i'm looking for the son of a bitch that killed that old man and i'm going to get him
if you just leave me to hell alone lieutenant
killpath peered through half-closed lids at his reflection thrust up his chin in a gesture of satisfaction and about-faced
gun waited for killpath to sit down behind the desk near the window
he sat stiff-backed in a chair that did swivel though it was obvious to gun that killpath felt his position as acting captain plainly merited a swivel chair
the desk before him was in no better repair than the rest of the furniture crowded into the room including wooden file cabinets with some of their pulls yanked off and a wardrobe stained with the roof seepage of countless seasons
killpath pulled one thin leg up clamping his arms around the shinbone to press his knee into an incredibly scrawny gut
it was the posture which the men had come to recognize as that of killpath defying his ulcer
he put his chin on his kneecap stretching his neck like that of a turkey on a chopping block and stared wordlessly at his sergeant
the #:## bell rang and he could hear the outside doors bang shut closing in the assembled day watch
finally orville intoned through his hawk nose we can't have people running in any time they please sergeant
running in running out
can't have it
makes for confusion and congestion
he rocked back in the chair knee locked against stomach his beady eyes fixed on matson
he was silent again possibly listening to the sounds in the squadroom
roll was being called
gun cleared his throat
killpath said you were expected to report to my office twenty minutes ago sergeant
that 's getting all the juice out of the orange now is it
then killpath smiled
gun knew that nothing but aces back to back would give the lieutenant an ulcer and a smile at the same time
the day-watch platoon commander lt. rinker was calling out the beat assignments but matson couldn't make the names mean anything
i called the station at three this morning killpath 's nasal voice pronounced
do you have any idea who might have been in charge at the time
sergeant vaughn sir
now now you're just guessing sergeant
he smiled thinly savoring his joke
what if i said nobody was here but a couple of patrolmen
sir vaughn knows better than to leave the station without a relief
he must have
he let a patrolman take over the duties of the station keeper
now that 's regulation is it
but you didn't know a thing about it did you
killpath leaned forward
his foot slipped off the chair and he put it back again frowning now
that 's taking one 's command with a responsible attitude matson
gun told himself that the old bastard was a fool
but stupidity was no consolation when it had rank
i was out in the district sir
so i have heard
he stretched a pale hand out to the scattered papers on his desk
i might point out that your inability to report to my office this morning when you were instructed to do so has ah limited my knowledge of your activities as you may have hoped
he took up a white sheet of paper dark with single-spaced data
a car pulled into the driveway outside the window
gun knew it was car ## the wagon returned from delivering ingleside 's drunk-and-disorderlies to the city jail
but for some fool reason he couldn't remember which men he'd put on the transfer detail
he stared at the report in killpath 's hand sure it was written by accacia just as sure as if he'd submitted it in his scrawled longhand
he sucked in his breath and kept quiet while killpath laid down the sheet again wound the gold-wire stems of his glasses around his ears and then eying the report as it lay before him on the desk intoned acting lieutenant gunnar matson one failed to see that the station keeper was properly relieved two absented himself throughout the entire watch without checking on the station 's activities or the whereabouts of his section sergeants three permitted members of the homicide detail of the inspector 's bureau to arrogate for their own convenience a patrolman who was thereby prevented from carrying on his proper assignment four failed to notify the station commander acting captain o. t. killpath of a homicide occurring in the district five frequented extralegal establishments known as after-hours spots for purposes of an unofficial and purportedly social nature and six he leaned back and peeled off his glasses failed to co-operate with the acting captain by returning promptly when so ordered
what have you to say to that sergeant
killpath sailed the paper across the desk but matson didn't pick it up or even glance at it
i didn't think accacia knew so many big words lieutenant
killpath licked his lips
patrolman accacia is an alert and conscientious law-enforcement officer
i don't think his diligence mitigates your negligence matson
gun held his breath a moment pushing the volume and pitch of his voice down under the trapdoor in his throat
i would have been negligent and a goddam lousy cop to boot if i'd sat around this station all night when somebody got away with murder in my district
it 's too bad i didn't call you and it 's too bad i let schaeffer use accacia when he could have had a boy who'd be glad to learn something of homicide procedure
but i'm one damned bit sorry i went out to question the people i know in the places they hang around and
let 's push our patience beyond the danger line sergeant killpath nasaled
i shouldn't like to have to write you up for insubordination as well as dereliction of duty
gun stiffened his hands balling into fists at his sides
he clamped his jaws to keep the fury from spilling out
an argument with orville torrence killpath was as frustrating and as futile as a cap pistol on a firing range
killpath leaned forward again rocked comfortably with his arms still wrapped around one knee
let 's just remember sergeant that we must all carry our own umbrella
a district station can't run smoothly unless he interrupted himself looking around gun at the doorway
morning lieutenant rinker
i thought you hadn't come in yet
i've been here for some time
he stood up cocked his head and eyed gun coldly
the sergeant is just leaving
it had come as no great surprise to matson that the hot water in the showers didn't work that loren severe had thrown up all over the stairs or that some thieving bastard of a cop had walked off with his cigarettes
it was the best he could hope for on a watch that had ended with a session in killpath 's office
now as he passed the open counter that divided the assembly room from the business office he nodded and said good night to the station keeper and his clerks stopping to hear the day-watch playback of his chewing out
that he gave a damn what the grapevine sent out about killpath 's little speech on the comportment of platoon commanders
he just didn't want to talk about it
if the acting captain wanted his acting lieutenant to sit on his ass around the station all night killpath would just have to go out and drag gun back by the heels once an hour
because he'd be damned if he was going to be a mid-watch pencil-pusher just to please his ulcerated pro-tem captain
at the doorway he squinted up at the gray morning overcast and patted his jacket pockets for the cigarettes remembering then that he'd left them at the doughnuttery
he could pick up another pack on his way home if he were going home
but even before he started across the oiled road to his plymouth parked in the lot under the cypress trees across from the station he knew that he wasn't going home
it was nine o'clock in the morning the hour which like a spade turning clods of earth exposed to the day a myriad of busy creatures that had lain dormant in the quiet night
mission street at this hour was populated by a whole community that gun could have seen on his tour of duty the neighborhood that had known urbano quintana by day
sol phillips had purchased the alliance furniture mart seventeen years ago
it was professedly worth three thousand dollars in stock and good will and the name was written in gold in foot-high letters across each of the two display windows
on the right window at eye level in smaller print but also in gold was gonzalez prop. and under that se habla espanol
mr. phillips took a razor to gonzalez prop. but left the promise that spanish would be understood because he thought it meant that spanish clientele would be welcome
language was no problem anyway
mr. phillips had only to signal from his doorway to summon aid from the ubiquitous bilingual children who played on the sidewalks of mission street
aside from the fact that business was slow this time of year and his one salesgirl was the most enterprising mr. phillips had no worries at all and he said as much to gun matson who sat across from him in civilian clothes on a jiffy-couch-a-bed mauve velour $##.## nothing-down special
she 's honest as the day mr. phillips said and added mr. gunnar i can say this to you beebe is a little too honest
you can't tell a customer how much it 's going to cost him to refinance his payments before he even signs for a loan on the money down
a time plan is a mere convenience you understand and when he interrupted himself smiling
i put her in lamps
that way i don't lose so much
why don't you just hire somebody else
she says she has to finish a story
i asked her why she couldn't do it tomorrow but it seems the muse is working good tonight and she 's afraid to let it go
casey made some comment but his mind was busy as he considered the man
his name was george needham and he too had come from a good family
he was perhaps thirty-two nicely set up with light brown hair that had a pronounced wave
he was always well groomed and well tailored and he had that rich man 's look which was authentic enough and came from two good prep schools and a proper university
an only child he had done all the things that young men do who have been born to money and social position until his father double-crossed him by dying broke
since then he had worked at this and that though some said his main interest was gambling
all this went through casey 's mind in the first instant but what held his interest was the fact that these two should be together at all
for he had understood that betty had been engaged to a boy named barry jenkins
she had grown up with young jenkins and he had heard that they had been at the point of getting married at least twice
he wanted to ask her about jenkins now but he knew he couldn't do so in needham 's presence
and so still wondering and a little perplexed he grinned at the girl and spoke lightly to make sure that she would know he was kidding
where did you pick him up
oh i've known him quite a while
she glanced at her companion fondly
haven't i george
i've been after her for years needham said but i've never been able to get anywhere until the last few days
the girl 's eyes were softly shining as she reached out and touched casey 's hand
can i tell you a secret
we're going to get married
do you approve
casey kept his smile fixed but some small inner disturbance was working on him as he thought again about needham who was eight or ten years older than the girl
he wondered whether needham was going to swear off gambling and get a steady job or whether he was counting on the income from betty 's estate to subsidize him
none of this showed in his face and he tried to keep his skepticism in hand
he made a point of frowning of acting out the part of the fond father-confessor
i'll have to give it some thought he said
you wouldn't want me to say yes without making sure his intentions are honorable would you
she made a face at him and then she laughed
i'll get my references in order needham said and though he spoke with a smile casey somehow got the idea that he was particularly amused
stop by any time casey
he stood up and touched the girl 's arm
come on darling
if you're really serious about working on that story i'd better take you home
casey watched them go still frowning absently and then dismissing the matter as he called for his check
as he went out he told freddie the dinner was perfect and when he got his hat and coat from nancy parks and put a fifty-cent piece in the slot he told her to be sure that it went toward her dowry
a taxi took him back to the bar and grill where he had left his car and a few minutes later he found a parking place across the street from his apartment
because his mind had been otherwise occupied for the past couple of hours he did think to look and see if jerry burton 's car was still there
in fact he did think about jerry burton at all until he entered his living room and closed the door behind him
only then when his glance focused on the divan and saw that it was empty did he remember his earlier problem
even from where he stood he could see the neatly folded blanket that he had spread over burton the pillow the sheet of paper on top of it
then he was striding across the room his thoughts confused but the worry building swiftly inside him as he snatched up the note
look in the wastebasket
i knew the only way i could beat you was to play possum but it was a good try kid and i appreciate it
the wastebasket stood near the wall next to the divan and the instant casey picked it up he knew what had happened
the discarded papers inside were sodden there was a glint of liquid at the bottom and the smell of whisky was strong and distinct
he put the basket down distastefully muttering softly and thoroughly disgusted with himself and his plan that had seemed so foolproof
for he remembered too well how he had brought back the loaded drinks to burton and then returned to the kitchen to get weaker drinks for himself
for another second or two he gave in to the annoyance that was directed at himself
then his mind moved on to be confronted by something far more serious and as the thought expanded the implications jarred him
it no longer mattered that burton had outsmarted him
the important thing was that burton had gone somewhere to meet a blackmailer with a gun in his pocket
and that gun was empty
even before his mind had rounded out the idea he thrust one hand into his trousers pocket and pulled out the six slugs he had taken from the revolver
he considered them with brooding eyes brows bunched as his brain grappled with the problem and tried to find some solution
he said the crazy fool half aloud
he put the shells on the table as though he could no longer bear to hold them
he thought where the hell could he have gone
how can i find him
there was no answer to this and he began to pace back and forth across the room his imagination out of control
he tried to tell himself that maybe burton had sobered up enough to get some sense
maybe he only intended to scare the blackmailer whoever he was in which case an unloaded gun would be good enough
he thought of other possibilities none of them satisfactory and finally he began to think to wonder if there was some way he could reach burton
then as he turned toward the telephone it rang shrilly to shatter the stillness in the room and he reached for it eagerly
yeah he said
casey heard the voice distinctly and he knew who it was but it took him a while to make the mental readjustment and control the disturbance inside his head
when he heard calenda say what about that picture you took this afternoon
it still took him another few seconds to remember the job he had done for frank ackerly
you took a picture of me at the corner of washington and blake about three thirty this afternoon
who says so
one of my boys
casey believed that much
calenda was the sort who walked around without one of his boys close at hand
with my trial coming up in federal court next week i wouldn't want that picture published
who says it 's going to be published
i wouldn't even want it to get around
under normal circumstances casey was a little fussy when people told him what to do with pictures he had taken
even so he generally listened and was usually reasonable to those who voiced their objections properly
right now however he was still too worried about jerry burton and the gun that had no bullets and the story burton had told him to care too much about tony calenda
his nerves were getting a little ragged and his impatience put an edge in his voice
look he said
i was hired to take a picture
i took it
that 's all i know about it and that 's all i care
maybe you'd better tell the guy who hired you what i said
you tell him
all right calenda said his voice still quiet
but i meant what i said casey
if that picture gets around and i find out you had anything to do with it i'm going to send a couple of my boys around to see you
you do that casey said
just be sure to send your two best boys tony
he hung up with a bang annoyed at himself for running off at the mouth like that but still terribly concerned with the situation he had helped to create
as soon as he could think logically again he reached for the telephone directory and found jerry burton 's home number
he dialed it and listened to it ring ten times before he hung up
he called the bar and grill where he had picked burton up that afternoon
when he was told that no one had seen burton since then he thought of three other places that were possibilities
each time he got the same answer and in the end he gave up
by the time he had smoked three cigarettes he had calmed down
he had done all he could and that was that
and anyway burton was the kind of guy who would be likely to get in trouble even when he was drunk
he casey had been scared for a while but that had come mostly from the fact that he felt responsible
he should have stayed here and watched burton
so he made a mistake
he kept telling himself this as he went out to the kitchen to make a drink
only then did he decide he didn't want one
he considered opening a can of beer but vetoed that idea too
finally he went into the bedroom and sat down to take off his shoes
he had just finished unlacing the right one when the telephone rang again
when he snatched it up the voice that came to him was quick and urgent
you don't know me but i know you
if you want a picture get to the corner of adams and clark just as fast as you can
if you hurry you might beat the headquarters boys
casey heard the click of the distant receiver before he could open his mouth and it took him no more than three seconds to make his decision
for over the years he had received many such calls
some of them came from people who identified themselves
some telephoned because he had done them a favor in the past
others because they expected some sort of reward for the information
a few passed along a tip for the simple reason that they liked him and wanted to give him a break
only an occasional tip turned out to be a phony and like the police casey had made a point of running down all such suggestions and he did hesitate this time
he was in his car with his camera and equipment bag in less than two minutes and it took him only three more to reach the corner a block from columbus avenue
it was a district of small factories and loft buildings and occasional tenements and he could see the police radio car as he rounded the corner and slammed on the brakes
he did bother with his radio there would be time for that later but as he scrambled out on the pavement he saw the filling station and the public telephone booth and knew instantly how he had been summoned
the police car had pulled up behind a small sedan its headlights still on
slowly he pulled out the hand throttle until the boat was moving at little more than a crawl and watched elaine rapidly spin from one station to another tune in the null then draw in a line on the chart
we're out just a little too far
make a ## degree straight for shore
poet came in raising his eyebrows appreciatively as he saw elaine
pretty quick she replied
will you drop the anchor
poet nodded swung below and a moment later emerged from the forward hatch where he picked up the anchor
the rock and roll music coming from the radio station suddenly faded as the boat coasted into the null on the aj
reverse elaine said then peered through the loop of the rdf and waved to poet
a second later she came behind the wheel and backed off the anchor line until it was set in the ocean floor
she cut the engines and slowly the cruiser swung around on the end of its lines until its bow was pointing into the wind and the cockpit faced toward the shore
nick watched her somewhat enviously as she efficiently cut the engines and started the auxiliary motor
poet came up from below wearing new bathing trunks
the price tag hung from the belt and he pulled it off as he entered the chartroom and looked at it curiously
nick wondered if elaine had bought them but he said nothing
nobody he suddenly realized was saying anything
it seemed as if they were all under a spell
there should be an excited conversation for somewhere directly below them was a treasure lost for more than four hundred years
but instead of chatter there was a null like on the radio direction finder
once in new york he had gone flying with some friends in a small private airplane with a single engine
they had all been laughing joking when suddenly the engine had failed
no one had screamed
no one had prayed
all had fallen into a complete silence listening to the wind whistle over the wings
the pilot had been good
he'd landed the plane on a small airstrip in connecticut and as soon as the aircraft had coasted to a stop everyone had burst into chatter at the same moment
there had been tension in the plane during the silent descent
a tension similar to the one now
but in the plane there was a concrete reason for it
now at this moment there should be none unless skin diving was much more dangerous than he had been led to believe
yet tension existed
the same taut-nerved relationship as there had been between the passengers on the plane now strained at the three of them here on the boat
it hung over them like a cloud its arrival as sudden as a cloud skidding over the sun
silently elaine picked up her keys from the table and went out into the cockpit poet behind her nick trailing behind him
she threw back a cushion over one of the seats unlocked a padlock on the chest beneath it then presently straightened holding a long knife and a wicked looking spear gun in her hand
poet whistled softly as he looked at the gun
they are the best
she kicked the locker lid shut and replaced the cushion
they are the most efficient
and the deadliest poet commented as he buckled on his tank harness
why do you need an arsenal
nick asked apprehensively staring at the weapon
it 's quite possible there 's more than codfish down there man poet replied with a short nervous laugh as he held the harness for elaine
a moment later moving awkwardly because of the swimming fins she picked up the gun handed the knife to poet then rolled off the transom of the boat back first
poet nodded to nick and entered the water in a similar fashion
another moment and they were out of sight leaving behind only a string of bubbles as a clue to their whereabouts
for a while nick followed the twisting course of the bubbles wondering which set came from elaine
they remained close together their air trail wiggling like serpents traveling side by side
eventually the bubbles became lost in the sparkle of the ocean surface and he rolled over on his back
clasping his hands behind his head he stared at the blue sky
there was nothing quite like being alone on a boat on the ocean
alfredo certainly must have enjoyed being alone
next to the ocean probably the loneliest spot was the desert
if elaine 's uncle had stuck to this desire for aloneness he probably would still be alive
yet alfredo wanted money wanted money to roam through the deserts
and graham wanted money probably to roam among the dice tables in las vegas
it was an odd combination a strange pair to stumble upon the wreck of the trinidad
but graham hadn't stumbled on it
two to three weeks prior to the charter of the virginia graham had been snooping around the san luis rey mission
the small helicopter with its two steel skids churned offshore and nick raised up to watch it heading south
that was a hell of a note he thought
a couple couldn't even find a secluded spot anywhere on a beach to neck nowadays without someone swooping down upon them
if the character flying that thing had gone over san clemente island yesterday he would have had an eyeful
off to the west a beautiful schooner slowly beat its way into the wind headed on a tack toward san clemente
behind it a cabin cruiser drifted crossways in the small ground-swell a lone fisherman in the chair aft
the fisherman was right in the middle of the deep
nick recalled stories that the two best fishing spots in southern california were over the la jolla deep and the redondo deep two spots where the ocean dropped off to fantastic depths almost from the shoreline
someday geologists had warned the land on both sides of these deeps would fall into the ocean and no more la jolla or redondo beach
meanwhile fishermen took advantage of them to pull up whoppers
sometimes the fish exploded as they neared the surface because of the difference in pressure
why he wondered had elaine wanted him along on this trip
he couldn't skindive he couldn't run a boat except on the open sea
he stood up stretched looked around for the bubbles but could see none
strolling down to the galley he lit the butane under the coffee pot and when the brew was heated poured himself a cup and went up to the chartroom
turning on the hi-fi he went back to the cockpit stretched out on the cushions and listened to the music
elaine and poet returned together popping up over the transom almost like dolphins breaking water
he sat up and watched as they pulled themselves over the stern
poet shook his head sliding his face mask up on his forehead
we're right on the edge of the deep elaine said
pulling off her face mask she carefully placed the spear gun across the stern then lifted her wet hair from her back and squeezed out the water
which is a break as the area to search is less than a square mile she added as she swung her legs over the transom
he tossed her a towel then repeated the service for poet
elaine shook her head as she slipped out of her harness but poet nodded
his feet still hung over the stern of the transom but as he reached for the smoke he raised them to swing them in
the fin on his foot caught on the moulding throwing him off balance
his forearm smashed painfully into the narrow washboard and he grimaced as he grabbed his bruised limb with his other hand and rolled into the boat
the word hissed distinctly from poet 's lips as he struggled to his feet
nick 's body became rigid
turning slowly he saw poet in a brilliant glare of horror
his face was still creased in pain as he studied the underside of his arm
poet a murderer
turning quickly toward elaine nick saw that she too stood in shocked surprise
the sudden silence was too silent
instinctively aware of the charged atmosphere poet raised his head slowly looking first at elaine
she had caught the implication of the oath
her face was frozen into the mask of a mannequin her body absolutely motionless
and then nick knew that all of them knew elaine himself and poet
elaine recovered first so quickly that nick thought he might have imagined her sudden reaction
do you need a bandage
she asked steadily
poet rubbed his arm
it 's like banging a shin he said his eyes lingered on nick 's face then moved back to elaine
hurts like hell for a second then it disappears
i'll get some ointment
elaine turned and started toward the companionway
but her walk was too steady too slow telegraphing her fear
nick sensed it
so did poet
springing like a cat he leaped back swooped up the spring gun and whirling pointed it toward the cabin
at the same instant nick hit the barrel and threw himself upon the smaller man
the gun fired next to his ear with a vicious whoosh like the first stroke of an old steam engine
at the same instant elaine screamed wildly the sound ending abruptly as nick went off the boat and into the water on top of the frantic struggling poet
the moment the sea closed over nick some atavistic sense warned him that he would survive in this alien element only if he did panic
but the murderer to whom he clung had a tremendous advantage
the wide flippers on poet 's feet gave his legs incredible power driving the two of them down into the water as they rolled over and over
poet was the captured arms pinioned to his side and he twisted convulsively trying to escape
poet would escape nick thought grimly because he wore the apparatus which would keep him alive under water
but nick would let go
the rubber and glass face mask slipped from poet 's forehead bounced painlessly off nick 's chin then disappeared
poet twisted again and nick 's knuckles scraped on the air tank ripping off the skin
for a split second nick relaxed his grip and poet 's slippery body spun completely around before nick could stop him holding him now from the rear
something flailed at the side of nick 's head as they rolled around and around
suddenly poet stopped struggling and the two of them hung suspended in the water rising sinking
a sharp pain lanced across nick 's chest and a bubble of air escaped from his tortured lungs joining dozens of others that sailed lazily toward the surface like helium balloons rising into the sky
a black snake-like object swayed eerily in front of him spewing bubbles from its flat cobra head
the air hose was free
the discovery struck nick like a blow
desperately nick flashed one hand up catching poet 's neck in the bend of his elbow
at the same instant he grabbed the loose writhing hose with his other hand and bit down on the hard rubber mouthpiece
instinctively he exhaled through his nose then sucked in the air from the hose
at once the excruciating pain in his chest stopped and he was seized with a sudden wild exultation
as if this was a signal poet abruptly began to thrash the water and the quick movement slowly made them sink through the water
relentlessly nick held on sucking on the hose inhaling the air that belonged to poet
poet was fighting nick now
harbor point sticks out into the ocean like the fat neck of a steamer clam
it 's a rich village but much for action too many solid residents enough tourists or working stiffs
it 's at the far end of the county and the last time i came here was for a hit and run manslaughter about seven months ago
chief bob moore looked his same hick-self
a man mountain running to lard in his middle-age
seeing me he said with real surprise well well ain't we honored
hardly expected the head of county homicide up for this murder
you sure climbed fast jed
rookie investigator last summer and now it 's inspector jed
took me ## years to become chief of our three man police force
proves a college education pays off
his sarcasm was followed by a stupid grin of his thick mouth and bad teeth
i guess it helps i said paying no attention to his ribbing
never could figure out why you ever wanted to be a cop jed
you're only young but well you don't even look like a police officer
a runt with narrow shoulders and that brush haircut hell you'd pass for a juvenile delinquent of the hotrod set
in my day the first requirement for a cop was to look like the law big and tough
man when my ### pounds and six-four comes along why it 's the same as another badge
when i say move a guy moves
don't worry about my being tough moore
also it 's far too early in the day for corny lines like the bigger they come you've had your gassy lecture let 's get to work
who was the murdered woman mrs. buck
widow nice sort of woman
ran a fair-sized farm
came to the harbor as a bride and don't worry jed this one is in the bag
i know the killer have the only road off the peninsula covered
yeah passed your road block as i drove in i said sitting on his polished desk
although bob dressed like a slob he kept a neat office
okay what happened
about nine this morning mrs. buck phones me she 's having trouble with one of her farm hands money trouble
colored fellow named tim williams only hand she has working for her now
tim come with the migratory workers that follow the crops up from the south last year but tim and his wife settled here
never had no trouble with him before thought he was a hard worker hustling around to get a full week 's work
anyway julia asks me to
come on inspector look alive
julia buck the deceased moore said slipping me his smug idiot-grin again
julia asks me to come out at once
but she didn't sound real alarmed you know like there was any immediate danger
i got there at #:## a.m. found her strangled
i would have come sooner if i'd known
no doubt about tim being the killer i have a witness
don't know why the county had to send anybody up here
told them i can handle this
yeah seems you have a nice package with all the strings tied
i'll collar tim before night
who 's your witness
julia had has an old indian woman cooking for her nellie harris
probably the last of the original island indians
nellie was in the kitchen had just come to work when she heard tim arguing with julia in the living room
swears she recognized his voice that tim yelled it 's my money and i want it
and then rushed out of the house
then she heard julia phone me
nellie went on with her house work until i found julia dead
and before you say it nellie ain't near strong enough to have strangled julia
there 's no doubt this tim sneaked back and killed mrs. buck
another fact tim 's disappeared on the run
but there 's no way off the point except through my road block
guess you want to see the body have her up the street in doc abel 's office
let 's see it
we walked up main street to this big white house then around to the back
being the harbor 's sole doctor abel was also its medical examiner
the corpse was on a table covered by a sheet
doc abel was busy up front with some of his live patients
pulling back the sheet i examined the bruises around julia buck 's once slender throat
powerful hands had killed her
find any prints
chief moore shook his big head seemed lost in thought as he stared at the nude body
then he said never noticed it before i mean when she was dressed but for a woman her age julia had a real fine figure
i dropped the sheet glanced at my watch
it was almost one and i hadn't had lunch
still i wanted to get this over with had a lot of paper work waiting in my own office
i told him i want to go see the buck house
walking back down main street i said i saw the harbor 's one squad car at the road block we'll ride out in my car
naw we'll use mine moore said opening the door of a sleek white jaguar roadster
as i slid in beside him he said some heap hey
got a heck of a buy on this dirt cheap
yeah it 's a real load i told him looking up the street at my battered ford
five racing minutes later we pulled into the driveway of this typical two-story house and when the jaguar stopped i managed to swallow
there was a garage and a modern barn in the rear all of it standing between two large flat fields planted in early potatoes
everything shouted gentleman farming the kind of grandfather-father-to-son folding money the point is known for
the fins of a caddy were sticking out of the garage while the inside of the house was a comfortable mixture of old and expensive contemporary furniture
nellie harris wasn't old she was ancient a tiny shriveled woman with a face like a tan prune
she was also stone deaf in her right ear
she calmly repeated what moore had told me
when i asked why didn't you go into the living room to see how mrs. buck was
the old gal stared at me with her hard eyes said she didn't call
i do the living room last
i went up stairs and did the bath and her bedroom way i always do in the morning
have you any idea what this tim and mrs. buck were arguing about
miss julia was a hard woman with a dollar
years ago when i asked her to put me in social security so 's i wouldn't have to be working now miss julia threatened to fire me all because it would mean a few more dollars a year to her
did you hear tim return
nobody came until chief moore
i drummed on the kitchen table with my pencil
mrs. buck have any men friends
the wrinkled mouth laughed revealing astonishingly strong white teeth
i never see none
but then i wasn't her social secretary
was she on friendly terms with other members of her family
didn't have no family around here
they had a son killed in the war
i walked into the living room
there didn't seem to be any signs of a struggle
i told moore where does tim 's wife live
i'll take you there
look jed this is an open and shut case and i have to relieve my men at the road block soon
okay come on
we did ## miles an hour across a hard dirt road to a cluster of shacks
in late summer migratory workers lived five and six to a room in these
now they were empty except for a cottage across the road
mrs. tim williams was about ## with skin the color of bitter chocolate and if you discounted the plain dress and worn slippers she was startlingly pretty
the inside of their place was full of new furniture five bucks down and a buck a week stuff but all of it clean and full of the warmth of a home
mrs. williams was both sullen and frightened
she said she didn't know a thing tim had left the house at six in the morning as usual
she hadn't seen him since
did mrs. buck owe him any wages
well for this week but they wasn't due 'till saturday
listen mr. inspector no matter what anybody say my tim didn't kill that woman
tim is a good man hard working
he strong as a bull but gentle as a baby
even if he angry tim wouldn't hurt a woman
he never in his life took a hand to a woman or
we'll get him soon see what he says chief moore cut in
does your husband have a car
got us an old station wagon
need it for the job
i asked a silly question you've no idea where your husband could be now
she shook her head
i knew she was lying
i stood there staring at her for a moment thinking mostly of her beauty and her poverty
moore said come on jed i have to get to my men
on my way out i told her if you should eh just happen to see your husband get him to give himself up
he'll get a fair trial
hiding out like this won't get him anything except more trouble or a bullet
i'll tell him if i see him
we made it back to the harbor in less than four minutes
i tried to act scared
that jaguar could really barrel along
i told moore i was going to eat get some forms filled out by doc abel
chief moore said if i don't see you when i return see you for certain at my road block inspector
i had a bowl of decent chowder phoned the doc and he said he'd leave the death statements with his girl in a half hour
lighting my pipe i took a walk
the harbor is a big yachting basin in the summer
even now there were several slick cruisers tied to the dock an ocean-going yawl anchored inside the breakwater
there was a ## foot wheeler with chief bob 's in big gold letters on its stern also tied up at the dock
it wasn't a new boat about five years old but fitted with fishing outriggers and chairs
i asked an old guy running a fishing station if the boat was moore 's
he said you bet
bob moore is plumb crazy about blue fishing
i dropped into the doctor 's office picked up my forms
as i was walking back to the police station which was in the same building with the city hall and post office i saw mrs. tim williams sneaking into the back of my car
if she moved gracefully she was clumsy at it
i got into the front seat
she was hiding on the floor of the back seat the soft curves of her back and hips rousing lines
i drove out of the harbor turned off into a dirt road among the scrub pine trees and stopped
i waited a few minutes and she sat up
for another moment we didn't talk then she began to weep
she mumbled i just know that chief moore is out to kill my tim
i never saw him so anxious before i said lighting my pipe and offering her a cigarette
of course it could be because this is his first murder case
you know where tim is don't you mrs. williams
she puffed on the cigarette slowly sitting slumped against the back seat
but the police have dropped the case
i want you to go to pearson city and find out why first-hand stuff for your modern crime series
take the same train diana beauclerk took and get there at the same time
go to the same hotel and occupy the same suite ####
will the hotel rent it so soon after the crime
the police have finished with it
besides the number of the suite hasn't been published in any newspaper
to the hotel people you'll just be an innocent tourist who happens to ask for that particular suite
still they may want to rent it
that 's your headache
once inside keep your eyes open
alec was growing more and more skeptical
the police will have gone over every square inch of the place with a fine-tooth comb
the hotel people will have scoured and vacuumed it
ten to one it 's even been redecorated
there 's always a chance they may have overlooked something returned the chief
i'm betting on that chance
interview the bellboy and chambermaid who waited on beauclerk
study the topography of the suite
soak up local color
reenact everything beauclerk did
try to imagine you're going to be murdered yourself between eleven p.m. and one a.m. the night you arrive
cheerful way to spend an evening
a sudden thought wiped the smirk from his face
suppose the murderer should return to the scene of the crime
the chief 's eyes gleamed
he spoke softly
that is exactly what i'm hoping for
after all the murderer is still at large
and the key to the suite is still missing
on the train alec refreshed his memory of the beauclerk case by reading teletype flimsies spot-news stories about the crime sent out by the pearson city star a member of the syndicate press
diana beauclerk was a second-rate actress living in new york
two weeks ago she had gone west to pearson city
daniel forbes her divorced husband lived there
so did the firm of lawyers who had got her the divorce kimball and stacy
she reached pearson city at nine p.m. and went straight to the hotel westmore
she telephoned the junior partner of her law firm martin stacy and asked him to call at her hotel that evening
at the time of her divorce forbes had promised to pay her a lump sum in lieu of further alimony if she remarried
according to stacy she told him she was planning to remarry and she wanted him to ask forbes for the lump sum
stacy replied that it would bankrupt forbes who had just sunk all his money in a real estate venture
stacy said he left her suite at nine forty-five p.m.
she was in good health and spirits but still determined to get the money from forbes
no one saw stacy leave
no other visitor inquired for her that evening
next morning she was found dead in her suite with a bullet from a
colt revolver in her brain
according to the medical examiner she was shot between eleven p.m. and one a.m.
her door was locked and the key was missing
so was the gun
when alec finished reading he was sure that either forbes or stacy had killed diana beauclerk
forbes had motive and stacy had opportunity
find a motive for stacy or an opportunity for forbes and the case would be solved
the hotel westmore proved to be one of the older hotels in pearson city and definitely second-rate
alec 's first impression of the lobby was gloomy victorian dignity black walnut and red plush a black and white tiled floor and persian rugs
he studied the night clerk as a man measures an adversary
i'd like the room i had the last time
the clerk was young and limp with a tired smile
do you recall the number
it was ####
the clerk 's smile congealed
that suite is taken
alec 's glance went to a chart of guest names and room numbers hanging on the wall behind the clerk
opposite the number #### stood one word unoccupied
the clerk 's glance followed alec 's
we have better rooms vacant now he babbled
larger and more comfortable
at the same rate
alec 's face was dark blunt and sulky
he always looked impertinent and he could look dangerous
he was looking dangerous now
he raised his voice
anything wrong with the plumbing in ####
there was a sudden stillness in the lobby
two women who had been chattering like parrots were struck dumb
a man lighting a match for his cigar paused until the flame burned his fingers
even the bellboys on their bench were listening
the clerk 's eyes flickered
anybody with a contagious disease been in there
the clerk was almost hysterical
it 's just that well #### is being redecorated
i don't believe it
alec leaned on the desk holding the clerk 's eyes with his
suppose you tell me the real reason he drawled
there might be a story in it
i'm with the syndicated press feature service
either i get the story or i get the suite
it was blackmail and the clerk knew it
there is no story he piped tremulously
show this gentleman to ####
the stillness persisted as alec followed a bellboy across the lobby to the elevator
he could feel eyes on his back
he wished it had been necessary to announce the number of his suite quite so publicly
the corridor on the eleventh floor was dimly lighted by electric globes at intervals of thirty feet
a thick crimson carpet muffled every footfall
at the end of the corridor alec noticed a door marked fire stairs
it was a neat setup for murder
the bellboy unlocked a white door numbered ####
the room was dark but a neon sign flashed and faded beyond the window
a few snowflakes sifted down through that theatrical red glow languid as falling feathers
hastily the boy switched on a ceiling light
the room looked normal and even commonplace
there was no hint of a violent struggle now
deal furniture with a mahogany finish was neatly arranged as if it stood in the window of a department store
the blue rug was suspiciously bright and new
it had never been stained with blood
table covers and towels were clean ashtrays empty and supplied with fresh matches
the mirror over the bureau was a blank eye round and innocent
alec played the part of an innocent tourist
is there anything wrong with this room
the boy dropped his eyes
afraid you'll lose your job if you don't keep your mouth shut
the boy raised his eyes
if you want my advice pack up and take the next train back to new york
were you on duty here two weeks ago
the boy hesitated
then i'm talking
but i wouldn't spend a night in here for a million bucks
he was in a hurry to get out of the room
alec gave him a tip and let him go
alone alec examined the doors
there were three one leading to a bathroom one to the hall and one to the room next door which was immovable locked or bolted on the other side
alec locked the hall door and put the key with his watch on the bedside table
it was just quarter of nine
as he ranged his belongings on the bureau he noticed a film of white dust on the dark surface of the wood beyond the linen cover
gray like the dust that collects in an unused room but white
women didn't use white face powder nowadays he recalled
they used pink tan or cream powder
alec glanced into the bathroom
blood in the bathtub where the murderer appears to have washed his hands
it seemed clean now but alec decided against a bath
he crawled into bed and switched off the light
in the darkness he could see the rosy reflection of the neon sign on the wall opposite the window
it winked as steadily as a metronome on off on off
in less than five minutes alec was asleep
he never knew just what woke him
yet suddenly he was wide-awake
there was no sound and apparently no movement in the room except the noiseless pulsation of the red light on the wall
he lay still listening to the silence watching the light
somewhere in the city a big clock sounded twelve solemn notes midnight
according to the medical examiner she was shot between eleven p.m. and one a.m.
alec heard a faint sound
his heart seemed to swell and knock against the wall of his chest
for the sound was inside the room
he let his eyelids droop and breathed heavily feigning sleep
the sound was coming nearer
a monstrous shadow fell across the illuminated wall distorted and indefinable
when the neon sign faded out the shadow disappeared
when the neon sign flashed on the shadow was still there
it stretched to an impossible height climbing the wall to the ceiling
that meant that something between the light and its reflection on the wall was moving closer to the source of the light in this case the window
cautiously alec tensed his muscles ready to jump
the bedsprings betrayed him with a creak
the shadow vanished
someone had moved beyond the range of the light from the window
abandoning caution alec leaped out of bed and groped for the light switch
before he could snap it on a stinging blow caught him in the ribs
he lashed out blindly with his right
there was a thick squashy crack of fist on flesh
something hard grazed his knuckles
he put everything he had into the next and aimed down where the stomach ought to be
rough cloth rasped his fist
there was a grunt curiously inarticulate like that of an animal in pain
something heavy shook the floor as it dropped
alec waited a moment on guard
again he groped for the light switch
the blue rug had been rolled up and stacked in one corner of the room
on the bare floorboards a man lay face down
he had a short heavy powerful body
alec turned him over and discovered a round lumpy face with narrow slanting eyes a primitive tartar face from russia or the balkans
the man 's shoes were too pointed his overcoat too broad at the shoulders and too narrow at the waist
there was a slight bulge under the left armpit a shoulder holster
alec promptly removed the gun
he was familiar with this type
he had seen it in the lineup at police headquarters in new york in broadway night clubs and seventh avenue pool rooms in the criminal courts
but he was surprised to meet it here
diana beauclerk had no connection with the underworld
a professional gunman would have killed her with a weapon of such small caliber as a
nor would he choose a respectable hotel as the scene for a killing when it would be so much safer to take his victim for a one-way ride on a lonely country road
the man 's eyelids fluttered
he opened his eyes
what are you doing here
the man made no reply
his eyes were dazed
his lips were bruised and swollen where alec had hit him
did you kill diana beauclerk
alec expected an indignant denial but there was no response at all
oh come on snap out of it
or i'll turn you over to the police
the silence was getting on alec 's nerves
the man opened his mouth but no words came
only that curious animal grunting alec had heard during their fight
don't you speak english
the man opened his mouth wider
a forefinger pointed toward his gullet
alec leaned forward to look
there were hideous scars inside the throat and the palate was mutilated
in good time i shall get to the distressing actuality to red mciver and handley walker to murder and sudden death
but you realize i am sure how much old deeds incite to new ones and you must forgive me if i tell you first of the old ones
it was in #### that abraham wharf and his sister sat by a meager fire in their house on dogtown common a desolate place even then
he was sharpening his razor
sister said he do you think people who commit suicide go to heaven
and she answered i don't know but i hope you'll never do such a thing
without a tremor god forbid
he said and went out and cut his throat in the cave near granny day 's swamp
what has this to do with the present
much i assure you
you must know what gets into people even such as red and handley before you can tell what comes out of them
they had learned both of them about abraham wharf
that 's why i beg you to forget him
his ghost is laid
red and handley god help them knew the old dogtown lore
and i knew they knew it for i'd told them a lot of it
and isn't it true that you get a deeper perception about a man and his motives when you know what it is he knows
yes gentlemen i am getting to the point to my point
you know the facts
they are set forth in your own newspapers
you want from me the story but a story is about why and then perhaps about how
the when you know
so what i am trying to tell you is the why that is my point and that concerns the spirit of the matter
there is an inwardness and a luster to old furniture look at that mahogany highboy behind you which has a provocative emanation if i may say so
places too have their haunting qualities
and my point in this sad story is the spirit of the matter
when you hold the spirit of a thing then somehow you know the truth you know a fake antique from the real thing
and the truth is what you've come for is it
now dogtown is one of those places that creeps into the marrow as worms get into old wood under the veneer
in fact all the folk who lived on the back of cape ann they are just like others
there 's a different hall-mark on them
there were no witch burnings here because everyone had a witch in the family
just think of old granther stannard who pulled the teeth of dark younger her real name was dorcas and because he bungled the job and left two protruding tusks she put such a hex on him that he thought his legs were made of glass
after that he was never known to run or even walk fast
today dogtown is the only deserted village in all new england that i know of
there it sits a small highland with towns like gloucester near by
but now it 's the most lost and tortured place in the world
those who lived in that desolation of rocky deformity took on some of the moraine 's stony character
scientists say it is the last spewings of a great glacier but one rather feels that only a malevolent giant could have piled up those crouching monsters of granite which still seem to preserve a sort of suspended ominous life in them
we'll walk up there later
it 's perhaps a mile from here where we sit
and one single dwelling left there though once in the early eighteenth century there were close to a hundred houses
i myself have identified about sixty sites from the old maps and registers
a fascinating pursuit i assure you
even i can remember nothing but ruined cellars and tumbled pillars and nobody has lived there in the memory of any living man
it is now a sweep of boulders and ledges with oak walnut and sumac creeping across the common and everywhere the ruins and the long long shadows
that 's your setting and a sinister one
please get that in your reports
it accounts for so many things
both red mciver and handley walker lived nearby almost as near as i do
red lived at lanesville and from his house he could be up on the common in a half hour 's brisk walk
handley lived further on at pigeon cove
i'd often find one or other of them up around dogtown sketching
they were both painters they were
what should one say
well anyhow dogtown common is so much off the beaten track nowadays that only sunday picnickers still stray up there from time to time
sea-road railroad lack of water killed dogtown
dead dead as a brass door nail and i sometimes feel like the sexton for i'm about the last to be even interested
i knew red and handley well
as i said they were both painters
they'd come separately to gloucester some twenty years ago there 's always been an artists' colony somewhere on cape ann and each married here
they married cousins anta and freya norberg
there are a lot of scandinavians in this neck of the woods and many still make painted furniture and take steam-baths
pretty girls among them with blonde hair and pert faces
handley married freya and red of the red beard married anta
and it was because of an old norberg inheritance that i got to understand them all so well
the quarrel ended in a ridiculous draw but i must tell you about it
oh yes i'm quite sure it 's important because of the beech pasture
why that 's what gave me the feeling gave me as-it-were the spirit the demoniac evil spirit of this whole affair
you see besides being custodian of antiquities i am also registrar
no i don't hold with those who live entirely among dead things
i know as well as the next man that a ship is called from the rigging she carries where the live wind blows and from the hull
but you've got to know both
what 's below the water-line interests me also
as i was saying i've known all about the old records including the old norberg deed
some ten years ago that page was torn out i don't know by whom
about five years ago handley came to ask me if he could see the tattered register
he was courteous and casual about it as though it were of no consequence
he 's always like that in spite of being a big man
when you see him you'll notice his habit of fingering i might almost say stroking a large mole with black hairs on it by his right temple
a sensual man but very courteous some would say slick
like his glossy black hair
too many outside manners to my taste
he is the sort who with an appraising eye would cross the street to help a strange woman on to a bus and then pinch her
a real gentleman i feel would do neither
he 's always worn a broad-brimmed hat and i've noticed in my small study at the society that he rather smells of cosmetics
the next week cousin red wandered in as casually but curt and untidy
red was small and fine-boned like ivory-inlay
he too asked to see the same page
when i told him someone had torn it out he shouted
by god it 's that damn handley the sneak
and later in the same week they both came together to examine the register
fortunately we were alone in the building so few people nowadays are interested even in their own past or in the lovely craft of other days for they began to abuse each other in the foulest language
red thrusting out his tawny beard handley glowering under his suddenly rumpled black hair
they actually bristled
le rouge et le noir
violent men both
red always was morose yet that day the dapper handley was the louder of the two
but for my presence they would have been at each others' throats
during the quarrel i learned what the trouble was from the accusations each hurled at the other
the beech pasture had suddenly become valuable
there 's a fine granite quarry there and granite 's coming back for public buildings
both men knew it was in the norberg family holdings but to which of the cousins did it belong anta or freya
fortunately i knew almost exactly what the will had said
it began with a preamble of course
this explained that the judge of probate of essex county #### or #### appointed three free-holders of gloucester to divide and establish the norberg estate
after the usual honorable sirs it went on to say that there had been set off to the widow one full third part of the real estate of the deceased salu norberg one lower room on the western side privileges to the well and bake-oven and to one third of the cellar i can show you the cellar when we go up also one cow right and lastly they set off to the widow her own land that she brought with her as dower namely the beech pasture
and i remember that the whole of the privileges counting the beech pasture was valued at twenty pounds
i wish you could have seen the crests fall on these two sparring coxcombs when i told them that obviously the pasture belonged to their wives jointly
that battle scene ridiculous as it was remained in my mind
a disturbing picture of bad blood to be further heightened with illicit if buccolic colors for on a subsequent day i saw handley escorting anta red 's wife up on dogtown common
i felt it would be inopportune to disclose my presence
that i intentionally go unperceived but the boulders up there are very high and i am a small woman
one other cause of jealousy between them i must tell you
gloomy and unkempt as red mciver was he was much the better painter
i suppose handley knew it
if red had a show at gloucester handley would hurry to hang his pictures in rockport
you may say this has little pertinence but gentlemen remember that all this prepared my mind alerted my intelligence
by such touches the pattern takes shape
you would call these the motives of crime
i would call them the patterns of life perhaps even the designs of destiny
yet with all this knowledge i had nothing of substance to unravel our case as you would call it till yesterday
one month ago on the ##th of october was the opening of the gunning season in massachusetts
much to shoot but there are a few pheasant
rabbits too if you care for them which most of the folk around here haven't the sense to appreciate
any more than they have the sense to eat mussels
that was the day red was said to have gone away
oh yes he'd talked about doing so
in fact he often disappeared from time to time off to paint the sea aboard a dragger out from gloucester
anta his wife never seemed to mind
i suppose these absences gave her more clearance for her embraces with cousin handley
anyhow i wasn't surprised early that morning to see handley himself crossing from dogtown common road to the back road
no he didn't have his gun which he should have
it would have been a good excuse for his being there at all
i myself had been up there by seven o'clock after mushrooms since there'd been a week of rain which had stopped early that morning and the day was as clear as sandwich glass
that 's what the man had said
haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary tear-filled eyes
he had no ready answer as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing
was the man drunk or crazy or both
but his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count and the man 's eyes were still clear
the guy is off his rocker haney thought to himself and looked away from those eyes
eyes that were clear but also bright with a strange intensity a sort of cold fire burning behind them
why hadn't he noticed it before
no the man was drunk
he wondered how he got tied up with this stranger
but of course he remembered now
it was blurred after two hours of steady drinking but the occasion of it came back to him
the stranger his head seemingly sunk in thought started to cross the street against the light just as a huge moving van roared through the intersection
brakes howled and a horn blared furiously but the man would have been hit if phil hadn't called out to him a second before
his shout had been involuntary something anybody might have done without thinking on the spur of the moment
as a matter of fact he wouldn't have cared at all if the guy had been hit
actually he regretted having opened his mouth when the truck came to a stop and the angry driver jumped down from the cab and walked back toward them
by then the stranger was thanking haney profusely and had one arm around his shoulders as if he were an old friend
so the driver started to curse at both of them as if they had been in a plot together to ruin his safe-driving record
then the man he saved turned and looked squarely into the truck driver 's face without saying a word
very suddenly the driver stopped swearing at them turned on his heel and went back to his truck
haney hadn't given it much thought at the time
now he recalled it very clearly and wondered what the truck driver had seen in those eyes to make him back off
it must have been the sort of look that can call a bluff without saying a word
when the light went their way they went on across the street
and when the stranger found out that phil was on the way to one of his favorite bars he insisted on offering to buy drinks for both of them
phil usually went alone and kept to himself sitting in a corner and passing the time by nursing his favorite grudges
but he decided he wouldn't mind company in return for free drinks even though he made good money at his job
phil was like that
now he wondered if it was worth it having a screwball for company
he really didn't take the offer seriously but he began to feel uneasy
when he finally got the coughing under control he realized that pete all he gave was his first name was still waiting for an answer he didn't even seem to wink as he continued to stare
haney managed a weak laugh
guess i can't think of anyone pete
a faint crease appeared between the man 's eyebrows
i think you aren't taking me seriously phil
i meant it
and everybody has some kind of grudge
i might have got hit by that truck if it wasn't for you
i believe in returning favors
i'll do anything for somebody i like
it won't cost you a cent phil
go ahead and try me
phil rubbed his forehead wearily
he was beginning to feel woolly
maybe it would be better to humor the guy and then make an exit
he really didn't expect anything to come of it and there were a few people
all right he conceded finally if you must know i don't get along with the landlord
he keeps riding me because i like to listen to the radio and sing while i'm taking a bath
he says the neighbors complain but i don't believe it
why don't they tell me themselves if it bothers them
the man closed his eyes and nodded
when he looked up again he seemed almost contented
give me your address
it will take a little time
i want to study your landlord 's habits and movements first
you see i always make it look like an accident
maybe suicide if it looks reasonable
in that way there 's no trouble for the customer
haney 's eyebrows flew up
pete smiled modestly
it 's my line of work he said
five minutes later before haney could make his break the stranger stood up and nodded farewell
haney watched the small but wiry man slip out the door quickly and silently and felt relieved to see that nobody else seemed to notice his departure
phil decided to stay a little longer and as time passed it seemed as if the strange little man had never been there but for the other glass on the table
some time before midnight he returned to his apartment and hit the sack putting the whole incident out of mind before he fell asleep
the next day sunday the hangover reminded haney where he had been the night before
the hangover in turn reminded him of his conversation with the weirdy and he groaned
he went for more aspirin later in the day and passed the surly landlord on the way he was still alive and scowling as usual as if tenants were a burden in his life
phil shrugged and ignored him
he went back to work monday
by wednesday the landlord was still alive
of course on thursday haney mailed the monthly check for separate maintenance to his wife lolly and wished the stranger could do something about her
coming home from work he was startled to see a police car parked in front of the apartment building
inside the lobby people were standing around talking excitedly
his spine crawled with a foreboding premonition as he asked one of his fellow tenants what had happened
the landlord had died
late that afternoon it seemed he had fallen off the roof while on some obscure errand or inspection
he had apparently been alone
nobody witnessed the fall just the sickening impact when his body smashed on the pavement just outside the basement delivery entrance
haney hoped that nobody noticed his sudden pallor as he felt the blood drain from his cheeks
he muttered something about how terrible it was and walked with deliberate slowness to the elevator
once inside his apartment he poured a drink with trembling hands and flopped limply in a chair
after a while he began to feel better about it especially when no one bothered to ask any questions
but after all why should they
still later he finally convinced himself that it was an accident just a coincidence
the stranger really had nothing to do with it of course
haney went to bed happy that at least he was rid of that lousy landlord
after all the man had no family so no one suffered and everybody was better off for it
really he said to himself nobody kills a man just as a favor
so you thought i didn't mean what i said
the stranger 's eyes were large and sad as if phil haney had hurt his feelings
it was like a recurrent annoying dream but now the dream was beginning to take on overtones of a nightmare
however haney knew it was a dream
he might be very tight but he knew where he was
it was the same bar and it was two weeks later saturday night when he had an excuse to drink heavier than usual
he had been sitting in the usual corner at the little table as far as possible from any talkative friendly lushes
he was enjoying the weekly ritual of washing down his pet grievance with bourbon slightly moistened with water
this favorite grievance was the landlord
he had already quite forgotten about him
in fact he had only mentioned him on the spur of the moment
his real grievance was lolly
toward the end of his fourth hairy highball while he was moodily making wet rings on the table-top with the bottom of the glass he became aware that he was alone
he looked up with bloodshot eyes and beheld the stranger sitting across the table smiling a secret smile at him as if they were fellow conspirators
he hadn't even noticed what was his name
he hadn't seen him sit down
the man was uncanny like a shadow and made as much noise as a shadow
haney felt like shrinking out of sight but he was already trapped in the corner with the wiry dark little man
he began to wish that he hadn't shouted that other evening when the truck bore down through the crossing
was he going to be saddled from now on with a creep for a bar-buddy
he'd have to start going to some of the other places again
in a low voice almost whispering the man had asked phil if he was happy with the way the landlord had been taken off his back
he made the mistake of answering in an offhand way and instantly realized that his skepticism must have showed in his face or voice
pete frowned slightly then became sad and moody
haney didn't want to encourage his company but felt he ought to buy him a drink anyhow to prevent possible trouble
but there was no trouble
the guy sulked over his drink obviously upset by haney 's lack of appreciation
to break the uncomfortable silence haney began to talk
in time and two drinks later he was complaining bitterly about his wife he was on the subject for ten minutes or so when he noticed the renewed interest in his listener it showed in the alert face and the suddenly bright eyes
when he paused to moisten his throat the stranger broke in
but why pay her bills
if she runs around with other men and if you hate her as you say why just divorce her
that bitch would love a divorce he growled
then she'd get half of everything i have
community property deal you know
i'd have to sell out my business to pay her off with her share
she can drop dead
pete nodded understandingly
now i see
you must understand i haven't been in this state too long
i came out here to retire
that 's why i why i do a free job now and then
you should have told me about her before
haney felt a twinge of annoyance when he heard the now familiar line again
then a wild thought ran circles through his clouded brain
suppose just suppose this guy was really what he said he was
a retired professional killer if he was just a nut no harm was done
but if he was the real thing he could do something about lolly
he felt very cunning very proud of himself as he played on the other man 's soft spot
no offense intended he said gently
but it 's just that well you know
the cops didn't suspect a thing and i thought it was a coincidence
after all i didn't know you pete
it could have been an accident
he shrugged casually
but if you say you managed it the stranger was hooked
his eyes burned feverishly
yes yes he muttered impatiently
of course it looked like an accident
i always work it that way and always at a time when the customer has an alibi
let me prove it phil
i think i can manage one more favor for you
he waited eagerly
haney swished the liquor in the bottom of his glass
about halfway back pops groped against a wall and stopped pulled away two loosely nailed wide boards at one end and went through
c'mon he whispered
floor level 's about three feet down so don't fall
i went through and down into pitch darkness
he said jist stay still
i'll pull the boards back and then get us a light
jist stay where you are
i jist stayed where i was while he fumbled around and then walked away
a moment later he struck a match and lighted a candle and i could see
it was a big room empty except for a few things of pops 's at the far end a wooden crate on which stood the candle a spread out blanket and an unrolled bindle
i looked back over my shoulder while i went to join him
he'd hung another half of a blanket over the boarded window so no light would show through
i took the pint bottle from my pocket and handed it over as i sat down beside him on the spread blanket
you first i said
he drank and handed it back
nice place i told him
listen i got a buddy i travel with real nice guy named larry
i know where he is right near here
could he join the party and sleep here tonight too
we'll both be blowing town tomorrow so we won't be moving in on you
he hesitated a second looking at the bottle before he said sure-sure and i reassured him
he'll bring a bottle too and i'll get another one or maybe two while i'm out
you can work on this one while i'm gone kill it if you want
i took a short swallow from it myself and handed it to him
his sure-sure was enthusiastic this time
he put the bottle down
git over by the window while there 's light an' i'll put th' candle out
when yuh come back i'll put it out agin till you're both inside
charlie was waiting leaning against a building front
perfect set-up i told him
but we got to go back to fifth and get another bottle or two
on the way i'll give you the scoop
on the way i gave him the scoop
i bought another pint of sherry and when we got back pops let us in in the dark put back the blanket and then lighted the candle again
i introduced my friend larry to pops and we made ourselves comfortable
there was still a little much left in the first bottle and we passed it around once and killed it and charlie opened his
i was reminded amusedly by a poem of kenneth patchen 's called the murder of two men by a young kid wearing lemon colored gloves which patchen himself read on a record against jazz background
the poem consisted of only two words the word wait repeated over and over at irregular intervals and with different inflections and then the word now
and a blaring final chord from the jazz group
this was the same except that it was the murder of one man by two men and neither of us was wearing gloves
but we could wait all right
there was no hurry
i said wait wait to charlie and he grinned digging the reference
we'd heard the record together once
the second bottle passed a few times
pops was taking long ones but showing the effect yet
he seemed as drunk as when i'd first talked to him but no drunker
he had a capacity
if we'd really been trying to get him dead drunk we'd have had to go out for more wine
about halfway through the second bottle charlie looked at me across pops who was sitting between us and asked now
i said wait and handed the bottle to pops for his final drink
when he handed it back and i had hold of it safely pops was looking toward me and i said now to charlie and he swung the short length of lead pipe he'd meanwhile taken from his pocket once
it was a lead pipe cinch
there was a sound like the one you produce by flicking a watermelon with your finger only louder and pops fell forward from the waist and then over sidewise
out cold if dead
and he'd never known what hit him he'd never known that anything had hit him
i reached my hand toward him to put it inside his shirt to feel for a heartbeat but charlie said wait
and said it sharply as in the patchen bit but as an order so i stopped my hand and looked at him
he was holding the piece of lead pipe out to me
we don't want to know whether he 's dead yet
i gauged that blow to be borderline
to kayo him and maybe or maybe kill
you hit again about twice that hard before we know whether he 's dead or
that way we'll never know which of us really killed him and which was just the accomplice
i dug him i saw his point
it made sense
i took the piece of pipe from charlie 's hand and used it harder than he had
the thunk was louder anyway and i thought i heard bone crack
charlie said good boy
that did it if mine didn't
and we'll never know which
all right now i'll give you a hand
we straightened pops up and i made sure there was no trace of a heartbeat
i nodded to charlie
let 's put him down again the way he was
it 's a more natural position
we did that
how do you feel
charlie asked me
cool i told him
what do you feel
well maybe i'm exaggerating
it was a kick but a big enough one for me to want to take the chance again except for stakes
but let 's talk about it abstractly until we're out of here
now first question the bottles
shall we take them all with us or leave one
take them i said
if we left one we'd have to wipe it for fingerprints
here 's the picture we want to leave for the fuzz whenever the body gets found
this happened in the middle of a drinking bout with another bum
if they'd been working on a bottle or a jug he'd have taken it with him
and he'd have taken the weapon with him too so we take that
now he looked around
i've been careful about fingerprints
how about you
there are the boards over the window of course but they're painted and too rough to take prints
same goes for the rough cement of the ledge
besides i doubt if the cops will even try dusting
they find dead winos every day maybe they won't even autopsy him for the cause of death
we can't take a chance on that
we've got to assume they'll decide he was murdered and we've got to keep the picture consistent
our hypothetical other bum who killed him would have turned out his pockets
let 's do that
we did that and found a dirty handkerchief some matches and fourteen cents in change
we took the matches they were book matches and once they'd been touched might retain fingerprints and the change
we discussed the candle and decided the hypothetical other bum would have left it burning to light his way to the window and because he'd have no reason to blow it out
the candle had been stuck on a tin lid so it wouldn't set fire to the crate when it guttered out
a fire wouldn't have mattered except that it would cause pops to be found sooner
he might be found for days even weeks otherwise
we went once more over every point then triple-checked
being picked up for questioning by a cop on the way out seemed to be the only possible remaining danger and we weren't picked up by a cop
in fact nobody saw us cop or citizen
winsett is a quiet street with no taverns and was completely deserted at that hour
which if it matters was one a.m.
less than three hours ago we'd decided in maxine wells 's pad on cosmo to commit a trial murder
it had gone like clockwork
almost too smoothly i found myself thinking and then told myself that was ridiculous
how safe is too safe
thinking like that can get you into a padded pad
an hour later we were back in my unpadded pad killing what had been left of the second pint
we decided to leave the third one intact for tomorrow
also our plans for me to commit charlie 's murder and for him to commit mine
but we were really going to do it
we shook hands on it
we planned ahead only one step a rendezvous for tomorrow when we could swap notes
i'd tell him everything i'd learned about seaton 's habits and habitat and he'd tell me the score on radic
we made the date for two o'clock in the afternoon at maxine wells 's pad
charlie would get there early because he had the key
from here on in the less charlie and i were seen together in public or visited one another 's rooms the better
i was dead tired and slept soundly as far as i know dreamlessly
we met at maxine 's and decided we were set to stay as long as it took into or even through the evening to talk things out
charlie had brought food and we'd decided on no drinks
i'd brought along the virgin pint from last night but we were going to kill that only when we were through talking
i talked first telling him everything i knew about seaton and his house and domestic arrangements
i drew diagrams and floor plans
he memorized them thoroughly and then we tore them into tiny pieces and flushed them down
he gave me equivalent and even more detailed dope on radic including diagrams one of the apartment building radic lived in and one of the apartment itself
he'd been there several times back when while he and radic had been friends or at least enemies
it didn't take us as long as we'd thought it might
it was quite six o'clock when we finished and charlie said well i guess that 's it
shall we flip a coin to see which of us goes first
or would you rather deal a hand of show-down poker or play a game of gin rummy or what
wait a minute charlie i said
one thing we haven't discussed expense money
we'll need some at least if only bus fare to the scene of the crime
and if you're as flat broke as i am i think we'll have to take the added risk of knocking over a filling station or something before we split for one of us to set up an alibi while the other does his dirty work
all right i'll come clean
i've got a little stashed for a rainy day and i guess this is rainy enough
a couple of hundred
if you draw the short straw i'll lend you some bread like fifty bucks before i take off to visit my sister in frisco
then after i'm back another fifty so you can put some mileage on yourself and have a solid alibi somewhere while i take care of your seat cover boy
solid i said
i took a deep breath and the plunge
in that case let 's draw
i'll go to bat first
you'd have to wait till seaton 's back from mexico city and also while i set it up with doris to have her have an alibi for d-night
so it wouldn't be for days or even a week before you could do anything
but your friend manny can go any time
he grinned and clapped me on the shoulder
i was hoping you'd say that willy
but i wouldn't have suggested it
well in that case i take off tomorrow morning for frisco
and in case i brought the money with me
now that he knew himself to be self he was free to grok ever closer to his brothers merge without let
self 's integrity was and is and ever had been
mike stopped to cherish all his brother selves the many threes-fulfilled on mars corporate and discorporate the precious few on earth the unknown powers of three on earth that would be his to merge with and cherish now that at last long waiting he grokked and cherished himself
mike remained in trance
there was much to grok loose ends to puzzle over and fit into his growing all that he had seen and heard and been at the archangel foster tabernacle just cusp when he and digby had come face to face alone why bishop senator boone made him warily uneasy how miss dawn ardent tasted like a water brother when she was the smell of goodness he had incompletely grokked in the jumping up and down and wailing
jubal 's conversations coming and going jubal 's words troubled him most
he studied them compared them with what he had been taught as a nestling struggling to bridge between languages the one he thought with and the one he was learning to think in
the word church which turned up over and over again among jubal 's words gave him knotty difficulty
there was no martian concept to match it unless one took church and worship and god and congregation and many other words and equated them to the totality of the only world he had known during growing-waiting then forced the concept back into english in that phrase which had been rejected by each differently by jubal by mahmoud by digby
thou art god
he was closer to understanding it in english now although it could never have the inevitability of the martian concept it stood for
in his mind he spoke simultaneously the english sentence and the martian word and felt closer grokking
repeating it like a student telling himself that the jewel is in the lotus he sank into nirvana
before midnight he speeded his heart resumed normal breathing ran down his check list uncurled and sat up
he had been weary
now he felt light and gay and clear-headed ready for the many actions he saw spreading out before him
he felt a puppyish need for company as strong as his earlier necessity for quiet
he stepped out into the hall was delighted to encounter a water brother
my you look chipper
i feel fine
where is everybody
ben and stinky went home an hour ago and people started going to bed
mike felt disappointed that mahmoud had left
he wanted to explain his new grokking
i ought to be asleep too but i felt like a snack
are you hungry
sure i'm hungry
come on there 's some cold chicken and we'll see what else
they went downstairs loaded a tray lavishly
let 's take it outside
it 's plenty warm
a fine idea mike agreed
warm enough to swim real indian summer
i'll switch on the floods
don't bother mike answered
i'll carry the tray
he could see in almost total darkness
jubal said that his night-sight probably came from the conditions in which he had grown up and mike grokked this was true but grokked that there was more to it
his foster parents had taught him to see
as for the night being warm he would have been comfortable naked on mount everest but his water brothers had little tolerance for changes in temperature and pressure
he was considerate of their weakness once he learned of it
but he was looking forward to snow seeing for himself that each tiny crystal of the water of life was a unique individual as he had read walking barefoot rolling in it
in the meantime he was pleased with the warm night and the still more pleasing company of his water brother
okay take the tray
i'll switch on the underwater lights
that'll be plenty to eat by
mike liked having light up through the ripples
it was a goodness beauty
they picnicked by the pool then lay back on the grass and looked at stars
mike there 's mars
it is mars isn't it
it is mars
what are they doing on mars
the question was too wide for the sparse english language
on the side toward the horizon the southern hemisphere it is spring
plants are being taught to grow
taught to grow
larry teaches plants to grow
i have helped him
but my people martians i mean
i now grok you are my people teach plants another way
in the other hemisphere it is growing colder and nymphs those who stayed alive through the summer are being brought into nests for quickening and more growing
of the humans we left at the equator one has discorporated and the others are sad
yes i heard it in the news
mike had heard it
he had known it until asked
they should be sad
mr. booker t. w. jones food technician first class is sad
the old ones have cherished him
you knew him
he had his own face dark and beautiful
but he was homesick
mike do you ever get homesick
at first i was homesick he answered
i was lonely always
he rolled toward her and took her in his arms
but now i am lonely
i grok i shall never be lonely again
mike darling they kissed and went on kissing
presently his water brother said breathlessly
that was almost worse than the first time
you are all right my brother
kiss me again
a long time later by cosmic clock she said mike
is that i mean do you know
it is for growing closer
now we grow closer
well i've been ready a long time goodness we all have but never mind dear
turn just a little
as they merged grokking together mike said softly and triumphantly thou art god
her answer was in words
then as their grokking made them ever closer and mike felt himself almost ready to discorporate her voice called him back oh
thou art god
we grok god
on mars humans were building pressure domes for the male and female party that would arrive by next ship
this went faster than scheduled as the martians were helpful
part of the time saved was spent on a preliminary estimate for a long-distance plan to free bound oxygen in the sands of mars to make the planet more friendly to future human generations
the old ones neither helped nor hindered this plan
time was yet
their meditations were approaching a violent cusp that would shape martian art for many millennia
on earth elections continued and a very advanced poet published a limited edition of verse consisting entirely of punctuation marks and spaces
time magazine reviewed it and suggested that the federation assembly daily record should be translated into the medium
a colossal campaign opened to sell more sexual organs of plants and mrs. joseph shadow of greatness douglas was quoted as saying i would no more sit down without flowers on my table than without serviettes
a tibetan swami from palermo sicily announced in beverly hills a newly discovered ancient yoga discipline for ripple breathing which increased both pranha and cosmic attraction between sexes
his chelas were required to assume the matsyendra posture dressed in hand-woven diapers while he read aloud from rig-veda and an assistant guru examined their purses in another room nothing was stolen
the purpose was less immediate
the president of the united states proclaimed the first sunday in november as national grandmothers' day and urged america to say it with flowers
a funeral parlor chain was indicted for price-cutting
fosterite bishops after secret conclave announced the church 's second major miracle supreme bishop digby had been translated bodily to heaven and spot-promoted to archangel ranking with-but-after archangel foster
the glorious news had been held up pending heavenly confirmation of the elevation of a new supreme bishop huey short a candidate accepted by the boone faction after lots had been cast repeatedly
l'unita and hoy published identical denunciations of short 's elevation l'osservatore romano and the christian science monitor ignored it times of india snickered at it and the manchester guardian simply reported it the fosterites in england were few but extremely militant
digby was pleased with his promotion
the man from mars had interrupted him with his work half finished and that stupid jackass short was certain to louse it up
foster listened with angelic patience until digby ran down then said listen junior you're an angel now so forget it
eternity is no time for recriminations
you too were a stupid jackass until you poisoned me
afterwards you did well enough
now that short is supreme bishop he'll do all right he can't help it
same as with the popes
some of them were warts until they got promoted
check with one of them go ahead there 's no professional jealousy here
digby calmed down but made one request
foster shook his halo
you can't touch him
you shouldn't have tried to
oh you can submit a requisition for a miracle if you want to make a fool of yourself
but i'm telling you it'll be turned down you don't understand the system yet
the martians have their own setup different from ours and as long as they need him we can't touch him
they run their show their way the universe has variety something for everybody a fact you field workers often miss
you mean this punk can brush me aside and i've got to hold still for it
i held still for the same thing didn't i
i'm helping you now am i
now look there 's work to be done and lots of it
the boss wants performance gripes
if you need a day off to calm down duck over to the muslim paradise and take it
otherwise straighten your halo square your wings and dig in
the sooner you act like an angel the quicker you'll feel angelic
get happy junior
digby heaved a deep ethereal sigh
okay i'm happy
where do i start
jubal did hear of digby 's disappearance when it was announced and when he did while he had a fleeting suspicion he dismissed it
if mike had had a finger in it he had gotten away with it and what happened to supreme bishops worried jubal at all as long as he wasn't bothered
his household had gone through an upset
jubal deduced what had happened but did know with whom and didn't want to inquire
mike was of legal age and presumed able to defend himself in the clinches
anyhow it was high time the boy was salted
jubal couldn't reconstruct the crime from the way the girls behaved because patterns kept shifting abc vs d then bcd vs a or ab vs cd or ad vs cb through all ways that four women can gang up on each other
this continued most of the week following that ill-starred trip to church during which period mike stayed in his room and usually in a trance so deep that jubal would have pronounced him dead had he seen it before
jubal would have minded it if service had gone to pieces
the girls seemed to spend half their time tiptoeing in to see if mike was all right and they were too preoccupied to cook much less be secretaries
even rock-steady anne hell anne was the worst
absent-minded subject to unexplained tears jubal would have bet his life that if anne were to witness the second coming she would memorize date time personae events and barometric pressure without batting her calm blue eyes
the expense and time involved are astronomical
however we sent a third vessel out a much smaller and faster one than the first two
we have learned much about interstellar drives since a hundred years ago
that is all i can tell you about them
but the third ship came back several years ago and reported
that it had found a planet on which human beings could live and which was already inhabited by sentient beings
said hal forgetting in his enthusiasm that he had been asked to speak
macneff stopped pacing to stare at hal with his pale blue eyes
how did you know
he said sharply
forgive me sandalphon said hal
but it was inevitable
did the forerunner predict in his time and the world line that such a planet would be found
i believe it was on page ###
macneff smiled and said i am glad that your scriptural lessons have left such an impression
how could they
besides they were the only impressions
i still bear scars on my back where pornsen my gapt whipped me because i had learned my lessons well enough
he was a good impresser that pornsen
as i grew older and was promoted so was he always where i was
he was my gapt in the creche
he was the dormitory gapt when i went to college and thought i was getting away from him
he is now my block gapt
he is the one responsible for my getting such low m. r. 's
swiftly came the revulsion the protest
no he for i and i alone am responsible for whatever happens to me
if i get a low m. r. i do so because i want it that way or my dark self does
if i die i die because i willed it so
so forgive me sigmen for the contrary-to-reality thoughts
please pardon me again sandalphon said hal
but did the expedition find any records of the forerunner having been on this planet
perhaps even though this is too much to wish find the forerunner himself
no said macneff
though that does mean that there may be such records there
the expedition was under orders to make a swift survey of conditions and then to return to earth
i can't tell you now the distance in lightyears or what star this was though you can see it with the naked eye at night in this hemisphere
if you volunteer you will be told where you're going after the ship leaves
and it leaves very soon
you need a linguist
the ship is huge said macneff but the number of military men and specialists we are taking limits the linguists to one
we have considered several of your professionals because they were lamechians and above suspicion
hal waited macneff paced some more frowning
then he said unfortunately only one lamechian linguist exists and he is too old for this expedition
a thousand pardons said hal
but i have just thought of one thing
i am married
no problem at all said macneff
there will be no women aboard the gabriel
and if a man is married he will automatically be given a divorce
hal gasped and he said a divorce
macneff raised his hands apologetically and said you are horrified of course
but from our reading of the western talmud we urielites believe that the forerunner knowing this situation would arise made reference to and provision for divorce
it 's inevitable in this case for the couple will be separated for at the least forty years
naturally he couched the provision in obscure language
in his great and glorious wisdom he knew that our enemies the israelites must be able to read therein what we planned
i volunteer said hal
tell me more sandalphon
six months later hal yarrow stood in the observation dome of the gabriel and watched the ball of earth dwindle above him
it was night on this hemisphere but the light blazed from the megalopolises of australia japan china southeast asia india siberia
hal the linguist saw the glittering discs and necklaces in terms of the languages spoken therein
australia the philippine islands japan and northern china were inhabited by those members of the haijac union that spoke american
southern china all of southeast asia southern india and ceylon these states of the malay federation spoke bazaar
siberia spoke icelandic
his mind turned the globe swiftly for him and he visualized africa which used swahili south of the sahara sea
all around the mediterranean sea asia minor northern india and tibet hebrew was the native tongue
in southern europe between the israeli republics and the icelandic-speaking peoples of northern europe was a thin but long stretch of territory called march
this was no man 's land disputed by the haijac union and the israeli republic a potential source of war for the last two hundred years
neither nation would give up their claim on it yet neither wished to make any move that might lead to a second apocalyptic war
so for all practical purposes it was an independent nation and by now had its own organized government unrecognized outside its own borders
its citizens spoke all of the world 's surviving tongues plus a new one called lingo a pidgin whose vocabulary was derived from the other six and whose syntax was so simple it could be contained on half a sheet of paper
hal saw in his mind the rest of earth iceland greenland the caribbean islands and the eastern half of south america
here the peoples spoke the tongue of iceland because that island had gotten the jump on the hawaiian-americans who were busy resettling north america and the western half of south america after the apocalyptic war
then there was north america where american was the native speech of all except the twenty descendants of french-canadians living on the hudson bay preserve
hal knew that when that side of earth rotated into the night zone sigmen city would blaze out into space
and somewhere in that enormous light was his apartment
but mary would soon no longer be living there for she would be notified in a few days that her husband had died in an accident while on a flight to tahiti
she would weep in private he was sure for she loved him in her frigid way though in public she would be dry-eyed
her friends and professional associates would sympathize with her because she had lost a beloved husband but because she had been married to a man who thought unrealistically
if hal yarrow had been killed in a crash he must have wanted it that way
there was no such thing as an accident
somehow all the other passengers also supposed to have died in this web of elaborate frauds to cover up the disappearance of the personnel of the gabriel had simultaneously agreed to die
and therefore being in disgrace they would be cremated and their ashes flung to the winds in public ceremony
no the fish could eat their bodies for all the sturch cared
hal felt sorry for mary
he had a time keeping the tears from welling to his own eyes as he stood in the crowd in the observation dome
yet he told himself this was the best way
he and mary would no longer have to tear and rend at each other
their mutual torture would be over
mary was free to marry again knowing that the sturch had secretly given her a divorce thinking that death had dissolved her marriage
she would have a year in which to make up her mind to choose a mate from a list selected by her gapt
perhaps the psychological barriers that had prevented her from conceiving hal 's child would no longer be present
hal doubted if this happy event would occur
mary was as frozen below the navel as he
no matter who the candidate for marriage selected by the gapt
he would no longer have to see that fat face hear that whining voice
said the whining voice
and slowly feeling himself icy yet burning hal turned
there was the squat loose-jowled man smiling lopsidedly up at him
my beloved ward my perennial gadfly said the whining voice
i had no idea that you too would be on this glorious voyage
but i might have known
we seem to be bound by love
sigmen himself must have foreseen it
love to you my ward
sigmen love you too my guardian said hal choking
how wonderful to see your cherished self
i had thought we would never again speak to each other
the gabriel pointed towards her destination and under one-gee acceleration began to build up towards her ultimate velocity ##.# percent of the speed of light
meanwhile all the personnel except those few needed to carry out the performance of the ship went into the suspensor
here they would lie in suspended animation for many years
some time later after a check had been made of all automatic equipment the crew would join the others
they would sleep while the gabriel 's drive would increase the acceleration to a point which the unfrozen bodies of the personnel could have endured
upon reaching the desired speed the automatic equipment would cut off the drive and the silent but empty vessel would hurl towards the star which was its journey 's end
many years later the photon-counting apparatus in the nose of the ship would determine that the star was close enough to actuate deceleration
again a force too strong for unfrozen bodies to endure would be applied
then after slowing the vessel considerably the drive would adjust to a one-gee deceleration
and the crew would be automatically brought out of their suspended animation
these members would then unthaw the rest of the personnel
and in the half-year left before reaching their destination the men would carry out whatever preparations were needed
hal yarrow was among the last to go into the suspensor and among the first to come out
he had to study the recordings of the language of the chief nation of ozagen siddo
and from the first he faced a difficult task
the expedition that had discovered ozagen had succeeded in correlating two thousand siddo words with an equal number of american words
the description of the siddo syntax was very restricted
and as hal found out obviously mistaken in many cases
this discovery caused hal anxiety
his duty was to write a school text and to teach the entire personnel of the gabriel how to speak ozagen
yet if he used all of the little means at his disposal he would be instructing his students wrongly
moreover even getting this across would be difficult
for one thing the organs of speech of the ozagen natives differed somewhat from earthmen 's
the sounds made by these organs were therefore dissimilar
it was true that they could be approximated but would the ozagenians understand these approximations
another obstacle was the grammatical construction of siddo
consider the tense system
instead of inflecting a verb or using an unattached particle to indicate the past or future siddo used an entirely different word
thus the masculine animate infinitive dabhumaksanigalu'ahai meaning to live was in the perfect tense ksu'u'peli'afo and in the future mai'teipa
the same use of an entirely different word applied for all the other tenses
plus the fact that siddo only had the normal to earthmen three genders of masculine feminine and neuter but the two extra of inanimate and spiritual
fortunately gender was inflected though the expression of it would be difficult for anybody born in siddo
the system of indicating gender varied according to tense
all the other parts of speech nouns pronouns adjectives adverbs and conjunctions operated under the same system as the verbs
this was for the angel just a matter of running through a logical or deductive chain or deciding on some action from some already established premise
no doubt the angels could do that kind of thing as fast as any computer
what gabriel was being asked to do now however was to re-examine all his basic assumptions make value-judgments on them and give them new and different powers in his mind to govern his motives
this is wholly a reasoning process a computer cannot do it all and even in an angel it takes time
or perhaps especially in an angel whose assumptions had mostly been fixed millions of years ago
being reasonably sure of the reason for the long pause however did make it seem any less long to jack
he had already become used to hesperus' snapping back answers to questions almost before jack could get them asked
there was nothing he could do but wait
the dice were cast
at last gabriel spoke
we misjudged you he said slowly
we had concluded that no race as ephemeral as yours could have had time to develop a sense of justice
of course we have before us the example of the great races at the galactic center
individually they are nearly as mortal as you the difference does seem very marked to us where it exists
but they have survived for long periods as races whereas you are young
we shall recommend to them that they shorten your trial period by half
for now it is clear that we were in the wrong
you may reclaim your property and the penalty on hesperus is lifted
hesperus you may speak
i did perceive this essential distinction either first-born hesperus said at once i was only practicing a concept that jack taught me called a deal
nevertheless you were its agent
jack what is the nature of this concept
it 's a kind of agreement in which each party gives something to the other jack said
we regard it as fair only when each party feels that what he has received is as valuable or more valuable than what he has given
his heart he discovered was pounding
for instance hesperus agreed to help me find my property and i agreed to take him to earth
between individuals this process is called bargaining
when it is done between races or nations it is called making a treaty
and the major part of my mission to your nest is to make a treaty between your race and mine
recovering the property was much less important
strange gabriel said
and apparently impossible
though it might be that we would have much to give you you have nothing to give us
hesperus and lucifer jack said show that we do
but this one was nearly as long
then it is a matter of pleasure
of a more alive time
yes those could be commodities under this concept
but you should understand jack that hesperus and lucifer are long out of the nursery
visiting the earth would be an offering of worth to those of us who are older
this explained a great deal
all the more reason then jack said why we must have a treaty
we will gladly entertain your young and give them proper living quarters in return for their help in running our fusion reactors
but we must know if this is in accordance with your customs and must have your agreement they will misuse the power we put in their hands to our hurt
but this simply requires that they behave in accordance with the dictates of their own natures and respect yours in turn
to this we of course agree
jack felt a wave of complete elation but in a second it had vanished without a trace
what gabriel was asking was that mankind forego all its parochial moral judgments and contract to let the angels serve on earth as it is in heaven regardless of the applicable earth laws
the angels in turn would exercise similar restraints in respect for the natural preferences and natures of the earthmen but they had no faintest notion of man 's perverse habit of passing and enforcing laws which were contrary to his own preferences and violations of his nature
the simple treaty principle that gabriel was asking him to ratify in short was nothing less than total trust
nothing less would serve
and it might be considering the uncomfortable custom the angels had of thinking of everything in terms of absolutes that the proposal of anything less might well amount instead to something like a declaration of war
furthermore even the highly trained law clerk who was a part of jack 's total make-up could understand how the principle could ever be codified
almost the whole experience of mankind pointed toward suspicion trust as the safest and sanest attitude toward all outsiders
yet there was some precedent for it
the history of disarmament agreements for instance had been unreassuringly dismal
but the united states and the union of soviet socialist republics nevertheless did eventually agree on an atomic bomb test ban and a sort of provisional acceptance of each other 's good intentions on this limited question
out of that agreement though by any easy road eventually emerged the present world hegemony of the united nations
suspicion between member states still existed but it was of about the same low order of virulence as the twentieth-century rivalry between arizona and california over water supplies
besides agreements in principle with the petty details to be thrashed out later were commonplace in diplomatic history
the trouble with them was that they almost never worked and in fact an agreement in principle historically turned out to be a sure sign that neither party really wanted the quarrel settled
suppose that this one were to work
there was no question in jack 's mind of the good faith on one side at least
if mankind could be convinced of that
it was worth trying
in fact it had to be tried
it would be at once the most tentative and most final treaty that earth had ever signed
secretary hart had taught jack at least partially to be content with small beginnings in all diplomatic matters
but there was no small way to handle this one
he turned back to the screens the crucial conclusive phrase on his lips
but he was too late
he had lost his audience
for a moment he could make no sense at all of what he saw
it seemed to be only a riot of color light and meaningless activity
gradually he realized that the pentagon of angel elders had vanished and that the ritual learning dance of the nursery had been broken up
the angels in the nursery were zigzagging wildly in all directions seemingly at random
what 's going on here
your brothers have been found
they are on their way here
i don't see them
the instruments don't show them
you can't see them yet jack
they'll be in range in a short while
jack scanned the skies the boards and the skies again
no there was a tiny pip on the radar
and it was getting bigger rapidly
if that was the skiff it was making unprecedented speed
then the skiff hove into sight just a dot of light at first against the roiling blackness and crimson streaks of the coal sack
through the telescope jack could see that both spacesuits were still attached to it
the sail was still unfurled though there were a good many holes in it as langer had predicted would be the case by now
it was a startling almost numenous sight
but even more awesome was the fact that it was trailing an enormous comet's-tail of angels
the skiff was heading for the nursery however
it seemed unlikely that her crew if either of them were alive could even see the ariadne for they were passing her at a distance of nearly a light-year
and there would be no chance of signaling them without the nernst generator jack could send a call powerful enough to get through all the static and by the time he could rebuild his fusion power the skiff would be gone
fuming helpless he watched them pass him
the sail ragged though it was still had enough surface to catch some of the ocean of power being poured out from the nursery stars
he would never have believed without seeing it that the bizarre little vessel could go so fast
but where was it going
and why was it causing so much agitation among the angels and being followed by so many of them
there was only one possible answer but jack 's horrified mind refused to believe it until he had fed the radar plots of the skiff 's course into the computer
the curve on the card the computer spat back at him couldn't be argued with however
the skiff was headed for the very center of the nebula toward that place which jack knew now could hold nothing less important than the very core of the angel 's life and religion
it was clear that langer had at last found a way to attract the angel 's attention
it was equally clear that as of this moment the treaty was off
stern chase ##
langer would have to be headed off whether he knew where he was going or
almost surely he did
after all he had had the same set of facts as jack had had to work from and he was an almost frighteningly observant man
but having talked to the angels he had made a wrong turn in his reasoning somewhere along the line
had he decided perhaps that the center of the cloud was a center of government instead of a center of life and faith
but it didn't matter now whether he meant to invade the holy of holies or was simply headed in that direction by accident
if it was intentional it was now also unnecessary
and whether intentional or the outcome would be disastrous
jack crawled under the boards and restored the six feet of lead line he had excised from the nernst generator switch
when he was back on his feet again and about to reinstall the fuses however he hesitated
he had to have fusion power to catch up with the skiff and he had to have it fast
but fusion power in the coal sack was what had triggered all the trouble in the first place and he already had an angel aboard
i'm going to turn my generator back on as i promised to do
but i can't take you to earth yet
first i've got to intercept my brothers before they get any deeper into trouble
will you obstruct this or will you help
i know it 's part of the bargain and your elders might like it
nobody else can live in your hearth while i am in it hesperus said promptly
as for my elders they have already admitted that they were wrong
if because of this incident they become angry with earth i will be permitted to go there at all
therefore of course i will help
with a short-lived sigh of relief jack plugged the fuses back in and threw the switch
without an instant 's transition the green light that meant full fusion power winked on the board
always before it had taken five minutes to
hesperus was in there
from here on out the ariadne was going to be hotter than any space cruiser man had ever dreamed of
but since he had failed to anticipate it he lost the five minutes anyhow in plotting an intercept orbit
hesperus don't use this t-tau vector trick of yours please
ryan hefted his bulk up and supported it on one elbow
he rubbed his eyes sleepily with one huge paw
ekstrohm nogol you guys okay
nothing wrong with me that couldn't be cured nogol said
he didn't say what would cure him
he had been explaining all during the trip what he needed to make him feel like himself
his small black eyes darted inside the olive oval of his face
well let 's take a ground-level look at the country around here
the facsiport rolled open on the landscape
a range of bluffs hugged the horizon the color of decaying moss
above them the sky was the black of space or the almost equal black of the winter sky above minneapolis seen against neon-lit snow
that cold empty sky was full of fire and light
it seemed almost a magnification of the galaxy itself of the milky way blown up by some master photographer
this fiery swath was actually only a belt of minor planets almost like the asteroid belt in the original solar system
these planets were much bigger nearly all capable of holding an atmosphere
but to the infuriation of scientists for no known reason all of them did
this would be the fifth mapping expedition to the planetoids of yancy-# in three generations
they lay months away from the nearest earth star by jump drive and no one knew what they were good for although it was felt that they would probably be good for something if it could only be discovered much like the continent of antarctica in ancient history
how can a planet with so many neighbors be so lonely
he was the captain so he could ask questions like that
some can be lonely in a crowd nogol said elaborately
what will we need outside ryan
no helmets the captain answered
we can breathe out there all right
it just won't be easy
this old world lost all of its helium and trace gases long ago
nitrogen and oxygen are about it
ryan look over there nogol said
ringing the ship
think they're intelligent maybe hostile
i think they're dead ekstrohm interjected quietly
i get no readings from them at all
sonic electronic galvanic all blank
according to these needles they're stone dead
ekstrohm you and i will have a look ryan said
you hold down the fort nogol
take it easy
easy nogol confirmed
i heard a story once about a rookie who got excited when the captain stepped outside and he couldn't get an encephalographic reading on him
me i know the mind of an officer works in a strange and unfathomable manner
i'm worried about you mis-reading the dials nogol just about a lug like you reading them at all
remember when the little hand is straight up that 's negative
positive results start when it goes towards the hand you use to make your mark
but i'm ambidextrous
ryan told him what he could do then
ekstrohm smiled and followed the captain through the airlock with only a glance at the lapel gauge on his coverall
the strong negative field his suit set up would help to repel bacteria and insects
actually the types of infection that could attack a warm-blooded mammal were infinite and over the course of the last few hundred years adequate defenses had been found for all basic categories
he wasn't likely to come down with hot chills and puzzling striped fever
they ignored the ladder down to the planet surface and with only a glance at the seismological gauge to judge surface resistance dropped to the ground
it was day but in the thin atmosphere contrasts were sharp between light and shadow
they walked from midnight to noon noon to midnight and came to the beast sprawled on its side
ekstrohm nudged it with a boot
hey this is pretty close to a wart-hog
uh-huh ryan admitted
one of the best matches i've ever found
well it has to happen
statistical average and all
still it sometimes gives you a creepy feeling to find a rabbit or a snapping turtle on some strange world
it makes you wonder if this exploration business isn't all some big joke and somebody has been everywhere before you even started
the surveyor looked sidewise at the captain
the big man seldom gave out with such thoughts
ekstrohm cleared his throat
what shall we do with this one
ryan nudged it with his toe following ekstrohm 's example
i don't know stormy
it sure as hell doesn't look like any dominant intelligent species to me
no hands for one thing
of course that 's definite proof
no it isn't ekstrohm said
i think we'd better let it lay until we get a clearer picture of the ecological setup around here
in the meantime we might be thinking on the problem all these dead beasts represent
what killed them
it looks like we did when we made blastdown
but what about our landing was lethal to the creatures
the planet is very low in radiation from mineral deposits and the atmosphere seems to shield out most of the solar output
any little dose of radiation might knock off these critters
i don't know about that
maybe it would work the other way
maybe because they have had virtually no radioactive exposure and don't have any r 's stored up they could take a lot without harm
then maybe it was the shockwave we set up
or maybe it 's sheer xenophobia
they curl up and die at the sight of something strange and alien like a spaceship
maybe the captain admitted
at this stage of the game anything could be possible
but there 's one possibility i particularly don't like
and that is
suppose it was us that killed these aliens
suppose it is something right on the planet native to it
i just hope it doesn't work on earthmen too
these critters went real sudden
ekstrohm lay in his bunk and thought the camp is quiet
the earthmen made camp outside the spaceship
there was no reason to leave the comfortable quarters inside the ship except that faced with a possibility of sleeping on solid ground they simply had to get out
the camp was a cluster of aluminum bubbles ringed with a spy web to alert the earthmen to the approach of any being
each man had a bubble to himself privacy after the long period of enforced intimacy on board the ship
ekstrohm lay in his bunk and listened to the sounds of the night on yancey-# ###
there was a keening of wind and a cracking of the frozen ground
insects there were on the world but they were frozen solid during the night only to revive and thaw in the morning sun
the bunk he lay on was much more uncomfortable than the acceleration couches on board
yet he knew the others were sleeping more soundly now that they had renewed their contact with the matter that had birthed them to send them riding high vacuum
ekstrohm was asleep
now there could be an end to pretending
he threw off the light blanket and swung his feet off the bunk to the floor
ekstrohm stood up
there was no longer any need to hide
but what was there to do
what had changed for him
he no longer had to lie in his bunk all night his eyes closed pretending to sleep
in privacy he could walk around leave the light on read
it was small comfort for insomnia
ekstrohm never slept
some doctors had informed him he was mistaken about this
actually they said he did sleep but so shortly and fitfully that he forgot
others admitted he was absolutely correct he never slept
his body processes only slowed down enough for him to dispell fatigue poisons
occasionally he fell into a waking gritty-eyed stupor
but he never slept
never at all
naturally he couldn't let his shipmates know this
insomnia would ground him from the exploration service on physiological if psychological grounds
he had to hide it
over the years he had had buddies in space in whom he thought he could confide
the buddies invariably took advantage of him
since he couldn't sleep anyway he might as well stand their watches for them or write their reports
where the hell did he get off threatening to report any laxness on their part to the captain
a man with insomnia had better avoid bad dreams of that kind if he knew what was good for him
ekstrohm had to hide his secret
in a camp instead of shipboard hiding the secret was easier
but the secret itself was just as hard
ekstrohm picked up a lightweight no-back from the ship 's library a book by bloch the famous twentieth century expert on sex
he scanned a few lines on the social repercussions of a celebrated nineteenth century sex murderer but he couldn't seem to concentrate on the weighty pontifical ponderous style
on impulse he flipped up the heat control on his coverall and slid back the hatch of the bubble
ekstrohm walked through the alien glass and looked up at the unfamiliar constellations smelling the frozen sterility of the thin air
behind him his mates stirred without waking
ekstrohm was startled in the morning by a banging on the hatch of his bubble
it took him a few seconds to put his thoughts in order and then he got up from the bunk where he had been resting sleeplessly
the angry burnt-red face of ryan greeted him
okay stormy this isn't the place for fun and games
what did you do with them
do with what
the dead beasties
all the dead animals laying around the ship
what are you talking about ryan
what do you think i did with them
i don't know
all i know is that they are gone
ekstrohm shouldered his way outside and scanned the veldt
there was no ring of animal corpses
nothing but wispy grass whipping in the keen breeze
i'll be damned ekstrohm said
you are right now buddy
expe doesn't like anybody mucking up primary evidence
where do you get off ryan
why pick me for your patsy
this has got to be some kind of local phenomenon
why accuse a shipmate of being behind this
listen ekstrohm i want to give you the benefit of every doubt
but you aren't exactly the model of a surveyor you know
you've been riding on a pink ticket for six years you know that
no ekstrohm said no i didn't know that
you've been hiding things from me and nogol every jump we've made with you
now comes this
it fits the pattern of secrecy and stealth you've been involved in
what could i do with your lousy dead bodies
what would i want with them
all i know is that you were outside the bubbles last night and you were the only sentient being who came in or out of our alarm web
the tapes show that
now all the bodies are missing like they got up and walked away
it was a new experience to ekstrohm
suspicion wasn't new to him at all
ryan there are other explanations for the disappearance of the bodies
look for them will you
i give you my word i'm trying to pull some stupid kind of joke or to deliberately foul up the expedition
take my word can't you
ryan shook his head
i don't think i can
there 's still such a thing as mental illness
you may be responsible
don't try anything violent stormy
i outweigh you fifty pounds and i'm fast for a big man
i wasn't planning on jumping you
why do you have to jump me the first time something goes wrong
she lived and was given a name
for her first three vegetable months she waved her crabbed claws kicked weakly with her clubbed feet and enjoyed the usual routine of the infant
she was alone for there were three other such children in the big city 's special nursery
soon they all were removed to central laboratory school where their delicate transformation began
one of the babies died in the initial transferral but of helva 's class seventeen thrived in the metal shells
instead of kicking feet helva 's neural responses started her wheels
instead of grabbing with hands she manipulated mechanical extensions
as she matured more and more neural synapses would be adjusted to operate other mechanisms that went into the maintenance and running of a space ship
for helva was destined to be the brain half of a scout ship partnered with a man or a woman whichever she chose as the mobile half
she would be among the elite of her kind
her initial intelligence tests registered above normal and her adaptation index was unusually high
as long as her development within her shell lived up to expectations and there were no side-effects from the pituitary tinkering helva would live a rewarding rich and unusual life a far cry from what she would have faced as an ordinary normal being
however no diagram of her brain patterns no early i.q. tests recorded certain essential facts about helva that central must eventually learn
they would have to bide their official time and see trusting that the massive doses of shell-psychology would suffice her too as the necessary bulwark against her unusual confinement and the pressures of her profession
a ship run by a human brain could run rogue or insane with the power and resources central had to build into their scout ships
brain ships were of course long past the experimental stages
most babes survived the techniques of pituitary manipulation that kept their bodies small eliminating the necessity of transfers from smaller to larger shells
and very very few were lost when the final connection was made to the control panels of ship or industrial combine
shell people resembled mature dwarfs in size whatever their natal deformities were but the well-oriented brain would have changed places with the most perfect body in the universe
so for happy years helva scooted around in her shell with her classmates playing such games as stall power-seek studying her lessons in trajectory propulsion techniques computation logistics mental hygiene basic alien psychology philology space history law traffic codes all the et ceteras that eventually became compounded into a reasoning logical informed citizen
so obvious to her but of more importance to her teachers helva ingested the precepts of her conditioning as easily as she absorbed her nutrient fluid
she would one day be grateful to the patient drone of the sub-conscious-level instruction
helva 's civilization was without busy do-good associations exploring possible inhumanities to terrestrial as well as extraterrestrial citizens
one such group got all incensed over shelled children when helva was just turning fourteen
when they were forced to central worlds shrugged its shoulders arranged a tour of the laboratory schools and set the tour off to a big start by showing the members case histories complete with photographs
very few committees ever looked past the first few photos
most of their original objections about shells were overridden by the relief that these hideous to them bodies were mercifully concealed
helva 's class was doing fine arts a selective subject in her crowded program
she had activated one of her microscopic tools which she would later use for minute repairs to various parts of her control panel
her subject was large a copy of the last supper and her canvas small the head of a tiny screw
she had tuned her sight to the proper degree
as she worked she absentmindedly crooned producing a curious sound
shell people used their own vocal cords and diaphragms but sound issued through microphones rather than mouths
helva 's hum then had a curious vibrancy a warm dulcet quality even in its aimless chromatic wanderings
why what a lovely voice you have said one of the female visitors
helva looked up and caught a fascinating panorama of regular dirty craters on a flaky pink surface
her hum became a gurgle of surprise
she instinctively regulated her sight until the skin lost its cratered look and the pores assumed normal proportions
yes we have quite a few years of voice training madam remarked helva calmly
vocal peculiarities often become excessively irritating during prolonged intra-stellar distances and must be eliminated
i enjoyed my lessons
although this was the first time that helva had seen unshelled people she took this experience calmly
any other reaction would have been reported instantly
i meant that you have a nice singing voice dear the lady amended
would you like to see my work
helva asked politely
she instinctively sheered away from personal discussions but she filed the comment away for further meditation
asked the lady
i am currently reproducing the last supper on the head of a screw
no i say the lady twittered
helva turned her vision back to magnification and surveyed her copy critically
of course some of my color values do match the old master 's and the perspective is faulty but i believe it to be a fair copy
the lady 's eyes unmagnified bugged out
oh i forget and helva 's voice was really contrite
if she could have blushed she would have
you people don't have adjustable vision
the monitor of this discourse grinned with pride and amusement as helva 's tone indicated pity for the unfortunate
here this will help suggested helva substituting a magnifying device in one extension and holding it over the picture
in a kind of shock the ladies and gentlemen of the committee bent to observe the incredibly copied and brilliantly executed last supper on the head of a screw
well remarked one gentleman who had been forced to accompany his wife the good lord can eat where angels fear to tread
are you referring sir asked helva politely to the dark age discussions of the number of angels who could stand on the head of a pin
i had that in mind
if you substitute atom for angel the problem is insoluble given the metallic content of the pin in question
which you are programed to compute
did they remember to program a sense of humor as well young lady
we are directed to develop a sense of proportion sir which contributes the same effect
the good man chortled appreciatively and decided the trip was worth his time
if the investigation committee spent months digesting the thoughtful food served them at the laboratory school they left helva with a morsel as well
singing as applicable to herself required research
she had of course been exposed to and enjoyed a music appreciation course which had included the better known classical works such as tristan und isolde candide oklahoma nozze de figaro the atomic age singers eileen farrell elvis presley and geraldine todd as well as the curious rhythmic progressions of the venusians capellan visual chromatics and the sonic concerti of the altairians
but singing for any shell person posed considerable technical difficulties to be overcome
shell people were schooled to examine every aspect of a problem or situation before making a prognosis
balanced properly between optimism and practicality the nondefeatist attitude of the shell people led them to extricate themselves their ships and personnel from bizarre situations
therefore to helva the problem that she couldn't open her mouth to sing among other restrictions did bother her
she would work out a method by-passing her limitations whereby she could sing
she approached the problem by investigating the methods of sound reproduction through the centuries human and instrumental
her own sound production equipment was essentially more instrumental than vocal
breath control and the proper enunciation of vowel sounds within the oral cavity appeared to require the most development and practice
shell people did strictly speaking breathe
for their purposes oxygen and other gases were drawn from the surrounding atmosphere through the medium of lungs but sustained artificially by solution in their shells
after experimentation helva discovered that she could manipulate her diaphragmic unit to sustain tone
by relaxing the throat muscles and expanding the oral cavity well into the frontal sinuses she could direct the vowel sounds into the most felicitous position for proper reproduction through her throat microphone
she compared the results with tape recordings of modern singers and was unpleased although her own tapes had a peculiar quality about them at all unharmonious merely unique
acquiring a repertoire from the laboratory library was no problem to one trained to perfect recall
she found herself able to sing any role and any song which struck her fancy
it would have occurred to her that it was curious for a female to sing bass baritone tenor alto mezzo soprano and coloratura as she pleased
it was to helva only a matter of the correct reproduction and diaphragmic control required by the music attempted
if the authorities remarked on her curious avocation they did so among themselves
shell people were encouraged to develop a hobby so long as they maintained proficiency in their technical work
on the anniversary of her sixteenth year in her shell helva was unconditionally graduated and installed in her ship the aj
her permanent titanium shell was recessed behind an even more indestructible barrier in the central shaft of the scout ship
the neural audio visual and sensory connections were made and sealed
her extendibles were diverted connected or augmented and the final delicate-beyond-description brain taps were completed while helva remained anesthetically unaware of the proceedings
when she awoke she was the ship
her brain and intelligence controlled every function from navigation to such loading as a scout ship of her class needed
she could take care of herself and her ambulatory half in any situation already recorded in the annals of central worlds and any situation its most fertile minds could imagine
her first actual flight for she and her kind had made mock flights on dummy panels since she was eight showed her complete mastery of the techniques of her profession
she was ready for her great adventures and the arrival of her mobile partner
there were nine qualified scouts sitting around collecting base pay the day helva was commissioned
there were several missions which demanded instant attention but helva had been of interest to several department heads in central for some time and each man was determined to have her assigned to his section
consequently no one had remembered to introduce helva to the prospective partners
the ship always chose its own partner
had there been another brain ship at the base at the moment helva would have been guided to make the first move
as it was while central wrangled among itself robert tanner sneaked out of the pilots' barracks out to the field and over to helva 's slim metal hull
hello anyone at home
of course replied helva logically activating her outside scanners
are you my partner
she asked hopefully as she recognized the scout service uniform
all you have to do is ask he retorted hopefully
no one has come
i thought perhaps there were no partners available and i've had no directives from central
even to herself helva sounded a little self-pitying but the truth was she was lonely sitting on the darkened field
always she had had the company of other shells and more recently technicians by the score
the sudden solitude had lost its momentary charm and become oppressive
no directives from central is scarcely a cause for regret but there happen to be eight other guys biting their fingernails to the quick just waiting for an invitation to board you you beautiful thing
it would have killed you in the cabin
do you have anything for me
mercer stammered knowing what b'dikkat meant and the two-nosed man answered for him i think he has a nice baby head but it isn't big enough for you to take yet
mercer never noticed the needle touch his arm
b'dikkat had turned to the next knot of people when the super-condamine hit mercer
he tried to run after b'dikkat to hug the lead spacesuit to tell b'dikkat that he loved him
he stumbled and fell but it did hurt
the many-bodied girl lay near him
mercer spoke to her
isn't it wonderful
you're beautiful beautiful beautiful
i'm so happy to be here
the woman covered with growing hands came and sat beside them
she radiated warmth and good fellowship
mercer thought that she looked very distinguished and charming
he struggled out of his clothes
it was foolish and snobbish to wear clothing when none of these nice people did
the two women babbled and crooned at him
with one corner of his mind he knew that they were saying nothing just expressing the euphoria of a drug so powerful that the known universe had forbidden it
with most of his mind he was happy
he wondered how anyone could have the good luck to visit a planet as nice as this
he tried to tell the lady da but the words weren't quite straight
a painful stab hit him in the abdomen
the drug went after the pain and swallowed it
it was like the cap in the hospital only a thousand times better
the pain was gone though it had been crippling the first time
he forced himself to be deliberate
he rammed his mind into focus and said to the two ladies who lay pinkly nude beside him in the desert that was a good bite
maybe i will grow another head
that would make b'dikkat happy
the lady da forced the foremost of her bodies in an upright position
said she i'm strong too
i can talk
remember man remember
people never live forever
we can die too we can die like real people
i do so believe in death
mercer smiled at her through his happiness
of course you can
but isn't this nice
with this he felt his lips thicken and his mind go slack
he was wide awake but he did feel like doing anything
in that beautiful place among all those companionable and attractive people he sat and smiled
b'dikkat was sterilizing his knives
mercer wondered how long the super-condamine had lasted him
he endured the ministrations of the dromozoa without screams or movement
the agonies of nerves and itching of skin were phenomena which happened somewhere near him but meant nothing
he watched his own body with remote casual interest
the lady da and the hand-covered woman stayed near him
after a long time the half-man dragged himself over to the group with his powerful arms
having arrived he blinked sleepily and friendlily at them and lapsed back into the restful stupor from which he had emerged
mercer saw the sun rise on occasion closed his eyes briefly and opened them to see stars shining
time had no meaning
the dromozoa fed him in their mysterious way
the drug canceled out his needs for cycles of the body
at last he noticed a return of the inwardness of pain
the pains themselves had changed
he knew all the events which could take place on shayol
he remembered them well from his happy period
formerly he had noticed them now he felt them
he tried to ask the lady da how long they had had the drug and how much longer they would have to wait before they had it again
she smiled at him with benign remote happiness
apparently her many torsos stretched out along the ground had a greater capacity for retaining the drug than did his body
she meant him well but was in no condition for articulate speech
the half-man lay on the ground arteries pulsating prettily behind the half-transparent film which protected his abdominal cavity
mercer squeezed the man 's shoulder
the half-man woke recognized mercer and gave him a healthily sleepy grin
a good morrow to you my boy
that 's out of a play
did you ever see a play
you mean a game with cards
no said the half-man a sort of eye-machine with real people doing the figures
i never saw that said mercer but i
but you want to ask me when b'dikkat is going to come back with the needle
yes said mercer a little ashamed of his obviousness
soon said the half-man
that 's why i think of plays
we all know what is going to happen
we all know when it is going to happen
we all know what the dummies will do he gestured at the hummocks in which the decorticated men were cradled and we all know what the new people will ask
but we never know how long a scene is going to take
what 's a scene
is that the name for the needle
the half-man laughed with something close to real humor
no no no
you've got the lovelies on the brain
a scene is just a part of a play
i mean we know the order in which things happen but we have no clocks and nobody cares enough to count days or to make calendars and there 's much climate here so none of us know how long anything takes
the pain seems short and the pleasure seems long
i'm inclined to think that they are about two earth-weeks each
mercer did know what an earth-week was since he had been a well-read man before his conviction but he got nothing more from the half-man at that time
the half-man received a dromozootic implant turned red in the face shouted senselessly at mercer take it out you fool
take it out of me
when mercer looked on helplessly the half-man twisted over on his side his pink dusty back turned to mercer and wept hoarsely and quietly to himself
mercer himself could tell how long it was before b'dikkat came back
it might have been several days
it might have been several months
once again b'dikkat moved among them like a father
once again they clustered like children
this time b'dikkat smiled pleasantly at the little head which had grown out of mercer 's thigh a sleeping child 's head covered with light hair on top and with dainty eyebrows over the resting eyes
mercer got the blissful needle
when b'dikkat cut the head from mercer 's thigh he felt the knife grinding against the cartilage which held the head to his own body
he saw the child-face grimace as the head was cut
he felt the far cool flash of unimportant pain as b'dikkat dabbed the wound with a corrosive antiseptic which stopped all bleeding immediately
the next time it was two legs growing from his chest
then there had been another head beside his own
or was that after the torso and legs waist to toe-tips of the little girl which had grown from his side
he forgot the order
he did count time
lady da smiled at him often but there was no love in this place
she had lost the extra torsos
in between teratologies she was a pretty and shapely woman
but the nicest thing about their relationship was her whisper to him repeated some thousands of time repeated with smiles and hope people never live forever
she found this immensely comforting even though mercer did make much sense out of it
thus events occurred and victims changed in appearance and new ones arrived
sometimes b'dikkat took the new ones resting in the everlasting sleep of their burned-out brains in a ground-truck to be added to other herds
the bodies in the truck threshed and bawled without human speech when the dromozoa struck them
finally mercer did manage to follow b'dikkat to the door of the cabin
he had to fight the bliss of super-condamine to do it
only the memory of previous hurt bewilderment and perplexity made him sure that if he did ask b'dikkat when he mercer was happy the answer would no longer be available when he needed it
fighting pleasure itself he begged b'dikkat to check the records and to tell him how long he had been there
b'dikkat grudgingly agreed but he did come out of the doorway
he spoke through the public address box built into the cabin and his gigantic voice roared out over the empty plain so that the pink herd of talking people stirred gently in their happiness and wondered what their friend b'dikkat might be wanting to tell them
when he said it they thought it exceedingly profound though none of them understood it since it was simply the amount of time that mercer had been on shayol
standard years eighty-four years seven months three days two hours eleven and one half minutes
good luck fellow
mercer turned away
the secret little corner of his mind which stayed sane through happiness and pain made him wonder about b'dikkat
what persuaded the cow-man to remain on shayol
what kept him happy without super-condamine
was b'dikkat a crazy slave to his own duty or was he a man who had hopes of going back to his own planet some day surrounded by a family of little cow-people resembling himself
mercer despite his happiness wept a little at the strange fate of b'dikkat
his own fate he accepted
he remembered the last time he had eaten actual eggs from an actual pan
the dromozoa kept him alive but he did know how they did it
he staggered back to the group
the lady da naked in the dusty plain waved a hospitable hand and showed that there was a place for him to sit beside her
there were unclaimed square miles of seating space around them but he appreciated the kindliness of her gesture none the less
the years if they were years went by
the land of shayol did change
sometimes the bubbling sound of geysers came faintly across the plain to the herd of men
those who could talk declared it to be the breathing of captain alvarez
there was night and day but no setting of crops no change of season no generations of men
time stood still for these people and their load of pleasure was so commingled with the shocks and pains of the dromozoa that the words of the lady da took on very remote meaning
people never live forever
her statement was a hope a truth in which they could believe
they did have the wit to follow the stars in their courses to exchange names with each other to harvest the experience of each for the wisdom of all
there was no dream of escape for these people
though they saw the old-style chemical rockets lift up from the field beyond b'dikkat 's cabin they did make plans to hide among the frozen crop of transmuted flesh
far long ago some other prisoner than one of these had tried to write a letter
his handwriting was on a rock
mercer read it and so had a few of the others but they could tell which man had done it
nor did they care
the letter scraped on stone had been a message home
they could still read the opening once i was like you stepping out of my window at the end of day and letting the winds blow me gently toward the place i lived in
once like you i had one head two hands ten fingers on my hands
the front part of my head was called a face and i could talk with it
now i can only write and that only when i get out of pain
dan morgan told himself he would forget ann turner
he was well rid of her
he certainly didn't want a wife who was fickle as ann
if he had married her he'd have been asking for trouble
but all of this was rationalization
sometimes he woke up in the middle of the night thinking of ann and then could get back to sleep
his plans and dreams had revolved around her so much and for so long that now he felt as if he had nothing
the easiest thing would be to sell out to al budd and leave the country but there was a stubborn streak in him that wouldn't allow it
the best antidote for the bitterness and disappointment that poisoned him was hard work
he found that if he was tired enough at night he went to sleep simply because he was too exhausted to stay awake
each day he found himself thinking less often of ann
each day the hurt was a little duller a little less poignant
he had plenty of work to do
because the summer was unusually dry and hot the spring produced a smaller stream than in ordinary years
the grass in the meadows came fast now that the warm weather was here
he could afford to lose a drop of the precious water so he spent most of his waking hours along the ditches in his meadows
he had no idea how much time budd would give him
in any case he had no intention of being caught asleep so he carried his revolver in its holster on his hip and he took his winchester with him and leaned it against the fence
he stopped every few minutes and leaned on his shovel as he studied the horizon but nothing happened each day dragging out with monotonous calm
when in late afternoon on the last day in june he saw two people top the ridge to the south and walk toward the house he quit work immediately and strode to his rifle
it could be some kind of trick budd had thought up
no one walked in this country least of all ed dow or dutch renfro or any of the rest of the bar b crew
morgan watched the two figures for a time puzzled
when they were closer and he saw that one was a woman he was more puzzled than ever
he cleaned his shovel left it against the fence picked up his winchester and started downstream
his visitors had crawled through the south fence and were crossing the meadow angling toward the house
now he saw that both the man and woman were moving slowly and irregularly staggering as if they found it a struggle to remain on their feet
reaching the house ahead of them he waited with his winchester in his hands
they crawled through the north fence and came on toward him and now he saw that both were young more than nineteen or twenty
they were dirty their clothes were torn and the girl was so exhausted that she fell when she was still twenty feet from the front door
she lay there making no effort to get back on her feet
the boy came on to the porch and sat down his gaze on morgan as if half expecting him to shoot and really caring
morgan hesitated thinking that if this was a trick it was a good one
he didn't think it was possible for this couple to be pretending
the boy licked his dry lips
he asked could we have a drink
morgan jerked his head toward the front door
in the kitchen he said
leaning his winchester against the front of the house he walked to the girl
there 's water in the house
she didn't move or say anything
her eyes were glazed as if she didn't hear or even see him
she had reached a point at which she didn't even care how she looked
her face was very thin and burned by the sun until much of the skin was dead and peeling the new skin under it red and angry
her blond hair was frowzy her dress torn in several places and her shoes were so completely worn out that they were practically no protection
it must have hurt her even to walk for the sole was completely off her left foot and morgan saw that it was bruised and bleeding
he picked her up sliding one hand under her shoulders the other under her knees and carried her into the house
she was amazingly light and so relaxed in his arms that he wasn't even sure she was conscious
any lingering suspicion that this was a trick al budd had thought up was dispelled
no girl would go this far to fool a man so she could kill him
besides she had a sweet face that attracted him
he put her down on the couch and going into the kitchen saw that the boy had dropped into a chair beside the table
they looked a good deal alike morgan thought
both had blonde hair and blue eyes and there was even a faint similarity of features
morgan filled the dipper from the water bucket on the shelf went back into the front room lifted the girl 's head and held the edge of the dipper to her mouth
she drank greedily and murmured thank you as he lowered her head
he stood looking down at her for a moment wondering what could have reduced her to this condition
he had seen a few nester wagons go through the country the families almost starving to death but he had never seen any of them on foot and as bad off as these two
the girl dropped off to sleep
morgan returned to the kitchen built a fire and carried in several buckets of water from the spring which he poured into the copper boiler that he had placed on the stove
he brought his winchester in from the front of the house then faced the boy
who are you and what happened to you
i'm billy jones the boy answered
that 's my wife sharon
we ran out of money and we haven't eaten for two days
what are you doing here
are we in wyoming
about five miles north of the line
jones sighed as if relieved
we've been looking for work but all the ranchers have turned us down
you mean you dragged your wife all over hell 's half-acre looking for work
the town of buckhorn 's only about six miles from here
why didn't you go there
we didn't want town work jones said
this is a mighty empty country morgan said
there 's only one more ranch three miles north of here
you'd have starved to death if you'd missed both places
then we're lucky we got here
could you give us a job mr.
he was silent a moment thinking he could use a man this time of year and if the girl could cook it would give him more time in the meadows but he knew nothing about the couple
they might kill him in his sleep thinking there was money in the house
he dismissed the possibility at once
the girl 's thin face haunted him
it wasn't the face of a killer
he wasn't so sure about the boy
he hadn't shaved for several weeks his sparse beard giving his face a pathetic woebegone expression
there was more to this than jones had told him
they were running from something
he'd be an idiot to let them stay he thought but he couldn't send them on either
i could use some help morgan said finally but i can't afford to pay you anything
i guess you'd better go on in the morning
we'll work for our keep the boy said eagerly
i've been mucking in a mine in the san juan but i used to work on a ranch
sharon she 's cooked in a restaurant
we'll work hard mr. morgan
i'll see morgan said
right now you need a meal and a bath
your wife 's in terrible shape
i know jones said dejectedly
morgan filled the fire box with wood again then started supper and set the table
when the meal was ready he told jones to wash up and going into the front room woke the girl
he said i've got some supper ready
she rubbed her eyes and stretched then sat up her hands going to her hair
i'm a mess she said and suddenly she was alarmed
who are you
how did we get here
i'm dan morgan
this is the rafter aj
you fell down in front of the house and i carried you in
i gave you a drink and then you went to sleep
she stared at him her eyes wide as she thought about what he had said
then she murmured you're very kind mr. morgan
do you take in all the strays who come by
i don't have many strays coming to my front door he said
think you can walk to the table
she got to her feet staggered and almost fell
he caught her by an arm and helped her into the kitchen
she sat down at the table shaking her head
i'm sorry mr. morgan
i'm usually a very strong woman but i'm awfully tired
and hungry he said
it 's much of a meal but it 's what i eat
much of a meal
the girl cried
mr. morgan it 's the best-looking food i ever saw
he told himself he had never seen two people eat so much
when they were finally satisfied jones said i think he 's going to give us work
the grateful way she looked at morgan made him ashamed of himself
when he saw the expression in her eyes he knew he couldn't send them on
she said i guess the lord looks out for fools drunkards and innocents
which are you
we're drunkards she said
that 's all i'm sure of
she helped him with the dishes then he brought more water in from the spring before it got dark
he carried the tub from the back of the house where it hung from a nail in the wall
he said you'll feel a lot better after you have a bath
your feet are in bad shape mrs. jones
you'll have to go to town to see the doc
no she'll be all right jones said quickly
i mean we don't have any way to get there and we can't expect you to quit work just to take us to town
we'll see morgan said
could you find me a needle and thread
the girl asked
my dress needs some work on it
he nodded and going into the bedroom brought a needle thread and scissors
he said i'm going to bed
he nodded at the door in front of him
that 's my spare bedroom
the bed isn't made but you'll find plenty of blankets there
you're awfully kind the girl said
we'll pay you back if you'll let us
it 's all right he said
i get up early
you'd better sleep
jones followed him into the front room closing the door behind him
he said if it 's all right with you mr. morgan i'll sleep out here on the couch
we haven't slept together since we started
i just can't take any chances on getting her pregnant and if we were sleeping together
he stopped embarrassed and morgan said i understand that but i don't savvy why you'd go off and leave your jobs in the first place
we got fired jones said
we had to do something
they were a pair of lost whipped kids morgan thought as he went to bed
gavin paused wearily
you can't stay here with me
it 's late and you said they'd be here by dawn
you can't make me go
gavin sank down again into his chair and began to rock
he was thinking of rittenhouse and how he had left him there to rock to death on the porch of the splendide
it was the only thing in his life for which he felt guilt
beneath his black shirt his frail shoulders shook and croaks of pain broke from his throat the stored pain shattering free in slow gasps terrible to see
clayton tried to call back the face of the man he had known
against that other man he could rally his anger
against this bent man in the chair he was powerless
gavin 's lips moved so that clayton had to stoop to catch the words
do you remember big charlie
he stuck with me all these years
just a half-breed 'pache never said much never meant anythin to me but he stuck with me
he got into a fight with tom english your brother 's son
it was a fair fight the boy provoked it big charlie told me so
i believed him
they killed big charlie dumped his body in my rose garden two nights ago
my men they all left me
just cleared out
i didn't understand why clay
they just all cleared out
i treated them fair
he wiped his lips with a sleeve then stared at clayton in a childish kind of wonder
do you mean he asked almost shyly you want me to go with you wherever you're goin
you don't hate me any more
clayton choked shook his head murmuring no
the old man beckoned with one finger and clayton went forward to him
gavin slipped his arms around his chest and hugged him fiercely
all my life he said i tried
i saw you driftin away but i tried
and you wanted no part of me when i had so much to give
now there 's nothin left of me
laurel is gone my men are gone ed is dead and you come to me to help me
god in heaven i can't refuse you now
that would mock me too much
can't let you go way from me again he closed his eyes ashamed of his tears
i'll go clay
clayton freed himself from the embrace and stepped back
the eyes followed him fearfully
there isn't much time
i'll saddle the horses and bring them round
you get ready
he burst from the hot confinement of the room into the cold night air
gavin 's stallion was in the barn and he tightened the cinches over the saddle blanket working by touch in the darkness comforting the animal with easy words
when he had finished he led him and the mare to the porch
the stallion had smelled the mare coming into heat and began to paw the turf shaking his head
clayton looped the reins in a knot over the veranda post and patted the warm flesh of his neck
the mare had backed away
you take it easy boy clayton whispered
she doesn't want you now
you take it easy your time will come
gavin stood on the porch a thin figure
he had taken a carbine down from the wall and it trailed from his hand the stock bumping on the wood floor
clayton called to him and he came slowly down the steps
clay he said where are we goin
to a ranch in the valley
there 's someone there i have to see
we may take her with us to california
i don't know yet it 's crazy
i have to think about it
but california is where we're goin
gavin began to nod
that 's a new land
a man could make a mark there
two men together like us we could do somethin fine out there maybe find a place where no one 's ever been
start out fresh the two of us like nothin had ever happened
yes like a father and son
i made you what you are gavin whispered
i made you so you could stand up
i made you a man
yes gavin you did
he approached the horse and laid a hand on the stallion 's quivering neck
help me up clay
help me up i feel kind of stiff
clayton lifted him gently into the saddle like a child
i hate to leave my garden gavin said
they'll trample it down
i loved my garden
it will grow again in california
i loved this valley he whispered huskily
lived alone here for three years before any man came
lived alone by the river
it was nice then so peaceful and quiet
there was no one but me
i don't want to leave it
clayton swung into the saddle and whacked the stallion 's rump
the two horses broke from the yard from the circle of light cast by the lamp still burning in the house into the darkness
they rode at a measured pace through the valley
dawn would come soon and the night was at its coldest
the moon had sunk below the black crest of the mountains and the land seen through eyes that had grown accustomed to the absence of light looked primeval as if no man had ever trespassed before
it looked as gavin had first seen it years ago on those nights when he slept alone by his campfire and waked suddenly to the hoot of an owl or the rustle of a blade of grass in the moon 's wind a savage land untenanted and brooding too strong to be broken by the will of men
gavin sighed bitterly
in that inert landscape the caravan of his desires passed before his mind
he saw them ambushed strewn in the postures of the broken and the dying
in vain his mind groped to reassemble the bones of the relationships he had sought so desperately but they would come to life
the silence oppressed him made him bend low over the horse 's neck as if to hide from a wind that had begun to blow far away and was twisting slowly through the darkness in its slow search
they passed ranches that were framed dark gray against the black hills
then at last the darkness began to dissolve
a bold line of violet broke loose from the high ridge of the mountains followed by feathers of red that swept the last stars from the sky
the wan light spread over the ground and the valley revealed in the first glimmer the contours of trees and fences and palely shadowed gullies
they had been seen as soon as they left the ranch picked out of the darkness by the weary though watchful eyes of two men posted a few hundred yards away in the windless shelter of the trees
the two men whipped their horses into town and flung themselves up the steps of the saloon crying their intelligence
the men in pettigrew 's were tired from a night 's drinking their faces red and baggy
but the liquor had flushed their courage
they greeted the news angrily as though they had been cheated of purpose
lester heard their muttering saw their eyes reveal their desire
he worked his tongue round and round in the hollow of his cheek and his voice came out of his throat dry and cracked
that 's what you wanted isn't it
clayton is with him takin him out of the valley
keep out of this purvis snarled
he 's your brother he 's gavin 's son
you see he lied to us when he said he was leavin alone
joe purvis was thinking back many years
first he thought of the time he had ridden to gavin and told him how his cattle were being rustled at the far end of the valley
he remembered gavin 's smirk his own cringing feeling his impotence
then he thought of a time when clayton 's horse had fallen lame in the gap
his wife had said to him nellie is in love with clayton roy
he wouldn't even dance with her at gavin 's party
he treats her like she was dirt
and you stand by like a fool and let him do it
he remembered clayton 's mocking smile in the saloon when he had asked him what he would do if they brought their cattle to water
it was the night clayton had tricked them in the poker game
you're gavin 's son joe purvis had said
he turned to lester
you brought him back to this valley thinkin he would help you find your boy
he meant to help gavin all the time
he made a fool of you lester
he swung round to the other men we can catch him easy
there are plenty of fresh horses halfway at my place
if we let them go they won't stay away they'll find men to ride with them and they'll be back
there 's only one way they can get out now and that 's through the gap if we ride hard we can take them
lester 's hand fluttered to cabot 's shoulder
the boy jerked away
he killed tom do you understand that
cabot turned back to the men and he was drunk with the thing they would do wild to break from the cloying warmth of the saloon into the cold of the ebbing night
he fled through the door and down the steps running and the men grunted and followed pushing lester to one side where he backed against the wall with the sleeve of his jacket raised before his eyes to shut out the light
purvis and silas pettigrew were the last to leave
they mounted up and rode slowly behind the others at a safe distance
in the cold dawn the mist swirled low to the ground then rose with a gust of sudden wind to leave the valley clear
the clouds parted and hard gashes of sunlight swooped down to stain the earth with streaks of white and gold light so that the shadows of the running horses flowed like dark streams over the dazzling snow
when they turned in the saddle they could see the men behind them strung out on the prairie in a flat black line
the wind of their running was cold and wild the horses were lathered and their manes streamed like stiff black pennants in the wind
the mare began to tire and clayton felt the spray of snow from the hoofs of gavin 's stallion
he looked over his shoulder at the thin dotting of pursuers
they neither gained nor fell back
he rode low on the mare 's neck
ahead of him gavin turned slightly off the trail and pointed for the gap no more than a mile away
gavin 's face was bloodless with excitement
he did look back
he could feel more than hear the staccato beat of hoofs that fanned out across the prairie to the north
he knew who was riding after him the men he had known all his life the men who had worked for him sworn their loyalty to him
now they were riding to kill him
and he was fleeing running fleeing his death and his life at the same time
the land over which he sped was the land he had created and lived in his valley
with every leaping stride of the horse beneath him he crossed one more patch of earth that had been his that he would never see again
the gap looming before him the place where had confronted jack english on that day so many years ago was his exit from all that had meaning to him
california is too far he thought
he would never reach california
he was too old when he passed up and through the corridor of pines that lined the trail he could see ahead he was passing from life
the sentry was dead
he was in fact showing signs of reviving
he had been carrying an enfield rifle and a holstered navy cap-and-ball pistol
a bayonet hung in a belt scabbard
he was partially uniformed in a cavalry tunic and hat
mike stripped these from him and donned them
he and dean tied and gagged the man using his belt and shirt for the purpose
they dragged him inside the building
fiske joined them unsteady on his feet
julia seeing the bandage rushed to him
you are hurt
i never felt better in my life fiske blustered
he turned to susan and kissed her on the cheek
thank you my dear he said
you are very brave
mike silenced them
we'll talk later
first we've got to get out of here
we'll grab horses dean said
the main bunch is outside but there are some over there inside the wall
mike debated it trying to decide whether fiske was strong enough to ride
but it at least offered him a chance for living
he had none here
and for the sake of julia and susan it had to be tried
the guerrilla bivouac remained silent
light showed in the orderly room across the parade ground
someone evidently was on duty there
no doubt there would be men guarding the horses
about a dozen animals were held inside the stockade as best mike could make out in the moonlight
evidently this was a precaution so that mounts would be available in an emergency
he handed the guard 's rifle to fiske
dean and myself will try to cut out horses to ride he said
we'll stampede the rest
you stay with the ladies
all of you be ready to ride hell for leather
he added if this doesn't work out the three of you barricade yourself in the house and talk terms with them
he handed the bayonet to dean and kept the pistol
susan halted dean and kissed him
she clung to him talking to him and dabbing at her eyes
mike turned away
he was thinking that the way she had responded to his own kiss hadn't meant what he had believed it had
he felt unutterably weary
dean turned from susan and took julia fortune in his arms
he kissed her also and with deep tenderness
she too began to weep
he released her and joined mike
all right he said
mike only said later
be careful mclish
susan said fiercely
the way you were careful
running around in the moonlight almost naked and slugging a man with a rock
he kept going
he wanted no more sentimental scenes with her
he might say or do something foolish
something all of them would regret
he might tell her how sorry a spectacle she was making of herself pretending to be blind to the way julia fortune had taken dean 's affections from her
and using him mike mclish as a sop to her pride
he handed the bayonet to dean and kept the pistol
stay well back of me he said
i'm going to walk up to the horses bold as brass pretending i'm one of the guerrillas
there 's bound to be someone on guard but the hat might fool them long enough for me to get close
holding the pistol concealed he walked to the rear wall of the stockade
it was pierced by a wagon gate built of two wings
one wing stood open
mike passed through it and moved toward the dark mass of horses
they were tethered army style on stable lines
a voice spoke near-at-hand
just me mike said
is that you bill
he located his man
the guard stood in the shadow of the stockade wall just out of reach of the moonlight
mike kept walking and got within arm 's reach before the man became suspicious and straightened from his lax slouch
mike struck with the muzzle of the pistol
but the luck that had been running their way left him
the guard instinctively parried the blow with his rifle
he tried to veer the rifle around to fire into mike 's body
mike off balance managed to bat the muzzle away a moment before it exploded
the bullet went wide
mike swung the pistol in a savage backlash
this time it connected solidly on the man 's temple felling him
the explosion of the rifle had crashed against the walls of the stockade and the deep echoes were still rolling in the hills
the startled horses began rearing on their tethers
dean came rushing up
are you hit
no but the fat 's in the fire
there 's no chance now of all of us getting away
you'll have to try it alone
the sentry 's saddled horse stood picketed nearby having been kept handy in case of need
mike took the bayonet from dean 's hand and slashed the picket line
up you go
dean resisted mike 's attempt to push him toward the horse
mike said frantically
you're lighter than me
it 's our only chance now
try to find these feds
the rest of us can fort up in the house and hang on until you get back
you're the one that 's taking the big chance
dean still hesitated but mike lifted him almost bodily into the saddle and thrust the reins in his hand
no telling how good this horse is mike panted
favor him and save something in case you hit trouble
watch out for apaches when it comes daylight
take the pistol
you might need it
we'll still have the rifle and i might be able to round up some more
i'll stampede the rest of these horses so they can't chase you
dean leaned from the saddle and gave him a mighty whack on the back
mclish he said as he kicked the horse into motion i'd be a mighty sad man if we never met again
then he was on his way at a gallop
mike ran down the line slashing picket ropes with the bayonet
he lifted a screeching war whoop
that touched off a total stampede
he darted inside the stockade and freed the horses there
these poured through the gate and joined the flight
the animals thundered away into the moonlight heading for the ridges
the guerrillas were swarming from their bivouac at the west end of the enclosure
they're stealin' the stock
he scuttled in shadow along the east wall of the stockade and then followed the south wall until he was at the rear of the two frame buildings
he crouched there
his shout had been taken up and repeated
the guerrillas were running across the parade ground and through the rear gate in the wake of the departing horses
all were carrying guns they had seized up but they were half-clad or hardly clad at all
durkin and calhoun came running from the post
they had pistols in their hands
they bawled questions that were answered in the uproar
they followed the others toward the east gate
beyond the stockade rifles began to explode as some of the guerrillas fired at shadows that they imagined were apaches
mike made a dash to the rear of the frame buildings
he crawled beneath the two supply wagons which stood between the buildings and peered around a corner
the area was deserted
a man was standing in the open door of the lighted orderly room a few yards to mike 's left but he too suddenly made up his mind and went racing to join the confused activity at the east end of the stockade
mike crawled to the door and peered in
the orderly room seemed to be deserted
a lantern hung from a peg giving light
ducking inside he found that three rifles were stacked in a corner
a brace of pistols holstered on belts hung from a peg along with ammunition pouches
an ammunition case stood open containing canisters which contained powder cartridges
mike seized a blanket from a pallet in a corner spread it on the floor and used it to form a bag in which he placed his booty
shouldering the load he peered from the door
his looting of the orderly room had taken only a minute or two and the vicinity was still clear of guerrillas
he looked at the looming hoods of the supply wagons struck by a new inspiration
he set his bundle down
snatching the lantern from its peg he shattered its globe with a blow against a post
he picked up the powder canister and ran out
bursting paper cartridges he scattered powder beneath the nearest wagon and dumped the contents of the canister upon it
he shouldered the blanket again backed off and tossed the lantern with its open wick beneath the wagon
he turned and raced across the parade ground toward the rock house
powder flame gushed beneath the wagon
the stockade was brilliantly lighted and the guerrillas sighted him
they realized the truth
bullets began to snap past him
one struck the muzzle of one of the rifles that projected from the shoulder pack
its force spun him around but he recovered and got into stride again
a bullet tore the earth from beneath his foot when he was a stride or two from safety
another struck him heavily in the thigh and he went down
guerrillas were racing toward him
susan and julia came from the door and dragged him with them
the three of them floundered through the door into the interior and fell in a heap
susan bounced to her feet and slammed the door
she crouched aside as bullets beat at the portal chewing into the planks
some tore entirely through the whipsawed post oak
the iron hinges held but the planks were in danger of being torn from the crossbars
mike rolled to susan grasped her around the knees dragging her off her feet
he hovered over her to shield her for spent bullets were thudding against the rear walls
he peered from a loophole
guerrillas were only a dozen yards away charging the house
mike snatched a pistol from the heap of scattered booty and fired
he dropped a man with the first bullet
at the same moment wheeler fiske fired the rifle mike had given him and another guerrilla was hit
that halted the rush
the guerrillas scattered for cover
the wagons were burning fiercely
the mudwagon had caught fire also
the blaze was spreading to the frame buildings
the guerrillas realized they faced a new problem
there goes our grub an' ammunition
get a bucket line going
the guerrillas began a frantic search for pails in which to bring water from the spring
but what few containers they found were inadequate
many of them in increasing panic came running with water in their hats in a ludicrous effort
both buildings were in flames
the heat drove the guerrillas back
the roof of the command post began to buckle
drag the wagons to the spring
lew durkin yelled
run 'em right into the spring
one of the wagons erupted a massive pillar of flame
a sizable supply of powder had been touched off
the wagons and the coach were beyond saving and so were the buildings
the glow of the fire reached through the openings in the windows giving light enough to examine mike 's wound
the bullet had torn through the flesh just above the knee inflicting an ugly gash that was forming a pool of blood on the floor
but it had missed the bone and had passed on through
susan and julia ripped strips from their clothing and bound the injury
mike tested the leg and found that he was able to hobble around on it
so it wasn't the earthquake that made him return to his village
now dammit i don't want to go into any more explanations
here comes jason
keep this to yourself
reverend jason looking worried hurried toward us
anything wrong cap'n
the men seem to think so
dirion found a large war party south of us
they'll probably attack at dawn montero said
he brushed past the clergyman and walked into the center of the camp
using his hands as a trumpet he shouted fort up
there 's a large war party on their way
for a second engages cooks voyageurs appeared struck dumb
then little billy began shouting orders to round up the ponies and fill the water buckets and for the cooks to hurry up with the meal
they all flew into action
that was a terrible thing to do i said to oso
the aricaras treated us like friends
and here all the time you knew the sioux would be using our rifles on them
god what a world you people live in
oso gave me an unruffled look
old knife 's got the largest war party ever seen on the river he said calmly
what would you have done in montero 's moccasins
let old knife come up and kill you and your people or would you steer him on someone else
he shook his head
mr. manuel did that in the war
that 's why the british never got the tribes to fight for the king
mr. manuel whispered in the ears of the sioux that the cheyennes were comin' to raid 'em for their horses
then he went on to the cheyennes and told them that the sioux was goin' to move up
he did that with all the nations
hell they were fightin' each other so hard they had no time for anyone else
the war department wrote mr. manuel a letter and said he was a hero
i saw that letter
he carried it in a little wallet made of fish skin
but that was war i said
there 's no war on now
you're wrong matt
in this country there 's a war on every time the grass turns green
first it was the nations against themselves then it was them against the whites
and it 's goin' to go on like this year after year until the white people take over this land
i remember being told it would happen so fast people would think it took place overnight
that 's why this company 's important
once we get over the mountains others will come along
that 's why the trust don't want us to make it
that bastard chambers
old knife 's the only chief he'll get to do his dirty work
before we get through he'll have the blackfeet hankerin' for our hair and our goods
well talkin' ain't goin' to help let 's fort up
as i dug in behind one of the bales we were using as protection i grudgingly found myself agreeing with oso 's logic especially when i imagined what would have happened to missy if old knife 's large party of screeching warriors had overrun our company
for unlike the sioux and the crows the aricaras are great horsemen nor are they aggressive like the savage blackfeet
more of an agricultural nation they have relied on their warriors only for defense and for survival in the endless wars of the plains
still i was disgusted with myself for agreeing with montero 's methods
surprisingly he had told the others what he had done
in the brief moment i had to talk to them before i took my post on the ring of defenses i indicated i was sickened by the methods men employed to live and trade on the river
i think montero did right amy said firmly
let the savages kill each other
what do we care
reverend jason was understandably bitter
it was a terrible thing to do
those little children
but oso replied calmly trouble ain't easy to dodge out in this country rev'rend
gray eyes attacked our camp just as the first pink threads stitched together the hills and the sky
our camp was in the center of a wide valley
montero had set up a strong position using every bale and box we had in addition to barricades of logs and brush
he had ordered the ponies brought inside the fortified circle and had assigned pierre and a band of picked engages the job of trying to keep them steady under fire
the pony herd was the one flaw in our defense
the rees undoubtedly would try to cut down as many of the animals as possible
wildly bucking horses would make the position difficult to defend against charging warriors
the cooks had prepared one of the best meals we'd had in a long time and on montero 's orders had baked enough bread to last the day
buckets were filled the herd fed and watered
the worst part had been the waiting
although we didn't expect the attack before dawn the long cloudy night filled with the sounds of the industrious insects seemed endless
coyotes and hunting wolves sounded like signaling indian scouts the whinny of a restless pony made one 's skin crawl
oso slept unconcernedly his rifle cradled in his arms
i didn't catch a wink
every time i closed my eyes i saw gray eyes rushing at me with a knife
it was a relief when they finally came
they poured through the opening in the valley then spread out in a long line to come at us brandishing their lances and filling the morning with their spine-chilling scalp cry
oso montero called i'll get gray eyes
that'll be a pleasure to see the big black murmured as he stared down the barrel of his rifle
hold your fire montero was shouting
wait until my shot
i'll shoot the first man who doesn't
i could see them in my sights
they were about a mile off
under me the ground quivered slightly
at first they were only feathers and dark indistinguishable faces and bodies hunched over their horses' heads
gradually they emerged as men
gray eyes was in the lead
his face was split by a vermilion streak his eyes were pools of white
jagged red and black medicine symbols covered his chest
he was naked except for a clout
next to him was a young boy i was sure had sat near me at one of the trading sessions
his mouth was open his neck corded with the strain of his screams
i found his chest in my sights
it had a red circle
the circle came nearer and nearer
my god how long is he going to wait i thought
montero 's rifle cracked
at first i thought he had missed
gray eyes remained erect
the feathered lance was still above his head
as he started to slump over another warrior swung him onto his horse
i squeezed the trigger
at the last second i dropped my sights from the bare chest and bright red circle to the chest of his pony
i saw the pony fall like a stone and the young warrior flew over its head bouncing like a rubber ball
he started to run but oso 's shot caught him on the wing
he jerked once in the grass and lay still
if you're goin' to kill 'em
what else he said was lost in the rattle of gunfire on all sides
the aricaras broke under the devastating fire wheeled and retreated
they'll be back
montero was shouting
far up the valley i could see the rees circling and reorganizing
out in front of our walls the grass was covered with dead and dying men war shields lances blankets and wounded and dead horses
the morning air was filled with the sweetish odor of new-spilled blood the acrid stench of frightened horses and the bitterness of burned powder
a horse screamed as it twisted from side to side in a frenzy
a rifle cracked
the square head fell over
one of the warriors suddenly leaped to his feet and began running across the valley to the trees that lined the small creek
his legs pumped furiously his long black hair streamed out behind him
there was a ragged volley
he was dead before he hit the ground
for christ 's sake don't waste your powder on one of 'em
montero shouted furiously
wait for the charge
the charge i tell you
the sharp cries at the end of the valley were faint
they grew louder as the indians charged again
i could see their faces glistening with sweat and bear grease their mouths open shouting their spine-chilling cries
gray eyes is back montero said
the war captain had been badly wounded and was fighting to hold his seat
i could see the blood running down his chest
he was riding between two warriors who held him erect when he started to slump
i forgot to aim
in my sights i watched him looming bigger and bigger
montero 's shot had caught him high in the chest
there was no doubt he was dying
again we waited for montero
this time he delayed so long that some of the engages shouted frantically but they held their fire
the horses were only several lengths away when he fired
the bullet flung gray eyes from his horse
our rolling volley swept most of the other riders from their mounts
but a few reached our wall
i heard the whir of an ax and a canadian 's face burst apart in a bloody spray
i saw little billy rise and fire almost point blank and an indian 's face became shattered flesh and bone
a second leaped from his horse to the top of the bale firing four arrows in such rapid succession it didn't seem possible they were in flight
oso reached up jerked the buck from the bale and snapped his neck
other indians were running at the ponies shrilling and waving blankets
reverend jason got one the canadians the others
i saw the clergyman kneel for a moment by the twitching body of the man he had shot then run back to his position
the ponies were almost uncontrollable
the pall of dust they raised made it difficult to see when the aricaras charged again
this time more of them hurdled the barrier
a small indian dived at montero who caught him with a swift upward stroke of his rifle butt
it sounded like a man kicking a melon
above me a dark rider was whipping his pony with a quirt in an attempt to hurdle the bales
although my shot killed his horse he rolled off the bale on top of me
i could smell woodsmoke grease and oil
his eyes were dark fluid fearful and he gave a sigh as my knife went in
coming over the wall he had seemed like a hideous devil
now under me i could see him for what he really was a boy dressed up in streaks of paint
the aricaras made one last desperate charge
it was pitiful to see the thin ranks of warriors old and young wheeling and twisting their ponies frantically from side to side only to be tumbled bleeding from their saddles by the relentless slam slam of the cruelly efficient hawkinses
others badly wounded gripped hands in manes knees in bellies held on as long as possible and then weak from ghastly wounds slipped sideways slowly almost thoughtfully to be broken under the slashing hoofs
some gracefully soared from the backs of their wounded screaming mounts to make one last defiant charge before the lead split their hearts or tore their guts
none of them reached our walls again
the few survivors grudgingly turned away
in the distance we could hear the drums and the wail of the death song
she was carrying a quirt and she started to raise it then let it fall again and dangle from her wrist
i saw your fire she said speaking slowly making an effort to control her anger
you could burn down this whole mountainside with a fire that size
it wouldn't matter to a fool like you
it would to me
all right wilson said quickly
the fire 's too big
and i appreciate the advice
he was losing patience again
an hour before with the children asleep and nothing but the strange darkness he would have appreciated company
she had helped him change his mind
i'm advising you she said
i'm telling you
that fire 's too big
let it burn down
and make sure it 's out when you leave in the morning
he was taken aback
it took him a long time to compose himself
there 's some mistake he said finally
you're right about the fire
it 's bigger than it has to be though i don't see where it 's doing any harm
but you're wrong about the rest of it
i'm leaving in the morning
why should i
i own the place
she showed her surprise by tightening the reins and moving the gelding around so that she could get a better look at his face
it didn't seem to tell her anything
she glanced around the clearing taking in the wagon and the load of supplies and trappings scattered over the ground the two kids the whiteface bull that was chewing its cud just within the far reaches of the firelight
she studied it for a long time
then she turned back to wilson and smiled and he wasn't quite sure what she meant by it
you own this place
she said and her tone had softened until it was almost friendly
you bought it
from a man in st. louis wilson said
maybe you know him
the girl laughed
i know him
i ought to
my father ran him off here six years ago
wilson didn't say anything
he stood watching the girl wondering what was coming next
she had picked up the quirt and was twirling it around her wrist and smiling at him
carwood didn't tell you that she said
no wilson said
but it 's understandable
it 's the kind of thing that a man would be proud of
and it doesn't make any difference
he sold me a clear title
i have it with me right here
if you want to see
never mind she said sternly
it wouldn't matter to my father and to me
i meant what i said about that fire
be sure it 's out when you leave
i'll let you go back to doing the dishes now
it was meant to insult him and didn't quite succeed
he took the reins just below the bit and held them firmly and it was his turn to smile now
i don't mind washing dishes now and then he said pleasantly
it doesn't hurt
it might hurt you though
somebody might mistake you for a woman
he meant to say more but he never got the chance
she was quick
she brought the quirt down slashing it across his cheek and he tried to step back
she swung the quirt again and this time he caught her wrist and pulled her out of the saddle
she came down against him and he tried to break her fall
he grabbed her by the shoulders and went down on one knee taking her weight so that some of the wind was driven out of him
it made him a little sick and he let go of her
he got up slowly and she was already on her feet and he stood facing her
he wiped the blood from his cheek
i ought to he said
he was shaking with anger his breath coming in long painful gasps
that quirt i ought to use it on you where it would do the most good
if you were a man
she isn't mister
the voice came from behind him and wilson turned
the fire had gone down and the man was only a shadow against the trees
but a moment later he brought his horse forward into the light and wilson had a good look at him
he was tall and dark-skinned a half-breed wilson thought
and he was handsome despite the long thin scar that slanted across his cheek
she 's a man mister he said
if you've got any ideas
he raised the winchester and pointed it at wilson 's chest
put the rifle down joseph the girl said
she seemed irritated
i thought i told you to stay home
the half-breed eased the winchester down and rested it across his lap
the scar looked pure white in the half-darkness
his eyes were black and deep-set and expressionless
you shouldn't be riding up here after dark judith he said quietly
i can take care of this
it 's no job for you
the girl tapped the quirt impatiently against her knee and glared at him
he took it without flinching
i said go home joseph
you've got no business up here
the half-breed didn't answer this time
but the scar seemed to pull hard at the corner of his mouth and his eyes were hurt and angry
it made wilson wonder
he watched the half-breed as he turned silently
they could hear the pony 's feet on the dry leaves for a while then the sound faded out
wilson brushed the dust from his coat
who was that
your personal guard
you're pretty hard on him
he works for my father the girl said and then seemed to change her mind
he 's a friend
his name 's joseph sanchez
is there anything else you want to know
now wilson said
i guess i'll find out soon enough
you've got blood on your cheek
it must have got there when you fell against me
she wiped it off with the sleeve of her coat
i'll bet that 's as close as you've been to a man since you were a baby wilson said
he saw her hand start to work down the leather thong toward the handle of the quirt and he grabbed her wrist
oh no he said and he was without humor now
i've had enough of that
i've had enough of you
i don't know what goes on around here and i don't care
i don't know what makes you think you can get away with this kind of business and i don't care about that either
you took me by surprise
but i'll know how to handle you next time
she brought up her free hand to hit him but this time he was quicker
he side-stepped her blow and she fell stumbling against the gelding
she finally regained her balance and got up in the saddle
her hat had come off and fallen behind her shoulders held by the string and he could see her face more clearly than he had at any time before
he had forgotten that she was so pretty
but her prettiness was what he had noticed first and all the other things had come afterward cruelty meanness self-will
he had known women like that one woman in particular
and one had been too many
he watched the girl until she had gone into the trees and waited until he couldn't hear the sound of her horse any longer then went up to where the children were sleeping
they weren't sleeping of course but they thought they were doing him a favor by pretending
he hadn't shown up too well in their eyes letting himself be browbeaten by a woman
they expected greater things from him regardless of how trying the circumstances and they were disappointed
and determined to show it
they lay a little too stiffly with their eyes straining to stay closed
go to sleep he said
both of you
there 's better things to do than listen to something like that
i'll be down at the creek finishing the dishes if you want me
he found the pan where he had dropped it and carried it back down to the stream
the coyote was calling again and he hoped that this time there would be no other sounds to interrupt it
tonight at any rate
he had a feeling that the girl meant trouble
if she did he could stand it better in the light
he scrubbed absent-mindedly at the pans and reflected on how things had turned out
that afternoon when they had pulled up in front of the broken-down ranch house his hopes had been high
already some of the pain had gone from amelia 's death
all of it
there would still be plenty of moments of regret and sadness and guilty relief
but they were starting a new life
and they had almost everything they needed land a house two whiteface bulls three horses
the land wasn't all wilson had expected of it
six hundred and forty acres the old man back in st. louis had said
good grass good water
well the grass was there though in some places the ground was too steep for a cow to get to it
the water was there so much of it that it spread all through the dead orchard
and there was a house
livable perhaps but badly in need of repairs
in the last analysis though wilson had little cause to complain
the place had been cheap just the little he had left after amelia 's burial and it would serve its purpose
there was only one place where jake carwood 's description had gone badly awry the peace and quiet
it hadn't started out that way
and he had a feeling thanks to the girl that things would get worse before they got better
they had the house cleaned up by noon and wilson sent the boy out to the meadow to bring in the horses
he stood on the porch and watched him struggling with the heavy harness and finally went over to help him
kathy was already in the wagon
they were going to town and they were both excited
wilson backed the team into the traces and wished they weren't going to town at all
he had an uneasy feeling about it
that girl last night what was her name
it was the only thing about her that was the least bit hard to remember
he finished with the team and filled his pipe and stood looking about him
he had spent two hours riding around the ranch that morning and in broad daylight it was even less inviting than judith pierce had made it seem
there was brush and stands of pine that no grass could grow under and places so steep that cattle wouldn't stop to graze
but there was water
there was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard
yes there was plenty of water too much and that was probably the trouble
there were tracks of cattle all over his six hundred and forty acres
the first part of the road was steep but it leveled off after the second bend and curled gradually into the valley
it was hotter once they reached the flat and drier but the grass was better
a warm breeze played across it moving it like waves
a red-tailed hawk flew in behind them and stayed there watching for any snakes or rabbits that they might stir up from the side of the road
it took them an hour before they came to the first houses of kelseyville
the town was about what wilson expected one main street with its rows of false-fronted buildings a water tower a few warehouses a single hotel
all dusty and sunbaked
the place was quiet
such was my state of mind that i did question the possibility of this
under the circumstances i was only too willing to confess all
i was nearly thirty at the time
i went to the hall in the afternoons only on these preliminary matters
it was dark and i sensed very large
only the counter at one end was lighted by a long fluorescent tube suspended directly above it
sometimes i was aware of people moving about in the darkness
i would turn away from my writing in the hope of getting a good look at them but i never quite succeeded
a glimpse of three of four vague figures at the most
drifting here and there
squatting as if waiting
the pulsing glow of a cigarette
since they could see me but i them their presence in the hall disturbed me
the clerk paid them no attention
this impressed me until i realized how limited was his sphere of influence
his job simply consisted in registering new men
when the phone rang he answered it
his authority extended to the far edge of the counter no further
none of the men hanging around the hall bothered to speak to him
baldness was attacking his pate
he spoke to me in a gruff voice an affectation which quite belied his personality
he wore his white shirt open at the neck revealing a bit of scrawny pale chest underneath
it was obvious that he wished himself different from the sort of person he thought he was
but it was easy for him and he often slipped
when one of the men in the hall behind us spat on the floor and scraped his boot over the gob of spittle i noticed how the clerk winced
i felt certain he was really a spineless little man
his hat the cause of his baldness
hung on a hook on the wall and underneath it i could see his tie knotted ready to be slipped over his head a black badge of frayed respectability that ought never to have left his neck
the morning 's tabloids were on the counter and a stack of dog-eared men 's magazines
on a shelf in the office behind the counter was a small radio dialed permanently on a station which broadcast only vulgar commercials and cheap popular music
everything about the clerk was trivial
once pressing him i learned that his job was only part-time in the afternoons when nothing went on in the hall
noticing my disappointment he attempted to salvage what scraps and shreds of authority he felt might still be clinging to his person
with distaste i saw him assume a pompous air
when he saw me coming he turned his radio off
he made a show of rearranging my forms on the shelf
he would pick up the ringing phone with studied negligence then bark into it with gruff importance
what limited knowledge he possessed he forced upon me
in the mornings i was informed fluorescent tubes similar to the one above the counter illuminated the entire hall
they and the two large fans which i could dimly see as daylight filtered through their vents down at the far end of the hall could be turned on by a master switch situated inside the office
he pointed out the switch to me and for a moment i foolishly believed that he would let deed follow words
i was shown instead a batch of white tickets of the sort handed out he told me every morning
now here was something of obvious importance to me yet when i reached for the tickets he snatched them away from my hand
he couldn't afford to have anyone mess around with them he said
each of those tickets was of great value to its rightful recipient
i withdrew my hand
later i would remember what this pompous little man had told me about the worth of a ticket
having nothing else to do except wait for my forms to be processed i gave myself over to speculations concerning the hall itself
when suitably lighted what would it look like
the presence of the two exhaust fans seemed to indicate that the hall could become crowded for air
one afternoon upon receiving permission and the necessary instructions from the clerk i had visited the toilet adjoining the hall
by counting the number of stalls and urinals i attempted to form a loose estimate of how many men the hall would hold at one time
for although i had crossed a corner of the hall on my way to the toilet i still could tell for sure how far to the rear the darkness extended
i could observe the two fans down at the end but their size in themselves meant nothing to me as long as i had no measure of comparison
i had for some time been hoping in vain for one of the dim figures to pass between the fan vents and myself
i knew that three or four of them were almost always present in the hall but what they were doing and exactly where i could tell
it was i felt possible that they were men who having received no tickets for that day had remained in the hall to sleep perhaps in the corners farthest removed from the counter with its overhead light
this light did penetrate very far back into the hall and my eyes were hindered rather than aided by the dim daylight entering through the fan vents when i tried to pick out whatever might be lying or squatting on the floor below
also the clerk appeared to disapprove of my frequent curious glances back over my shoulder
no sooner would i turn my head away from the counter before he would address me at times quite sharply in order to bring back my attention
and i had hardly finished my business in the toilet on the aforementioned occasion when the lights in that place like the hall lights controlled from the switch in the office flicked off and on impatiently
this sort of petty vigilance annoyed me
i felt certain it was self-appointed
it sprang from a type of mentality i'd encountered often enough but certainly had expected to find here
i decided to see no more of the clerk until the processing of my papers was completed
i felt strongly attached to the hall however and hardly a day passed when i did go to look at it from a distance
i lived in a state of suspense because of it
i could cling to my past nor did i wish to
i had signed it off on the forms
my future lay solely with the hall yet what did i know about the hall at this point
although i had been inside it i had yet seen it functioning
i wished to prepare myself but did even know what sort of clothes i ought to be wearing
i did despair however
far from it
i was constantly searching for clues around the neighborhood of the hall
though only a relatively short walk separated it from my own part of town its character was wholly foreign to me
large warehouses flanked the street on which the hall fronted
the river was only a few blocks away but an unbroken line of piers prevented me from seeing it
sometimes i noticed the tops of ships' masts and funnels reaching above the pier roofs
the sounds issuing from beyond winches whirring men shouting indicated great activity and excited me
the hall on the other hand appeared lifeless and deserted on these long waterfront afternoons
it resembled nothing i'd ever seen before
its front was windowless but irregularities in the masonry might be an indication that windows now blinded had once looked out upon the street
i kept circling the block hoping to see from the street behind it the rear of the hall
but it was a tall structure and other buildings concealed it
for weeks i wandered about this neighborhood of warehouses and garages truck terminals and taxi repair shops gasoline pumps and longshoremen 's lunch counters yet never did i cease to feel myself a stranger there
i returned to the hall despite my dislike for the clerk
as i had expected he insisted that my visits to the hall would do nothing to further the process of my application
meanwhile spring had passed well into summer
at last when i put it to him directly the clerk was forced to admit that the delay in my case was unusual
when i asked him what if anything i could do about it he surprised me by referring me to the director of the hall
i could consult this personage on any weekday morning though before ten o'clock
the clerk impressed this upon me that i should arrive in the hall before ten o'clock
when i went for my interview with the director i saw why
although it was dark as usual i could see that the hall had only recently contained a great many people
cigarette butts littered the floor
the big fans were going drawing from the large room the remnants of stale smoke which drifted about in pale strata underneath the ceiling
i had felt the draft they were making while mounting the stairs
the staircase itself seemed still to be echoing the heavy footfalls of many men
i stopped by the counter
no one was behind it but in the rear wall of the office i noticed for the first time a door which had been left partially open
past it i could see part part of a desk a flag in a corner a rug on the floor
the director 's office
i rapped my knuckles on the counter
the director came to the door
i was at once disappointed although just what i had expected him to look like i could have explained
he was a man in his late forties with graying hair of medium height
he looked dapper in a lightweight summer suit brown silk tie and green-tinted soft collar
he wore perforated white-topped shoes
they somehow made me expect to see him launch into a vaudeville tapdance routine any moment
but he came toward me sedately enough showed me around the counter offered me a seat inside his office then walked to a file cabinet and got out my application
i had the impression that he had read my forms perhaps several times
he did look at them now
as he lowered himself on the chair behind his desk i wondered what this dapper slightly ridiculous man could possibly have to do with the workings of the hall
he spoke in a voice as immaculate as his appearance
why had i registered
begging my pardon he must express his astonishment over seeing a person of my background applying at the hall
he had looked over my forms and was impressed by what he had seen there
indeed my scholastic qualifications were such that he a college graduate himself must envy me them
was i sure he asked that i knew what i was applying for
what sort of men i would come into contact with at the hall
these questions did surprise me
i felt certain that the director like the afternoon clerk seldom moved beyond the counter that the hall to them was a jungle a dark and unwelcome place
though i doubted that he would understand me i told the director my motives for applying
i had always i said hankered after working hard with my hands
this desire i went on growing voluble as my conviction was aroused had mounted at such a rate recently that i now found its realization necessary only to my physical but also to my spiritual wellbeing
to this effect i had already severed all connections which bound me to my former existence
the flat hard cap was small but he thrust it to the back of his head
tie him up
hell with it
before they could guess his intention rankin stepped forward and swung the guard 's own gun against the uncovered head hard
the man went over without sound falling to the bare floor
barton said harshly why did you do that
rankin sneered at him
what did you want me to do kiss him
he dumped me in solitary twice
barton caught the lighter man 's shoulder and swung him around
let 's get one thing straight you and me
the only reason we brought you was to get miller out
if you ever try anything without my orders i'll kill you
fred rankin looked at him
it seemed to barton that the green eyes mocked him the thin-lipped smile held insolence but he had no time to waste now
they filed out through the guard-room door into the paved square
there were three other men within this prison whom barton would have liked to liberate but they were in other cell blocks
there was no chance
they moved slowly toward the main gate following the wall
there was no moon
they had chosen this night purposely
they reached the guard house without alerting the men on the walls above and powers slipped through the door
two men were on duty inside playing pinochle relaxed
they looked up in surprise as powers came in
what are you doing out of the block
it 's curtiss he said naming the man rankin had hit
i've got to have help
they stared at him
the sergeant in charge climbed to his feet
what 's wrong with him
he 's having some kind of a fit
the sergeant turned to the door
as he passed through it barton shoved his gun against the man 's side
one sound and you're dead
the sergeant froze
powers had followed
powers was covering the remaining guard
the man half-reached for the cord of the alarm bell
powers knocked his arm aside
deliberately with none of rankin 's viciousness he laid the barrel of his gun alongside the guard 's head
they were free
even barton could quite believe it
it had gone without a hitch
they slid through the wicket in the big gate ghosted across the dark ground
five minutes later they reached the horses
barton was relieved to see that carl dill and emmett foster had brought extra mounts
he had been worried that with miller and rankin added to the escape party they would be short
no one hurried
they walked the horses heading along the river barton and emmett foster in the lead seven men riding quietly through the night
the only thing which would have attracted attention was that two wore the uniform of prison guards three the striped suits of convicts
in a small grove against the river they halted turning deep into the protection of the trees
foster had brought extra clothing also
a good man emmett
he had been one of the original night riders one who had escaped the trial
it was to him that barton had sent carl dill on dill 's release from the prison
clyde miller was crying softly to himself shedding his striped suit and fumbling into the nondescript butternut pants the worn brown shirt
kid boyd was unusually silent rankin watchful a few paces apart
barton finished his dressing and extended his hand to powers
i won't even try to thank you
the ex-prison guard was embarrassed
he said in a studied voice i didn't do it for you
i did it for the valley
you're the only man the night riders will follow
we've been starving and i don't like to starve
barton turned away his eyes falling upon rankin beside his horse
the murderer lifted his head
meaning you want me to ride out
you aren't one of us
there 's nothing for you here
i got no place to go
he did trust rankin his violent temper his killer instinct
but ten years in prison had taught him realities
they were in a fight outweighed in both numbers and money
it was all right to put a bunch of ranchers onto horses to call them night riders to set out to attack the largest mining combination the country had ever seen if all they wanted was adventure
but if they really hoped to succeed they needed professionals men who knew how to use a gun against men who would match the killers on the other side
your choice he said briefly and turned to kid boyd
bury those uniforms so they won't be found
then barton touched carl dill 's arm and moved off up the river bank
he wanted a careful uninterrupted report from dill on the conditions in the valley
they squatted on their heels in the deep mud and dill found a cigar in his breast pocket passing it over silently
he too knew the agony of going for weeks sometimes months without the solace of tobacco
mitchell barton drew in the fragrance deeply letting the smoke lie warm and soothing in his throat for a moment before he exhaled
through the gloom he could see the man beside him clearly but he knew him thoroughly
for his first five years in prison they had shared a cell
carl dill was neither a rancher nor a valley man
he had been the auditor for the mining syndicate and he had stolen fifty thousand dollars of the syndicate 's money
he had done time for the theft
the one thing they had in common was their hatred
both hated donald kruger
it had drawn them together and since his release from prison dill had worked tirelessly to effect this night 's escape
he said now i've got the perfect headquarters set up
the old haskell mine
mitch barton knew the place
twenty years before a group of easterners had bought out the haskell claims in the rocky hills south of grass valley
they had spent a million dollars carving in a road putting up buildings drilling their haulage tunnel
then the vein had petered out and the whole project had been abandoned
the road 's washed badly said dill but there 's a trail you can get over with a horse
a company of cavalry couldn't come in there if two men were guarding that trail
how do the valley people feel
as mad as ever
but kruger 's men keep them off balance and they don't trust me
i'm an outsider
when they learn you're in the hills though they'll rally don't worry about that
barton waited for a long moment then asked the question which lay always uppermost in his mind
did you find him
dill was silent as if he hated to answer and barton had a cold sick feeling of apprehension
he 's in morgan 's ferry
barton half-straightened in surprise
what 's he doing there
again dill hesitated
your sister-in-law has the faro bank in cap ayres' saloon
barton cursed under his breath
after another long pause he asked how many people know who they are
your cousin finley saw to that
he 's quite a rat you know
he sold out to kruger 's men
he 's informed them of everything you've ever written him
he wants your ranch
barton stood up
he said tensely all right
let 's go get the boy
dill had come up also
i was afraid of this
i almost didn't tell you
if you hadn't i'd have killed you
dill 's voice tightened
but you can't ride into the ferry
that 's what they'll expect you to do
they'll be there waiting for you
i understand how you feel about the child
the hell you do
barton 's voice was rougher than dill had ever heard it
i never saw him
my wife died in childbirth after i was sent away
i can't leave him there
donald kruger would like nothing better than to hold him as hostage and i wouldn't entrust a snake to his tender care
i've got to get the boy
barton 's men cut the telegraph wires in half a dozen places carrying away whole sections to make repairs more difficult
it was over an hour before their escape was discovered but still the news that barton was free flashed across the central portion of the state
it reached donald kruger in his massive home in burlingame
it reached the mines at north san juan and bloomfield
it brought men out of bed and sent them into hurried conferences
for everyone involved knew that the whole valley was a powder keg and mitchell barton the fuse which could send it into explosive violence
creighton hague sat in his office above the ione pit
the office was of logs four rooms each heated by an iron stove
the building was dwarfed by the scene outside
there a dozen giant monitors played their seventy-five-foot jets of water against the huge seam of tertiary gravel which was the mountainside
the gravel was the bed of an ancient river buckled in some prehistoric upheaval of earth
it was partially cemented by ages and pressure yet it crumpled before the onslaught of the powerful streams the force of a thousand fire hoses and with the gold it held washed down through the long sluices
a million dollars' of gold a month
a million tons of rock and soil and brush
the monitors ran twenty-four hours each day
their roar like the swelling volume of a hundred tornadoes could be heard for miles
hague like all who worked near the pits was partly deafened from the constant assault against his eardrums
he was a big man wearing a neat flannel shirt against the cold foothill air
fat showed in loose rolls beneath the shirt
ten years older than mitch barton he had clawed his way up from mucker in the pits to manager of the operation
he was proud of his accomplishments proud of his job proud that donald kruger and his associates trusted him
he lived and breathed for the mining company
no man could have reached his spot nor held it without being ruthless and hague had made a virtue of ruthlessness all of his life
there came a ghost of noise at the office door and hague swung to see kodyke in the entrance from the outer room
hague had never accustomed himself to kodyke
the man was tall thin with a narrow face and a too-large nose
the eyes always held hague eyes of a dead man lidless as a lizard 's with the fixed intensity of a cobra
even hague was repelled by the machinelike deadliness that was kodyke
he knew nothing about the man 's history
kodyke had appeared at the mine one day bearing a letter from kruger
kodyke was to head the dread company police
he ran the change rooms
he threw out the hi-graders
he supervised the cleanups and handled the shipments of raw gold which each week went out to san francisco
hague squeezed down his uneasy dislike
he pulled open the top drawer of his desk and drew out a tintype
this is mitchell barton
he broke out of folsom last night
apparently he bribed one of the guards
we want him back there or we want him dead
kodyke took the picture in a lean hand studying it thoughtfully
you know how the ranchers in the valley are
they blame us for all their troubles
ten years ago they blew up some of our ditches
it cost us a hundred thousand dollars and thirty days lost time to fix them
we don't want barton 's night riders loose again
the gunman nodded slipping the picture into his breast pocket saying nothing
normally hague wasted no words but now he found himself unable to stop their flow although he knew kodyke was aware of all he said
if she sensed any unusual preoccupation on the part of her mother she did comment upon it
after they had finished eating melissa took sprite the kitten under her arm so that auntie grace can teach it about the whistle and climbed into the station wagon beside her mother
she had offered to walk but pamela knew she would feel comfortable about her child until she had personally confided her to the care of the little pink woman who chose to be called auntie
when they reached their neighbor 's house pamela said a few polite words to grace and kissed melissa lightly on the forehead the impulse prompted by a stray thought of the type to which she was frequently subject these days that they might never see one another again
then she turned the station wagon around and headed it back down the hill with the village as her ostensible destination
as she drove she thought about her plan
it was really quite simple
so simple in fact that it might even work although pamela now in her new frame of mind was careful to pretend too much assurance
that mistake she thought had cost her dearly these past few days and she wanted to avoid falling into any more of the traps that the mountain might set for her
she must be cautious so as to alert the scheming forest
when the station wagon drew abreast of the dusty dirt road that led up to the porch of the culver house pamela turned the wheel guiding the car to its familiar parking spot close to the house and stopped
all of her movements were careful and methodical partaking of the stealth of a criminal who has plotted his felony for months in advance and knows exactly which step to take next in the course of the final execution of his crime
she locked the ignition removed the keys stepped out of the car and went into the house
here she dropped the keys on a small table beside the door and went upstairs to her bedroom
on her bureau lay a small brass ornament of simple design and faded engraving an object which pamela believed now had been the property of her great-grandfather major hiram munroe culver
he had belonged to this land and perhaps had desecrated it and this was the only material symbol that remained of him
if she pamela were being held responsible for his crimes then hers must be the final act of expiation
she would return this symbol to the mountain as one pours seed back into the soil every spring or as ancient fertility cults demand annual human sacrifice
slowly and thoughtfully she slipped the ornament into the pocket of her slacks moved down the stairs and out of the house
there was only one place where the mountain might receive her that unnamed unnameable pool harbored in its secret bosom
atonement if atonement were possible could only be made at that sacred sacrificial basin
it was there that she would have to enact her renunciation beg forgiveness
perhaps it was insane pamela thought
perhaps it was all a vividly conceived dream
but she was caught in it and she faced the terrible possibility that if it were a dream it was one from which she might never awaken
facing the forest now she who had dared to enter it before walked between two trees at random and headed in what she believed was the direction of the pool
she remembered little of her previous journey there with grace and she could but hope that her dedication to her mission would enable her to accomplish it
the forest was open and freely welcoming extending an enchanted hand
the ground was covered with soft pine needles and the slope was gentle
birds chirped and chattered in the trees and the sun all dewy-eyed and soft caressed her shoulders warmly from time to time
it was thought pamela such an evil place after all
no wonder melissa responded so completely to its beckoning
perhaps she had no reason to fear these trees that whispered their secrets above her head as she passed
was it possible after all that the forest was in league with her and her child that its sympathy lay with the culvers that she had erred in failing to understand this
pamela felt calm and peaceful as she walked along
the slight flutter that had disturbed the motion of her heart when she entered the forest was gone now and even the dim groves of trees through which she occasionally passed did reawaken her fear
she regarded them as signs that she was nearing the glen she sought and she was glad to at last be doing something positive in her unenunciated undefined struggle with the mountain and its darkling inhabitants
having persisted too long in deliberate ignorance and denial of the forces that threatened her pamela was relieved now to admit their potency and to be taking definite steps toward grappling with them
a few days ago she would have thought such an expedition as this utterly ridiculous
today on the contrary it seemed utterly reasonable
she did pause to consider what she would do if her plan should fail
she directed all of her mental and physical energy toward achieving this one goal
if as she walked her steps fumbled from time to time she chose to ignore that omen
if the slope grew steeper and the groves more dim she tried to heed
success depended upon maintaining her equanimity
she must be poised and proud and unafraid in order to prove to the mountain that she was in earnest
the forest took on an impersonal aspect
it did care what sort of person prowled its woods plucked at its bark or stripped the berries from its bushes
unconcerned indifferent unmotivated the forest was simply there fighting man 's depredations with more abundant growth and man 's follies with its own musical evening laughter
red man or white man pacifist or killer the forest would accept them all knowing that it could thrive equally well on slaughter and beneficence
knowing that its ageless mass would always dwarf the short span of time allotted to any man
pamela shook her head
she must think about time
that was another one of those traps
in her grim pursuit of tranquillity pamela focused her thoughts on her husband
if when this was all over she found the words to tell him about it she wondered if he would ever understand
how could he comprehend her need when he himself was innocent
indian ghosts would impinge upon his nights nor would his days be haunted by the dimly-outlined ill-conceived figure of her benighted ancestor
his bright daylight mind would whistle away such images
they would dare to face his scoffing
pamela was glad jim was nowhere near
his presence would have interfered with her duty
the mountainside grew steeper and she slipped once or twice on the smooth pine needles
the trees huddled more closely together their limbs and leaves intertwined in a coarse curtain against the sun
bushes and vines abetted the rocks in forming thorny detours for the struggling stranger and without the direct light of the sun to act as compass pamela could no longer be positive of her direction
nevertheless she continued to move upward
she was sure she would reach the pool by climbing and she clung to that belief despite the increasing number of obstacles
the forest had become an alien world where she strove alone unprotected unguided to deal with whatever hindrances were offered
it was a bold dark castle of pine boughs that stood like a medieval fortress eclipsing the sun and human time
at one and the same time she was within it but still searching for the drawbridge that would give her entry
silence came into the forest a solid being that clapped its hand over the murmuring mouths of the birds and the whispered comfort of the trees
silence walked at pamela 's side its presence numbingly close yet too far for her to hear
silence stood in front of her waiting and in back of her blocking her retreat
she stumbled over the root of a tree that protruded maliciously above the earth
in spite of her attempt to preserve her balance she fell bruising her arm on a naked stone
for a moment she could catch her breath and then her breath returning in short frightened spasms she lifted herself to her feet laboriously
she started to brush the dirt and bits of leaves off her clothes
her arm bled slightly and the offended skin cried out in pain
she looked around
she was bewildered
she seemed to have come such a long distance too far for her destination which had wilfully been swallowed up in the greedy gloom of the trees
she stood quite still trying to focus upon a direction in which to turn a path to follow a clue to guide her
she was standing in a thick grove
the trees were crowded so closely together that their branches overlapped virtually shutting out the sun completely
the earth smelled moist and pungent as it might in a cave deprived of the cleansing effect of the sun 's rays
she had the feeling that under the mouldering leaves there would be the bodies of dead animals quietly decaying and giving their soil back to the mountain
the thought made pamela shudder
a terrible chill swept through the grove
a breeze exactly but a pocket of icy air that settled with a loathsome familiarity upon the deep confines of the grove catching pamela in a leering embrace
there was a peculiar density about it a thick substance that could be sensed but never identified never actually perceived
where before had she felt or dreamt or imagined such a scene
she already knew this unwholesome chilling atmosphere that was somehow grotesquely alive
it enclosed her clammy hands and twined around her ankles
it crept into the open neck of her blouse and slid down her body seeping into her flesh through all the quivering pores of her skin
it crawled across her breasts suffocating the life in her nipples
it circled her thighs exploring with its icy tentacles
it entered her body with the ghastly intimacy of an incubus and its particles spreading creeping crawling joined themselves into steel bands that constricted her knees so tightly that they ached
stifled her lungs so that her breath came in harsh gasps
clutched her throat and sucked up the moisture in her mouth so that her tongue was dry and hard and stuck to the roof of her mouth and her teeth were clenched together in the rigid fixture of her jaws
she had to get away from here before this demoniac possession swallowed up the liquid of her eyes and sank into the fibers of her brain depriving her of reason and sight
but she did know which way to go
the shadows of the trees engulfed her foreclosing every possible exit from the grove
she had been snared here by a vile sensuality that writhed around her throat in ever-tightening circles
she could scream for even if a sound could take shape within her parched mouth who would hear who would listen
does the mountain listen
pamela groped blindly
she had to escape
she had to move in some direction any direction that would take her away from this evil place
she thrust forward through the shadows and the trees that resisted her and tried to fling her back
her own body protested aching painfully where the blood in her veins had congealed where cold demon wisps still clung and caressed
every movement she made seemed unnecessarily noisy
twigs cracked loudly under her feet
bushes swished and scratched at her slacks
tree branches snapped as she pushed them ruthlessly away from her
miraculously she found exactly the right statement
she began it deliberately so that none of her words would be lost on him
i want to tell you something thomas demontez lord
i'm well aware that you've got a pedigree as long as my leg and that i don't amount to anything
but it don't matter a-tall lord supplied fondly
to me you'll always be the girl o' my dreams an' the sweetest flower that grows
beaming idiotically he pooched out his lips and attempted to kiss her
she yanked away from him furiously
you shut up
i've got something to say to you and by god you're going to listen
do you hear me
you're going to listen
lord nodded agreeably
he said he wanted very much to listen
he knew that anything a brainy little lady like her had to say would be plumb important as well as pleasin' to the ear and he didn't want to miss a word of it
so would she mind speaking a little louder
i think you stink tom lord
i think you're mean and hateful and stupid and louder
so i can hear you while i'm checkin' the car
looks like we might be in for a speck of trouble
he opened the door and got out
he waited at the car side for a moment looking down at her expectantly
wasn't you goin' to say somethin'
then helpfully as she merely stared at him in weary silence maybe you could write it down for me huh
print it in real big letters an' i can cipher it out later
aah go on she said
just go the hell on
he grinned nodded and walked around to the front of the car
lips pursed mournfully he stared down at its crazily sagging left side
then he hunkered down on the heels of his handmade boots peered into the orderly chaos of axle shock absorber and spring
he went prone on his stomach the better to pursue his examination
after a time he straightened again brushing the red permian dust from his hands slapping it from his six-dollar levis and his tailored twenty-five-dollar shirt
he wore no gun a strange ommission for a peace officer in this country
never he'd once told joyce had he encountered any man or situation that called for a gun
and he really feels that way she thought
that 's really all he 's got all he is
just a big pile of self-confidence in an almost teensy package
if i could make myself feel the same way
she studied him hopefully yearningly
against the limitless background of sky and wasteland it was easy to confirm her analysis
here in the god-forsaken place the westerly end of nowhere tom lord looked almost insignificant almost contemptible
he was handsome with his coal-black hair and eyes his fine-chiseled features
but she'd known plenty of handsomer guys and conceding his good looks what was there left
he wasn't a big man
rather on the medium side
neither was he very powerful of build
he could move very quickly she knew although he seldom found occasion to do so but he was more wiry than truly strong
and his relatively small hands and feet gave him an almost delicate appearance
just nothing she told herself
just so darned sure of himself that he puts the indian sign on everyone
but by gosh i want him and i'm going to have him
he caught her eye came back around the car with the boot-wearer
teetering half-mincing walk
why did these yokels still wear boots anyway when most had scarcely sat a horse in years
he slid in at her side tucked a cigar into his mouth and politely proffered one to her
oh cut it out tom
can't you stop that stupid clowning for even a minute
this ain't your brand maybe lord suggested
or maybe you just don't feel like a cigar
i feel like getting back to town that 's what i feel like
now are you going to take me or am i supposed to walk
might get there faster walkin' lord drawled seein' as how i got a busted front spring
on the other hand howsomever maybe you wouldn't either
i figger it 's probl'y a sixty-five-mile walk and i c'n maybe get this spring patched up in a couple of hours
how with what
there 's nothing out here but rattlesnakes
now ain't it the truth
lord laughed with secret amusement
a danged thing but rattlesnakes so i reckon i'll get the boss rattler to help me
for god 's sake
he pointed cutting her off
see that wildcat
she saw it then the distant derrick of the wildcat a test well in unexplored country
and even with her limited knowledge of such things she knew that the car could be repaired there
sufficiently at least to get them back into town
a wildcatter had to be prepared for almost any emergency
he had to depend on himself since he was invariably miles and hours away from others
well let 's get going she said impatiently
i she broke off frowning
what did you mean by that rattlesnake gag
getting the boss rattlesnake to help you
why i meant what i said lord declared
what else would i mean anyways
she looked at him lips compressed
then with a shrug of pretended indifference she took a compact from her purse and went through the motions of fixing her make-up
in his mood it was the best way to handle him
that is to show no curiosity whatsoever
otherwise she would be baited into a tantrum teased and provoked until she lost control of herself and thus lost still another battle in the maddening struggle of tom lord vs. joyce lakewood
the car lurched along at a snail 's crawl the left-front mudguard banging and scraping against the tire occasionally scraping against the road itself
lord whistled tunelessly as he fought the steering wheel
he seemed very pleased with himself as though some intricate scheme was working out exactly as he had planned
along with this self-satisfaction however joyce sensed a growing tension
it poured out of him like an electric current a feeling that the muscles and nerves of his fine-drawn body were coiling for action and that that action would be all that he anticipated
joyce had seen him like this once before more than once actually but on one particularly memorable occasion
that was the day that he had practically mopped up the main street of big sands with aaron mcbride field boss for the highlands oil & gas company
tom had been laying for aaron mcbride for a long time just waiting to catch him out of line
mcbride gave him his opportunity when he showed up in town with a pistol on his hip
he had a legitimate reason for wearing it
it was payday for highlands and he was packing a lot of money back into the oil fields
moreover as long as the weapon was carried openly the sheriff 's office had made no previous issue of it
so what 's this all about
he demanded when lord confronted him
i'm the only man in town with a gun or the only one without a permit
it was the wrong thing to say
by failing to do as he was told instantly to take out a permit or return the gun to his car he had played into lord 's hands
the trouble was that he had virtually had to protest
the deputy had forced him to by his manner of accosting him
so how about it
why single me out on this permit deal
well i'll tell you about that lord told him
we aim t' be see-lective y'know
don't like to bother no one unless we have to which i figger we do in your case
figger we got to be plumb careful with any of you highlands big shots
he himself had heard that there was gangster money in the company but that had nothing to do with him
he was an honest man doing a hard job and the implication that he was anything else was unbearable
look lord he said hoarsely
i know you've got a grudge against me and maybe i can't blame you
you think that highlands swindled you and i helped 'em do it
but you're all wrong man
i'm no lawyer
i just do what i'm told and
an' that could mean trouble with a fella that 's workin' for crooks
so you get rid of that pistol right now mis-ter mcbride
you do that or take you out a permit right now
mcbride couldn't do either of course
immediately as the deputy demanded
without a face-saving respite of at least a few minutes
to do so would make his job well-nigh impossible
oil-field workers were a rough-tough lot
how could he exert authority over them make them toe the line as he had to if he knuckled under to this small-town clown
i'll get around to it a little later he mumbled desperately
just as soon as i go to the bank and
now mis-ter mcbride said lord and he laid a firmly restraining hand on the field boss 's arm
it was strictly the deputy 's game but mcbride had gone too far to throw in
now he could only play the last card in what was probably the world 's coldest deck
he flung off lord 's hand and attempted to push past him inadvertently shoving him into a storefront
it was practically the last move that mcbride made of his own volition
lord slugged him in the stomach so hard that the organ almost pressed against his spine
then as he doubled gasping vomiting the breakfast he had so lately eaten lord straightened him with an uppercut
a rabbit punch redoubled him
and then there was a numbing blow to the heart and another gut-flattening blow to the stomach
but he couldn't keep up with them
no more could he defend himself against them
he seemed to be fighting one man but a dozen
and he could no longer think of face-saving of honor but only of escape
why he 's going to kill me he thought wildly
i meant him no harm
i've given willful hurt to no man
i was just doing my job just following orders and for that he 's going to kill me
beat me to death in front of a hundred people
somehow more terrible than the certainty that he was about to die was the knowledge that lord would probably suffer for it the murder would go unpunished
he mcbride would be cited as in the wrong and he lord would go scot-free an officer who had only done his duty though perhaps too energetically
mcbride staggered into the street flopped sprawling in the stinging dust
fear-maddened fleeing the lengthening shadow of death he scrambled to his feet again
he couldn't see
he was long past the point of coherent thinking
dimly he heard laughter hoots of derision but he could read the racket properly
he could grasp that lord had withdrawn from the fight minutes ago and that his leaden arms were flailing at nothing but the air
he hated them too much to understand the people of this isolated law-unto-itself world that was lord 's world
this he was sure was the way they would act
laughing at a dying man laughing as a man was beaten to death
and nothing would be done about it
donna his young wife the girl who was both daughter and wife to him
donna was like he was
she lived by the rules never compromising never blinded or diverted by circumstance
and donna would
when he regained consciousness he was in lord 's house in the office of doctor lord the deputy 's deceased father
the brannon outfit known as the slash-b because of its brand reached hondo creek before sundown
the herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night 's bedground
two of the new hands a mexican named jose amado and a kid known only as laredo were picked for the first trick of riding night herd
the rest of the crew offsaddled their mounts and turned them into the remuda
they got tin cups of coffee from the big pot on the coosie 's fire rolled and lighted brown-paper cigarettes lounged about
there was some idle talk a listless discussion of this or that small happening during the day 's drive
but they deliberately avoided the one subject that had them all curious the failure of the boss 's wife and son to join the outfit
it especially bothered the older hands
the cook mateo garcia had arrived there long before the herd
he'd started a fire and put coffee on and now was busy at the work board of his chuck wagon
he was readying a batch of sourdough biscuits for the dutch oven
supper would be ready within the hour
the maguire family was setting up a separate camp nearby
billie had unhitched the mules from both tom brannon 's and his father 's wagon
hank had gathered wood for a cookfire and his wife was busy at it now
conchita kept an eye on the twins and little elena trying to keep them from falling into the creek by which they persisted in playing
conchita nagged at the younger children attempting without success to keep her thoughts off tom brannon
tom brannon had caught up with the outfit shortly after the maguires joined it which had been at midday
he'd come alone without his wife and child
he'd been in an angry mood conchita had thought his face almost ugly with the anger in him
she wondered what had taken place in town between him and his wife
she wished that she could talk to her mother about it
that her mother knew what had happened but they could speculate upon it
but her mother would rebuke her if she mentioned it and say that it was none of her concern
pat get out of that creek
you too sean
elena you'll get mud all over your dress
even as she called to the children conchita let her gaze seek tom brannon
tomas she called him as the mexican hands did
he was in earnest conversation with her father and the old vaquero luis hernandez
whatever they are talking about
it bothered her that she probably would never know
certainly she wouldn't dare ask her father afterward
he would tell her to pry into grownups' affairs as though she were a little kid like elena
at the moment the three men were saying much of anything
they were sitting on their heels rider-fashion over by the still empty calf wagon
brannon was hunkered down with his broad back to the left rear wheel with the other two facing him
he held a cigarette in his right hand
it was burning away forgotten
his face was clouded with unhappiness
he'd told hank maguire and luis hernandez about his wife 's refusal to come with him and about what he now intended to do
they were considering it gravely neither seeming to like what he planned
finally hernandez said i could offer you advice tomas but you wouldn't heed it
let 's hear it anyway
wait a little while
let senora brannon live in her father 's house for a time
give her time to miss you
maybe she will then come to you
after all you want the senora as much as you want the boy
you need her even more than you need him
she won't change her mind brannon said
john clayton will see to that
but after a time away from you
a year luis
how long should i wait
maybe in a year tomas
in a year she'll like living in clayton 's house too much to come back to me brannon said flatly
and the boy will be too much under his influence by then
i've got to take danny away from clayton before i lose him altogether
hell in a year or five or ten the boy will have forgotten me his own father
but to take him and leave his mother behind is good
in my place you'd follow such advice as you give me
hernandez looked suddenly uncertain
that i can't answer for i can't imagine something like this happening to me
maybe i should withdraw my advice no
brannon looked at hank maguire
what would you do in my place
hank shook his head
i don't know tom
like luis i can't see something like this happening to me
with maria and me there 's never any problem
where i go she goes and the kids with us
you're going to need your woman
and the boy will need his mother
if you take the one you'd better take both
brannon shook his head
i won't force beth to come against her will
but i'm going to have my son
they were silent for a little while each looking glum
finally luis hernandez said what must be must be
i am with you of course tomas
and hank maguire added so am i tom
all right brannon said rising
we'll ride out as soon as we've had chuck
brannon timed it so that they rode in an hour after nightfall
they had for cover both darkness and a summer storm
during much of the fifteen-mile ride they had watched a lurid display of lightning in the sky to the east
later they'd heard the rumble of thunder and then just outside rockfork they ran into rain
those who had slickers donned them
the others put on old coats or ducking jackets whichever they carried behind their saddle cantles
there were seven of them enough for a show of strength to run a bluff
it was to be nothing more than that
there was to be no gunplay
if the bluff failed and they ran into trouble brannon had told the others they would withdraw and he would come after his son another time
he didn't want to put himself outside the law
with him were hank maguire luis hernandez and luis 's son pedro
the ramirez brothers were also along
the seventh man was red hogan a wiry little puncher with a wild streak and a liking for hell-raising
they were all good men
it was dark early because of the storm
also because of the storm the streets of rockfork were deserted
lighted windows glowed jewel-bright through the downpour
they reined in before the town marshal 's office a box-sized building on main street
a lamp burned inside but brannon peering through the window saw that the office was empty
he'd hoped to catch jesse macklin there
probably just stepped out he said
maybe to have supper
red come along
the rest of you wait here
with red hogan he rode to the welcome cafe
hogan got down from the saddle and had a look inside
there he said getting back onto his horse
maybe he 's at the hotel
they rode to the rockfork house a little farther along the opposite side of the street
they reined in there brannon remaining in the saddle while hogan went to look for jesse macklin in the hotel dining room
brannon had no slicker
he'd put on his old brown corduroy coat and it was already soaked
but he felt no physical discomfort
he was only vaguely aware of the sluicing rain
he hardly noticed the blue-green flashes of lightning and the hard claps of thunder
hogan reappeared stopped on the hotel porch lifted a hand in signal
brannon dismounted and climbed the steps
he 's finished eating hogan said
sitting with a cup of coffee now
it shouldn't be long
it seemed long at least to tom brannon
he and hogan waited by the door one to either side
macklin was the third man to come out and he came unhurriedly
he was puffing on a cigar and he was turning up his coat collar against the rain
it was until he moved across the porch that he became aware of them and then it was too late
they closed in fast kept him from reaching inside his coat for his gun
just come along brannon told him
don't start anything you can't finish
now listen macklin began
we'll talk over at your office
brannon i warn you
let 's go marshal brannon said and took him by the arm
hogan gripped the lawman 's other arm
they escorted him down from the porch and through the rain to his office
the other five slash-b men followed them inside crowding the small room
his face was stiff with anger when they let go of his arms
he looked at each of them in turn brannon last of all
i'll remember you he said
every last one of you
as for you brannon
put your gun on the desk marshal
now hold on damn it
red hogan 's patience ran out
he lifted the skirt of macklin 's coat took his gun from its holster tossed it onto the desk
too much fooling around he said
don't press your luck badge-toter
brannon said now the key to the lockup marshal
can't you guess
we're putting you where you won't come to harm
come on the key
get it out
damned if i will
brannon you've assaulted a law officer and
they moved in on him crowded him from all sides
no man laid a hand on him but the threat of violence was there
his face took on a sudden pallor became beaded with sweat and he seemed to have trouble with his breathing
he held out a moment longer then his nerve gave under the pressure
he swore and said all right
it 's here in my pocket
get it out brannon ordered
then as macklin obeyed now let 's go out back
resignedly macklin turned to the back door
they followed him into the rain and across to the squat stone building fifty feet to the rear
the door of the lockup was of oak planks and banded with strap iron
it was secured by an oversized padlock
macklin balked again wanting to unlock and open the door
they crowded him in that threatening way once more forced him to give in
once the door was open they crowded him inside the dark building
he was uttering threats in a low but savage voice when they closed and padlocked the door
they returned to the street mounted their horses rode through the rain to the big house on houston street
its windows glowed with lamplight
deputy marshal luke harper still stood guard on the veranda a forlorn scarecrowish figure in the murky dark
he came to the edge of the veranda peered down at them with his hand on his gun
don't try it brannon told him dismounting and starting up the steps with his men following
don't get yourself killed for something that doesn't concern you
he strode past the now frightened man entered the house
miguel and arturo ramirez remained on the veranda to keep harper from interfering
the others followed brannon inside
they trailed him across the wide hallway to the parlor four roughly garbed and tough-looking men who probably had never before ventured into such a house
they brought to it all the odors that clung to men like themselves that of their own sweat of campfire smoke of horses and cattle
they tracked mud on the oaken floor on the carpet
their presence fouled the elegance of that room
and their arrival caught john clayton and charles ansley off guard
the author of the anonymous notes seemed to be all-knowing
for men who had left cattle alone after getting their first notices had received no second
but the day of the deadline came and passed and the men who had scoffed at the warnings laughed with satisfaction
for with a single exception nothing had happened to them
the exception was an iron mountain settler named william lewis
after walking out to his corral that morning he'd been amazed to see the dust puff up in front of his feet
a split second later the distant crack of a rifle had sounded
he'd mounted up immediately and raced with a revolver ready toward the spot from which he'd estimated the shot had come
but he had found all of the thickets and points of cover deserted
there had been no sign of a rifleman and no track or trace to show that anyone had been near
lewis was a man who had made a full-time job of cow stealing
he hadn't even pretended to be farming his spread
his land had never been plowed
he had done his rustling openly and boasted about it
he had received both first and second anonymous notices and each time he had accused his neighbors of writing them
he had cursed at them and threatened them
he was a man those neighbors testified later who didn't have a friend in the world
william lewis made the rounds of all who lived near him again that august morning after a bullet landed at his feet and once more he accused and threatened everyone
i'll be ready next time
i'll be shootin' right back
he had his chance the very next morning for exactly the same thing happened again
this time lewis had his own rifle in his hands and he threw some answering fire back at the mysterious far-off shot then spent most of the day searching out the area
he found nothing but he still refused to give up and move out
just let me meet up with that damned bushwhackin' coward face-to-face
that 's all i ask
he never got that chance
for the unseen ghostlike rifleman aimed a little higher the third time
a bullet smashed directly into the center of william lewis' chest
he slumped against a log fence rail then tried to lift himself
two more shots followed in quick succession dropping him limp and huddled on the ground
an inquest was held and after a good deal of testimony about the anonymous notes the county coroner estimated that the shooting had been done from a distance of ### yards
rumors of the offer tom horn had made at the stockgrowers' association meeting had leaked out by then and as a grand jury investigation of the murder got underway the prosecuting attorney a colonel baird ordered that the tall stock detective be summoned for questioning
it took some time to locate horn
he was finally found in the bates hole region of natrona county two counties away
prosecutor baird immediately assumed he was hiding out there after the shooting and began preparing an indictment
but that indictment was never made
for tom horn it turned out had a number of rancher and cowboy witnesses ready and willing to swear with straight faces that he had been in bates hole the day of the killing
the former scout 's alibi couldn't be shaken
the authorities had to release him
he immediately rode on to cheyenne threw a ten-day drinking spree and dropped some very strong hints among friends
dead center at three hundred yards that coroner said
three shots in that fella 'fore he hit the ground
you reckon there 's two men in this state can shoot like that
publicly he denied everything
privately he created and magnified an image of himself as a hired assassin
for a blood-chilling ring of terror to the very sound of his name was the tool he needed for the job he'd promised to do
tom horn was soon back at work giving his secret employers their money 's worth
a good many beef-hungry settlers were accepting the death of william lewis as proof that the warning notes were idle threats
the company herds were being raided less often and cabins and soddies all over the range were standing deserted
but there were other homesteaders who passed the lewis murder off as a personal grudge killing the work of one of his neighbors
the rustling problem was by no means solved
even in the very area where the shooting had been done cattle were still disappearing
for less than a dozen miles from the unplowed land of the dead man lived another settler who had ignored the warnings that his existence might be foreclosed on a blatant and defiant rustler named fred powell
fred was mighty crude about the way he took in cattle his own hired man andy ross mentioned later
everyone knew it but he sort of acted like he didn't care who knew it even after them notes came even after he'd heard about lewis even after he'd been shot at a couple o' times hisself
on the morning of september ## #### powell and ross rose at dawn and began their day 's work
haying time was close at hand and they needed some strong branches to repair a hay rack
harnessing a team to a buckboard they drove out to a willow-lined creek about a half-mile off then climbed down and began chopping
andy ross had just started swinging an ax at his second willow when the distant blast of a rifle sounded
he looked around in surprise then noticed that fred powell was clutching his chest
the hired man ran over to help his boss
my god i'm shot
and he collapsed and died instantly
ross had no intention of searching for the assassin
he heaved the dead man onto the buckboard yelled and lashed at the team and got out of there fast
but he brought back the sheriff and several deputies and to the lawmen the entire affair seemed a repetition of the lewis killing
a detailed scouring of the entire area revealed nothing beyond a ledge of rocks that might have been the rifleman 's hiding place
there were no tracks of either hoofs or boots
even an empty cartridge case could be found
once again tom horn was the first and most likely suspect and he was brought in for questioning immediately
once again he shook his head kept his face expressionless and his voice very calm and had a strongly supported alibi ready
later riding in for some lusty enjoyment of the liquor and professional ladies of cheyenne he laid claim to the killing with the vague insinuations he made
exterminatin' cow thieves is just a business proposition with me he'd blandly announce
and i sort o' got a corner on the market
tom a friend asked him once how come you bushwhacked them rustlers
they wouldn't o' stood no chance with you in a plain straight-out shoot-down
he had lots of friends then as always
even as he became widely known as a professional killer nearly every cowboy and rancher in wyoming seemed proud to call him a friend
no man 's name brought more cheers when it was announced in a rodeo
well he explained s'posin' you was a nester swingin' the long rope
which would you be most scairt of a dry-gulchin' or a shoot-down
yeah i can see that the friend was forced to agree
but well it just don't seem sportin' somehow
the tall sunburnt rustler-hunter stared in amazement
he echoed again in soft wonder
i seen a lot o' things in my time
i found a trooper once the apache had spread-eagled on an ant hill and another time we ran across some teamsters they'd caught tied upside down on their own wagon wheels over little fires until their brains was exploded right out o' their skulls
i heard o' texas cattlemen wrappin' a cow thief up in green hides and lettin' the sun shrink 'em and squeeze him to death
but there 's one thing i never seen or heard of one thing i just don't think there is and that 's a sportin' way o' killin' a man
after the first two murders the warning notes were rarely ignored
the lesson had been learned
the examples were plain
when fred powell 's brother-in-law charlie keane moved into the dead man 's home the anonymous letter writer took no chances on charlie taking up where fred had left off and wasted no time on a first notice
if you don't leave this country within # days your life will be taken the same as powell 's was
this was the message found tacked to the cabin door
keane left within three days
all through albany and laramie counties other men were doing the same
houses of settlers who'd treated the company herds as a natural resource free for the taking were sitting empty with weeds growing high in their yards
the small half-heartedly tended fields of men who'd spent more time rustling cattle than farming were lying fallow
no cow thief could count on a jury of his sympathetic peers to free him any longer
jury judge and executioner were riding the range in the form of a single unknown figure that could materialize anywhere at any time to dispense an ancient brand of justice the men of the new west had believed long outdated
for three straight years tom horn patrolled the southern wyoming pastures and how many men he killed after lewis and powell if he killed lewis and powell will never be known
it is possible although highly doubtful that he killed none at all but merely let his reputation work for him by privately claiming every unsolved murder in the state
it is also possible but equally doubtful that he actually shot down the hundreds of men with which his legend credits him
for that legend was growing explosively rumor was insisting he received a price of $### a man
the best evidence is that he received a monthly wage of about $### very good money in an era when top hands worked for $## and found
rumor had it he slipped two small rocks under each victim 's head as a sort of trademark
a detailed search of old coroner 's reports fails to substantiate this in the slightest
one thing was certain his method was effective so effective that after a time even the warning notices were often unnecessary
the mere fact that the tall figure with the rifle and field glasses had been seen riding that way was enough to frighten three rustling homesteaders out of the upper laramie country in a single week
my reputation 's my stock in trade tom mentioned more than once
he evidently couldn't foresee that it might be his downfall in the end
he had made himself the personification of the devil to the homesteaders
but to the cattlemen who had been facing bankruptcy from rustling losses and to the cowboys who had been faced with lay-offs a few years earlier he was becoming a vastly different type of legendary figure
such ranchers as coble and clay and the bosler brothers carried him on their books as a cowhand even while he was receiving a much larger salary from parties unknown
he made their spreads his headquarters and he helped out in their roundups
in the cow camps tom horn was regarded as a hero as the same kind of champion he was when he entered and invariably won the local rodeos
the hands and their bosses saw him as a lone knight of the range waging a dedicated crusade against a lawless new society that was threatening a beloved way of life
the wailing guitar-strumming minstrels of the cattle kingdom made up songs about him
by #### rustling losses had been driven down to the lowest level ever seen in wyoming
when several minutes had passed and curt hadn't emerged from the livery stable brenner reentered the hotel and faced summers across the counter
i have a little job for you charlie
i'm sure you won't mind doing me a small favor
brenner 's voice was oily but summers wasn't fooled
he moistened his lips uneasily
what is it you want me to do mr. brenner
brenner shrugged carelessly
it 's very simple
i just want you to take a message to diane molinari
tell her to come here to the hotel
vastly relieved summers nodded and started toward the door
one thing summers brenner said
you're to mention my name
tell her curt adams wants to see her
summers pulled up short and turned around
i don't know mr. brenner he said haltingly beginning to get an inkling of brenner 's plans
it doesn't seem quite right telling her a thing like that
couldn't i just his voice trailed off into silence
brenner continued to smile but his eyes were cold
he turned and looked around at the lobby as though seeing things he hadn't before noticed
you know summers he said thoughtfully
eagle 's nest ought to have a fire company
if someone were to drop a match in here this place would go up like a haystack
he started toward the stairway then turned to add tell her to come to adams 's room that adams is in trouble
tell her to hurry
his face pale summers headed for the street
curt 's visit to the livery stable had been merely a precaution in case anyone should be watching
he paused only long enough to ascertain that jess 's buckskin was still missing and that his own gray was all right then climbed through a back window and dropped to the ground outside
the fact that jess 's horse had been returned to its stall could indicate that diane 's information had been wrong but curt didn't interpret it this way
a man like jess would want to have a ready means of escape in case it was needed
probably his horse would be close to where he was hiding
from the back of the barn it was a simple matter to reach black 's house without using the street
curt approached the place cautiously and watched it several minutes from the protection of a grove of trees
there was a light in black 's front room but drawn curtains prevented any view of the interior
curt circled the house and located a barn out back
he could hear horses moving around inside and nothing else
there was no lock on the door only an iron hook which he unfastened
he opened the door and went in pulling it shut behind him
again he stood in the darkness listening but there was only the scrape of a shod hoof on a plank floor
he moved ahead carefully his left hand in front of him and came to a wooden partition
horse smell was very strong and he could hear the crunch of grain being ground between strong jaws
he found a match in his pocket and lit it
there were two horses in the barn a sway-backed dun and jess crouch 's buckskin
curt snuffed out the match
it was certain now that jess was in the house but also presumably was stacey black
curt wanted to get jess alone without interference from anyone even as spineless a person as the store owner
he studied the problem for a few seconds and thought of a means by which it might be solved
reaching across the side of the stall he slapped the buckskin on the rump
the startled animal let out a terrified squeal and thrashed around in the stall
as curt had hoped the house door banged open
he slapped the buckskin again and it kicked wildly its hoofs rattling the side of the stall
curt moved over beside the door and waited
presently he heard footsteps crossing the yard and jess 's smothered curses
the door swung open and jess said sourly what the hell 's the matter with you
the horse continued to snort
curt doubted that any animal belonging to jess would find much reassurance in its owner 's voice
jess cursed again and entered the barn
a match flared and he reached above his head to light a lantern which hung from a wire loop
as he crossed to the side of the stall curt drew his gun and clicked back the hammer
before you try anything he said
remember what happened to gruller
jess caught his breath in surprise
he started to reach for his gun but apparently thought better of it
that 's the stuff curt said
just hold it that way
he reached out to pull the door shut and fasten it with a sliding bolt
you and i have a little talking to do jess
you won't be needing this
he moved up and lifted jess 's pistol out of its holster
damn you adams jess was beginning to recover from his initial shock
we ain't got nothing to talk about
if i don't come back in the house breed 's going to
your trigger-happy brother isn't in the house
about now he 's probably having supper
that long ride the four of you took must've given him a good appetite
now turn around so i can see your face
there was raw fury in his eyes and the veins of his neck were swollen
you're about as dumb as they come adams
i don't know what you're up to but when brenner
you can forget about brenner too curt said
it 's ben arbuckle we're going to talk about
i don't know nothin' about him
i suppose you don't know anything about a piece of two-by-four either
one with blood all over it arbuckle 's blood
curt 's fingers put a little more pressure on the trigger of his gun
so help me crouch i'd like to kill you where you stand but before i do i'm going to hear you admit killing him
now start talking
who told you to do it
was it dutch brenner
curt was holding jess 's gun in his left hand
he drew back his arm to slash the gunbarrel across jess 's face but didn't finish the motion
pistol-whipping an unarmed man might come easy to someone like jess but curt couldn't bring himself to do it
apparently sensing this and realizing that it gave him an advantage jess became bold
having all the guns makes you a big man don't it adams
if we was both armed you wouldn't talk so tough
curt reached out and dropped jess 's pistol back into the holster
he retreated a step and holstered his own
all right crouch
we're on even terms
sweat bubbled out on jess 's swarthy face
the fingers of his right hand twisted into a claw but he didn't reach for the gun
curt angry enough to be a little reckless raised his hands shoulder high
does this make it any easier coward
i ain't drawin' against you jess said thickly
i heard how you outdrew chico
i ain't a gunslinger
you're the kind of bastard who sneaks up on a man from behind and hits him with a club
i just wanted to hear you say so
jess stared at him without answering and let his hands fall to his sides
he had found curt 's weakness or what to jess was a weakness and was smart enough to take advantage of it
somewhere in the distance a woman screamed
curt was too involved in his own problems to pay much attention
he had to make jess talk and he had to do it before stacey black got curious and came to investigate
once more he lifted jess 's gun from its holster only this time he tossed it into the stall with the frightened buckskin
he dropped his own beside it
we'll do it another way then he said harshly
jess 's coarse features twisted in a surprised grin which was smashed out of shape by curt 's fist
with a roar of pain and fury jess made his attack
curt managed to duck beneath the man 's flailing fist and drove home a solid left to jess 's mid-section
it was like hitting a sack of salt
pain shot up curt 's arm clear to the shoulder but jess seemed hardly aware that he had been hit
he slammed into the wall bounced back and caught curt with a roundhouse right which sent him spinning
an inch lower and it would have knocked him out
as it was his vision blurred and for a moment he was unable to move
when his eyes began to focus he saw jess charging at him with a pitchfork
curt twisted to one side and the tines of the fork bit into the floor
jess wasted a few seconds trying to yank them loose
it gave curt time to stagger to his feet
the tines broke off under jess 's twisting and he swung the handle in an attempt to knock curt 's brains out
his aim was hurried
so the pitchfork whistled over curt 's head
by now curt was seeing clearly again
he stepped inside jess 's guard and landed two blows to the big man 's belly putting everything he had behind them
they made jess double over
when his head came down curt grabbed him by the hair and catapulted him head first into the wall
the building shook setting the lantern to swaying and the buckskin to pitching again
even black 's old crowbait began to snort and from the house black yelled jess
what 's going on out there
jess didn't seem too sure himself
he lurched drunkenly to his feet lowered his head and took one step away from the wall
curt caught him flush on the nose with a blow which started at the floor
jess had had enough
blood gushed from his nose and he backed off as rapidly as he could stumbling over his own feet in his frantic haste to get away from curt 's fists
curt was in almost as bad shape but he wouldn't quit
he backed jess into a corner grabbed a handful of the man 's shirtfront and drew back his right fist
tell me about arbuckle
you killed him didn't you
it was brenner 's idea jess mumbled dabbing at his nose
he found out about you and arbuckle talking
he wanted to show the town what happened to anyone who tried to start trouble
you mean anyone who stood up for his rights curt said
he let go of the shirt and jess slumped to the floor
turning his back curt crossed to the stall reached over to untie the buckskin 's halter rope and waved his hand in the animal 's face
the buckskin bolted out of the stall
curt moved in and picked up his gun
he shook loose straw out of the action and placed the gun in his holster
leaving jess 's where it lay he left the stall
get up crouch
we're going someplace
jess painfully got to his feet as someone rattled the door
who 's in there
black called fearfully
curt opened the door grabbed black by the shoulder and pulled him into the barn
you're staying right here for a while
this dirty coward just admitted killing arbuckle
i'm going to let him tell it to somebody else
he shoved black toward the stall and pointed his pistol at jess
get out of here
you're coming along peacefully or i'll put a bullet in your leg
jess stumbled through the door
curt followed reaching behind him to shut the door and hook it
black would have little trouble getting out but it might delay him a few minutes
where're you takin' me
jess asked worriedly
we're going to marshal woods 's house
maybe if the marshal hears this himself it'll make a difference
somebody in this town must still have some backbone
over his shoulder he could see max 's loose grin and the burnsides' glowering faces
honey he whispered
soon as we send them on their way and make camp let 's you and me go for a walk down by the snake all by ourselves
sally admonished her mother you've got all evening to visit with dan
his wounds need dressing now
mrs. jackson 's words recalled dan to his lack of fitness for courting
what a spectacle he was caked with dirt and sweat and blood filthy as a pig and naked as an indian kissing the finest the sweetest the bravest and absolutely the prettiest girl in this whole wonderful world
he released her reluctantly for her enthusiastic reunion with old hap
got a lot to tend to but i'll get back quick as i can he assured her
dan could hear clayton burnside and eben jackson summing up their final reckoning for rental on the oxen
jackson was doing most of the talking
so long as sally 's pa was coming out best on the haggle dan didn't feel the need of putting in his two-bits' worth
soon as the burnsides moved on he'd lead rex down by the river
there he could shave and scrub himself up for the evening
damn it he thought bitterly picking up his shirt and staring at the fresh bullet hole in the sleeve
if i hadn't got nate stopped when i did my duds'd all be shot plumb to hell
he stooped picked up his ruined hat and pursed his lips thoughtfully
from the way the wound in his head was itching dan knew that it would heal
but his only hat was something else again
the burnsides now ready to roll were purposefully deaf to his cry
he bellowed to the retreating back directly in front of him
i ain't going to fight you no more
nate turned his head attempting to speak in a soothing voice
i know you ain't
dan affirmed feeling ten feet tall
he moved in close jerked the handsome broad-brimmed beaver hat from nate 's head and clamped it on his own
here 's a present for you he said shoving his bullet-riddled hat down over nate 's purpling forehead
me and you 's trading hats so 's you'll have something permanent to remember me by
sally left her choring to stand beside dan
slipping her hand in his they silently watched the burnsides make the bend in the road and disappear from sight
much as they had to look forward to they didn't begrudge a moment of the time they spent seeing them go
at first matilda could believe her own eyes
she had spent too many hours looking ahead hoping and longing to catch even a glimpse of dan and finding nothing but emptiness
and now she could see him looking uncommon handsome standing there beside sally jackson and her folks in front of their trail-worn wagon
seeing them waiting there at the foot of emigrant rock was so overwhelming that for a good minute after they rounded the bend and started down the grade leading toward them matilda could speak at all
then with a glory that almost wiped out the deep downward sags in her careworn face matilda leaned over the wheel and shouted to hez who was stumbling along in the heat and the dust on the opposite side of the wagon pa
i can see dan
and he 's with the jacksons
what about burnsides
hez asked who still believed they'd have them to lick
they ain't even in sight
by then hez could see for himself and so could the others
soon they were all shouting greetings exchanging smiles and rejoicing to think that they were all back together again
but even a reunion as joyous as this one did make a break in the routines of the day
nor could they stop and find out about all that had happened until they made circle tended the cattle tethered the horses gathered fuel carried water and started their cooking fires
then and only then with the jacksons and dan as their true guests of honor did the harrows take time to catch up on the news
no sooner did they hear of dan 's injury than both gran and matilda went into immediate action
the wound in his scalp was examined pronounced healing and well doctored with simples before they dished up the victuals
from then on in keeping with the traditions they had followed since childhood the whole group settled down to relish their food
even sally in spite of her gaiety and obvious welcome followed the old taboo of quitting the gab when wearing the nosebag
after their supper the evening turned into a regular hoe-down
only they carefully substituted old country folk dances for the virginia reels and square dances that were so popular among more worldly trains in the great westward migration
but with bill o'connor on the fiddle and gran harrow exuberantly shouting glory be and hallelujah above their united chant of the lilting old ballads they played their quaint folk games with all the fervor and abandon of a real celebration
golly rod exclaimed to harmony as he dutifully stood by her side among the ringed spectators don't that fiddle make you wish the bible didn't say us baptists can't dance
nor methodists neither she replied
that it matters to me being this far along
rod gave her a warm pat on the shoulder before he replied
come spring you'll be kicking up your heels and feeling coltish again too gal
at these words of sympathy and understanding harmony said generously i don't mind setting here along with gran while you go out and join in the games
rod shifted his eager eyes from the milling group out in the circle long enough to reply i ain't much of a hand for dare-base and farmer-in-the-dell but i'd sure like to get in on the handhold and wrestles
he looked down at his big hands and slowly flexed his long fingers
don't reckon there 's nobody out there 'cept maybe dan who can outgrip me harmony
with rod on his way and matilda visiting with mrs. jackson while they searched out familiar names on the face of the cliff harmony settled on the edge of the grub box to ease the pressure of her swollen body on her bone-weary legs and worried about all that might have happened to sally
and she was deeply thankful that she could see her now out there in the midst of a gay youthful circle skipping and singing farmer in the dell farmer in the dell heigh-ho the dairy-oh the farmer in the dell
at the sight of sally 's happy face and carefree expression harmony 's dark brooding eyes quickly brightened with unshed tears
she was glad completely and unselfishly glad to see that things were working out the right way for both sally and dan
and she really tried to go a step further and say she hoped they'd be just as right as they now were for her and for rod
but she couldn't yet
with the memory of her folks and the lost conestoga still holding her close
out in the center of the circle the farmer who was dan wasted no time when they came to the line the farmer choose his wife
with a swift swoop of his big arms he grabbed sally out of the circle surrounding him and then kissed her soundly before setting her down so she could stand by his side while they jointly chose the rest of their outfit
soon the child the dog the cat and even the cheese all joined them out there in the circle
by now harmony could see that most of the adults in the train were winded and resting or else siphoned off from the games by the challenging lure of the great cliff towering above them
no matter how many registry rocks they came to on this journey each one exerted its own appeal
even strange names seemed to make them feel closer to some kind of civilization when stumbled across out here in this wilderness
already a few hardy folk from their own train were zealously chipping away at the register rocks leaving their own records along with those made by the earlier trains
soon she saw rod and hez moving over to join them
no sooner were they through and the guards posted than the whole camp turned in for a night of sound sleep
for matilda it was the first she had known in many a night
even the knowledge that she was losing another boy as a mother always does when a marriage is made did prevent her from having the first carefree dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into bear valley way way back there when they were crossing those other mountains
next morning they moved on again
my souls' a-gracious
gran harrow exclaimed watching their rippling muscles as rod and dan swung her up into the load
a body would swear i floated right up here on a cloud
rod and dan released their holds on the arms of her hickory rocker and exchanged embarrassed grins
shucks gran they said almost in unison
that wasn't nothing at all
leaning forward in her chair gran nearsightedly scrutinized dan 's face
how 's sally like rubbin' agin that thar little ticklebrush ye're a-raising
quit ragging him gran rod protested
i ain't ragging him
gran peered again at the week-old blond mustache shadowing dan 's upper lip
but honest-to-betsy i've seed more hair than that on a piece o' bacon
the two tall brothers waited silently while their mother handed gran her cold snack and water jug placed the chamber pot beside her feet and returned to her place at the front of the wagon with alice
rheumatics worse pa
dan asked hez who had limped back from his team to hold the notched-stick chair braces in place while his boys swung up the tailgate and tied it tight at the ends
my right leg 's stiff as a board this morning he replied
but the sun'll fry it out'n me onct we git to rolling
the three men stepped out to the side to wait for captain clemens' signal
hez looked up at the high face of emigrant rock official signboard for the raft river turnoff and gloated seems funny that them burnsides never took time to leave their john-henry up thar
wonder what made them hurry so rod drawled giving dan a sly wink
dan grinned and changed the subject
from now on sally and me and her folks aim to give you our turn when it comes up and fall in behind you and rod 's outfit
ain't no sense you eating our dust rod protested
sally and her ma want to trade off on account of harmony being so far along dan explained
jackson recruited his critters and him and me fixed up his wagon while we was waiting for you to catch up
he 's got the tightest running gear in the train now
besides 'tain't no more'n right for me to follow with my black oxen so 's i can unhook and pull up fast if either of you get in a pinch
captain clemens' signal shot sent the men hurrying to their waiting teams
reckon ye're right dan hez called back over his shoulder
i'll shore be needing ye both on the pull out o' the canyon
rod looked apprehensively ahead at the narrowing precipice-walled gorge
we'll double teams zigzagging up the mountain harmony he spoke reassuringly concerned by the pinched look around her mouth
like enough we'll all be up on top by sundown
out of the corner of his eye he could see his father 's wheels beginning to turn
before harmony had a chance to reply rod cracked his long whip over his thin oxen 's backs
while no larger than dutch springs this mining supply town had the appearance of being far busier and more prosperous
men crowded the streets and freight rigs and teams were moving about
although they were forced to maintain a sharper watch this activity enabled them to ride in and rack their broncs without any particular attention being paid them
gyp'll be holdin' forth in some bar if he 's here at all cobb declared glancing along the street as they stretched their legs
there were no less than six or seven saloons in ganado counting the lower class dives all vying for the trade of celebrating miners and teamsters
pat only nodded
take one side of the street and i'll take the other he proposed
if you spot carmer give a yell before you move in
cobb 's assent was tight
you do the same
it 's all i ask stevens
separating they took different sides of the main drag and systematically combed the bars
russ visited two places without result and his blood pressure was down to zero
suddenly it seemed to him insane that they might hope to locate gyp carmer so casually even were he to prove the thief
he tramped out of the miners rest with his hopes plummeting and headed doggedly for the palace saloon the last place of any consequence on this side of the street
the palace was an elaborate establishment built practically on stilts in front with long flights of wooden steps running up to the porch
behind its ornate facade the notorious dive clung like a bird 's nest to the rocky ribs of the canyonside
russ ran up the steps quickly to the plank porch
the front windows of the place were long and narrow reaching nearly to the floor and affording an unusually good view of the interior
heading for the batwings cobb glanced perfunctorily through the nearest window and suddenly dodged aside
nerves tight as a bowstring he paused to gather his wits
against all expectation carmer was inside clearly enjoying himself to the hilt and already so tipsy that it seemed unlikely he was bothering to note anything or anyone about him
fierce anger surged through russ
he fought down the impulse to rush in and collar the vicious puncher on the spot
reaching the porch rail beyond view of the bar windows he feverishly scanned the busy street below
stevens was nowhere in sight
muffling an exclamation russ sprang to the nearest steps and ran down
as luck had it he had gone twenty feet in the street before pat appeared
what luck cobb
he said swiftly
russ pointed upward
he 's there he got out tersely curbing his rising excitement
hitching his cartridge belt around pat glanced upward briefly at the palace and started that way with cobb at his side
climbing the steps steadily they reached the top and headed for the door
pat pushed through first
forced behind him momentarily russ followed at once and halted two steps inside
his eyes widened
while five minutes ago the place had presented a scene of easy revelry with gyp carmer a prominent figure it was now as somnolent and dull as the day before payday
carmer himself was nowhere to be seen
a man knocked the roulette ball about idly in its track and another dozed at one of the card tables
two men murmured with their heads together at the end of the bar while the sleek-headed bartender absently polished a glass
looking the setup over stevens started coolly for the rear of the place
where yuh goin'
it was the barkeep
halting pat turned to survey him deliberately
he did reply going on toward the back
less assured than the tall wide-shouldered man in the lead cobb followed alertly a hand on his gun butt
the bartender measured this situation with heavy eyes and decided he wanted no part of it
he said no more
a hall opened in back of the bar running toward an ell
pat moved into it
small rooms probably for cards opened off on either side
all the doors were open at this hour except one and it was toward this that stevens made his way with russ close at his shoulder
the door was locked
a single kick made it spring open shuddering
pat saw gyp carmer staggering forward a half-filled bottle upraised as if to strike
russ sprang through to bat it nimbly aside
with a bellow carmer lunged at him
but he was more than half-drunk and his faculties were dulled
cobb unleashed a single powerful jab that sent gyp reeling wildly and crashing down with a whining groan
he started to struggle up heaving desperately
russ gave him a brutal thrust that tumbled him over flat on his stomach
kneeling cobb planted a sturdy knee in the small of his back holding him pinned
i've drawn his fangs he snapped
go through his pockets will you
if we have to we'll take him apart and see what he 's made of
complying methodically pat pulled pocket after pocket inside out without finding a thing
cobb watched this with hunted eyes his desperate hope waning by the moment
stevens was grunting over the last empty pocket when russ abruptly rose and lunged toward carmer 's hat which had tumbled half-a-dozen feet away when he first fell
cobb got it
straightening up his eyes ablaze he held out the battered stetson
look at this
inside the crown stuffed behind the stained sweatband could be seen thin crumpled wads of currency
carmer 's ingenious cache for his loot had been found
by golly stevens
you were right russ exclaimed tearing the loose bills out of carmer 's hat
that is if we can be sure this is colcord 's money
where else would he get it
count what you've got there cobb
we can soon tell
russ ran through the bills and named an amount it was highly unlikely any cowpuncher would come by honestly
it 's within a hundred of what crip had he declared
we know penny spent some and carmer must have dropped a few dollars getting that load on
handing the money over russ wiped his hands on his pants-legs as if ridding himself of something unclean
his glance at gyp carmer was disdainful
shall we get out of here
leaving the card room they moved back through the palace the way they had come
glowering looks met them in the bar but there was no attempt to halt them
pausing in the outside door to glance behind him pat looked his unspoken warning and stepped out
he and cobb clattered down the high steps to the street
neither spoke till they reached their horses
pat paused there looking across at the young fellow
it'll be a pleasure for you to return this money to colcord and tell him about it russ
he started to return it
to his faint surprise russ held up his hand
me he ruled decidedly
i've had enough
it was you that tracked it down anyway stevens he pursued strictly
i'll shove along home
whatever you say
pat swung into the saddle yet still he delayed his brows puckered
you owe it to penny to give her a chance to explain that she was defending you really he observed mildly
old crip wasn't retorted cobb tartly
he'll know when you tell him
but i want this to sink in awhile
then maybe next time he won't be so quick on the trigger
pat had never pretended to give advice in such affairs
you're the doctor he returned with a smile
but i still think penny 's an awful nice girl russ
you don't have to tell me flashed cobb
giving the other a dark look he hauled his bronc around and trotted down off the street
pat let him go following more leisurely
at the first restaurant he sensibly pulled up to go in for his dinner and as a consequence did see cobb strike the open range at the mouth of the canyon and head straight across the swells for antler
the truth was the puncher was both bewildered and dismayed by his own mixed luck
penny 's always glad to see me over there he mused bleakly
yet had he visited the girl at saw buck he would never have been involved in this latest tangle
over and above that however was his growing suspicion of chuck stober 's part in recent events
gyp carmer couldn't have known about colcord 's money unless he was told and who else would have told him
he asked himself
it 's the second time war ax hands made a play for that money
how much of an accident could that be
nearing home he jerked to attention at the distant crack of a gun
in town no one paid much attention to an occasional shot
but on the range gunfire had a meaning
hauling up russ listened carefully
two minutes later it came again a double explosion followed by a third sounding more distant
as near as cobb could determine the shots came from the direction of the antler ranch house
he tightened up in a twinkling
so far as he knew only his father could be there
what did it mean
clapping spurs to the bronc he set off at a sharp canter with growing alarm
his first glimpse of the ranch house across the brushy swells told him nothing
still a quarter-mile away the fresh clap of guns only served to increase his speed
setting a course straight for the house he was covering ground fast when an angry bee buzzed past close to his face
when it was followed by a second whining even closer cobb swerved sharply aside into a depression
he knew now what he was up against
whoever was out there hiding in the brushy cover was besieging the antler house and having spotted his approach was determined to drive him off before he could get into the fight
cursing himself for having ridden out the last few days without a rifle in his saddle boot russ drew his colt and examined it briefly
if he wondered whether the attackers would allow him to pull away unmolested he had his answer a moment later
over this way
he ain't gone far
a harsh cry floated to him across the brush
a carbine cracked more loudly and a slug clipped fragments from the brush off at one side
the would-be assassin had his position figured pretty close
dismounting russ looked about hastily
toward the west this depression led toward a draw
leading his pony he hurried that way remounting till he was well below the level of the surrounding range
swinging up then and bending forward over the horn he urged his mount down the meandering draw
he had covered a hundred yards before a gun crashed from somewhere behind
he had been sighted and his attacker pumping shot after shot
a shot or two went wild before cobb felt something tug at his foot
a slug had torn half of his stirrup-guard away
a second twitched his shirtsleeve and he felt a brief burn on his upper arm
another snarled close overhead
let 's get out of here
at the first shot russ had hurled his mount to the left toward the side of the winding draw
the long minute before he reached effective cover seemed endless
sweeping a look around he saw that he was safe for the moment
he heard cries from behind him but he could make out no words
he dashed madly for the next elbow turn in the draw and made it
recklessly hurling the bronc sidewise into an intersecting draw he plunged forward with undiminished speed
gradually the wash climbed upward forcing him toward open range
yet he must chance it
he clambered out of the dwindling wash the loose dirt flying behind him and flashed a look about
early in november the clouds lifted enough to carry out the assigned missions
and sweeney squadron put its first marks on the combat record
every plane that could fly was sent into the air
cricket took eight ships and went south across the straits and along the north coast of mindanao to cagayan
anything the enemy flew or floated was his target
fleischman with eight was to patrol the leyte gulf area with his main task to get any kamikaze before they got to the ships
greg himself took two flights with todman leading the second to patrol and look for targets of opportunities around ormoc on the east coast of leyte
each plane carried two five-hundred pound bombs
a weapons carrier took greg todman belton banjo ferguson and walters and the others the two miles from the bivouac area to the strip
it was a rough long ride through the mud and pot holes
no one had much to say
the sky glowered down at them
there was a feeling that this mission would be canceled like all the others and that this muddy wet dark world of combat would go on forever
the truck dropped them off at the various revetments spread through the jungle
donovan snatched greg 's chute from him with a belligerent motion and almost ran to the plane with it
his face was dark as the sky above it as he stood on the wing and waited for his pilot
greg climbed into the cockpit feeling as if he had never been in one before
but his hands and those of donovan moved automatically adjusting and arranging in the check-out procedure
i've got her as neat as i can donovan said as he dropped the straps of the seton harness over greg 's shoulders
but this goddamn climate
it 's for carabao airplanes
we'll make out
don't you worry chief greg replied wondering if he himself believed it
see you donovan said as he jumped off the wing
the expression was his trade-mark his open sesame to good luck and his prayer that pilot and plane would always return
at the prearranged time greg started the engine and taxied out
from the time the chocks were pulled until the plane was out of sight he knew donovan would keep his back to the strip
he wondered where the superstition had originated that it was bad luck for a crew chief to watch his plane take off on a combat mission
yet long before the scheduled time for return donovan would be watching for every speck in the sky
greg rumbled down the rough metal taxi strip and one by one the seven members of his flight fell in behind him
the dark brown bombs hanging under each wing looked large and powerful
the pilots' heads looked ridiculously small
the control tower gave him immediate take-off permission and the clean roar of the engine that took him off the rough strip spoke well of the skill of donovan
greg 's mission was the last to leave and as he circled the ships off tacloban he saw the clouds were dropping down again
to the west the dark green hills of leyte were lost in the clouds about halfway up their slopes
underneath him the sea was a dark and muddied gray
water splashed against his windshield as he led the flight in and out of showers
the metal strip they had taken off from was coal black against the green jungle around it
he possessed the fighter pilot 's horror of bad weather and instrument flying and he wondered if the ceiling did drop whether he and the other flights would be able to find their way back in this unfamiliar territory
he shivered in the warm cockpit
the overcast was solid above him
as far as he could see there was no hole to climb through it
they would have to go west through the narrow river valley that separated leyte from samar and hope that it didn't close in before they returned
greg pushed the radio button on his throttle
todman let 's try to go under this stuff
stay in close and we'll go up the valley
roger sweeney todman called back and pulled his four in and slightly above greg
greg took the formation wide around three a-## attack bombers that were headed north over the gulf
he dropped down to five hundred feet swinging a little north of the city of tacloban and punched into the opening that showed against the mountain
the valley was only a few hundred yards wide with just about room enough for a properly performed hundred-and-eighty-degree turn
it was only a fifteen-minute flight but before it was through greg felt himself developing a case of claustrophobia
the ceiling stayed solid above them at about eight hundred feet and at times the sheer cliffs seemed about to close in
if the other pilots were worried they did show it
the formation remained perfect
when the sea was visible ahead of them the relief was as great as if the sun had come out
he spread the flight out and led them across a point of land and then down the coast
although they drew light ground fire they saw no signs of activity
once todman thought he had spotted a tank and went down to investigate while greg covered him
somebody beat us to it
todman said over the radio as he came back up in formation
visibility continued to be limited and greg was never able to get above a thousand feet
it was frustrating
his earphones were constantly full of the sounds of enemy contacts made by other flights
he thought once that he identified the somewhat hysterical voice of fleischman claiming a kill
but greg 's area remained as placid as a florida dawn
finally as time began to run out he headed into ormoc and glide-bombed a group of houses that intelligence had thought might contain japanese supplies
the low clouds made bombing difficult
there was enough room to make the usual vertical bomb run
the accuracy was deplorable
one of greg 's bombs hung up and he was miles from the target before he could get rid of it
only one of the flight scored a direct hit and the rest blew up jungle
with their load of bombs gone the planes moved swiftly and easily
greg went up tight against the ceiling and led them back to their pass to home
mercifully it was still open
like a man making a deep dive greg took full breath and plunged back into the valley
he was about to make a gas check on his flight when todman 's voice broke in sweeneys
twelve o'clock level
greg 's eyes flicked up from his instrument panel
he saw them specks against the gray but closing fast
they were headed straight for each other on a collision course
friend or enemy
the same old question
and only a few seconds to answer it
todman said excitedly and hopefully
and then he thought todman might be right
his mind flicked through the mental pictures he had from the hours of aircraft identification
he narrowed the shape down to two either a zero or a u. s. navy type aircraft
if it were the enemy tactically his position was correct
japanese aircraft were strong on maneuverability american on speed and firepower
his present maximum altitude up against the overcast gave him the opportunity to exploit his advantages
but it also made him conspicuous to the enemy if it was the enemy and he hadn't been spotted already
but the closing aircraft showed no sign of deviating from their original course
in seconds greg made his decision
he pushed the radio button
sweeney blue hit the deck
lots of throttle
todman you take the one on the left
i'll take the middle
belton the one on the right
if they're japs
let 's make sure first
greg had the stick forward and the throttle up before he heard the two rogers
the planes light with most of the gas burned out responded beautifully
greg 's airspeed indicator was over ### when he leveled off just above the trees
the opposing aircraft continued to come on
they appeared to be the enemy
greg wished the air corps had continued to camouflage planes
there was of course no way for the other planes to get by them
it was a box
but they could turn and escape to the east
greg pushed the radio button again
todman drop your second element back
if any of us miss they can pick up the pieces
now let 's make sure they're japs
even as he said it greg knew they had found the enemy
the shapes were unmistakable and the rising suns were showing up slightly brighter pinpoints in the gray gloom
greg slapped his hand across the switches that turned on the guns and gun camera and gun sight
the circle with the dot in the center showed up yellow on the reflector glass in front of him
his hands shook
arm your guns sweeneys
they're japs came a high-pitched voice
greg to sweeney blue
one pass only
you'll bust your ass in this canyon
that 's an order
he moved the flights over against one wall
it gave them all a chance to make a high-speed climbing turn attack and a break-away that would take them into the overcast or force a tight-turn recovery
if the turn was too tight a barrel roll would bring them out
a hell of an altitude for a barrel roll but it could be done
greg slammed his throttle to the fire wall and rammed up the rpm and the engine responded as if it had been waiting
the clearly identifiable enemy continued on as if no one else were around
they haven't seen us greg yelled to himself over the engine noise
they haven't seen us
he hit the radio button
now sweeneys now
let 's take 'em home
he hauled back on the stick and felt his cheeks sag
out of the corner of his eye he watched his wingman move out a bit and shoot up with him
perfect he thought
with the rapid rate of closure the approach from below the side and ahead there would be only a moment when damage could be done
just like shooting at a duck while performing a half-gainer from a diving board
he tightened his turn
his nose up
it was going to be dangerous
eight aircraft in this small box
please dear god make my pilots good he prayed
he took a lead on the enemy using a distance of five of the radii in his circular sight and then added another
the enemy did veer
it did seem possible that they hadn't been spotted
greg 's fingers closed on the stick trigger
the plane rumbled and slowed
six red lines etched their way into the gray and vanished
as if drawn by a wire the enemy flew into them
greg tightened his turn until the plane shuddered
luck was with him
his burst held for a second on the engine section of the plane
the jap 's propeller flew off in pieces
a large piece of engine cowling vanished
it was all greg had time to see
his maneuvering for the shot had placed him near the overcast almost inverted and heading up into the clouds
his speed was dropping rapidly
if he spun out now he would join his opponent on the ground
wingman stay clear he prayed
he pushed stick and rudder and entered the overcast on his back
he fought the panic of vertigo
he had no idea which was up and which was down
he held the controls where they had been
sweat popped out over him and he felt the slick between his palm and the stick grip
his air speed dropped until he thought he would spin out
over the rattling of fenders humming of tires and chattering of gears there was a charming melody of whispers and tiny giggles
cool air moving slowly through the open or smashed-out side windows hinted of blooming roadside vegetation and occasionally a faint fragrance of perfume swirled from the back seat
moriarty my driver suddenly exclaimed with something so definite so final in his tone i once more repeated the absurdity mustering all my latent powers of hypocrisy to sound convinced
we were coming to an intersection turning right chuffing to a stop
forced to realize that this was the end of a very short line i scanned a road marker and discovered what the end of a slightly longer line would be for the old mexican moriarty new mexico
adios i said exhausting my spanish vocabulary on my host and exchanging one of a scarcely-tapped store of smiles with my host 's daughters
i waved with discretion and moderation to the vague golden faces fading through rising dust and the distortions of the back window glass
then i saw the father 's head slightly turn
gauche rainbow shapes replaced the poignant ovals of gold
autos whizzed past
white-shirted and conservatively-cravated drivers stared conspicuously toward the eastern horizon and past my supplicating and accusing gaze
suddenly a treble auto horn tootley-toot-tootled and thumbing hopefully i saw emergent in windshield flash red lips streaming silk of blonde hair and ah trembling confusion of hope apprehension despair the leering face of old herry
mor-ee-air-teeeee he shrieked his white teeth grossly counterpointing those of the glittering blonde
over the rapidly-diminishing outline of a jump seat piled high with luggage herry 's black brushcut was just discernible near or enviably near that spot where hidden more delicately-textured most beautifully tinted hair must still be streaming back in cool oh cool wind sweetly perfumed with sagebrush and yucca flowers and engine fumes
damn his luck
i would have foregone my romantic chances rather than leave a friend sweltering and dusty and well at least i wouldn't have shouted back a taunt
still nursing anger i listlessly thumbed a car that was slowly approaching its pre-war chrome nearly blinding me
it was stopping
just as i straightened up with my duffel bag i heard sahjunt yoorick meet mrs. major j. a. roebuck
the voice was that of johnson tail gunner off another crew
squeezing a look between johnson 's fat jowls and the car frame a handsome and still darkhaired lady inquired y'all drahve
onleh one thiihng mrs. roebuck continued
ahm goin nawth t'jawn mah husbun in sante fe an y'all maht prefuh the suhthuhn rewt
but corporal johnson has alreadeh said it didn make no diffrunce t'hi-im
i said that it didn't make any difference to me either as far as i knew
how far i knew will shortly become apparent
let me pass over the trip to sante fe with something of the same speed which made mrs. roebuck wonduh if the wahtahm speed limit ## m.p.h. is still in ee-faket
i let up on the accelerator only to gradually reach again the ## m.p.h. which would i hoped overhaul herry and the blonde and as there were cars whose drivers apparently had something more important to catch than had i mrs. major roebuck settled down to practicing on corporal johnson the kittenish wiles she would need when making her duty call on colonel and mrs. somebody in sante fe
when johnson ejaculated howsabout my buying us all a nice cold co-cola ma'am
mrs. roebuck smilingly declined and began suddenly to go on about her son who was onleh a little younguh than you bawhs
johnson never would have believed she had a son that age
mrs. roebuck thought johnson was a sweet bawh t'lah lahk thet but her herman was getting to be a man there was no getting around it
just befoh he left foh his academeh we wuh hevin dack-rihs on the vuhranduh major roebuck an ah an huhmun says may ah hev one too
just as p'lite an an cohnfidunt an ah says uh coahse you cain't but he says whah you ah hevin one
an ah coudn ansuh him an so ah said aw right ah gay-ess an his fathuh didn uttuh one wohd an aftuh huhmun was gone the majuh laughed an tole me thet he an the bawh had been hevin an occasional drink t'gethuh f'ovuh a yeah onleh an occasional one but just the same it was behahn mah back an ah doan think thet 's nahce at all d'you
no i don't johnson said
i'm a good baptist and drinking
mrs. roebuck very kindly let me drive through sante fe to a road which would she said lead us to taos and then raton and eventshahleh out of new mexico
how lightly her eventshah-leh passed into the crannies where i was storing dialect material for some vaguely dreamed opus and how the word would echo
hardly had mrs. roebuck driven off when a rusty pick-up truck father or grandfather of senor moriarty 's ford sedan came screeching to a dust-swirling stop and a brown face appeared its nose threatened by shards of what had once been the side window
get in buddies
the straight black hair flopped in a vigorous nod the slender nose plunged toward glass teeth and drew safely back
johnson unwired the right hand door whose window was like the left one merely loosely-taped fragments of glass and johnson wadded himself into a narrow seat made still more narrow by three cases of beer
in back buddy the driver said to me
quickly but carefully lowering my duffel bag over the low side-rack i stepped on the running board
it flopped down sprang back up and gouged my shin
the truck was hurtling forward
i seized the rack and made a western-style flying-mount just in time one of my knees mercifully landing on my duffel bag and merely wrecking my camera i was to discover later my other knee landing on the slivery truck floor boards and but this is no medical report
i was again in motion and at a speed which belied the truck 's similarity to senor x 's ford turtle
maybe i would beat old herry to siberia after all
whatever satisfaction that might offer
something pulled my leg
i drew back drawing back my foot for a kick
but it was only johnson reaching around the wire chicken fencing which half covered the truck cab 's glassless rear window
the way his red rubber lips were stretched across his pearly little teeth i thought he was only having a little joke but no he wanted me to bend down from the roar of wind so he could roar something into my ear
hell yes i roared back between dusty lips
did i want a beer
did an anteater want ants
gracias i hollered my first long swallow filling me with confidence and immediately doubling the size of my spanish vocabulary
at once my ears were drowned by a flow of what i took to be spanish but the driver 's white teeth flashing at me the road wildly veering beyond his glistening hair beyond his gesticulating bottle it could have been the purest oxford english i was half hearing
i wouldn't have known the difference
johnson was trying to grab the wheel though the swerve of the truck was throwing him away from it
white teeth suddenly vanishing the driver slammed the side of his bottle against johnson 's ear
we were off the road gleaming barbed wire pulling taut
i ducked just as the first strand broke somewhere down the line and came whipping over the sideboards
we were in a field in a tight screeching turn
prairie dogs were popping up and popping down
when i fell on my back i saw a vulture hovering
just as i got to my knees there was again the sound of the fence stretching and i had time only to start taking my kneeling posture seriously
this time no wire came whipping into the truck
we were back on the road
i regained my squatting position behind the truck cab 's rear window
johnson 's left hand was pressed against the side of his head red cheeks whitening beneath his fingers
tee-wah the driver cackled his black eyes glittering behind dull silver chicken fencing
that was tee-wah i was talking
you thought i was a mexican didn't you buddy
hell that 's all right buddy the indian i now guessed said
drink your beer
miraculously the bottle was still in my hand foam still geysering over my luckily waterproof watch
no sooner had i started drinking than the driver started zigzagging the truck
the beer foamed furiously
i drank furiously
a long time
emptied the bottle
teeth again flashing back at me the driver released a deluge of spanish in which amigo appeared every so often like an island in the stormy waves of surrounding sound
i bobbed my head each time it appeared
suddenly the spanish became an english in which only one word emerged with clarity and precision son of a bitch sometimes hyphenated by vicious jabs of a beer bottle into johnson 's quivering ribs
a big car was approaching its chrome teeth grinning
beyond it the gray road stretched a long long way
the car was just about to us its driver 's fat solemn face intent on the road ahead on business on a family in sante fe on anything but an old pick-up truck in which two human beings desperately needed rescue
i tossed the bottle
high so it would only bounce harmlessly but loudly off the car 's steel roof
on unoccupied roadway the bottle shattered into a small amber flash
the indian was again raising his bottle but to my astonished relief probably only a fraction of johnson 's the bottle this time went to the indian 's lips
another car was coming a tiny dark shape on a far hill
i started looking on the splintery truck bed for a piece of board a dirt clod anything i could throw and with better aim than i had thrown the beer bottle
we were slowing
in the ditch sand was white and soft-looking only an occasional pebble discernible faintly gleaming
but johnson couldn't quickly unwire the truck door and if i escaped he might suffer
the car was approaching fast
on the truck bed there was nothing smaller than a piece of rusty machinery
with more time i could have loosened a small burr or cotter pin
suddenly and a second too soon i thought of the coins in my pocket
there was no time to pick out a penny
i got a coin between my thumb and forefinger leaned my elbows in a very natural and casual manner on top of the truck cab and flipped my little missile
there was a blur just under my focus of vision a crash
the car 's far windshield panel turned into a silver web with a dark hole in the center
i heard the screech of brakes behind me an insane burst of laughter beneath me
looking back i saw a gray-haired man getting out of his halted car and trying to read our license number
johnson 's fat hand another bottle were protruding from the truck cab and that self-proclaimed baptist teetotaler had a bottle at his own lips
two cars came over a crest their chrome and glass flashing
the indian 's arm whipped sidewise there was a flash of amber and froth the crash of the bottle shattering against the side of the first car
brakes shrieked behind us
i saw johnson 's bottle snatched from his hand saw it go in a swirl of foam just behind the second car
this time there was no sound of brakes but the shrieking of women
i looked back at pale ovals framed in the elongated oval of the car 's rear window
drink you son of a bitch
i quickly turned around and began to drink
but the indian was jabbing another bottle toward johnson
i guided her to the divan turned off the tv faced her
she sat quietly staring at me from the wide eyes
and what eyes they were
big and dark a melting golden brown
eyes like hot honey eyes that sizzled
plus flawless skin smooth brow and cheeks lips that looked as if you could get a shock from them
it was a disturbingly familiar face too but i couldn't remember where we had met
i said do we know each other miss
no i remembered reading about you in the papers and that you lived here and when it happened all i could think of was this time she stopped the rush of words herself
shall i go on
it was her first smile
but worth waiting for
but one word at a time o.k.
she was still hugging the stained coat around her so i said relax let me take your things
would you like a drink or coffee
she stood up pulled the coat from her shoulders and started to slide it off then let out a high-pitched scream and i let out a low-pitched wobbling sound like a muffler blowing out
she was wearing nothing beneath the coat
she jerked the coat back on and squeezed it around her again but soon enough
there had been a good second or two during which my muffler had been blowing out and now i was certain i'd seen her somewhere before
oh do forgive me
that 's what started all the trouble in the first place
oh dear i'm all unstrung
you and me both dear
haven't we haven't i seen you
i mean surely we've
you may have seen me on tv she said
i've done several filmed commercials for
then it hit me
and you recognized me
in fact i was watching you on that little seventeen-inch screen when you rang my bell
man you rang it was in color too miss and miss
what 's your name anyway
ah you were splendid
i sat by her on the divan
in a waterfall and all that
that 's the last one we did
that was a fun one
it was fun for me all right
i don't mean to pry but do they hide the swimsuit with the bubbles
i mean is advertising honest
it depends on who does it
i never wear anything at all
it wouldn't wouldn't seem fair somehow
i couldn't agree with you more
i really do have something important to tell you mr. scott
about the murder
oh yeah i said
tell me about the murder
she told me
zing was the creation of two men louis thor and bill blake partners in zing
they'd peddled the soap virtually alone and without much success until about a year ago when with the addition of sx-## to their secret formula and the inauguration of a high-powered advertising campaign sales had soared practically into orbit
their product had been endorsed by good housekeeping the a.m.a. and the veterinary journal among other repositories of higher wisdom and before much longer if you didn't have a cake of their soap in the john even your best friends would think you didn't bathe
my lovely caller joyce holland was her name had previously done three filmed commercials for zing and this evening the fourth a super production had been filmed at the home of louis thor
the water in thor 's big swimming pool had been covered with a blanket of thick foamy soapsuds fashioned of course from zing joyce had dived from the board into the pool then swirled and cavorted in her luxurious bath while cameras rolled
the finished and drastically cut product would begin with a hazy longshot of joyce entering the suds then bursting above the pool 's surface clad in layers of lavender lather and i had a hunch this item was going to sell tons and tons of soap
even to clean men and boys
joyce went on when we'd finished lou mr. thor asked me to stay a little longer
he wanted a few stills for magazine ads he said
everybody left and i stayed in the pool then lou came back alone and leaped into the pool too
and he didn't have any clothes on
yes he didn't
did i mean
did leap into the pool and didn't have anything on
anyway it was evident what he had in mind
you got away didn't you
he caught up with me once and grabbed me but i was all covered with zing it 's very slippery you know
i didn't know
i wouldn't have the stuff in the house
but i'm pleased to hear
so i just scooted out of his clutches
i swam like mad got out of the pool grabbed my robe and ran to the car
the keys were still in it and i was miles away before i remembered that my clothes and purse and everything were still in the little cabana where i'd changed
she'd driven around for a while joyce said then thinking louis thor would have calmed down by that time she'd gone back to his home on bryn mawr drive parked in front and walked toward the pool
while several yards from it still concealed by the shrubbery she'd seen two men on her left at the pool 's edge
she went on
a man was holding onto lou holding him up
maybe lou was only unconscious but right then i thought he must be dead
the man shoved him into the water then ran past the cabana
there 's a walk there that goes out to quebec drive
i was so scared well i just ran to my car and came here
you know who the other man was
no i never did see his face
i didn't get a good look at him at all his back was to me and i was so scared it was just somebody in a man 's suit
but i'm sure the other one was lou
what joyce wanted me to do was go to thor 's house and do whatever detectives do and get her clothes and handbag containing her identification
she realized i'd have to notify the police but fervently hoped i could avoid mentioning her name
her impact in the zing commercials had led to her being considered for an excellent part in an upcoming tv series underwater western eye a documentary-type show to be sponsored by oatnut grits
but if joyce got involved in murder or salacious scandal the role would probably go to the sponsor 's wife mrs. oatnut grits
or at least to joyce
and i so want the part she said
the commercials have just been for money there hasn't been any real incentive for me to do them but in underwater western eye i'd have a chance to act
i could show what i can do
as far as i was concerned she had already and had dandily shown what she could do
but i promised joyce i would mention her name if at all only as a last resort
seeming much relieved she smiled one of those worth-waiting-for smiles and i smiled all the way into the bedroom
there i got my colt special and shoulder harness slipped my coat on and went back into the front room
joyce squirmed a little on the divan
i'm starting to itch she said
yes i'm still all covered with that soap
i was loaded with suds when i ran away and i haven't had a chance to wash it off
mmmm it sure itches
you might as well wait here while i'm gone so you can use my shower if you'd like
oh i'd love to
i showed her the shower and tub and she said smiling if you really don't mind i think i'll get clean in the shower then soak for a few minutes in your tub
that always relaxes me
doesn't it you
only when i do it
i shook my head
one of my virtues or vices is a sort of three-dimensional imagination complete with sound effects and glorious living color
soak as long as you want joyce
it'll probably be at least an hour or two before i can check back with you
so you'll have everything all to yourself doggone
i looked at my watch
ten after nine
time to go i supposed
well goodbye i said
you'd better hurry
oh you can count on that
she smiled slightly
don't hurry too much
i'll be soaking for at least half an hour
that was all she said
but suddenly those hot-honey eyes seemed to have everything but swarms of bees in them
however when there 's a job to be done i'm a monstrosity of grim determination i like to think
i spun about and clattered through the front room to the door
as i went out i could hear water pouring in the shower
she wouldn't be taking a cold shower
hell she couldn't
bryn mawr drive is only two or three miles from the spartan and it took me less than five minutes to get there
but the scene was the quiet calm scene i'd expected
four cars were parked at the curb and two of them were police radio cars
lights blazed in the big house and surrounding grounds
i followed a shrubbery-lined gravel path alongside the house to the pool
two uniformed officers a couple of plain-clothesmen i knew and two other men stood on a gray cement area next to the pool on my left
at the pool 's far end was the little cabana joyce had mentioned and on the water 's surface floated scattered lavender patches of limp-looking lather
a few yards beyond the group of men a man 's nude body lay face down on a patch of thick green dichondra
lieutenant rawlins one of the plain-clothesmen spotted me and said hi shell and walked toward me
how'd you hear about this one
i grinned but ignored the question
he didn't push it
rawlins worked out of central homicide and we'd been friends for years
he filled me in
a call to the police had been placed from here a couple of minutes after nine p.m. and the first police car had arrived two or three minutes after that ## minutes ago now
present at the scene in addition to the dead man who was indeed louis thor had been thor 's partner bill blake and antony rose an advertising agency executive who handled the zing account
neither of them i understood had been present at the filming session earlier
what were they doing here
i asked rawlins
they were supposed to meet thor at nine pm for a conference concerning the ad campaign for their soap a new angle based on this sx-## stuff
yeah i've heard more about sx-## than space exploration lately
what is the gunk
how would i know
it 's a secret
that was the new advertising angle something about a lloyd 's of london policy to insure the secrecy of the secret ingredient
actually only two men know what the formula is blake and he stopped and looked at thor 's body
i said o.k. so now only blake knows
how 's it strike you foul or fair
can't say yet
deputy coroner says it looks like he sucked in a big pile of those thick suds and strangled on 'em
the pm might show he drowned instead but that 's what the once-over-lightly gives us
accident murder suicide take your pick
i'll pick murder
according to rose he arrived here a couple minutes before nine and spotted thor in the water got a hooked pole from the pool-equipment locker and started hauling him out
too many people think that the primary purpose of a higher education is to help you make a living
this is so for education offers all kinds of dividends including how to pull the wool over a husband 's eyes while you are having an affair with his wife
if it were for an old professor who made me read the classics i would have been stymied on what to do and now i understand why they are classics
those who wrote them knew people and what made people tick
i worked for my uncle an uncle by marriage so you will think this has a mild undercurrent of incest who ran one of those antique shops in new orleans' vieux carre the old french quarter
the arrangement i had with him was to work four hours a day
the rest of the time i devoted to painting or to those other activities a young and healthy man just out of college finds interesting
i had a one-room studio which overlooked an ancient courtyard filled with flowers and plants blooming everlastingly in the southern sun
i had come to new orleans two years earlier after graduating college partly because i loved the city and partly because there was quite a noted art colony there
when my uncle offered me a part-time job which would take care of my normal expenses and give me time to paint i accepted
the arrangement turned out to be excellent
i loved the city and i particularly loved the gaiety and spirit of mardi gras
i had seen two of them and we would soon be in another city-wide joyous celebration with romance in the air
and when you took a walk you never knew what adventure or pair of sparkling eyes were waiting around the next corner
the very faces of the people bore this expectation of fun and pleasure
it was as if they could hardly wait to get into their costumes cover their faces with masks and go adventuring
my uncle and i were too close socially because of the difference in our ages
sometimes i wondered vaguely what he did about women for my aunt by blood had died some years ago but neither of us said anything
one monday morning i saw him approach the store with a woman and introduce me to her as my new aunt
they were married over the week-end though he was easily sixty and she could have been even thirty
she looked more like twenty-five or six
it was really a may and december combination
my new aunt was perhaps three or four years older than i and it had been a long time since i had seen as gorgeous a woman who oozed sex
there was something about the contour of her face her smile that was like new orleans sunshine the way she held her head the way she walked there was scarcely anything she did which did fascinate me
her legs were the full sexy kind full bodied like a rare wine and just as tantalizing to the appetite
the calf was magnificent the ankle perfect
you must forgive me if i seem to dwell too much on her physical aspects but i am an artist accustomed to studying the physical body
the true artist is like one of those scientists who from a single bone can reconstruct an animal 's entire body
the artist looks at an ankle a calf a bosom and in his mind 's eye the clothes drop away and he sees her as she really is
and that is the way i first saw her when my uncle brought her into his antique store
that she impressed me instantly was obvious
i was aware that when our eyes met we both quickly averted them
i thought i saw a faint surge of color rise to her neck and quickly suffuse her cheeks
true she was my aunt married to an uncle related to me only by marriage but why she had married a man twice her age and more perhaps i did know or much care
she was standing with her back to the glass door
her form was silhouetted and with the strong light i could see the outlines of her body a body that an artist or anyone else would have admired
as it is in so many affairs of the heart a man and a woman meet and something clicks
something clicked in this instance but i treated her circumspectly and i felt that she knew it for we both kept our distance
when she appeared at the store to help out for a few hours even my looking at her was surreptitious lest my uncle notice it
and then i became aware that she too glanced at me surreptitiously
i felt that her eyes were undressing me as if she were a painter and i a nude model
i dismissed these feelings as wishful thinking but i could get it out of my head that we had a strong physical attraction for one another and we both feared to dwell on it because of our relationship
when our eyes met the air was filled with an unuttered message of me too
you have probably experienced this
it is nothing you can put your fingers on but the air suddenly fills with a high charge of electricity
why she married him i do know
i myself was fond of him but what a young woman half his age saw in him was a mystery to me
he already had that slow pace that comes over the elderly while she herself had all the signs of one who appreciates the joys of living
perhaps with my uncle she found a measure of economic security that she needed
or maybe she liked men old enough to be her father
some women with father fixations do
for several weeks we eyed one another almost like sparring partners and then one day uncle was slightly indisposed and stayed home
his bride opened the store
i was waiting in front of it when she showed up and told me of my uncle 's indisposition
even as she was telling me about it i became aware of a give-away flush that suffused her neck and moved upwards to her cheeks and subconsciously i realized that when she entered the store she did switch on the lights
the cavernous depth cluttered with antiques echoed to her hard heels as she walked directly to the office in the rear and took the seat at his desk
she placed her palms fingers outspread on the desk in an odd gesture as if to say now what next
i was aware of a humid look in her eyes that told me the time was opportune
there was little likelihood of any customers walking in at that hour
i was standing beside her watching the outspread palms and wondering about the old horsehair sofa against the wall on which he sometimes napped
i bent and kissed the still pink neck and suddenly she jumped up and her two arms encircled me in a bear-like crush
her mouth which had been so much in my thoughts was warm and moist and tender
i heard her murmur we'd better lock the door
it did take me long to slip the bolt securely and return to the rear and its couch
when we opened the door again for business and switched on the lights she said
he will always be indisposed
i was thinking about that
how will we work it out
i don't know she said
you're the man
you figure it out
i've noticed the way you've been looking at me ever since we met
i guess we both felt it
i guess so she said
but now what
even as i said it i realized that an education can be invaluable
i know what we can do i said
tell him i made a pass at you
she raised a protesting hand with a startled air
what are you trying to do
get thrown out
if i even hint at it do you think it will matter that you are his nephew and even a blood nephew
i don't want to be thrown out and i don't think i will
i think i have a way so we can carry on without his suspecting us
by telling him you are making passes at me
she said incredulously
when i was in college i grinned i remember a poem i had to read in my lit class
i don't even remember who wrote it but it was one of those ##th or ##th century poets
in those days poems often told a story in verse and those boys had some corkers to tell
and now i think we can use the knowledge they passed on to us
tomorrow mardi gras opens officially
a lot of people will roam the streets in costumes and masks and having a ball
there will be romance and flirtation
if you tell him i made a pass at you he might think you misunderstood something i said or did so instead of just telling him i made a pass say i tried to date you and that you agreed so you could prove to him what a louse i really am
we made a rendezvous tomorrow evening at nine on some street near lake ponchartrain
and to prove what you tell him about me you suggest that he keep the date instead
you are both the same size
he could use your clothes for a costume and a heavy veil for a mask
when i show up he will know you are a good wife to have told him about it
but you she began
don't worry about me
it will turn out all right
i don't understand she insisted
are you trying to cut your throat
no i chuckled i'm just beginning to collect dividends on my investment in education
as we expected on the following day my uncle was completely recovered and opened the store as usual at ## in the morning
i felt that he looked at me coldly and appraisingly and seemed to be uncertain what his attitude towards me should be but he did say one word which might indicate that he had been told of advances to his wife
i quit work at my usual hour as if this day was no different from other days
i heard subsequently that my uncle and aunt had dinner in a nearby restaurant in the french quarter after which he went home to get into his costume to keep the date
shortly before nine i drove my jalopy to the street facing the lake and parked the car in shadows far enough away from the rendezvous corner but near enough to keep the corner in clear view
a few minutes later i saw my uncle 's car drive up and a woman 's figure emerge and walk to the corner
i must say the figure was well made up
if it were that i knew who it was i could have mistaken it for my aunt so well did her clothes fit him
in one hand he gripped firmly a parasol though there had been no indication of rain
i suspected why he brought it along
in the half darkness i approached cautiously making sure he did see me
he was looking out on the dark waters of the lake when i came upon him and without wasting words i smacked him hard across the face
you cheap bitch
you cheap no good two-timing bitch
you get a good loyal husband smack
and you fall for a pass by his own nephew
you should smack
be ashamed of yourself
he had better write a postcard to walter
he opened the myth book again and there along the margin next to robert graves' imaginative interpretation of the creation of the dactyls from rhea 's fingertips were the names of four munich bars and meredith wilder 's address
the bars were marked as walter had marked them in a small black book kept in a nearly secret drawer
the code which had probably something to do with sex or some other interest nicolas was determined to find out and put to use
a card to walter would get him an introduction to this meredith and that might be good for something
nicolas called on his muse a line came back
squaresville man and all the palazzos are crummy palasts
that ought to draw a laugh nicolas reasoned as he stored the line away on the wax tape that was his mind
and indeed his postcard did draw from walter a letter recommending his friend the poet nicolas manas to his friend meredith wilder
five days later on receiving it meredith sat drumming his dactyls on his writing table
he inwardly cried
his hand was large and square and heavily tanned
the voice crying in him was the voice of guilt
his four weeks in italy had turned into nearer three months
he had returned to the pension a week ago
now he was just in the late poems of holderlin and therefore had most of the nineteenth century before him plus next semester 's class preparation
he was determined to spend an industrious summer
well maybe manas wouldn't call
meredith 's fingers slowed and stopped over a line before him sie lacheln die schwarzen hexen
the menace of manas gradually faded as meredith asked himself should he translate it how the dark fates laughed
or more rhythmically the swarthy witches are laughing
and he missed the point that the swarthy witches might be laughing at him for hoping to escape nicolas manas
but nicolas too was being interrupted that morning
by the ##:## sun which had spread a warmth around his spot of grass in the english gardens and sent him off to sleep
but by a blond girl in a sweater and skirt who stood a few yards off and tenderly regarded him
should she wake him
she didn't have the heart
her heart her maternal feeling in fact her being was too busy expressing itself as quietly thrilled by this sight of her nicolas curled asleep under a blanket in a park like a scene from poussin
she was just able to break the spell
would she have been able to had she known that the blanket belonged to a young ballet dancer nicolas had found his first night in one of walter 's marked bars
nicolas look nicolas doesn't go to bed with boys no sex see
so if all these beers was to get me in bed man you just spent a lot of money
ballet dancer protests tears and take what you want nicolas i am a dancer you are a poet it is all beautiful
to this meek conjugation nicolas had replied o.k. i can use this blanket
and when you get off this job tonight well you can gimme something to eat
and as a matter of fact nicolas had slept in the park only part of one night when he discovered that munich 's early mornings even in summer are laden with dew
he had always known how to find a bed and on his own terms
he used the blanket for late morning naps when hosts of the night had gone off to jobs and proved reluctant to leave him in their small rooms with their few possessions
mary jane lerner knew none of this
her nicolas lay curled in the sun like a fawn black hair falling over his eyes
she was telling herself that this might just be her reward at the end of a long meaningful search for truth
this was surely a reunion in art it was all that poetry promised
that long night with nicolas and marijuana in venice had opened her eyes
his advice his voice saying his poems the fact that he had so much as touched her on the contrary he had put his head back and she had stroked his hair this was all new
her eyes had opened she had caught a glimpse of a new faith
the next day he was gone
mary jane might be the most intelligent woman but she was one of the most determined
even so it took her several days to force walter to tell her nicolas 's whereabouts
packing a small suitcase informing her husband whom she found in harry 's bar that she was taking a train to germany to get away for a while patting his arm refusing a drink getting on the train all this had only taken her two hours
she had arrived this morning and come straight to the english gardens
dear girl walter had finally said he writes me that he is sleeping in the english gardens
how like him
mary jane had smilingly said
his address walter added is that great foundling home the american express
and i will greatly appreciate it if you will tell your husband
for the last half hour mary jane had criss-crossed half the length of the gardens and at last come upon her knight
his presence there asleep in the grass confirmed all that mary jane believed it was in his power to teach her freedom from the tedium of needs such as hotels the meaning of nature how to live simply with the angels
she set down her suitcase
should she wake him
smiling she sat down on the suitcase and waited and watched
the sun grew hotter as it approached the midday
nicolas was dreaming he had his head pressed against the dashboard of a speeding car
he began sweating
in his dream he cried slow down for chrissake
he half woke and rolled over with his face in the cooler grass
his nose was tickled
he blew his nose expertly between his fingers
he half sat up and scratched at the hair on his forehead and then more vigorously between his legs
he belched he stretched
mary jane got up quietly and walked away
twenty minutes later she was at the desk of the grafin 's pension her tears dried signing a hotel form and asking for a bath
mary jane belonged to a world acquainted with small attractive hotels and pensions in all the major and minor cities
she had retreated to this world
the grafin who was charmed by her told her your sister who was here two years ago has quite dark hair
families are very interesting
nevertheless there is no bath
but a young american has a bath next to his room and i shall ask him if you might use it this once
and then we shall see
the grafin was partial to the word shall
meredith was irritated when the grafin knocked at his door and told him she is a great beauty
shall we allow her to have a bath
actually she is a sad beauty i believe
you shall see her at dinner
rather erotically he listened to the bath water running
when it stopped he began busily typing sitting up in a virtuous way
before dinner he shaved for the second time that day
a thing he did like doing generally
singing into the mirror and his interested eyes he was pleased to note when he stripped for his own bath that he still had the best part of his italian sun tan
he flexed his muscles for several minutes got into the tub and then grew self-conscious of splashing as he washed
in the small gallery used as the guests' dining room meredith sat down at his place and as always began teasing the young waitress
he was asking had it been she who left the love note in his sheets she also served as maid when he saw the grafin followed by a stately blond girl approaching his table
it would be literary license calculated to glamorize life to say that he oh dropped his napkin so startled was he by mary jane 's beauty
yet he did drop his badinage with the ordinary country girl as much in deference to the grafin as acknowledgement that here indeed was something special
mary jane had made very little effort
above a dark green skirt she wore a pale green cashmere sweater with as he soon perceived no brassiere beneath
her white blond hair was clean and brushed long straight down to her shoulders
perhaps her eyes were larger and more of a summer blue for all they had seen and wept that day
she had touched her face truly a noble and pure face only with a lip salve which made her lips glisten but no redder than usual
the result was grace and modesty
as she was rather tired this evening her simple thank you for the use of your bath when she sat down opposite him spoken in a low voice came across with coolnesses of intelligence and control
meredith began falling in love
soup only this morning
veal cutlets oh i couldn't possibly eat all this
wine then you were typing poems this afternoon
fruit compote if you think i would understand it
what a beautiful room
like as if it were built of books
having opened the windows onto the terrace lit the fire translated the motto meredith grinned and took down a little triplet of books bound together in old calfskin
opening these he brought out a schnapps bottle and small gold thimble-sized glasses hidden inside it
i think the maids tipple in the afternoon
those sweet girls
oh you're joking
it tastes a little like poppyseed
what 's its name
steinhager she whispered steinhager to herself several times memorizing it
would you first read the poem aloud to me and then let me read it to myself
meredith 's voice was always deep with rough bass notes in it
in reading on platforms even in the large auditorium of the y.m.h.a. poetry center nights his voice was intimate thoughtful and a trifle shy
his new poem a love poem told of a young husband leading his wife upstairs to the bedroom when the lights in the house have failed
the husband points the steps out with his flashlight its white stare filling her pale eyes to the blind brim with appetite bleaching her hands that grazed my thighs and sent us from the table in surprise to let the dishes soak all night mary jane asked herself if meredith was blushing at this line or was it the fire
but he read on
in the bedroom before the husband and wife find their way to the bed the lights go on in dull domestic radiance i watch her staring face still blind start wincing in obedience to dirty waters counters pots and pans waiting below stairs in her mind
mary jane took the page from him and began reading it moving her lips with the words
oh it 's that myth about orpheus and what is her name
i can never pronounce it
she repeated eurydice
the third time rather urgently
but with her hand poem again
she raised her face and nodded it 's sweet and very sad
they discussed the way people never tell each other the things on their minds
they finished the small bottle of steinhager
she confessed she was unhappy he asked was it her husband
she began to explain there was this poet in italy he interrupted please don't judge all poets
at her door two or three hours later mary jane whispered everyone is asleep
kissing her he whispered several times eurydice
the third time rather urgently
but with her hand softly on his cheek for a last moment she closed the door and he went back down the hall and into his bed excited expectant and finally faintly grinning with the feel of her hand against his mouth
they were west of the sabine but only god knew where
for three days their stolid oxen had plodded up a blazing valley as flat and featureless as a dead sea
molten glare singed their eyelids an angry crimson
suffocating air sapped their strength and strained their nerves to snapping
dust choked their throats and lay like acid in their lungs
and the valley stretched endlessly out ahead scorched and baked and writhing in its heat until it vanished into the throbbing wall of fiery orange brown haze
ben prime extended his high-stepped stride until he could lay his goad across the noses of the oxen
he commanded from his raw throat and felt the pain of movement in his cracked black burned lips
he removed his hat to let the trapped sweat cut rivulets through the dust film upon his gaunt face
the dust-thick saliva came from his mouth like balled cotton
he moved back to the wheel and stood there blowing grasping the top of a spoke to still the trembling of his played-out limbs
the burning air dried his sweat-soaked clothes in salt-edged patches
he cleared his throat and wet his lips
as cheerfully as possible he said well i guess we could all do with a little drink
he unlashed the dipper and drew water from a barrel
they could no longer afford the luxury of the canvas sweat bag that cooled it by evaporation
the water was warm and stale and had a brackish taste
but it was water
thank the lord they still had water
he cleansed his mouth with a small quantity
he took a long but carefully controlled draught
he replenished the dipper and handed it to his young wife riding the hurricane deck
she took it grudgingly her dark eyes baleful as they met his
she drank and pushed back her gingham bonnet to wet a kerchief and wipe her face
she set the dipper on the edge of the deck leaving it for him to stretch after it while she looked on scornfully
what happens when there 's no more water
she asked smolderingly
she was like charcoal he thought dark opaque explosive
her thick hair was the color and texture of charcoal
her temper sparked like charcoal when it first lights up
and all the time she had the heat of hatred in her like charcoal that is burning on its under side but visibly
a ripple ran through the muscles of his jaws but he kept control upon his voice
there must be some water under there
he tilted his homely face toward the dry bed of the river
we can get it if we dig he said patiently
and add fever to our troubles
or do you want to see if i can stand fever too
we can boil it he said
her chin sharpened
we're lost and burning up already she bit out tensely
the tires are rattling on the wheels now
they'll roll off in another day
there was no valley like this on your map
you don't even know where we're headed
hettie he said as gently as he could we're still headed west
somewhere we'll hit a trail
maybe in time to make a cross and dig our graves
his wide mouth compressed
in a way he couldn't blame her
he had picked out this pathless trail instead of the common one in a moment of romantic fancy to give them privacy on their honeymoon
it had been a mistake but anything would have been a mistake as it turned out
it wasn't the roughness and crudity and discomfort of the trip that had frightened her
she had hated the whole idea before they started
actually she had hated him before she ever saw him
it had been five days too late before he learned that she'd gone through the wedding ceremony in a semitrance of laudanum administered by her mother
the bitterness of their wedding night still ripped within him like an open wound
she had jumped away from his shy touch like a cat confronted by a sidewinder
he had left her inviolate thinking familiarity would gentle her in time
but each mile westward she had hated him the deeper
he stared at the dipper turning it over and over in his wide calloused hands
i suppose he muttered i can sell the outfit for enough to send you home to your folks once we find a settlement
don't try to be noble
her laugh was hard
they wouldn't have sold me in the first place if there'd been food enough to go around
hettie they didn't sell you he said miserably
they knew i was a good sharecrop farmer back in carolina but out west was a chance to build a real farm of our own
they thought it would be a chance for you to make a life out where nobody will be thought any better than the next except for just what 's inside of them
without money or property what would you have had at baton rouge
i might have starved but at least i wouldn't be fried to a crisp and soaked with dirt
he darkened under his heavy burn
his blue eyes sought the shimmering sea of haze ahead
to his puzzlement there suddenly was no haze
the valley lay clear and open to the eye right up to the sharp-limbed line of gaunt scoured hills that formed the horizon twenty miles ahead
then he noticed the clouds racing upon them heavy ominous leaden clouds that formed even as they sliced over the crests of the surrounding hills
he had never seen clouds like them before but he had the primitive feel of danger that gripped a man before a hurricane in carolina
he hollered hoarsely hang on
and goaded the oxen as he yelled
he wanted to turn them putting the wagon against the storm
too late he realized that in turning he had wheeled them onto a patch of sandy ground instead of atop a grade or ridge
he swung up over the wheel
you had better get inside he warned her
but she sat on in stubborn silence
the clouds bulged downward and burst suddenly into a great black funnel
frozen they stared at it whirling down the valley gouging and spitting out boulders and chunks of earth like a starving hound dog cracking marrowbones
the six-ton conestoga began to whip and shake
their world turned black
it was filled with dust and wind and sound and violence
the heavens opened pelting them with hail the size of walnuts
and then came the water rain but solid sheets that sluiced down like water slopping from a bucket
walls of water rushed down the slopes and filled the hollows like the crests of flash floods
through the splash of the rising waters they could hear the roar of the river as it raged through its canyon gnashing big chunks out of the banks
the jetting frothing surface of the river reached the level of the runoff
the dangerous current upon the prairie ceased but the water stood and kept on rising
they cringed under sodden covers listening to the waves slop against the bottom
the cloudburst cut off abruptly
they were engulfed by the weird silence broken only by the low angry murmur of the river
then the darkness thinned and there was light again and then bright sunlight
beaten with fear and sound and wet and chill they crawled to the hurricane deck and looked out haggardly at a world of water that reached clear to the surrounding hills
the water level was higher than their hubs
only the heavy bones of the oxen kept them anchored
there was no real sign of the river now just a roiling oily ribbon of liquid movement through muddy waters that reached everywhere
clumps of brush rode down the ribbon
now and then the glistening side of a half-swamped object showed as it swept past
the girl crawled out into the renewing warmth of the sunshine hugging her shoulders and still trembling
her face was pale but set and her dark eyes smoldered with blame for ben
out of compulsion to say something cheery ben prime blurted well we were lucky to be on soft ground when the first floodheads hit
at least the wheels dug in
the soaking will put life back in the wagon too
his wife didn't give a sign she'd heard
she was watching a tree ride wildly down that roiling current
somebody was riding the tree
it raced closer and they could see a woman with white hair sitting astride an upright branch
she did call out
but as the tree passed she lifted an arm in gesture of better luck and farewell
they watched the tree until it twisted sharply on a bend
it speared up into the air then sinking back the up-jutting branch turned slowly
the pale blob of the woman disappeared
there 's the one who 's lucky
the girl murmured harshly
ben 's eyes strained with the bitter hurt his homely face slashed with gray and crimson
then he took off his wet boots and dropped down into the water to talk with the beasts needing their comfort more than they needed his
it was nearly sundown and he went to the back of the wagon half-swimming his way for he was a tall man
he let down the tailgate and was knocked over by the sluice of water
he sputtered back to his feet and scrambled madly to pull his bags of seed grain forward
they were already swollen to bursting
of all their worldly belongings next to the oxen and his gun the seed grain had been the most treasured
it was spoiled now for seed and it would sour and mold in three days if they failed to find a place and fuel to dry it
the oxen might as well enjoy it
he examined the water marks on the iron tires when the animals were finished
the waters lay muddy but placid without a ripple of movement against the wheels
there was a match-width of damp mark to show they were receding
he doubted if a man could wade as far as the desolate dry hills that rimmed the valley
a terrible numbing sense of futility swept over him
he gripped the wheel hard to fight the despondency of defeat
then he noticed that the dry wood of the wheels had swollen
the spokes were tight again the iron tires gripped onto the wheels as if of one piece
hope surged within him
he swung toward the front to give the news to hettie then stopped barred from her by the vehemence of her blame and hate
still he felt better
a tight wagon meant so much
he got a small fire started and put on bacon and coffee
he poured the water off the sourdough and off the flour salvaging the chunky watery messes for biscuits of a sort
their jams and jellies had suffered
he found a jar of preserved tomatoes and one of eggs that they had meant to save
now he broke them open hoping a good meal might lessen this depression crushing hettie
his long nose wiggled at the smells of frizzling bacon and heating java but the fire was low and he wanted to waste no time
he furled the slashed sides of the canvas tarpaulins leaving the ribs and wagon open
he looked thoughtfully at his wife 's trunk holding her meager treasures
he said hesitantly hettie i don't figure your things got wet too much
that 's a good trunk
if you want to get them aired
she said without turning her head after that rain beating in atop the dust there isn't a thing that won't be streaked
he drew a long breath and opened the trunk and hung out her clothes and spoilables upon the wagon ribs
sulphur oil and copra make the kind of tinder any firebug dreams of
i suppose a lascar sailor had sneaked a cigarette in the hold and touched off the blaze
now roaring up in great oily clouds of smoke and flames the fierce heat quickly drove us to the stern where we huddled like suffocating sheep knowing what to do
the lifeboats were stuck fast
we couldn't budge them
i heard a cry from a stoker as a pillar of flame leaped from a hatch and tongued the man 's bare back
he sprinted to the rail and leaped overboard into the shark-infested waters
one especially bad detonation shook lifeboat no. # which trembled violently in the davits
brassnose yelled come on sommers max step on it we got a chance now
heave on those ropes
the boat 's come unstuck
we pulled and swore and yanked and wept scraping our hands until they bled profusely
the bonaventure was quivering and lurching like an old spavined mare
her stern was down and a sharp list helped us to cut loose the lifeboat which dropped heavily into the water
brassnose max and i leaped into the sea and swam to the boat
let 's get away fast said brassnose shaking water from his mop of bleached hair
that tub is going to explode all at once
then the bonaventure seemed to disintegrate with a roar of live steam geysers of sparks and flames and a dense cloud of black-and-orange smoke
dimly we heard the voices of men in mortal agony but we couldn't go back into that inferno
already our leaky lifeboat was filled with five inches of water
sommers you bale while we row brassnose commanded
as best as i could determine we were some ### miles west of new guinea in the bismark archipelago
three days previously we had steamed past barren rennell island in the distance
now we peered anxiously for any speck of land in the pacific for this interminable bailing would have to stop soon
there were gigantic blisters and rope burns on our hands
our muscles were hot wires of pain
brassnose was strangely silent
the big man with the whitened hair murmured something his words sounded as if they were in the manu tongue which i recognized having studied the dialect in my anthropology # class at the university of chicago
he then said something which struck a chord in my memory
god help us if we're near the island of eromonga
we'd be in real trouble then
i'd rather keep bailing or sink
i was puzzled by the remark then i recalled the voice of mild professor howard griggs three years ago in a university lecture on primitive societies
he had been speaking of this archipelago
even when the islands were under german mandate before world war # europeans gave eromonga a wide berth
the place is inhabited by several hundred warlike women who are anachronisms of the twentieth century stone age amazons who live in an all-female matriarchal society which is self-sufficient
i remembered too the jesting voice of a classmate bobby pauson but how do they reproduce dr. griggs
i'm sure that males have something to do with that process
there had been classroom guffaws which quickly subsided as professor griggs said dryly i see your point pauson
of course males play a role there but believe me when i say you wouldn't enjoy yourself one bit on eromonga
indeed you wouldn't live long for the females either drive the men they've seized from neighboring islands back to their boats after exploiting them for amatory purposes or they destroy them by revolting but ingenious methods
in fact one important aspect of their very religion is the annihilation of men
i think i know what you mean brassnose i said
i know something about eromonga
let 's hope we come to a safer place
but we didn't
three hours later while we were bailing desperately a dot of land came into view
foster lukuklu frayne made a sign over his heart with his two linked thumbs i recognized it as an ancient manu gesture intended to propitiate the devil
a half-hour passed
we had drifted closer
in a voice so frightened as to seem his own the big bo'sun 's mate quavered
it is eromonga look hard you can see with your naked eye the wooden scaffolding on the cliff
i squinted at the looming shoreline
there was a wooden tower or derrick there something like a ski jump
it was perhaps ## feet high and had been artfully constructed of logs
a fine example of engineering in a primitive society
what is the scaffolding for brassnose
he made a sound of despair deep in his throat
it was embarrassing to see strapping blonde brassnose comport himself like a child who talks about bogeymen
it is their tultul the jumping platform of death
it is the last of the three tests of manhood which the women impose to discover if a male is worthy of survival there
often i heard my uncles and cousins speak of it when i was a small boy growing up in rabaul
they had never seen a tultul but they had heard about it from their fathers
our lifeboat was filling rapidly and despite what i had heard of the inhabitants of eromonga i was glad to see a long and graceful outrigger manned by three bronzed girls glide out of a lagoon into the open sea and toward our craft
i expected brassnose as a man with a strain of melanesian in his blood to speak to them
but he had turned a sickly green and appeared tongue-tied or panicked
so i mustered my few words of the manu dialect and said we greet you in peace
my friends and i come from a ship which was destroyed by fire
we are thirsty and hungry
our sore and burned hands and arms need attention
the girl in the prow of the outrigger turned a smile like a beacon on me
i noted that her full breasts were bare and that she wore a garland of red pandanus fruit in her blue-black hair
she said my name is songau and these girls are ponkob and piwen
you are welcome to eromonga
my people await you on the shore
you shall have food water and rest
thirty minutes later the outrigger grated on sand and other girls waiting on shore rushed forward to pull it up on the beach and make it fast with vine ropes to a large boulder
i saw a dozen or so other outriggers moored there
all my rosy visions of rest and even pleasure on this island vanished at the sight
there was a mound of bleached human bones and skulls at the base of the big wooden derrick
some had been there for years
others still had whitened shreds of decayed flesh sticking to them
there was one object which sickened yet fascinated me
this was also a corpse a male judging from the coral arm bands the tribal scars still discernible on the maggoty face the painted bone of the warrior caste which still pierced the septum of the rotting nose
the body may have been two or three weeks' dead
i looked with revulsion at the legs
they were shattered
many small bones protruded crazily from the shreds of flesh
the man must have leaped to his death from the topmost rung of the tultul
as if divining my thoughts the girl songau smiled warmly and said in the casual tone an american woman might use in describing her rose garden
this is our tultul a jumping platform aku
later you shall know it better
is it well-made
our old one blew down in a storm at the time of the pokeneu festival fifteen moons ago
it took thirty of our women almost six moons to build this one which is higher and stronger than the old one
we are very proud of it
you have every right to be i replied gravely in the manu dialect but my attention was fixed on brassnose the biggest and strongest of us
he looked as if he was going to keel over
i felt a queasiness in my own stomach but it wouldn't do to show these girls that we were afraid
so soon anyway
i clapped the big man with the bleached hair on his shoulder and said heartily hoping it would make an impression on the women this one is the maku frayne
he speaks your language too for he is the grandson of a chieftain on taui who made much magic and was strong and cunning
the maku frayne has inherited this strength from his grandfather
this was the worst thing i could have said
brassnose turned a stricken face toward me and said brokenly sommers you meddling yank you're a fool
they despise males who brag of their strength
they destroy such men with their damned tests
you've ruined me blast you
at first i thought he was out of his head talking wildly like this
but a glance at songau and the other women confirmed what brassnose had blurted out
the women 's faces had hardened after my statement
at a nod from songau four lithe and muscular girls darted to frayne 's side and seized him by the arms
the man was an ox and he put up a creditable struggle
but four eromonga women are more than a match for the strongest male that ever lived
besides terror had sapped some of frayne 's vitality and will
my last impression as they led him off to a stockade was of his pale face
in the manu tongue eromonga means manhood a quality which the women derisively toasted in weekly feasts at which great quantities of a brew like kava were imbibed
in the hut to which i was assigned max had his own quarters my food was brought to me by a wrinkled crone with bare drooping breasts who seemed to enjoy conversing with me in rudimentary phrases
her name was l'turu and she told me many things
for an anthropologist loquacious old l'turu was a mine of information
though i had a great dread of the island and felt i would never leave it alive i eagerly wrote down everything she told me about its women
her account was later confirmed by the scobee-frazier expedition from the university of manitoba in ####
from l'turu i heard that until about #### the people of this island which was about the size of guam or smaller had been of both sexes and that the normal family life of melanesian tribes was observed here with minor variations
but in the middle of the last century an island woman named karipo seized a spear in the heat of an inter-tribal battle and rallied the women after their men had fled
miraculously karipo and her women had succeeded in driving a hundred invaders from the isle of pamasu back to their war canoes after considerable loss of life on both sides
karipo was something of a politician as well as a militarist
she quickly exploited the exalted position she now occupied by harassing the disorganized males and even putting many of them to death
within a decade or less few men were left and a feminist society had sprung up
karipo was great goddess told our mothers that men were necessary except to father children the crone told me
all men went away from here
those who stayed had to pass tests
she cackled with mirth showing the stumps of betel-stained teeth
karipo 's women then named this place eromonga manhood for just the strongest men could stay here
come i show you
the old woman arose stiffly and led me to a clearing where a small hut stood
in the shade of a palm tree in front of the squalid dwelling i saw four figures in a semi-circle on the ground
i guess he spent the morning getting himself all organized then headed for home
maybe to beat up on his squaw
benson looked up and saw ramey 's long head tilt forward to rub his chin on the stiff edge of the overall bib
ramey reached out with the tire iron and dislodged a chunk of mud that was caked on the spare tire rack
i'd like to know just which it is that those guys don't understand the liquor or automobiles
somehow the thought of a simple man bewildered by things no one had ever really helped him understand moved the driver
for a moment his hatred toward drunken or careless drivers softened
maybe the indian wasn't too much at fault ramey thought
maybe he was only doing the best he knew how like any of us
anyway he doesn't deserve to lie there in the sun and be stared at
ever see yourself spread out on the pavement benny
he said to his partner
you mean dream
just see it
benson grinned and flipped a rock with his thumb like a marble
nope just you all the time sometimes i think it 's the only way i'll ever get a decent partner
ramey smiled but he thought to himself i always see me too
whenever he saw someone lying in the dirt ramey wondered what the person had been thinking and he would try out thoughts in his own mind
then he would realize they were really things that only he himself could think
with this realization sometimes he saw himself as he looked down
you seen him yet
benson said referring to the indian
he wasn't in the car ramey said
you didn't go clear around benson said
if you want to see something he 's back on the other side by the trunk of the car
too long a waiting line ramey answered pretending to joke
a few minutes later the insurance man a road checker drove up in the gray coupe with license plates on it from a far-away state
it was a trick they used to try and conceal their identity when they followed trucks to check their speed
sometimes they just parked at the side of the road and used radar on the trucks as they passed
all the drivers knew about the plates and they also knew about the big floppy straw hat with shredded edges the kind natives in travel ads wear when they are out joyfully chopping cane
horsely an agent on the east end wore the hat trying to look like a tourist
it had always seemed strange to ramey that to disguise himself as a tourist an ex-truck driver like horsely would merely pick something outlandish and put it on his head
the insurance man informed them that he had talked to crumley who was all right and that he would watch the men 's personal effects until they towed the rig back to town
he chatted with ramey and benson for a minute or so in the meager shade of the trailer
every so often the diminishing sound of a car came under the trailer as it slowed down for the wreck then speeded up again as it got clear
when they were ready to leave benson and ramey walked back around the rear of the trailer
there 's a body you won't mind looking at benson said and they stopped
she had driven up with her husband in a convertible with eastern license plates although the two drivers knew nothing at the moment about that
she wore shorts and a loose terry-cloth shirt
slender and tanned her dark brown hair was drawn straight back simply
what outfit does she drive for
seeing her caused a lurch in ramey a recognition
she might have been someone he had once loved
he had never seen her before but now he thought of the manner in which he and benson went in and out of the cities at each end of their run
the truck routes the industrial areas with walls grimed with diesel smoke passed briefly through his mind back alleys were their access to a city and they could never stay
how would you ever see her again
the feeling subsided it was only a small yearning
their work was lonely
what 's she doing in this bunch
benson said and ramey wondered how close their thoughts might have been
the girl looked around at the countryside
her glance swung past the trailer where the two drivers were standing
it made only a tiny bump over the two men like a tire over a piece of gravel then moved on
she began to watch a blonde-haired man also in shorts standing right at the rear of the wrecked car in the one spot that most of the crowd had detoured slightly
what had caught his attention was obscured by the car itself so that neither the girl nor the truck drivers could see but benson knew what it was
the girl took a couple of steps toward the man in shorts when benson in that barefoot courtliness ramey could never decide was real said you don't want to go around there ma'am
the girl stopped but did turn her head or acknowledge that someone had spoken to her
the man stood near the bent levi-clad body of the indian who lay face down almost under the car
the two drivers moved closer
what does he want a spoon
benson said to ramey
one tiny detail in a happening can clog the memory and stick like meat in a crooked tooth while the rest of the occurrence will go hazy and uncertain
with ramey it was a dusty work shoe that was half-off the indian 's foot that he would always remember
the laces were broken at the bottom of the eyelets but there was still a bow knot at the top
the slightest twitch would have parted the shoe entirely from the foot yet the toes were still inside
the two men in overalls stood just behind the blonde-headed man
he wore tennis shorts and a white sweater with a red v at the neck the sleeves pushed above the elbows
he turned and looked at them with clear blue eyes immaculate eyes
he was very tanned big hands might have torn him from a coca-cola poster
he 's dead isn't he
the man said
he turned and bent over the body of the indian
there was nothing in particular on the man 's face
it was simply a matter of curiosity a natural right to examine
the man said backing up a step still looking down
his words were mostly to himself
there was a gentle concern in benson 's voice
ramey looked down and saw the white sneaker at the bottom of the man 's tanned leg cautiously nudge a bit of folded blood-flecked substance lying by itself on the pavement
but what is it
the man said with a tone of impatience
but what is it
the man had spoken only once
ramey heard the words again inside weakened the way moving water sounds through a grove of trees until he was sure whether it was sound or light-headedness pressing in his ears
the sneaker reached out once more to tap against the mass and ramey 's vision darkened except for an unreasonable clarity of the man 's leg
ramey saw sunlight touch the curly blonde hairs on the brown skin
he stared at the shining shining circles of hairs and heard the voice of his partner through trees don't do that fella
the man seemed to sink a little as ramey brought the tire iron down on his shoulder and it seemed that the blonde head was turning as he hit the man again with his fist
ramey swung and caught the man just to the left of his mouth
it was a straight solid once-in-a-lifetime shot
he laid all four knuckles in between the man 's cheekbone and his chin
ramey 's fist and the air expelled from the man 's collapsing cheek made a hollow pop in the air like cupped hands clapping together
the man took two short steps backward then sat down heavily on the pavement
ramey heard a cry from the girl and felt a slight pain somewhere in his hand
as he watched the man sit suddenly a detached part of his mind observed how very difficult it was really to knock a man off his feet
he hadn't done it this time and he would never again hit anyone so hard
with a thoughtful look the man sat on the pavement legs straight out in front of him
his arms hung like empty shirt sleeves and his mouth was slightly open
after what seemed several seconds the open mouth grew dark inside then blood began to ooze from it
the man brought one hand up slowly and the fingers fumbled across his face until he touched his mouth
he moaned and pulled the hand away
even yet there was no realization in his eyes
ramey could hear the crowd coming up rapidly behind him and the questioning voices coming over his shoulder had no identity or importance to him
he did look around
a woman 's voice said and then he heard a sort of wail from the man 's wife
the man on the ground began to move
one of his hands flattened out on the pavement and supported him
blood dripped down the front of his sweater soaking into a dark streak of dirt that ran diagonally across the white wool on his shoulder as though the bright v woven into the neckline had melted running a darker color
the girl kneeled by her husband with one arm at his back
can you hear can you talk to me
an incoherent puzzled sound came from the red mouth
the girl looked around quickly at several of the people
none of the crowd had stepped forward to help
then she saw ramey and her face was misshapen with bewilderment
why did you do it why did you hit him
she said her voice rising
ramey said nothing
a shine in her eyes suddenly became tears and she turned back to her husband again
behind ramey feet scraped beneath sharp questioning whispers
no one seemed to know for sure what had happened nor was there any purpose or responsibility in the muttering feet and urgent voices behind the driver beyond finding out
ramey looked around and caught sight of his partner near the front end of the wrecked truck talking to the patrolman
benson moved his arms gesturing with an unfamiliar vigor and talking rapidly
ramey caught a glimpse of the insurance man
some of the ruddiness was gone from his face and he stared at ramey
it 's all over now the driver thought as he saw the patrolman turn and walk rapidly down along the trailer toward them
ramey watched him coming with a vision as clean as the glare on the metal sides of the trailer
he saw the dark sweat spots flip in and out of sight under the patrolman 's swinging arms and in the leather holster that swaggered and rolled at the side of his stocky body the sun left a smoky shine on the narrow strip of blue metal that ran between the horned handles of his pistol
all right step back
the patrolman said to no one in particular as he pushed between the fat man in the baseball cap and a young boy in levis
he walked straight up to the man sitting on the ground and bent over to look at him
you all right
mough it 's my mough the man said trying to talk without moving his lips
his brown face looked gray from dirt streaks where his hand had come off the dusty pavement and rubbed across it
then he calmly and carefully slugged the remaining five shots into the venomous head caught in the wicker back of the chair the eyes dead on him as the life finally went out of the brute
the body continued to lash but now keith used the legs of the chair to fork the loathsome bloody mass out of the bungalow
he slammed the door and listened as his servants ran up alarmed at the sound of the shots
he heard their chattering and then the sounds of hacking as they dismembered the snake right on the porch with wood axes
it was only then that he turned to look at penny
she was sitting on the edge of the bed again back in the same position where the snake had found her
the fear had entirely gone from her face but there were some other emotions now crowding into her eyes and the lines of her mouth
but her hands were calm now
she 's got guts thought keith
she 's got more guts than any other woman in the world
keith said penny keith you were wonderful
i don't suppose a wife should be grateful to her husband for saving her life but i am
thank you keith
he smiled at her sincerity
and for the hundredth time that week he was startled at her beauty
seven years they'd been married
he knew her mind pretty well by now its quick perceptions and sympathies its painful insistence on truth and directness its capacity for love almost too deep for a man to reciprocate even in part
but her beauty always surprised him anew
i realize that this is hardly the time to say it penny said keith
but knowing you i know that you're glad to be alive and grateful and sorry because i killed the snake even though i had to
isn't that so
penny lowered her eyes
yes she said almost in a whisper as if admitting to a crime
the snake was beautiful wasn't it
asked keith his voice getting harsher in spite of himself as he struggled to control his growing anger
it was a king cobra the largest you ever saw and it deserved to live out its life in the jungle didn't it
penny did answer
now she just sat there looking at him without an expression except concern for him
we're all god 's creatures aren't we
keith was snarling now
all of us every goddam roach and worm and killer in that jungle
you love this village and these stinking brown people because they're god 's creatures too
and you love ahmiri that black bastard of a servant even a little more because he 's a beautiful man
and he loves you because you're a beautiful woman
we're all god 's creatures aren't we penny
all of us that is except me
you hate me you hate my guts because i like to hunt
you actually hate me and we both know it because i killed that filthy snake
well why don't you say something
penny would rise to his mood
there isn't anything left to say is there keith
she softly let herself into the bed and took her regular side away from the door where she slept better because keith was between her and the invader
he knew she was sulking even angry at him
just as he knew that she had stopped loving him
the brahmaputra has its headwaters in the tableland of the world the towering white headwalls of the himalayas that are unknown to man as any other space on the planet
for a brief period each year the rays of the sun are warm enough to melt some of the snows piled a mile deep at the base of the headwalls and then the pinnacles glisten in the daytime at high noon and billions of gallons of water begin their slow seepage under the glaciers and across the rockstrewn hanging valleys on their long meandering journey to the sea running east past the sky-carving massifs of gurla mandhata and kemchenjunga then turning south and curling down through the jungles of assam past the khasi hills and into bengal past sirinjani and madaripur until the hard water of the melting snows mingles with the soft drainage of fields and at length fans out to meld with the teeming salt depths of the bay of bengal
keith sterling had looked down on the brahmaputra more times than he could remember during the war days when he flew over the hump of the world thinking it high adventure in those times before man was guiding himself through outer space
but keith looked down more than up
he thought of the jungles below him and of the wild strange untracked beauty there and he promised himself that someday he would return on foot perhaps to hunt in this last corner of the world where man is sometimes himself the hunted and animals the lords
at first it had been just a romantic dream of his the same as the idea of finishing oxford after the war
but after the war was a luxury of a phrase he did permit himself
wing commanders in the raf do imply survival in the future either in their orders or in their attitudes to their men or to themselves
and keith 's record of kills made him a man to listen to a man paradoxically who might even survive
he became a fighter pilot after the stint over the hump in the big crates
the raf was britain 's weapon of attrition and flying a fighter plane was the way her sons could serve her best at this point in the war
he knew how to shoot down nazis
and he knew that the men talked about him behind his back saying that he was one up on everybody else including the pilot of the plane with the swastika on it because he was chemically incapable of fear
that was true but only half the truth
the other half he didn't like to recognize even to himself
he enjoyed the killing
defending england or being an ace or fighting for humanity
he enjoyed killing
and he would have enjoyed it just as much if he had been a nazi
nowadays we talk as though the blitz were just a short skirmish
the nazis bombed britain so the raf retaliated and shot them all down
it was a war of nerves of stamina of dogged endurance in which the stupid insistence of the british on their right to their own country became ultimately an unsurmountable obstacle to the nazis who were better organized and technically superior
it took a long time before the british tipped the balance
keith learned too much about air combat and air killing to be risked
they grounded him over his protests including his true reason for wanting to fly and put him in the command offices
that was where he met penny
he was aware of her as a frightfully good-looking american wac a second lieutenant assigned to do the paper work regardless of how important she might have thought she was in the command offices but that was all
penny knew him better on her part
he had a war reputation but this was the kind of man women like even without medals
they don't go for bull-like muscle as a rule
he had strength in his six-foot frame but it was like the tensile steel in a rapier
he was on the thin side with big hands and the kind of wrists that give away the power in forearm and bicep
his hair was black already greying at the temples in the classic beauty-idiom the only one permitted to a man
the pretty little twittering wacs said he had the look of eagles and penny hating the cliche had to admit that in this case it applied
keith was an eagle
penny and keith had no romance
no dates or hand-holding
but they met in one searing moment that gave them to one another instantly
the command offices were in the border country up north where the radar systems centralized their intelligence reports and the fighters were dispatched to harry the enemy
the nazis knew this of course and while their chief quarry was the industrial centers they let a few drop every time they went over hoping for a lucky hit
this time they had been lucky
the command post was underground and well camouflaged
but there hadn't been enough time to build it for keeps
there was a measure of protection in its concrete walls and ceiling but the engineers who hastily installed it were well aware that concrete is much better than prayer if as efficacious when a direct hit comes along
this one was actually more of a near miss
the bomb plunged into the ground near the post but precisely into the command room itself
there was a shattering cracking sound as the concrete started to buckle the air filled with dust and flying debris and everyone in the room men and women hit the floor and used the desks as turtlebacks as ordered
that is everyone but keith and penny
they stood there just the two of them in the rocking shattering blast
keith was on his feet because he didn't care at all about life any more penny on her feet proudly because she cared too much
the bomb was a solitary one
the blast damaged but did destroy the room
keith 's eyes met penny 's as they stood there in this strange marriage of destruction
and as the others began to crawl out from beneath the desks and tend to those wounded and mark the several killed he climbed across the debris to penny and took her hand in his
the chaplain married them on the next day
after the war penny had wanted keith at least to visit her home with her
she came from ohio from what she called a small farm of two hundred acres as indeed it was to farmer-type farmers
but to keith 's london-bred mind such acreage sounded rather invincible
it wasn't that however which decided them to go to america
keith told penny about his dream to return to india and burma
he stressed the wild beauty of the mountains and the jungles
he didn't tell her the truth he now freely admitted to himself
he couldn't stop killing
that was his true love penny
the terrible power of a gun the thing that blasted the soul out of a living body man or beast was one he never wanted to lose
and in the hunting land this hunger was considered to be a noble thing
when they got to shillong in assam he was happy
this is a paradise for hunters
this was the land of the sladang the great water buffalo with horns forty inches across the spread
the great black leopards
the sambur buck the jungle stag that is even more noble than the scottish elk
he even hunted elephant although the asian elephant is quite as ferocious as his african cousin
but there are big rogues in both countries
these were the ones keith sought out the loners the ones who killed for the joy of it like himself
he and penny would go out on tame elephants raised from babyhood in the keddah
and while he was ever alert for game and most particularly a tiger penny marvelled at the eden they were traversing
they came upon cheetal deer at woodland pools
peacocks strutted across their path preening
there were fantastic flowers without perfume and gaudy birds without song
mouse deer played around the feet of the elephants or fled when the mighty legs thrashed too close
wild boar watched their progress with little pig eyes and grunted derision when they didn't consider such game worthy of a shot from the
now the next morning they were anchored at the elbow and the boat was riding directly over the underwater ledge where the green water turned to deepest blue and the cliff dropped straight down ### fathoms with the weighted line beside it
and robinson roy who had gone down this line ten minutes before to set a new depth record for the free dive was already back on the surface
he and his safety man herr schaffner swam up to the boarding ladder together
the german courteously indicated that robinson should mount first
robinson clambered heavily into the boat sat down and stripped off his triple-tank assembly
he was frowning
he took his mask from his forehead and threw it unexpectedly across the deck
temper temper mrs. forsythe said laughing uneasily
a phony blonde hanging onto a bygone youth and beauty but irreparably stringy in the neck she was already working on her second gin and tonic though it was yet ten a.m.
i loused it rob said with a savage note in his voice
all i have to do to set the record is to go on down
so instead i come up
was it my equipment
the german asked
was it something went bad with the breathing
the equipment was fine rob stated standing up
he was a huge young man of twenty-four clothed in muscle immensely strong with a habitual gentleness and diffidence of manner that was submerged under his present agitation
he stared stonily at the floor
i was down to ###
i've been that far half a dozen times
i don't get it why this time i should pull such a stupid trick
well i get it artie said still on the ladder
you are a big muscle-bound ape and you got this idea about setting a record
and you also got this little spark in your bird-brain that tells you to turn around before you drown yourself
so you turn around
no it wasn't that rob said
a note of awe came into his voice
when i came up damnit i thought i was going down
i came up maybe fifty feet before i knew what was happening
pressure-happy artie said and climbed in
that 's right robinson said
i was expecting it sure
but when it happens to you like that i tell you and you're a hundred feet from where you thought you were well it makes you think
you don't head back down again
he had his voice under control again no one became aware that he was terrified by what had just happened to him
waddell the newspaperman was a fellow in his middle forties with a graying crewcut heavy-framed glasses and a large jaw padded with fat
now he was going to show how much he knew
our boy didn't chicken out no sir
he ran into the rapture of the depths
it makes the diver feel drunk
well that 's the only way to be mrs. forsythe said and gave her brassy laugh
maybe if you're ### feet under water artie said
anyway waddell went on
it 's nothing to fool with
it can kill you
personally i don't blame him for giving up the dive much as i regret losing the story
nobody 's giving anything up robinson said
he stood there towering over them all gentle mighty determined the moving force in the group
and yet like a child among adults
you think i got you and artie and herr schaffner all the way out here just for the boat ride
i'm going down again
that 's my boy
mr. forsythe exclaimed
rob 's going to give up as easy as all that
he was a florid puffy man in his early sixties very natty in his yachting cap striped jacket and white flannels
he went to key west every fall and winter and was the only man in town who did know that his title of commodore was never used without irony
old commodore forsythe who had once lost a fifty-dollar bet on whether he could get both motors started and turn on the running lights without accidentally turning on something else first
now it did occur to him even to wonder whether it was wise for robinson to dive again rob was his boy the kid he had rescued from the streets the object of his pride
why he went on when rob asked me if he could make his dive on this trip i didn't think twice about it
i've helped him along ever since he was a youngster hanging around his brother 's tackle shop
hell i gave him the first decent job he ever had six seven how many years ago was it rob
seven years ago commodore rob said impassively
he was thinking big deal skipper on his drunken fishing parties for seven years and no better off than when i started
excuse me he said abruptly
he went down the steps to the galley and sleeping quarters
went into the forward stateroom and locked the door behind him
when you gotta go you gotta go mrs. forsythe said
waddell muttered something about taking a look around and climbed up to the flying bridge
he was disturbed by what had happened on the dive and by what he remembered of a conversation he had had the night before with the german who had come out of the head while he was fixing himself a drink in the galley
hi there schaffner he had said
can i make you one
no thank you very much schaffner had answered in his accented english
i do drink so much thank you
waddell had looked the man over trying to size him up
he was in his early forties rather short and very compactly built and with a manner that was reserved and stiff despite his efforts to adapt himself to american ways
his open face seemed to promise a sort of innocence until one looked into his eyes which had no warmth in them but only alert intelligence
waddell had heard that he had been a commando in rommel 's afrika corps and he said to himself i'd hate to run into him in the desert on a dark night
aloud he had said making conversation
rob tells me he 's using your atlantis equipment on the dive
yes herr schaffner had said
he 's one hell of a decent boy
i like that kid
i agree yes
and if the dive goes ok he has the exclusive import rights to your line for this country is that right
well no herr schaffner said
waddell turned to face him
but that 's what he told me
why that 's his main reason for making the dive
shaffner looked at him altogether without guile and shrugged his shoulders making a little spreading gesture with his two hands
what do you mean
waddell asked frowning
please let me explain the german said earnestly his face still devoid of deceit
i have in europe a gross business of seven million dollars the year
now i wish to enter the american market where the competition is very strong
i must have a powerful representative here a firm with a national distribution and ten twenty thousand dollars to advertise my products
with all respect to a fine young man mr. roy is able to provide these necessaries
waddell was an eminently moral person but he did like what he had just heard
did you tell him all this
perhaps in so many words the german said
but surely you have misunderstood mr. roy
never never did i offer him the exclusive rights
we spoke of the need for advertising and i agreed that the deep dive would be most useful for publicity
he was most eager to make the dive
of course i was willing
but there was no definite agreement about business arrangements
well damn waddell said
there was the end of his front-page feature story with byline
he started out the door
herr schaffner said
you intend to speak with mr. roy
if you will pardon i think it would be better if
mr. roy is determined to make this dive
whatever you tell him he will dive
i know this from my talks with him
well let 's let him make up his own mind ok
on the basis of the facts
you will make him unhappy and anxious the german said
at ### ### ### feet under the water when he must be paying very much attention he will be thinking about what you are telling him
it is good mr. waddell you will do him great harm
there was no doubt that herr schaffner meant every word of what he said
waddell came back from the door and sat on a bunk
i am an honest man the german said with fervor
i will give mr. roy his due for this dive
i will make him distributor for all of florida a big market
all tourists come to florida
this will help him to get out of his little tackle shop
but there is no use causing him to worry at this time
the german 's words worked on the newspaperman like a reprieve from an odious duty
he took a big swig of his drink
it would be a colossal shame to throw away a story like this
i think maybe you're right schaffner he said
he has the distributorship for florida you say
yes the german said
at least for south florida
by god waddell said we don't want to upset the boy at this time of all times
i guess you're right
he sloshed his drink around and drained it in a few large gulps
the story was shaping up nicely in his mind the young pioneer as of old altruistically braving the unknown
the rewards prompt and juicy in modern big-business america
join me in another
he had asked
thank you the german had said courteously
i do drink so much
now in that same cabin robinson fell to his knees beside a bunk
fear and relief mingled in his churning emotions
he pressed his palms together and addressed himself to the patron saint of divers in a hurried and anxious whisper
blessed saint nicholas i thank thee for getting me out of that mess and sending me up instead of down when i was bewildered
and when i make the dive again he paused
said a hail mary slowly and with understanding
folding between his hands the cross that hung from his neck he took his appeal direct to headquarters
holy mary mother of god star of the sea stay thou with me on this next dive
make it come off all right
let me set the record this time and let me get back ok so the german will give me the exclusive
and make my life different and better from this time on
he crossed himself again and rose
he felt a good deal less shaky
as he reached for the door there was a knock on it and when he opened he found artie who came in and sat down on a bunk
artie had picked up a snorkle and was twirling it on his forefinger
he waited awhile before he said roy you know your decompression table don't you
you know i know it robinson answered warily
you came straight up from ### without a stop artie said
well i was a little bit confused
anyway i wasn't down long enough to matter
you don't see me stretched out on the deck do you
you know what they say about two deep dives in one day artie went on still twirling the snorkle and studying it intently
i don't think you should go down again
early that day matsuo saw a marine
the enemy came looming around a bend in the trail and matsuo took a hasty shot then fled without knowing the result ran until breath was a pain in his chest and his legs were rubbery
as his feet slowed he felt ashamed of the panic and resolved to make a stand
he crossed the next meadow and climbed a tree where the jungle trail resumed
in the leafiest part of the tree straddling a broad horizontal limb he could see over the meadow
for a while he was content to let events develop in their good time
he had no doubt the marine was the lead scout of a column and while his shot had probably bred indecision they would soon come hunting
his superiors had emphasized that marines tortured others for the sheer pleasure
tomorrow no surrender
his remembering the self-dictate brought no peace only a faint chill of doubt
he murmured to himself with firmness no surrender
it was best to die fighting the marines
his superiors had also preached this saying it was the way for eternal honor
what if the marines never came
his comrades were all dead
he had no rice
then it would be a choice between starvation and suicide
whichever the way he would rot in this vast choking green his wife never to receive an urn of his ashes
he sighed and leaned for a moment against the trunk
his fingers touched the bone handle of a knife
the knife an ammunition pouch and a half-filled bottle of purified water hung on his belt
besides the belt he wore a loin cloth
as he looked up from picking at a leg ulcer he saw a marine in the jungle across the clearing
the marine came to the edge of the green jungle mist and stayed as though debating whether to brave the sunlight
his fatigues made a streak of almost phosphorescent green in the mist
come out come out in the meadow matsuo said under his breath
the man leaned against a tree and wiped a sleeve across his face
matsuo lifted his rifle easing the sling under his left upper arm for steadiness
fresh on his mind were events of the past day when his whole regiment was destroyed in the hills
they had fought from caves and the marines resorted to burning them out
even now like a ringing in his ears he heard the wooooosh of flame-throwers squirting great orange billows
a wave of flame rippling through their cave had reached nagamo his friend and with a shriek the man bolted through the entrance then slowed to the jerky walk of a puppet his uniform blazing
the marines let him advance
when he sank on his knees they had allowed him to char without administering the stroke of mercy
matsuo had faked death and was pitched on a stack of corpses both the burned and the unburned the latter decomposing rapidly under the tropical sun
the callous marines had laughed at each other 's retching while stacking bodies
matsuo repeatedly choked down his own nausea
at nightfall he had been able to sneak down a hillside and into the jungle reeking of death
apprehensively he peered to the left to the right into the leafy vine-crisscrossed maze
he decided that the marines must be deploying around the meadow with the one left to distract him
he strained his hearing
cautious feet stepping on leafmold
faint creaking of belts and slings
whispers he heard none of these
only the hum of insects and the distant fluttering call of a bird
because he couldn't hear them he was more convinced they were there
a spectacle occurred across the meadow the lone marine took a seat on the ground
leaning sidewise on a tree trunk he embraced it
humiliation made matsuo tremble
while his comrades cocked the trap that one behaved as if it was some dull maneuver
taking aim at the man 's face matsuo squeezed the trigger up to the point of discharge and then he changed his mind
he wanted the arrogant marine to know fear and so he aimed above the head
the shot reverberated in diminishing whiplashes of sound
like a mischievous boy expecting punishment matsuo awaited reaction from the jungle
how stupid to give his position away
the jungle did retort
the sitter remained seated hugging the tree
before long the atmosphere reverted to its old normalcy and insects hummed and birds occasionally called
matsuo puzzled and grew anxious over the complete passiveness concluding that he was the butt of a devilish joke
five or so minutes later the marine abruptly pulled up and stepped into sunlight immediately throwing his hands over his eyes
he went into a whirling dance a sort of blind chasing of the tail
it ended when he tumbled
but jumping right up he staggered in no particular direction
he wore no head cover of any kind and more odd had no visible weapon
with a sudden decisiveness he lurched in matsuo 's direction crossing the meadow in a zigzagging gallop
when he got closer to the tree matsuo noted the wild look on his face
the pockets of his jacket bulged
the bobbing head was a poor target so matsuo shot him in the upper trunk
the marine spun clapping a hand high on his chest and dived forward
in the hush that followed the echoes matsuo was tense
they could come on him now without difficulty
gradually he reached a conclusion
the marine was alone for they were impatient people and by now would have vied to knock him from the tree
down the tree he scrambled and knelt at the edge of foliage
the marine was sprawled some thirty yards away one arm extended
matsuo jumped when the hidden arm flopped out
rifle leveled on the man he made a rush
heat in the sunlight pressed in like an invisible crowd
he squatted by the head gently placing the rifle on the ground
with a snakestrike motion he grasped the hair and twisting pulled the marine over on his back
he was bearded
the bullet had penetrated in the area of the right collarbone
around the hole blood glistened in a little patch
maintaining his clutch on the hair matsuo watched the closed eyes while rummaging in the jacket pockets
in one a package of cigarettes and a tinplated lighter both sticky from the man 's bleeding
in the other a wristwatch with broken crystal wrapped in a dirty handkerchief
one by one he tossed the objects aside
he didn't smoke and could light fires with a flintless lighter
he had no use any longer for exact time even had the watch been running
then there was no saying how many times the marine had blown his nose on the handkerchief
too bad the marine had no water
from its holder he took his own canteen
the cap was stuck and made a thin rusty squeaking as he applied pressure
the marine 's eyes opened squeezed shut then opened squinted in the glare
matsuo put the bottle to his own lips
the marine reached up a hand
matsuo shook his head
none for you
the marine blinked soon dropping his hand
only had he no canteen but he lacked even the belt to hang one on
you came well equipped to die
some odor made him lean over the man
he sniffed and recognized it
so that had been his difficulty
drunk on sake he must have wandered off from his bivouac
the marine tried to roll on his right side and moaned
when he rolled on the left side propping on his left elbow matsuo seized his hair and pulled him back over
be a good turtle
awkwardly with one hand matsuo got the cap back on the water bottle
the smell of sake had freshened yesterday 's events in his thoughts
in the caves with other supplies they had kept cases of sake
the marine shut his eyes
are you a thrower of flame marine
matsuo took the small knife from its scabbard and laid it on the ground out of the marine 's reach and away from their shadows
he waited in his squat gripping the hair
every so often he turned the knife
its blade was dazzling in the intense sunlight
the sun was noon high and matsuo perspired until his body was dripping
wet also were the marine 's fatigues and the face had an oily film
the man had thrown the left hand over his eyes
now and again he murmured something that ended in a giggle
he must have saturated himself in the drink for the bullet to shock him out of his drunken haze
matsuo shook his head
at last he reached for the knife
even the bone handle scorched and he retrieved the marine 's handkerchief to wrap it
first he barely touched the blade on the hand which shaded the eyes
the marine yelled and flung the hand away
with a firm grip on the man 's hair matsuo applied the blade flat on a cheek
a shrill yelp kicked legs and groping hands that circled matsuo 's wrist
matsuo wrenched free and burned the hands into retreat
burned the other cheek
burned each hand when they came groping again
the marine commenced to weep and it blighted the sense of enjoyment
matsuo stood up
a small measure of payment marine
he dropped the knife in its scabbard hung the rifle behind a shoulder
the marine hands on cheeks rolled by his unwounded side onto his stomach
he ceased weeping
matsuo walked toward his tree once glancing back
the marine was still
he would soon die
as matsuo climbed by using the vines and kicking his feet against the trunk a mood of gloom immersed him like a jungle shadow
in the jungle birds were mute while insects preserved only the monotony of living
it was the marine head lifted he strained and called
then he astonished matsuo by pushing and dragging himself until he sat
he cupped his mouth and yelled
matsuo hustled the rifle off his shoulder
once and for all he'd finish this marine who would die
he aimed but listened
it sounded as if the man were calling him hey japanese hey there japanese
the man tilted back his head and went through the pantomime of drinking from a container
he performed the act twice more and the begging in his tone grew more distinct
the marine nodded vigorously
matsuo laughed slung the rifle
the marine was a winehead
his superiors had said that all marines were depraved
the marine slumped forward into a bow like a priest before an idol
remembering his own thirst matsuo took out his water bottle
one swallow was all he would have
he was very thirsty but he must observe water discipline
his years of campaigning had taught him the value of water discipline
he began to uncap the bottle the rusty cap squealing on its threads
popping upright the marine waved both hands and shouted
of course it was water he really craved
down in the broil of the sun he was becoming dried out
the marine shouted for it until it seemed that his voice had to crack
matsuo shook his head
he had no water for an enemy
and when this was gone he hadn't even a little bitter tablet to purify other water if he were to discover some stagnant jungle pool
he capped the bottle and replaced it
after all he had less reason to desire it than the marine
before much longer the marine quieted down
his head slumped
the upper part of his packet had stained dark
there is nothing for you matsuo said
your superiors will certainly beat you for your desertion besides the dishonor of it
i've nothing for you
from the convulsive quivers of the man 's shoulders it was plain he had resumed the weeping
he reminded matsuo of a similar thing he had witnessed in china
in china it was a baby sitting on a railroad platform smudged blood-specked with the village burning about him and shells exploding
chairs scraped back and customers hastily vacated their tables as the tall young buffalo hunter pushed open the swing doors and walked towards the bar
only blue throat and his gang stayed where they were
blue throat was slumped with his back against the bar elbows supporting his massive frame
he leered at the stranger as the distance between them closed
since when did they allow beardless kids into the saloon bars of this town boys
seems to me i don't remember altering any law about that
he straightened up alert now as the buffalo hunter came closer
stay right here where you are kid he called
i don't aim to have minors breathing down my neck when i'm a-drinking
the stranger ignored him
he didn't stop till he was within three feet of blue throat and by that time the gang leader 's right hand was on the butt of his revolver
i'm billy tilghman said the stranger and i've come for pat conyers' body
and what makes you think you're going to get it pretty boy
because i'm asking
most of the time i get what i ask for
blue throat winked at his six cronies
the kid has no manners boys
shall we teach him some
his gun was half drawn when he asked the question but the weapon never left its holster
tilghman 's clenched fist swept over in a terrific right cross and clipped the big gunfighter on the side of his chin
his head snapped round and he reeled back crashing into the table where his buddies were sprawling
tilghman leapt on to him dragged him upright and hit him again this time sending him careening against the bar
a bullet gouged into the bar top an inch from tilghman 's stomach as blue throat 's henchmen started shooting
tilghman flung himself aside dropped on one knee and pulled his own gun
the colt roared twice and two men dropped writhing
a third shot doused the light
somewhere at the far end of the room a voice yelled you all right billy
yes george but i ain't got poor old pat 's body yet
and i aim to have it
he fired again and somewhere in the gloom a man screamed
another took off his gun belt and flung his weapons to the floor
ok tilghman i'm quitting
and me said another blue throat henchman
somebody brought a light
tilghman and his partner george rust herded the men into a corner
and now said tilghman with deadly calm i'll repeat what i said
i've come for pat conyers' body
in two minutes the body of tilghman 's former comrade who had been killed by blue throat in a gambling brawl the previous night was carried into the town 's funeral parlor to be prepared for decent burial
blue throat nursing an aching jaw and a collosal dose of wounded pride rode out of town with the survivors of the fight
that critter will be back tomorrow predicted george rust and he'll bring fifty of his kind back with him
blue throat won't stand for this
he'll shoot up the town
the prediction was correct
the reverend james doran had scarcely completed pat conyers' last rites on boot hill in the township of petrie when shots were heard in the distance
amen said the reverend doran grabbing his rifle propped up against a tombstone and now my brethren it would seem that our presence is required elsewhere
billy tilghman and his comrades rode off to the battle
blue throat who had ruled the town with his six-shooter for the last six months certainly had no intention of relinquishing his profitable dictatorship
it was essential that he should restore his formidable reputation as a rip-roaring ruthless gun-slinger and this was the time-honored wild west method of doing it
he rode in at the head of sixty trigger-happy and liquor-crazed desperadoes and took over a livery barn at the entrance to main street
the entire length of the street could be raked with rifle fire from this barn
any posse riding down the street to demand blue throat 's surrender would be wiped out with one deadly burst of fire
the law-abiding citizens of petrie had gathered inside kaster 's store halfway down the street
several were firing into the barn when billy tilghman arrived
he sized up the situation and shook his head
if blue throat has his way he'll keep us all cooped up in here for days he said
there 's only one thing to move him fast and we have it right here in this very store
he called the store owner and together they went into the stockroom
billy returned with six sticks of dynamite
i'm gonna drop these into blue throat 's lap he announced and i'd like every gun to be firing into that barn while i get near enough to toss 'em through the window
he slipped outside hugging the walls of buildings and dodging into doorways
blue throat 's men spotted him and a hail of bullets splintered the store fronts and board walk as he passed
fifty yards away from the barn he dodged inside a barber 's shop and came out at the back
here he couldn't be seen by blue throat and his gang
all he had to do was light the fuses of the dynamite sticks run to within ten yards of an open window in the barn and hurl the sticks through
billy tilghman did just that
within seconds the big barn was blasted into smoking splinters with every outlaw either dead or injured inside
it was the abrupt end of blue throat 's dictatorship in petrie
though only slightly injured himself the big hoodlum never returned to those parts
to tilghman the incident was just one of a long list of hair-raising smash-'em-down adventures on the side of the law which started in #### when he was only eighteen years old and did end till fifty years later when he was shot dead after warning a drunk to be quiet
of all the rip-roaring two-fisted tough boys of the old west uncle billy tilghman stands out head and shoulders
he was the lawman who survived more gunfights than any other famous gun-slinging character in the book
he saw the most action beat up more badmen with his bare fists broke up the most gangs and sent more murderers to the gallows than any other u.s. marshal who lived before or after him
for fifty years his guns and ham-like fists shot holes through and battered the daylights out of the enemies of law and order in the frontier towns of the west
the deeds of countless western bandits and outlaws have been glorified almost to the point of hero-worship but because billy tilghman remained strictly on the side of the law throughout his action-packed career his achievements and the appalling risks he took while taming the west have remained almost unsung
citizens took the view that a lawman was expected to risk his life on the odd occasion anyway but this fighting fury of a man risked it regularly over a period of half a century
he came within an ace of being riddled with bullets during his long fight with the doolin gang which terrorized oklahoma in the #### 's
led by bill doolin these mobsters specialized in train robberies but as a sideline they looted stores and robbed banks making liberal use of their guns
bill doolin 's ambition it appeared was to carve out his name with bullets alongside those of jesse james and billy the kid and bill tilghman had sworn he would stop him
tilghman knew that some ranchers were hand-in-glove with the doolin gang
they bought rustled cattle from the outlaw kept him supplied with guns and ammunition harbored his men in their houses
billy decided to set an example by arresting one of the ranchers named ed dunn who lived at rock fort
on a bitterly cold day in january #### accompanied only by neal brown as his deputy tilghman left the township of guthrie and headed for rock fort and dunn 's ranch
it was snowing hard when they got there and they saw no horses outside
the only evidence of occupation came from the chimney which was belching out thick smoke
the two lawmen halted their wagon about twenty yards from the door
wait here neal said tilghman
if i don't come out within half an hour ride back to town and bring out a posse
leaving his rifle in the wagon tilghman walked up to the door and hammered on it
there was no reply so he shoved it open with his foot and stepped inside
directly opposite the door was a roaring log fire a welcome sight on that bitterly cold day
seated near it with his back to the door was the rancher ed dunn
hello ed said tilghman
the rancher grunted an acknowledgement but didn't move
tilghman closed the door behind him and walked towards the fire
suddenly he saw something which made his big heart give a sickening lurch and caused the hairs to bristle on the back of his neck
along each side of the room were six tiered bunks each one screened off with a curtain
and projecting wickedly through these curtains were the gleaming muzzles of six rifles all trained on billy tilghman
the fighting marshal had walked right into a trap and at any moment six slugs might slam into his hide
thinking fast tilghman never hesitated for one instant
he walked right up to the fire as though blissfully unaware of the guns covering him
the men behind them were bill doolin and five of his gang every man a killer
cold day said tilghman placing his hands behind him and casually presenting his backside to the fire
just dropped in to ask where jed hawkins lives
can't seem to locate landmarks in this snow
the rancher was trembling
he wouldn't look tilghman in the face
follow the river for five miles he said hoarsely
jed 's homestead is on the south bank
resisting the overwhelming temptation to flng himself out of that bristling death-trap tilghman deliberately engaged the nervous rancher in trivial conversation for a good ten minutes
all that time rifle barrels were pointing unwaveringly at his head and body
one false move on his part and he would be a dead man
well he announced guess i'll be going now ed and thanks for the warmup
he strolled back to the door whistling softly hands still clasped behind him
he left the house and almost certain death without even increasing his pace and wondered by what remarkable stroke of providence he had been allowed to come out alive
but he knew well enough that those guns would still be trained on his back as he walked towards the wagon
if he showed signs of collecting his rifle and going back with his deputy to the ranch he would be shot down instantly
leisurely he climbed on to the wagon next to neal brown
don't say or do anything he said softly
just get out of here without it looking as though we're in a hurry
that place is crawling with bill doolin and his gang
even as he spoke those words billy tilghman 's life hung on a thread
back in the house a hoodlum named red buck sore because billy had been allowed to leave unscathed jumped from a bunk and swore he was going after him to kill him right then
you'll stay right here commanded bill doolin covering red with his rifle
billy tilghman is too good a man to shoot in the back
we'll let him go
but the fighting marshal 's fifty-year run of immunity from violent death came to a full and final stop one night in a street at cromwell oklahoma where he had been sent to clean up the gambling and vice rackets
wiley lynn a self-styled prohibition officer had hit town the previous day and had been drinking ever since
that night he reeled out of ma murphy 's dance hall and proceeded to disturb the peace by shooting off his revolver
for several months now jack carter a big overgrown boy of fifteen with a fuzzy pimpled face and greenish catlike eyes with a lot of red in them had been haunted by a dream a vision of a woman
this woman had no distinct shape or size and no particular face but she radiated warmth a sweet warmth
she would talk to him in a soothing voice about things his mother would have said were nice and put her hands on him and kiss him passionately
when she would do these things he would turn blind for an instant and become sick at his stomach
then he would run to the toilet behind the house
sometimes he did this three or four times a day for this woman was almost always with him
he would feel ashamed each time and wonder whether his mother and father knew thinking they might see it in his eyes or smell it on him
but they never said anything so he figured it was all right
and so when miss langford came to teach at the one-room chestnut school where jack was a pupil in the eighth grade the woman of jack 's mind assumed the teacher 's face and figure
he could keep his eyes off her when at school
when he went home at night he took her with him in his mind and she did the things the anonymous woman used to do and he did the thing afterwards each time as he used to do
when he awoke in the mornings she was in his mind and he could hardly wait to get to school to be near her in the flesh
miss langford her first name was evelyn was an attractive girl
tall blonde blue-eyes fair buxom without being heavy she cut a fine figure of budding womanhood as she swished among the pupils in her fresh starched summer dress
something was beginning to stir and come alive in her too it may have been there for a good while since she was twenty now
but if it had been it had been smothered until now by fear you could tell it by the way she watched the older bigger boys like jack
she would look at jack with that hidden something in her eyes and jack would see the woman and become breathless and a little sick
school began in august the hottest part of the year and for the first few days miss langford was very lenient with the children letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another
the first two or three days they went home early
all that is except jack
he hung around the schoolhouse watching through a window from outside while miss langford straightened desks and put the room in order
once this was on the third day of school she kneeled down to pick up some books where they'd dropped on the floor and jack looked up her dress at the bare expanse of incredibly white leg
he thought for a moment his heart had stopped beating
about that time miss langford straightened up and looked out the window directly at him he thought although probably she didn't even see him
he jumped back ducked and ran crouching down the hill away from the school
he didn't look back and he ran until he was out of sight of the schoolhouse and out of breath
then he slowed to a walk
the vision became even stronger now
i'll get her yet he muttered to himself
i've got to get her
that night he dreamed a dream violent with passion in which he and the woman now the teacher did everything except engage in the act and this probably only because he had never engaged in the act in reality and when he awoke the next morning his heart was afire
he ate litle that morning and his mother became concerned inasmuch as he usually ate heartily
what 's the matter honey
she said with the solicitude of a middle-aged woman for her only child
aren't you hungry
no i'm hungry he said pushing back the bacon and eggs
outside it was already hot at #:## a.m. and it was getting hot in the kitchen
he felt a little sick at his stomach
are you sick
no he said
i'll be all right
i guess it 's this hot weather
don't you play hard today then
and if you get sick ask the teacher to let you come home early
daddy left the car for me and i'm going to town this afternoon
ok. i won't play hard he promised
just then charles lever yelled hey jack from the quarry road which ran behind the carter house and jack grabbed the lunch from the table and darted out the kitchen door yelling good-bye mom over his shoulder
whaddya say boy
charles said grinning showing his huge yellow teeth
charles also fifteen was tall and skinny scraggly with straight black hair like an indian 's and sharp brown eyes
he considered himself handsome and seemed to think all the girls were after him
you know what i done last night
charles said as they picked their way over the rocky road which led up the hill away from the dixie highway through a corn field and a patch of woods to the school
jack knew of course that the tale to be unfolded would involve a girl and probably be dirty because girls were charles' only apparent interest
but jack always derived vicarious sensual thrills from charles' revelations even when he suspected his friend of exaggeration or invention so he usually invited them as he did now
i got margaret rider in one of them old box cars down there by the quarry
a nude imaginary picture of miss langford flashed across jack 's mind
his heart beat faster
hell you say
he said lapsing into the profanity he often used when away from his parents and especially when he was with charles
how'd you do it
hell i jist got on top of
no i mean how'd you get her to do it
hell i jist ask her
jist like that
she 's been hangin' around me a lot here lately and i figgered i might as well 's try it
besides i heard her old uncle that stays there has been doin' it
i never heard that
it 's all over branchville
if you'd get out of your back yard once in a while you might even get her your ownself
i might try it one of these days jack said wonderingly thinking of miss langford
when they reached the school a gang of boys and girls were already there playing crack the whip in front of the schoolhouse
miss langford in a fresh white dress and low-heeled white sandals without socks was out there with them trying to get them inside
time for books she yelled jingling a little five-and-dime store bell in her right hand
let 's go inside
oh come on miss langford play with us just onct one of the little girls begged smiling wistfully
no now said the teacher
maybe at dinner time
come inside now
the children grudgingly stopped playing then and straggled into the schoolhouse
jack watched miss langford all morning
he could think of nothing else save his mental image of her nude figure and what charles had said that morning about margaret rider
occasionally he would look across the aisle at margaret fourteen and demure in a fresh green organdy dress sitting in the sixth-grade row and he could hardly believe she would do what charles had said she did
at noontime remembering what the teacher had said about maybe playing with the kids jack stayed close to the schoolhouse while all the other big boys except charles went off out the road to play ball
why ain't you playin' ball
he asked charles suspiciously as they sat in the well-house shade watching the girls congregate in front of the schoolhouse
miss langford come out and play with us like you promised several of the little girls called
i'd druther stay here and watch the girls charles grinned
maybe some of 'em will fall down and we'll see up their dress
maybe jack said idly watching for miss langford
presently she came out of the schoolhouse
when she appeared two or three of the little girls jumped up and down yelling goody goody
let 's play with 'em jack said rising from where he sat on the ground and dusting off his overall pants
o.k. charles rose also and the two of them moved over to join the girls
they played crack the whip a few minutes without mishap
then when miss langford was on the end of the line of girls jack in the middle of the line gave an extra hard pull and the young teacher sprawled backwards sitting down hard her dress flying over her head
while she was struggling to get her skirt down and get on her feet again jack ran over offered her his hand and said gosh i'm sorry miss langford
i didn't mean to pull so hard
that 's all right she said tossing her head back to get the hair out of her eyes
it was my fault
with one hand she held her skirt down while she took jack 's extended hand with the other
when her hand touched his fire went through jack and he felt weak but he managed somehow to get her on her feet
he thought she gave him that look with the hidden something in it as he let her hand go
thank you she said dusting herself off
will you play with us again miss langford
one of the little girls said
no more today
maybe some other day
oh shucks the girl said
i don't believe i'll play any more neither
me neither others said and soon the game broke up the children going off in pairs in larger groups and alone
jack walked off alone out the road in the searing midday sun past robert allen 's three-room tarpapered house toward the field where the other boys were playing ball thinking of what he would do in order to make miss langford have him stay in after school because this was the day he had decided when he thought he saw the look in her eyes
when he came back to the schoolhouse his mind was made up
he simply would work his arithmetic problems when the teacher held his class
that should do it he thought because miss langford had said she was going to be strict about school work
he had considered throwing erasers or flipping paperwads at someone or pulling the hair of the girl sitting in front of him but he couldn't take a chance on either of these possibilities the teacher probably would make him stand face-to-wall in a corner instead of stay in after school
the only drawback now to the plan he'd decided on was that someone else might fail to do his work too and the teacher would have that person stay late along with jack
but i've got to take a chance on it he told himself desperately
to his surprise his plan worked perfectly
all right if you can't do your arithmetic during school hours you can do it after school is out miss langford said firmly smiling
you will stay here thirty minutes after the others go home this afternoon and work your problems
and so when the others stampeded out that afternoon jack remained docilely in his seat near a window looking out in what he hoped was a pitiable manner while the other kids laughed and yelled in at him and made faces as they dispersed going home
he scarcely saw them
his heart was pounding like a mighty dynamo and he was trying to think his mind seeming to scream at him like a hurt or frightened child how will i do it
on the fringe of the amused throng of white onlookers stood a young woman of remarkable beauty and poise
she munched little ginger cakes called mulatto 's belly and kept her green somewhat hypnotic eyes fixed on a light-colored male who was prancing wildly with a #-foot king snake wrapped around his bronze neck
the youth with the snake had a natural pride and joy of life which appealed to the woman
lithe and muscular he had well-molded features and his light color told of the european ancestors who had been intimate with the slave women of his family
the haughty white girl turned to a distinguished hawk-faced man standing at her side and murmured look at your watch col. garvier
it is almost time for and calinda to begin
col. henri garvier was one of new orleans' most important and enlightened slave owners
he chuckled and gave the signal for the dance to start
the slaves ran gaily to the center of congo square and gathered around a sweaty youth they called johnny no-name
johnny vigorously pounded two bleached steer bones against the gourd which served as his drum
he showed his gleaming tusks of teeth and bellowed incoherently his brass earrings jangling discordantly as he shook and trembled in ecstasy
the drummer flogged the gourd with frantic intensity as the dancers began the calinda a sensual gyration which had long been a favorite of voodoo practitioners and their disciples in the louisiana slave compounds
the dance was of haitian origin
the white girl with the penetrating green eyes sipped the lemonade handed to her by a handsome man of about ## who had coppery skin and beetling eyebrows
he was possessive in his manner and though a slave obviously was educated after a fashion and imitated the manners of his owners
he proudly wore the blue livery of her house for the girl was madame delphine lalaurie wife of the prominent surgeon dr. louis lalaurie who bore one of the south 's oldest and most cherished names
delphine was a pace-setter in high society
she was a top horsewoman and one of the city 's most gracious hostesses
although new orleans was to learn of it for a spell she also was a sadist a nymphomaniac and unobtrusively mad the perpetrator of some of the worst crimes against humanity ever committed on american soil
madame lalaurie gestured with her riding crop toward the ##-year-old youth who was stomping and writhing with the king snake still draped over his bare shoulders
the slender handsome fellow was called dandy brandon by the other slaves
he was gifted with animal magnetism and a potent allure for women of any race
but dandy had had little experience with girls on his master 's plantation in bayou st. john
shy actually he avoided feminine overtures and seemed truly ignorant of the girls' desires when they sought to make liaisons with him in the open fields in carriages and in boathouses
this young slave was therefore quite unprepared when delphine lalaurie signaled that she wanted him to draw near
the woman eyed the youth with the avidity a coin collector might display toward a rare doubloon which is yet in his collection
what is your name boy
come a bit closer
i won't bite you know
he gaped at madame lalaurie and sniffed the paris perfume which emanated from her
then he smiled shyly
my name is dandy brandon missy
i belong to master alexander prieur
she said with intense feeling come near let me feel your arms
you look quite strong and healthy to me dandy
mrs. lalaurie impatiently propelled the slave toward her waiting carriage
lifting her skirts she climbed in never relinquishing her grip on his arm
the woman seemed utterly unafraid of the snake which coiled on the floor in a torpor
once inside the luxuriosly-upholstered landau she drew the curtains and proceeded to give the startled youth the kind of physical examination usually reserved for army inductees
satisfied at last and after a few amorous gambits on her part which convinced delphine that dandy was capable of learning new arts she opened the window and called to her liveried driver
this was the big man with the proprietory air and the beetling shaggy eyebrows
i want you to find monsieur prieur at once and give him this money for the boy 's purchase
there 's $### in gold in this chamois sack
if the old fool argues about the price tell him i shall order my husband to treat him as a patient any longer
prieur has gout and depends on louis' pills and bleedings
besides he owns ### slaves
one less shouldn't matter to him
aristide devol the sardonic manservant who had been brought in chains years before from his native sierra leone smiled thinly and touched his well-brushed beaver hat
his bold eyes raked the woman and a perceptive spectator might sense that there was more to their relationship than that of slave to owner
another youth madame
the coachman said softly
this one is a tender chicken oui
such delicate beauty such fine flesh
it will rip and shred easily for madame
be quiet devol
you are forgetting your place
the tall coachman walked off briskly in search of alexander prieur
delphine lalaurie took the reins in her gloved hands and drove dandy brandon cowering in the back seat of the carriage to her mansion at ### perdido street
dr. louis lalaurie stood on the veranda at the head of the driveway and watched his carriage as it approached the pillared mansion
dandy curiosity overcoming his apprehensions peered out at the doctor from the window of the vehicle
he saw a pint-sized man with a graying spade beard and an unusually large head
dr. lalaurie wore a maroon smoking jacket and his myopic eyes were blurry and glistened behind thick octagonal lenses
he was about ## years old
another young man my dear
really you are most indiscreet to drive him here yourself he said frowning with displeasure
delphine presented her cheek for a kiss and the physician pecked it like a timid rooster
dandy is to be our house guest louis
i want the room in the attic prepared for him he is a most unusual lad quite precocious in many ways
he deserves a better life than just rotting away on the prieur plantation
quite so my dear
his room will be ready shortly
the physician led the horses to the stable after a cursory glance at the cringing slave
had dandy been older or wiser instinct might have warned him that he would be well advised to flee from the lalauries' tender care if he valued his life
but he liked the smell of delphine 's perfume
besides her endearments and caresses in the carriage had been new and stirring experiences to the simple youth
also he was weary of plantation drudgery and monotony
so dandy brandon trustingly entered the house with delphine lalaurie and trudged up the rear steps to the attic room which was to be his new home
airless and dingy though it was the attic represented luxury to a slave who had led a wretched life with six brothers and sisters and assorted relatives in a shanty at bayou st. john
he bounced exuberantly on the sagging bed and was even more delighted when madame lalaurie after closing the door showed the slave that the bed was designed for something other than slumber
it was just as well that the ignorant dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening for the room was to become his prison cell
when he finally left the sinister mansion on perdido street he was carried out in a coroner 's basket
just six weeks after dandy brandon 's arrival at the mansion the little surgeon and his svelte young wife gave their annual open house and ball to which only new orleans' oldest and wealthiest families were invited
a stringed orchestra played softly behind the potted palms and delphine circulated graciously among her guests chatting airily of the forthcoming races the latest fashions from paris and louisiana politics
suddenly there was a commotion upstairs a despairing boyish shriek and the strains of the waltz faltered and died as the musicians and guests gaped at an apparition descending the marble staircase
it was dandy brandon clad only in a bloody loincloth emaciated and quaking as if the devil were breathing hard on him
the lad 's once superb body was a mass of scars and welts
his pinched face showed the ravages of malnutrition
feebly he pointed an accusing finger at madame lalaurie and shouted evil woman
you did this you like to hurt to beat people i want to go home
these were the last words he ever uttered
convulsively he spat up some blood and collapsed into the arms of senator gaston berche crimsoning the frilly shirt and waistcoat the politician wore
dr. louis lalaurie examined the inert form of the slave on the parquet dance floor and pronounced him dead
the ball broke up in confusion
guests stared with horror at madame lalaurie and made speedy departures
delphine stood like stone her eyes alive with hate as she looked down at the sheeted corpse
but at the coroner 's inquest delphine told a forthright story
i saw the boy dandy at the congo square festivities and felt sorry for him
it was our hope to educate him and to give him his freedom when the right time came for he was a bright and friendly youth who seemed worthy of our interest
after i paid monsieur prieur for dandy i brought him home but he was ill at ease and ran away the same night
how he returned in such a ghastly condition or why i cannot say
dr. lalaurie and i didn't even know he was in the house until the night of our ball when he came down the stairs
she daubed at her swimming eyes with a lacy handkerchief and said with obvious emotion that poor boy
he must have fallen in with evil companions for he was a simple youth and quite trusting and inexperienced
ruffians must have robbed and beaten him before bringing him back to our house to die
such a pitiful end
though the slave 's dying words about the woman troubled the coroner 's panel dandy 's accusation was adjudged an aberration by the jury and disregarded
the lalauries were at the top rung of the social ladder and even a jury didn't feel privileged to doubt the veracity of so illustrious a lady
moreover runaway slaves frequently got into serious trouble in new orleans' dives
so the verdict was death at the hands of a person or persons unknown and the elite of the city accepting delphine 's testimony welcomed her and the doctor back into the fold
once again life went its serene way soirees fox hunts balls and dinners
the excitement over brandon 's bizarre death abated and madame lalaurie 's stock soared when she resumed her self-imposed chores of visiting the poor and bringing cakes and comfort to destitute patients in the county hospital
then on july # there occurred another incident which set tongues to wagging at a furious clip
mrs. victor dominique socially prominent and a neighbor of the lalauries chanced to glance out of her parlor window at dusk one evening and beheld an amazing sight
the manservant devol and his mistress delphine lalaurie were pursuing a young girl an octoroon of cameo-like beauty across the front lawn of the lalaurie mansion
the girl was more than ##
she was nude to the waist and her tumbled abundance of black hair did conceal the knife slashes on her back
the bleeding girl was tiring fast
the coachman and delphine were gaining on her as she raced down perdido street
the fugitive cried out in an oddly sibilant voice help me somebody
they have pulled out all my teeth and now she will carve out my tongue with her hacksaw
bastards he would say all i did was put a beat to that vivaldi stuff and the first chair clobbered me
since then and since the pure grain had gotten him divorced from every decent and even indecent group from greenwich village to the embarcadero he had become a sucker-rolling freight-jumper
there ain't nothin' faster or lonelier or more direct than a cannonball freight when you wanna go someplace feathertop would say
the accommodations may be the poshest but man
there ain't nobody askin' for your ticket stub neither
he had been conning the freights for a long long time now
ever since the hooch and the trouble with the quartet and midge and the child
ever since all that
it had been a very long time that had no form and no end
he was as he told himself in the vernacular of a trade no longer his own riding the dark train out
out and out and never to return again
till one day the last freight had been jumped the last pint had been killed the last beat had been rapped
that was the day it ended
the freight car was cold early in the morning
he was pressed far back into the corner of the car on his hay sacks the rattling and tinning of the wheels on the rails almost covering the sound of his ocarina
he held his elbows away from his body and the little sweet potato trilled neatly and sweetly as he tickled its tune-belly
the train slowed at a road crossing and the big door slid open
at first gratingly caught by grains of corn then with a clash into its slot
the boy lifted the girl by the waist and set her on the lip of the floor
she pulled her legs up under her to rise her full peasant skirt drawing up her thighs and feathertop 's music pfffted away
now that is a very nice a very nice he murmured to himself back in his corner
a little thing but the right twist for the action that counted
hot that was the word hot
hair like a morning-frightened sparrow 's wings with the sun shining down over them
a poet yet
his thoughts for the swanlike neck the full high breasts the slim waist and the long legs were less than poetic however
then the boy straight-armed himself up twisting at the last moment so he landed sitting
he was less to see but feathertop took him in too just to keep the records straight
curly hair high cheekbones wide gnomelike mouth a pair of drummer 's blocky hands and a body that said well maybe i can wrestle you for ten minutes but then i'm finished
we made it cappy the chick said
yeah seems so don't it the boy laughed hugging her close
feathertop interrupted standing up brushing the pig offal from his dirty pants
none of that
we run a respectable house here
they whirled and saw him standing there dim in the slatted light from the boarded freight wall
he was big and filthy and his toes stuck out of the flapping tops of his shoes
he held the black plastic kazoo lightly
come sit said feathertop motioning them toward him
that crap is softer over here
the girl smiled and started forward
the boy yanked her back hard tugging her off her feet and gathered her into the crook of his arm
now stay with me kitty he snapped irritably
i vowed to take care of you and that 's what i'm gonna do
we don't know this guy
oooo square bit feathertop screwed his face up
this guy was strictly from outsville
what is with this vow jazz
feathertop inquired lounging against the freight 's vibrating wall
we we eloped cappy said
his head came up and he said it defiantly
feathertop made an elaborate motion with his hand
these two were going to be easy pickins
they couldn't have much dough but then none of the freight-bums feathertop rolled had much
and besides the chick had a little something the others didn't have
that was gonna be fun collecting
but just yet
feathertop was a connoisseur
he liked to savor his meat before he tasted it
come sit he repeated motioning to the piled hay bags over the pig leavings
i'm just a poor ex-jazz man name of uh boyd smith
he grinned at them wolfishly
that ain't your name mister the boy accused
and you know you're right
feathertop aimed a finger at him
oh come on cappy the girl chided
he 's a nice guy
she started to move toward the hay bags dragging the reluctant cappy behind her
feathertop watched the smooth scissoring of her slim trim legs as she walked to the bags and tucked them beneath her smoothing the skirt out in a wide circle
he cleared his throat
it had been a long hot while since he'd seen anything as nice as this within grabbin' distance
he had it all doped of course
slug the kid grab his dough at least enough to get to philadelphia and then have a rockin' ball with the doll
where'd you come from mr. uh mr. smith
kitty inquired politely
i been riding train for a ways now
they lapsed into silence and the freight wallowed up a hill scooted down the other side shaking and clanking to itself
after a while kitty murmured something to cappy and he held her close answering we'll just have to wait till we pull into philly honey
what 's the matter she wanna go the bathroom
ernie found it immensely funny
the boy scowled at him and the girl looked shocked
certainly i mean no that isn't what i said
she snapped at him
i only said i was hungry
we haven't had anything to eat all day
joviality suffused feathertop ernie cargill 's voice as he reached behind him pulling out a battered carpet bag with leather handles
whyn't ya say so fellow travelers
why we got dinner right here
c'mon buddy help me set up the kitchen and we'll have food in a minute or two
cappy looked wary but he moved off the floorboards and followed the dirty ex-musician to the center of the refuse-littered boxcar
ernie crouched and opened the carpet bag
he took out a small packet filled with bits of charcoal a deep pot of thin metal some sheets of newspaper a book of matches and a wrinkled and many-times folded piece of tin foil with holes in it
he put the charcoal in the pot lit the paper with the matches and carefully stretched the tin foil across the top of the pot
a charcoal pit man he said indicating the slightly-smoking makeshift brazier
fan it he told cappy handing him a sheet of newspaper
yeah but what're we gonna eat
fella ernie waggled a dirty finger at the younger man you try my ever-lovin' patience
he reached once more into the carpet bag and brought up a package of wieners
hot dogs man
the greatest but they stick to your belly insides
he ripped down the cellophane carefully and laid three dogs on the tin foil
almost immediately they began to sizzle
he looked up and grinned
a kroger 's self-serve he explained
when they had licked the last of the wieners' taste from their fingers they settled back and cappy offered ernie a cigarette
nice kid ernie thought too bad
how come you're riding the rods kids like you
cappy looked down at his wide hands and did reply
but surprisingly kitty 's face came up and she said my father
he didn't want us to get married
so we ran away
why didn't he want you to get hitched
this time even she did answer
she looked down at her hands too
after a few seconds she said dad didn't like cappy
it was my fault
cappy 's head came around sharply
your fault hell
it was all my fault
if i'd been careful it never woulda he stopped abruptly
ernie 's eyebrows went up
what 's the matter
the girl still did raise her eyes but she added simply i'm pregnant
cappy raged at himself
oh he was stupid her old man
you never heard nothin' like it kitty 's gonna go have an abortion and kitty 's gonna go away to a convent and kitty 's this and kitty 's that like he was nuts or somethin' y'know
this was a slightly different matter
he remembered midge and the child
but that had been a time before all this a time he didn't think about
a time before the white lightning and the bumming had turned him inside out
but these kids weren't like him
he thought pull out of it old son
these are just another couple of characters to roll
what they got you get
now forget all this other
ernie offered taking the pint of sweet lucy from his jacket pocket
now that you offer
the answer came from the open door of the boxcar
from the man who had leaped in from the high bank outside as the train had slowed on the grade
ernie stared at the man
he was big
real big with shoulders out to here and hair all over him like a grizzly
road gang ernie thought
you gonna give me a drink fella
the big man asked again taking a step into the boxcar
ernie hesitated a moment
this character could break him in half
sure he said and lifted the pint to his own lips
he guzzled down three-quarters of the strong home-blend and proffered the remainder
the man stalked toward them his big boots heavy on the wooden flooring
he took the bottle with undue belligerence and making sucking noises with his thick lips drained it completely
he threw his head back closed his eyes and belched ferociously
he belched again and opening his eyes threw the bottle out the open door
well now he said and reached into his pocket
i didn't know i was gonna have company in this car
we're going to philadelphia kitty said pulling her skirt down around her legs all the more
no i don't think so said the big man and it was the final clincher for ernie
he had suspected this guy was trouble and now he was sure of it
maybe you and me will girlie but these two ain't goin' nowhere
he advanced on them and abruptly there was a shocked electricity in the car
ernie was screaming inside himself no damn you you ain't gonna take my meal ticket away from me
the newcomer stalked toward them and kitty shied back her hand to her mouth
her scream split up the silence of the car accompanied by the rattling of the freight and then cappy came off the floor his legs driving him hard
the kid hit the bigger man with an audible thwump
and carried him backward in a footballer 's tackle
they went down in a heap and for a long minute there was nothing to see but flailing arms and legs
the kid showed for an instant and his arm was cocked back
the fist went down into the pile of flesh and ernie heard the bigger man 's deeper voice go aaawww
then they were tumbling again and the big man reached into the same pocket he had gone for earlier and came up with a vicious switchblade
he held the knife aloft an instant an instant enough to press the stud
the blade came out with a snick
he fisted the knife overhand and drew back to plunge it into the kid 's throat
kitty screamed insanely and her face was white
she grabbed at feathertop 's sleeve and shrieked help him
they neither liked nor disliked the old man
to them he could have been the broken bell in the church tower which rang before and after mass and at noon and at six each evening its tone repetitive monotonous never breaking the boredom of the streets
the old man was unimportant
yet if he were there they would have missed him as they would have missed the sounds of bees buzzing against the screen door in early june
or the smell of thick tomato paste the ripe smell that was both sweet and sour rising up from aluminum trays wrapped in fly-dotted cheesecloth
or the surging whirling sounds of bats at night when their black bodies dived into the blackness above and below the amber street lights
or the bay of female dogs in heat
they never called him by name although he had one
filippo rossi that 's what he was called in the old country
but here he was just signore or the old man
but this was unusual because youth in these quarters was always pushed at a distance from its elders
youth obeyed when commanded
it went to church on sunday and one saturday a month went to confession
but youth asked nothing of its parents a touch of the hand or a kiss given in passing
the only thing unusual about the old man had long since happened
but the past was dead here as the present was dead
once the old man had had a wife
and once she too ignored him
with a tiny fur-piece wrapped around her shoulders she wiggled her satin-covered buttocks down the street before him and didn't stop
in one hand she clutched a hundred dollar bill and in the other a straw suitcase
the way she strutted down the street the old man would have been blind to have noticed both
without looking at him without looking at anything except drexel street directly in front of her she climbed up into one of those orange streetcars rode away in it and never came back
but she shouldn't have come here in the first place the women had said
she thought she was bigger than we are because she came from torino
she gave herself fancy airs
just because she had a part on the stage in the old country she thought she could carry her head higher than ours
they had slapped their thighs
it 's for making pretty speeches about dante those actresses get paid so good
calloused fingers caressed only by the smoothness of polished rosaries had swayed excitedly beneath puckered chins where tiny black hairs sprouted never to be tweezed away
mauve-colored mouths that had never known anything sweeter than the taste of new wine and the passion of man 's tongue had smiled but had condemned again and again
but if the old man even thought about his wife now nobody cared a fig
it was enough for people to know that at one time he had looked down the street at the fleshy suppleness of a woman he had consumed watching her become thinner and thinner in the distance as thin as the seams on her stockings and still thinner
his voice had commanded her to stop
it had questioned why
the women said they had seen him wave an exhausted farewell
but he might have been shooing away the fleas that hopped from his yellow dog onto him
he was never without that dog
and his eyes those miniature sundials of variegated yellow had altered their expression or direction
the old man 's very soul could have left him and flown down that street but he wouldn't have had anyone know it
perhaps he had known then where that hundred dollar bill had come from and where it was taking his wife
but when he called for his withered wrinkled sister rose to care for him and the children had he guessed that all he would remember of his woman was the memory of her climbing into that streetcar
there seemed to be a contemptuous purpose in the way he sat there with his eyes glued to drexel street and his back in opposition to the church behind him
for all he saw or cared to see this could have been a town in italy the outskirts of philadelphia
it could have been bari or chieti for the way it smelled
what did it matter to him that the park at the foot of ash road stretched beneath elevated trains that roared from the stucco station into the city 's center at half-hour intervals
or that the tiny creek spun its silent course toward the schuylkill
this place was hatred to him just as hatred was his only companion in his aloneness
to him they were one and the same
sameness for the old man was framed in by a wall of ginkgo trees which divided these quarters from the city
sameness lined the streets with two-story houses the color of ash
it slashed the sloping manure-scented lawns with concrete steps which climbed upward to white wooden porches
it swayed with the wicker swings and screeched with the rusted hinges of screen doors
even the stable-garage which housed nothing now but the scent of rot had a lawn before it
and the coffee shop on drexel street where the men spent their evenings and sundays playing cards had a rose hedge beneath its window
the hedge reeked of coffee dregs thrown against it
only one house on the street had no lawn before it
it squatted low and square upon the sidewalk with a heavy iron grating supporting a glass facade
that was bartoli 's shop
above it from a second-story showroom wooden angels surveyed the neighborhood
did the old man remember them there
yet everywhere else sameness was stucco and wood in square blocks like fortresses perched against the slant of the hill rising with the hill to the top where the church was and beyond that to the cemetery
only paved alleyways tunneled through the walls of those fortresses into the mysterious core of intimacy behind the houses where backyards owned no fences where one man 's property blended with the next to form courtyards in which no one knew privacy
love and hatred and fear were one here shaded only by fig trees and grape vines
and the forked tongue of gossip licked its sinister way from back porch to back porch
the old man silently fed upon these streets
they kept him alive waiting
waiting for what and for whom only he could tell and would
it was as though he had made a pact with the devil himself but it was yet time to pay the price
he was holding out for something
he was determined to hold out
the old man 's son threw himself down belly first upon a concrete step taking in the coolness of it and dreaming of the day he would be rich
at fifteen he didn't care that he had no mother that he couldn't remember her face or her touch
neither did he care that aunt rose provided for him
he was named pompeii as a tribute to his heritage and he couldn't have cared less about that either
to him life was a restless boredom that began with the rising sun and ended only with sleep
when he would be a man he would be a rich man
he would be like the rich americans who lived in white-columned houses on the other side of the park
he would ride the eight-thirty local to the city each morning
he would carry a brief case
nor would he work at all
he would square his shoulders and carry a cane before each step
he would sit inside the coffee shop and pound a gloved fist upon the table and a girl would hear him and come running bowing with her running calling out in her bowing at your service
he would order her to bring coffee and would take from his vest pocket a thin black pipe which he would stuff he would remove his gloves and light and smoke
he could do that when he would be a man
he called to his sister on the porch above the steps
she was only ten months older than he
laura what would you say if i smoked a pipe
laura did answer him
she leaned unconcerned against the broken porch fence brushing and drying her wet gilded hair in the sun
one lithe leg straddled the railing and swung loosely before the creaking torn pales
her tanned foot whose arch swept high and white pointed artfully toward tapering toes toes like fingers whose tips glowed white
all the while she sat there her sinewy arms swirled before her chest
her face showed no sign of having heard pompeii
it was a face that had lost its childlike softness and was beginning to fold within its fragile features a harshness that belied the lyric lines of its contours
the eyes blue and always somewhat downcast possessed a sullen quality
even though the boy could see them he knew they were clouded by distance
he was never sure they fully took him in
pompeii called again laura
but the only answer that reached him was the screeching of the porch rail from her leg moving against it
she 's in a mood he thought there 's a month she doesn't get herself in a mood
well what did that matter when the sun was shining and there were dreams to dream about
and as for his pipe if he wanted to smoke one nobody would stop him
suddenly he was interrupted in his daydreaming by a warm wetness lapping against his chin and his eyes opened wide and long at the sight of a goat 's claret tongue feasting against the salt taste of him
above the tongue an aged yellow eye sallow and time-cast encrusted within a sphere of marbleized pink skin stared unfalteringly at him
christ sake goat git
but the goat would
you're boiling milk ain't you
soothing it with his hand knowing the whiskered jowls and the swollen smoothness of teats that wrinkled expectantly to his touch
pompeii rolled over
his head undulated gradually covering space to come straining beneath the taut belly within the warmth of those teats
with his mouth opened wide he squirted the warm white milk against the roof of his mouth and his tongue savored the light earthy taste of it
the boy 's fingers and mouth operated with the skilled unity of a bagpipe player pressing and pulling delighting in what he did
above him slid the evasive shadow of a storm cloud
its form was a heavy figure in a fluttering soutane
but the boy could see only the goat 's belly
the old man near the corner let the shadow pass over him sensing something portentous in it
he knew it was there knew also what it was about but he wouldn't raise a finger except to smooth his yellow dog 's back
there would be time enough perhaps the old man reassured himself to pay the devil his due
time enough to give up his soul
in the meantime six sandals stained an ocher the same color as pompeii 's shaved hair edged up close to him
the clapping they made on the concrete interrupted him in the ecstatic pleasure he knew so that he quickly released his hold on the goat and pretended to be examining its haunches for ticks
he knew at a glance that the biggest sandals belonged to niobe the neatest ones to concetta and the laced ones to romeo concetta 's idiot brother
pompeii expected romeo 's small body to sink closer and closer to the ground
he expected concetta 's thin hand to reach down to grasp the boy and her shrill impetuous voice to sound against the rotundity of his disfigured flesh that was never sure of hearing anything
people came in and out all evening to see the baby and hold it
the room filled with smoke and maggie 's head throbbed with excitement and fatigue but stuart had such a happy earnest look of proud possession on his face that maggie couldn't bear to do anything to quench it
little anne rapidly outdistanced her mother in recovery
in two months she became a fat highly social baby with a fuzz of flaxen hair all over her head
she stopped flying into rages and started digesting her food
she developed a peaches and cream complexion and a sunny disposition and she asked for nothing more of life than that she be kept dry and comfortable and fed huge amounts of food at stated intervals and be carried to where she could watch activity going on around her
she was so heavy that maggie 's arms shook from lifting her and taking care of her
maggie couldn't seem to get her strength back or catch up with herself with all she had to do there was the big basket of clothes to be coaxed through the rackety old washer and lugged out and lugged back
there was the daily round of household chores in which maggie insisted on participating
worry had a great deal to do with it
stuart had been laid off at the produce company and had to go back to sitting in his father 's office taking what salary his father could hand out to him
mr. clifton would have preferred death and bankruptcy to having his son stay with his wife 's people without contributing to his and his family 's upkeep and besides that there were the things that had to be bought for the baby milk and orange juice and vitamins and soap just plain soap
maggie and stuart pored over figures every night trying to find how they could squeeze out a few pennies more
in desperation maggie consulted eugenia one afternoon do you think you could find me something i could do here at home to make some money so i could still watch the baby and do the rest of the things
it seems to me you have enough to do as it is eugenia said
she had been watching maggie go from the washing machine to the baby to the stove and back again
i have plenty of odd moments when i could be doing something maggie said
it would make me feel a lot better but the woman 's exchange isn't taking baked goods any more and i can't leave the baby with grandma because she isn't strong enough and the baby 's too young to be put in a nursery
i should think so eugenia said
for one thing you can stop keeping that child in starched dresses and changed from the skin out nineteen times a day
she 's so beautiful and i do like to keep her looking nice
she picked up the baby and nuzzled her fat warm little neck
she'll be just as beautiful in something that doesn't have to be ironed eugenia said
evadna mae evans said she didn't put a thing on her child but a flannel wrapper until it was nine months old
evadna mae evans got all her baby clothes from best 's liliputian bazaar in new york and i'm sick and tired of hearing about evadna mae evans
well now maggie you don't have to snap at me eugenia said
i'm just thinking of a way for you to be sensible
i do seem to snap at everybody these days but i would like to think of a way to make a little extra money
well let 's see
let 's make a list of your assets
maggie started laughing and she laughed so hard she couldn't stop and she kept on laughing while she lugged the clothes out to the yard to hang them up while the sun was still shining
when she came back eugenia was sitting at the kitchen table with a pencil and envelope jotting down words and figures
i have here that you could run a nursery of your own for working mothers eugenia said
we could put up cribs on the second floor sleeping porch and turn the front bedroom into a playroom where it 's nice and sunny but of course it would entail quite a bit of running up and down stairs and chris said you were to be careful about that
you might set up a dress shop in the living room
every woman in the block has tried that
what about a tea room then
you could set up tables in the front room and serve salads and your baked beans and brown bread and grandma could dress like a gypsy and tell fortunes
it 's too elaborate
and grandma isn't strong enough to take on something like that and to tell you the truth neither am i
she said well those are the really interesting things but if you don't like any of those i can turn over some of my extra typing jobs to you if you think you can type well enough
oh i'm sure i could do that maggie said
but it really wouldn't be fair taking your jobs away from you
don't worry i can get plenty more eugenia said wondering where in the world she could
maggie was looking much happier already clearing a space on the table and chattering about how she could put up a typewriter right there and be brushing up on her typing so eugenia wouldn't be ashamed of it
and then whenever i have a minute i can be working at it and keep an eye on the baby and the stove at the same time
and i can go back to my contests and be thinking while i'm doing the washing
what are you going to do with your feet so you don't waste anything
she said oh eugenia i wish
i wish i had three wishes maggie said
all of them for you
it grew bitterly cold toward the end of november contributing to the miseries of countless numbers of people
the temperature dropped to twenty below at night and stood at zero during the days
the cold settled like a tangible pall over the mile high city locking it in an icy grip that harshened its outlines and altered its physical appearance
it had a look of grim stark realism resembling other cities whose habitual climate was cold instead of the sprawling bumptious open-handed greedy western city basking in eternal sunshine at the foot of mountains stored with endless riches and resources
the jobless huddled in the streets outside of employment offices outside newspaper buildings in parks in relief lines outside government agencies
there weren't facilities to take care of them
there never had been a need felt for such facilities
that kind of poverty was regarded as the exclusive property of the east which created depressions with their stock markets and their congested populations and their greedy centralization of industries protected by discriminatory freight rates
the east was popularly supposed to have got the country into war and into depression dragging the west along
and now the east was creating government agencies for which the west doubtless would have to pay
the government offices were being opened but they weren't being opened fast enough and meanwhile the cold penetrated everything
shivering people talked and argued
all this government spending would have to be paid for somehow but on the other hand desperate circumstances called for desperate remedies and something had to be done
something had to be done
it was the theme song of millions of american people their personal problems no less urgent than those of the government
something had to be done
the abernathys said it to each other a dozen times a day
something had to be done about the furnace the fuel bills the washing machine the doctor and dentist bills about making money stretch for food for the mortgage for taxes for shoes for half soles for overshoes for clothes for the new leaks in the roof for gas and light bills
about keeping warm about keeping well about meeting the minor emergencies that came up once twice fifty times a day
just dropping the baby 's bottle and breaking it became a catastrophe and stuart wore out his shoes so fast that he was termed a major disaster
the abernathy furnace consumed fuel like a giant ravenous maw that had to be appeased by hurling tons of coal into its evil red depths and no matter how much coal they put in the house remained cold
cold came in the innumerable cracks that seemed to have sprung up under doors around loosened window frames from the sleeping porches the attic from the widened cracks between shingles on the roof
presently they had to give up running the furnace at full capacity and depend on the old coal range in the kitchen which had never been removed when the new gas range was installed and the fireplaces and an electric heater in grandma 's room
it was so cold and so wretched that a sort of desperate gaiety infected all of them like people stormbound or shipwrecked or caught in some other freak of circumstance so that time stood still and minor anxieties fell away and the only important thing was to cling together and survive
the pipes burst and they all laughed and stood in ice water to their ankles while they swabbed the bathrooms
they lived mainly in the kitchen
they moved maggie 's bed and the baby 's basket there and the rest of them undressed by the stove and ran groaning and shivering to the upper polar regions and plunged into icy beds
grandma said it was just like the early mining camp days and it was the way people ought to live only she was getting too old to take the pleasure from it that she used to
you said a mouthful eugenia said grimly
eugenia hated being cold worse than anything and she was beginning to find the joys of poverty wearing thin
she said to maggie that it was one thing to meet an emergency and another to wallow in it and it was beginning to look at if this one was going to last forever
plenty of people are poor all their lives
plenty of people haven't our brains and talent
i know you when you start talking about brains and talent maggie said
you're working up to something and if you don't watch out you'll ruin your whole life one of these days just to prove that the abernathy family is superior to everything even a depression
the only thing that worries me is how i'm going to prove it eugenia said
they begged grandma to let them put a bed in the kitchen for her but grandma said she was getting too old to sleep in strange beds and be seen with her teeth out and that she hoped to die in privacy like a christian and if the lord willed it to be of pneumonia than it would have to be that way
she didn't want to be the only one with a stove in her room especially as her life span was nearly run out anyway and she insisted that hope have the heater
hope wouldn't hear of it and she took the heater back to grandma 's room and grandma took it back to hope 's room and the two of them dragged it back and forth until grandma tipped it over and almost set her bedspread on fire
she said that proved she wasn't to be trusted with a fire in her room and she could be burned to a crisp without anybody knowing it
eugenia suspected her of deliberately overturning the heater because she was getting tired of dragging it back and forth and still wanted her own way but hope said if grandma wouldn't have the heater nobody would have it so grandma had to give in
thrifty of her to use it up
unusual in a case like this but
you can joke
didn't you read it
she 's married that tenant
i read it yes
this ought to simplify tolley 's life
laban had more to say
tolley had gone to live in california
he'd mentioned it himself at church and everybody seemed to have the idea that tolley had left because jenny had jilted him for roy robards
it was plain as the nose on your face that they're laughing about it mamma
zion stayed to get my pin but it'll be a cold day in june when i go back
we will both go back laban
kizzie turned to go inside
let me stay and take the pictures you wanted mamma
the sun 's right
she swung around
in brace 's room
you told me to bring my camera
i'm going back
indeed you are
why should i want pictures of an empty room now
tolley had no idea of marrying that sneaky little jenny
this trip of his had nothing to do with her consorting with tenants and i am going to see that everybody at mt. pleasant understands that simple fact
wait for me laban i'll be dressed in half a second
frank followed her into the bedroom hooked her dress up the back
they're going to laugh at the fairbrothers and labans very long
tolley 's going is my fault
i drove him away
you know it and i'll tell everybody exactly how it happened
she was so beautiful so valiant so pitiable
he kissed her
make your confession to god kizzie dear to the congregation
i'll decide that when i get there
i was so cruel to tolley so unfair
but i'll be fair now
he is coming back isn't he frank
yes oh yes
what else was there to say
returning to the log-house he found some favorite lines from jonathan swift on his lips
under the window in stormy weather
i marry this man and woman together
let none but him who rules the thunder
put this man and woman asunder
absolution for his lie
he questioned god 's taking time to telegraph the message but he felt better about kizzie and he took the sealed envelope from its pigeonhole wondering why he had preserved it
if he died before she did she would never be unable to resist opening it
in any case he would be thrusting a burden on his remaining sons making them parties to a deception peculiarly his own
it was simply his necessity to confess which had made him write and keep this thing
you've told god frank he said
why lacerate the congregation
reaching for an old clay pot relic of pioneer days he tore the envelope in pieces dropping them into it touching the little pyre to flame watching it curl the red sealing wax melting and bubbling in the feathery ash
surely now his beloved son could rest in peace
and let me go for the night gathers me and in the night shall no man gather fruit
a beautiful and haunting line a subtle genius swinburne difficult to envy a gifted man and perhaps he did
but there were great satisfactions even for a small man
beyond his window were the greening trees new spring eternal hope eternal life
there lay grand fair 's quinzaine his own young parents' graves but new life and promise for his sons grandsons
he poured his thimble of wine for the toast he'd made so often
to absent loved ones
but this last time he drank to brace but to tolley
mr. robards jenny was the only person she knew of in the mt. pleasant neighborhood who called him that was kind but too easygoing
it didn't bother him for everybody from the blacksmith to the preacher to say howdy miss jenny adding a careless roy but it did her
he could put a stop to it she told him again and again
simply call mr. whipsnade oscar and dr. dunne p.ga and c'un major frank
mr. robards laughed said he'd feel a damn fool plain-out couldn't do that even to please her
you could try
and if i ever hear you say mist laban again i'll scream
and don't tell me you didn't at church sunday
i heard you
he really hadn't meant to he assured her but it was plain to her that the importance of these small things was lost on mr. robards
how strange it was that he could give her this handsome house and carte blanche as to its beautiful furnishings and fail her in spiritual ways
another weakness far more irritating than his manner of speaking which he made only token effort to change was his devotion to that old horse of tolley 's
her horse rather
but mr. robards' now oh my yes indeed yes
he called her the mare much as mrs. whipsnade spoke of the queen god bless her
he with fifteen or twenty horses or mares or geldings or what-nots out there in the barn was reverent only of the mare the racin' mare the revolting gunny
for the first few months of their marriage she had tried to be nice about gunny going out with him to watch this pearl without price stamp imperiously around in her stall
and what had happened
gunny invariably tried to bite her
nerves mr. robards said just a nip anyway
stand back miss jen she 's oneasy of your scarf
never quit that you sor'l devil
never concern for his wife 's nerves or the danger that the curled lip and big teeth might mark their own dear baby due in january
she musn't annoy gunny whose foal was due then too
listening for hours to his laments that the war and mist fair 's poverty afterwards had robbed the mare of many a racing triumph and to his predictions of greatness for the procession of foals to come jenny could look forward to years of conflict with an animal who disliked her intensely and showed it
gunny symbolized so much that was unpleasant tolley the indifference with which the fairbrothers and indeed the whole neighborhood now treated her and which she would die rather than acknowledge to her husband his lack of understanding and sympathy in her present condition her disgusting swollen stomach
human birth was no novelty to mr. robards
tillie was a fine midwife and could get here quick he suggested
jenny 's aversion to having dr. dunne a former admirer seemed silly to him but he would humor her get anybody she wanted the best never being too good for her
the chances were against his being here to humor her when her time came she was sure
he would be in the barn or riding for the veterinarian
night after night he stayed with gunny in the dead of winter rubbing her with quarts of expensive liniment fussing over her bran mash as the cook did over charlotte russe tracking manure on the pretty new carpet when he did come to the house
yet when the dear baby came he had tillie over here in a jiffy and was as attentive and sweet and worried and happy when it was all over as any husband could have been
jenny wished now that she had had dr. dunne feeling that somehow he wouldn't have allowed the dear baby to turn into triplets
there was something nice about triplets though their father seemed pleased showing no disappointment that they hadn't been the son he wanted saying you don't see triplets trippin' down the pike ever' day miss jen hon
rhyme 'em up cute arcilla flotilla
edmonia for her mother she said firmly jennifer for herself and
kezziah for miss kizzie he suggested
she was mighty good to you past times an' this'll fetch her
now she must be thinking of a boy-name something special
just wait till she saw the mare 's foal
handsomest colt in all kentucky
strong too up on his legs when he was an hour old
what about royal robards
why don't you name him jesus christ
she burst into tears
roy was deeply distressed
he'd had no idea how unhappy his sweet peach had been
of course she wasn't herself right now but as her strength came back her spirits didn't seem to rise with it
he had a good idea why
those elegant at home cards she sent out now she could wear her pretty clothes again and had the house all trimmed up hadn't brought many callers in two whole months
doc dunne and miss sis had come
so had miss shawnee rakestraw full of criticisms about the changes here giving thanks that her dear old father had gone to his heavenly rest last year saying how much she enjoyed her boarding house in town in inclement weather was looking forward to quinzaine spa this summer
there was an idea
miss kizzie had been right snippy ever since they were married though you'd have thought a namesake would have brought her round
oh she'd come to see them once left silver teething rings for all of the trips
but when miss jen went over right away to return the call miss kiz couldn't have been very cordial for she'd come back before she hardly had time to get there
more and more these days she'd been driving that pretty little mare that looked like her over to tillie 's and nick 's his own old square frame box on posts chickens and cats and pups under the house everybody friendly inside making a to-do over the babies dressed like dollies
though he was glad she got on well with his young folks she ought to be welcome at the finest house in the land too
it made him pretty hot under the collar after the idea miss sis had given him to be told by miss kiz that her holy spa was all reserved for this summer and next if you please and that much as she regretted it they would be unable to entertain mrs. robards and the children
she hoped they were well
he didn't tell miss jen but she must have got word from the cook or nurse who of course knew those quinzaine nigs and she really took a fit
if he ever did such a thing again she'd die of shame
have a party an' leave 'em out hon he suggested
a swell party send an invite to ever'body but them those folks you met at the galt house the ones i've got to know in this new jockey club affair the whole dang neighborhood
we'll have oystchers couple bar'l oystchers'll fetch in a crowd any time
i'll see word gets round
don't you dare
miss jen was funny that way funny that she didn't seem to take to his ideas and perk up
he was downright worried about her but there was one more thing he could try
zion was surprised when roy 's buggy stopped beside her on the pike one early summer day as she was walking home from the country school where she was teaching now that eph showers had had a call to preach in some mountain town
roy smiled he did have a nice smile took off his hat most politely told her to hop in and he'd give her a lift to quinzaine
her hesitation was only momentary and she hoped he didn't notice it as she settled herself asked quickly how miss jenny and the babies were getting on
see for yourself miss zion
it won't take a minute
he swung in through his own wide gateway
them 's the purtiest babes you ever did see but miss jen gets mighty lonesome
she'll relish the sight of a friendly face
miss kiz won't care your comin' will she
why of course zion said uncomfortably
he must have forgiven me henrietta murmured to the room
the absolution of doaty 's last will and testament was proof enough of that
doaty would never have left her house to a godless woman
she found herself wishing an old wish that she had told doaty she was running away that she had left something more behind her than the loving sorry note and her best garnet pin
perhaps doaty had guessed already and kept her counsel
henrietta thought it 's extraordinary how much she always knew about both of us
there had been more to know about hetty inevitably and most of it unfavorable
adelia was the good one or if always good less frequently tempted
their childhood would have been quite circumspect without hetty 's flair for drama especially through the long summers
in winter in the city there had been the maneret school which taught excellently with a kind of austere passion for knowledge
there had been lessons in french from a small polish nobleman with a really profound distaste for his pupils
there had been the dancing class miss craddock thin and tireless with her supervising wand and her everlasting one-two-three one-two-three
there had been supper parties and teas fetes and little balls mama small and pretty and gay and papa enormously jocular enormously possessive the sun around which the blackwell planets revolved
mama had died before the corruption of the family circle the interruption of charles
it was safe to assume that papa sighing heavily had said many times to his remaining daughter thank god your poor mother was spared this and indeed it might be true that it had been easier for henrietta to leave with her hand in charles' hand just because her poor mother was gone already and would never know
mama was vulnerable
one had always felt the need to make a safe world around her
but i would have gone anyway thought henrietta
she had always been able to ignore the moral question because there had been no choice
only at this moment perhaps because it was before dawn and she was lying in doaty 's bed she found herself examining how others might regard her
perhaps they would argue that morality consisted just of that ability to see a choice
she turned on her side finding the idea oppressive
if adelia had felt about someone as henrietta felt about charles would she have run away with him
impossible to imagine adelia feeling so about anyone
no temptation no sin
no temptation no virtue
a curious thought to end a curious night
the birds were really awake now in a colloquy of music and light was beginning to creep across the room touching sill and door table and chair and all of doaty 's flowers in their artificial blossom and leaf
before anything else she would go to doaty 's grave with flowers from doaty 's forgotten garden
everything must wait upon this mission this sentimental duty of a pilgrim whose nature avoided graveyards
she closed her eyes remembering the small french cemetery enclosed by stone walls
it had always seemed to rain there and even the grass was gray
after the sad impatient moment waiting for comfort which could come she slipped out of bed and went to the open window
the garden below was lacy with dew and enchanting in its small wildness
leaning out she could see a tangle of rosebush and honeysuckle one quite come to bloom one just beyond it
on a thrusting spray thick with thorns and dewdrops and swelling pink buds like a summer valentine a bird balanced and sang nondescriptly brown and alive with its own music a little engine of song
it was so pretty and artless that she felt like a child again and would have enjoyed running out barefoot to play on the wet grass with all the growing things but doaty never permitted bare feet and she was decidedly a child but une femme d'un certain age
feeling suddenly neat and subdued she dressed quite soberly and went downstairs
rosa unbelievably was yet up and about reassurance that rosa was human
feeling protective toward this sleeping being henrietta found a yesterday bun and milk in a white jug a breakfast which was somewhat the equivalent of going barefoot
outside the garden the tame wilderness yielded a patchwork bouquet of daisies sweet william scented stock and lady 's bedstraw which she tied with long grasses and took back to show rosa who was now stirring about the kitchen and haranguing folly
the poodle came gleefully to henrietta and begged for the flowers supplicating the air with prayerful forepaws
henrietta held her bouquet out of reach and said it was for doaty
rummaging in the dew said rosa coldly
go change your shoes before you turn around
she sounded so exactly like doaty that henrietta obeyed her under the clear impression that she could either comply or stay home
folly danced eager for whatever lay beyond the door
to a blackwell there was only one church
the cemetery slumbered just behind it and the way lay through the village and close to the sea
for the first time in thirty years henrietta walked down the narrow street with its shuttered shops just stirring and its inhabitants eying her with the frankest curiosity
she smiled and bowed recalling the princess-in-a-carriage feeling she had enjoyed when she was a child
now some of the acknowledgments were cautious but all were interested
an old man sitting against the wall of a cottage and waiting for the sun to find him gave her a more than reflective look as she passed the sap still plainly rising in his branches
on an impulse she turned back and said good morning
he cupped his ear and shook his head at her repetition announcing in a nettled way that he had heard her the first time
he then offered his own estimate of the weather which was unenthusiastic
summer 's been slow to come he said
it 's my dryin' out time
he scowled at her flowers
i'm taking them to the cemetery said henrietta out of a vague feeling of hospitality
they'll be takin' me next he said pleasantly but so soon 's they plan
see half of 'em in their graves before i choose my own coffin
it 's dryin' myself out that does it
he regarded her with rising hope
you'd like to hear how i go about it
it 's nice of you henrietta said doubtfully
he straightened himself soldierly against the wall and pulled his sprawled feet together so they stood side by side in their old boots
his stick ceased to be a thing to rest his chin on and became a pointer for emphasizing the finer aspects of his text
every month f'r three days he said happily i take no water into my system no water whatsoever
it rests the tissues
henrietta murmured that she could quite see how it would and he nodded approval of her womanly good sense
rests the tissues he said and pacifies the system
my dad did it and he lived to a great age
he looked up at her sharply
don't remember do you
she did suddenly through the link of memory with his father old titus who must have been in his nineties when henrietta ran away
next to the blackwells titus had owned the island most and she and adelia had often stood in front of him silenced by his terrible years a scanty man with a thin beard and very deep-set blue eyes like a mariner more aged than possible
he had never spoken once to the awed sisters but his son had been friendly a big fellow of fifty or more a fishing-boat captain and powerful like the sea
it must be that son who sat before her now shriveled to half his size and half his senses
she said gently of course i remember you
so well 's i remember you he said
y're the young blackwell woman
ran away on a black night with a lawful wedded man
i know all about you
you do seem to said henrietta impressed
can't blame a man for leavin' his wife he said quite cheerfully
left mine many a time only she never knew it
man in a boat there 's a lot of places he can put in at and a lot of reasons he can be away for a bit
any harm in that
probably said henrietta dryly
he gave a short hard laugh and looked at her knowingly
you'd be the one to say he observed and she found herself liking his approval none too well but she could defend herself and say that her actions were different since all actions had their own laws
only this old man 's connivance was even less to her taste than selma cotter 's open censure
well she had come back to great island to be understood praised or condemned
she had come to make her peace with the past and of that past this ancient of the earth was only a kind of shadow
she started to move away just as a woman came out of the cottage a big-boned drab-haired figure with a clean apron tied over her limp print dress
she smiled vaguely at henrietta and spoke to the old man
you've had your breakfast yet gran'dad
y'r dam' porridge is no breakfast he said
milk and sops
he beat the air with his stick and it fell from his claws and clattered on the stones
he 's lowly today his grand-daughter said wearily and bent to pick it up
he 's got this idea about drying out
it ain't an idea
if it ain't an idea she said how comes it you can drink beer but water
he looked piously to heaven and said beer don't affect the tissues none and the ingenious hypocrisy of this defense pleased henrietta so that she forgave him his stint of malevolence
his grand-daughter sighed
come on do
the children are eating and miss blackwell 's on her way somewheres
to the graveyard
i've got a day 's work to do
you'll be visiting miss doaty ma'am
how much they knew about her
the woman she must have been a tiny baby when hetty and delia had stood arm in arm watching great age grow small answered the nod with her own
god rest her soul she was a sweet one
come on now
she put a strong hand under the old man 's arm and lifted him up patiently with the gentle cruelty and necessary tyranny that the young show toward the very old
he mumbled at her but let himself be led off inside the house shuffling mightily to make it clear how weak and aged he was and how he was buffeted about by those who still had their wicked strength
there was a gabble of voices from indoors young hungry sounds like cats after fish and a burst of swearing from the old man
henrietta looked down at her bouquet still lively with its color and scent and set her feet on their journey 's way again leaving the village street and crossing the first field folly dancing ahead of her
at the edge of the field the wild rolling land took over dotted with fat round bushes like sheep
they were covered with tiny white blossoms their scant roots clawing at the stony ground and wild birds darted in and about and through them so they were nearly alive with the rustle and cry
the air was full of sounds too but placid ones a terrestrial humming as much out of the earth as out of the blue sky
she felt mindless walking and almost easy until the church spire told her she was near the cemetery and she caught herself wondering what she would say to doaty
both church and graveyard were smaller than she remembered them how many things had lessened while she was gone away but the headstones had grown so thick in thirty years that to find one named dorothy tredding seemed suddenly impossible
she sat down on the nearest fallen with age and gray with sea-damp her fingers tracing the indecipherable carved letters padded with green moss
the day 's sun was gathering its strength in gold and she wished she had brought her parasol if only to shade doaty 's flowers
a small rock-carved angel watched her from a nearby tomb the only angel in the cemetery
she remembered suddenly a night of savage moonlight and scudding clouds when she and adelia having dared each other had stolen out of their great safe house and come here hand in hand hoping and fearing ghosts
the momoyama family had come from miyagi prefecture in the northeast of the main japanese island of honshu where there are still traces of the mysterious ainu strain
the ainus were a primitive people already living on the island before the principal ancestors of the japanese came from southern asia
apparently they were of caucasian blood
they had white skins and blue eyes
all their men were bearded and many of their women were beautiful
a pitiful few of them are left now to subsist mainly on the tourist trade and to sing their ancient tribal chants which have the same haunting sadness as the laments of the american indians
most of them have been assimilated but sometimes a man in miyagi or akita prefectures is much more hairy than the average japanese and occasionally a girl will be strikingly lovely her coloring warmed and improved by a little of the tawny honey-in-the-sun tint of the invaders from the south
tommy momoyama was one of these fortunate occasions
she was taller than most japanese girls and had the exquisitely willowy form of the japanese girl who is lucky enough to be tall
her nose was higher of bridge her complexion so pale as to be quite susceptible to sunburn and the fish and vegetable diet of her forebears had given her teeth that were white and regular and strong
her mouth soft and full was something for any man to dream about
she had black eyes long and intriguingly tilted and the way she walked was melody
she had been in japan just one week
it was an alien land and she hated it intensely
she was already considering putting in rebellious requests for duty at san diego bremerton the great lakes pensacola any place the navy had a hospital with a threat to resign her commission if the request were granted
anywhere would be better than the land of her ancestors
there was nothing wrong with her job
tommy had been assigned to the psychopathic ward
there were no depressingly serious cases the ward doctor sometimes teamed up with the chaplain to serve as a marriage counselor sometimes the navy sent people back to the states to preserve a marriage but mental health as a rule was very high
at present the doctor 's main concern was in seeing to it that japanese salvage firms were permitted to operate on the hulks of warships sunk too close inshore because the work involved setting off nerve-shattering blasts at all hours
tommy was interested in psychiatry because there was much an understanding nurse could do to help the patients
but she suffered in her off-duty hours
such as now when she sat at a table in the coffee shop at the officers' club having coffee and a hamburger to sustain her until dinnertime
she had changed into a cocktail dress and the whole evening should have been before her but already she was beginning to get a tight feeling at the back of her neck
this was one of the navy 's crossroads you find them all around the world
ships from the west coast rotated on six-month tours of duty with the seventh fleet and yokosuka was the seventh fleet 's principal port for maintenance upkeep and shore liberty
sooner or later all the gray navy ships came in here
if tommy sat long enough she would be sure to see all the young officers she had met in san diego and long beach
and she wanted desperately to see someone she had known back there
she felt rather than saw the approach of the good-looking young man
he came through from the fleet bar which was stag with the ice cubes tinkling in a glass he carried
when he saw tommy sitting alone the tinkling sound stopped
he was perhaps a trifle tipsy having been long at sea where drinking is permitted and consequently out of practice
he wore a brown tweed sports jacket obviously tailored in hong kong and he was of an age that marked him as a lieutenant
probably off one of the carriers an aviator
there was a fifty-fifty chance perhaps that he would be unmarried and an even more slender chance that his approach would be different
japan did something to a man and it wasn't just japan either because the same thing applied anywhere overseas
it was as if foreign duty implied and excused license
it intimated that the folks at home would never know about it and therefore why
then the young man in the brown sports jacket spoke and it was no different
he said turning on what was meant to be charm
you catchee boy-furiendo
maybe you likee date with me
i beg your pardon
tommy said out of her cold rage
i don't believe i know you and i can't understand your quaint brand of english it was meant to be english wasn't it
the nice-looking young officer fell back on his heels open-mouthed and blushing
at least he had the decency to blush she thought
oh i'm sorry
you see i thought i mean i really had no idea
oh yes you had ideas
tommy interrupted furiously
all wrong ones
then she jerked her thumb toward the door in a very american gesture and dropped into navy slang
take off fly-boy
he muttered and took off obviously feeling like a fool
the trouble was that there was no lasting satisfaction in this for tommy
she felt like a fool too
it hadn't been this way in college or in nurses' training
it wasn't this way in the hospital at san diego
everybody had accepted her for what she was a very charming girl
nobody had addressed her in broken english at any of those places nobody had suggested that she wasn't american
there are spanish girls who look like tommy momoyama brunettes with a moorish hint of the orient in their faces
there are beauties from the balkan states who are similarly endowed and back in the blessed united states they were regarded simply as pretty women
now having been sent halfway around the world on a job she had asked for tommy was being humiliated at every turn
she looked around self-consciously
four little japanese waitresses were murdering the english language at the counter yuki kobayashi happened to be one of them
everybody but tommy seemed to think it was charming when they called bifutek-san
for a steak sandwich or kohi futotsu
for one cup of coffee
two other japanese girls were sitting at the tables both quite pretty and well groomed
one was with a whitehaired and doting lieutenant commander
the other was with her american husband and their exceptionally appealing children
seeing these did nothing for tommy 's mood
she told herself rebelliously and with pride i am an american
and so she was and would remain
but she was learning that so long as she was in this country and wore civilian dress in the club there would always be transient young men who would approach her with broken english
there had been occasions when some of the more experienced had even addressed her in what might have been perfectly good japanese
tommy wouldn't know
after coming to america her parents had spoken only english
one thing was becoming increasingly sure
she had been sent to the wrong place for duty
there was more to service in the navy nurse corps than the hours in the ward
one had to have friends and a congenial life in after-duty hours
now there was raucous male singing from the fleet bar
it was terribly off key and poorly done and tommy could never admit to herself that male companionship was a very natural and important thing but all at once she felt lonesome and put-upon
she finished her hamburger and drank her coffee and paid her check
she got out of the coffee shop before the incident could be repeated
eating while angry had given her a slight indigestion
back in her living quarters at the hospital she took bicarbonate of soda and sulked
then after a while she went to her mirror
it was all true
she certainly looked japanese and perhaps she could really blame the young men
and still they did have to be so crude in their approach
there was a letter to write to her mother and she tried to make its tone cheerful
she promised that she would soon take a few day 's leave and visit the uncle she had never seen on the island of oyajima which was very far from yokosuka
and tomorrow she would take time to shop for the kimono her mother wanted to present to the young wife of a faculty member as a hostess gown
tommy of course had never heard of a kotowaza or japanese proverb which says tanin yori miuchi and is literally translated as relatives are better than strangers
actually this is only another way of saying that blood is thicker than water
doc doolittle 's scheduled appearance at captain 's mast was a very unusual thing because the discipline dispensed there is ordinarily for the young and immature and a chief is naturally expected to stay off the report
but the beer hall riot in subic had been unusual too and walt perry was convinced that doc had started it through some expert tactics in rabble rousing
just why anybody should wish to start a riot the executive officer didn't know
in his opinion doc had grown up
the lieutenant was entirely wrong in the belief
there had never been a good reason for doc doolittle to grow up
he had come into the navy too young with the image of the fun-loving guns appleby before him
the war found him much too early and its perils and especially its awful boredom were best forgotten in horseplay and elaborate practical jokes and even now doc had never found any stabilizing sobering influence
he remained young at heart with an overdeveloped sense of humor
he wisecracked about the captain 's indoctrination of new men took great delight in slaughtering cockroaches with ethyl chloride and gave no thought for tomorrow
he was doing thirty years and the navy would take care of him
the job security enjoyed by doc doolittle and nearly all members of the armed forces is a wonderful thing
actually all a man in uniform has to do is to get by
he may rise to the heights but he can get by and eventually be retired
doc had been under restriction to the ship since the bustard left subic
this deprived him of liberty in hong kong but he told boats mccafferty that hong kong was a book he had read before and the navy would always bring him there again some day
at yokosuka he was restricted to the confines of the base because walt perry being thoughtful knew that doc might have to draw some medical supplies from the hospital or the supply base
this gave doc the whole range of the naval establishment and suited him quite well
there were two things he wanted to do inspect one of the many caves that had been dug into the hills on the naval base and visit an old shipmate
a telephone line had been hooked up to connect the ship with the base exchange
after supper doc called whitey gresham who was now a lieutenant and had a family
well doc you old sonofabitch
whitey exclaimed with true affection
come over and have a drink
we live down by the base commissary
grab a taxi
i'll be there but i'll walk doc said
i've got to run an errand on the way
see you in about an hour
he threw a smart salute at the gangway went up the dock and turned down the wide street in front of the petty officers' club
how he wondered does one enjoy one 's spare time
he considered some interesting excursion but he was on the road every day from dawn to dusk
then there was exercise boating and hiking which was only good for you but also made you more virile the thought of strenuous activity left him exhausted
perhaps golf with a fashionable companion but he'd lost his clubs hadn't played in years
there was swimming over at the riverside hotel but his skin was so white he looked like the bottom of a frog
perhaps a packing trip into the sierras let his beard grow but that was too stark
i could he thought take a long walk but where
the telephone rang
you missed it buzz 's voice said you should have gone over to the pagan room with us
strippers but scrumptious and toodle williams and her all-lesbian band
hi buzz owen said
i went over to the willows and dropped two notes
tough buzz said listen we're having a stag dinner over at the pagan room on friday
imagine a stag dinner with toodle williams
he laughed and laughed
owen wanted to be pleasant because buzz worked the territory next to his but he hadn't come to reno for stag dinners
thanks owen said but friday is a long way off and anything can happen
buzz was a tireless instigator who never let his victims rest
when owen was finally rid of him there was a timid rap at the door
yes owen called out
i'm mrs. gertrude parker a soft voice explained and i'd like to talk to you for a few minutes please
ahah he thought a lush divorcee at last
probably saw me in the lobby
he was disappointed to find a nervous scrawny woman with a big hat standing at the door
she frowned at his green pajamas with the yellow moons
how do you do
she said semi-professionally
our church is sponsoring a group of very courageous women up in alaska
we call them lay-sisters and they go among the eskimos making friends and bringing the light
they're up there in that freezing climate and all of us have to try and help them
you see she said looking past him into the room where the highball glasses sparkled dully in the bright light you and i can't understand the many hardships they have to undergo
why is that
she apparently wasn't satisfied with his reaction
smug owen thought smug and sappy
there was a slight nervous twitch in the region of her left eye
it gave her a lewd winking effect
have you ever tried to reason with an eskimo
she asked winking wildly
they are a very difficult group of people
i don't know much about them owen admitted but i suppose they have their own religion and they probably resent outsiders coming in and telling them what to do and what to do
she smiled in a sickly-tolerant fashion
you know that 's very interesting
people don't know how much they give away about themselves by remarks like that
the more canvassing i do the more i note how far most people are from their personal god
forebearing owen kept his peace
what would happen next
that she was out for a touch was certain but when did she get to the pitch
several people passed in the hall and stared as he slowly retreated trying to close the door a little and she slowly leaned toward him and raised her voice
how did you get by the desk
he asked curiously
i'm sure the hotel doesn't know you're wandering around the corridors knocking on strangers' doors and talking down eskimos
oh i just come once a week
every day i visit a different hotel
i feel it 's my duty
i do this work all on my own because i understand the difficulties and i want to help these lay-sisters
do you know these women go all through alaska and they don't have the proper facilities
they travel in pairs as much as a hundred-and-fifty miles a day
do you have any idea how far i travel every day
i have the whole pacific northwest
owen was aware he was getting overexcited but he couldn't help himself
mrs. gertrude parker drew back
that 's hardly a christian approach she remonstrated
you're in the secular world
i didn't say it was christian
i don't think you'll find many active christian salesmen
that religion isn't big business
those bibles and prayer books make a lot of money for publishing houses but they don't get top personnel
our key salesmen are in appliances and cosmetics
god i take it plays no part in this she said waspishly
god doesn't have any appliance or cosmetics he said heatedly before he caught himself
it sounded silly
why go on
more people were passing
he had to find some way to close this impossible conversation
and whiskey she said smiling and blinking at the highball glasses
don't forget whiskey
it 's such a big seller
you know he said getting a grip on himself i think you're going to have to excuse me
i have an appointment
i can imagine she said
probably down at the bar
but what do you want to do about the lay-sisters
they must be freezing up there now
can't you help them
leave a card or something
i'll think it over
i have no card she said bitterly
you haven't been listening to what i've been telling you
i only hope my talking to you has helped you a little anyway because you need spiritual bucking-up
she looked crestfallen as if he had somehow disappointed the whole human race
she stood indecisively for a moment then walked down the hall
he heard her knocking on another door
it took him about fifteen minutes to calm himself
then he realized he was hungry
he showered shaved dressed and went down to the dining room for breakfast
on the way he stopped at the desk to receive his mail
there was a check from his company and the usual enthusiastic bulletins on new lines they always issued
his lawyer had sent him a statement on his overdue alimony and there was a letter from the collector of internal revenue asking him to stop in his office and explain last year 's exemptions
he ate breakfast in a sullen mood but afterwards when he walked out onto virginia street he felt braced
he looked off to the crest of the sierras still white-topped
the glisten of the truckee river made a wide spangle
he felt suddenly elated adventurous
with any luck at all he could easily find a flowerpot
although it was only three o'clock he stopped in at the golden calf
the tables were all spinning the dice rattling the bar crowded
just to test himself he played roulette for quarters on his old combination five and seventeen and within an hour he had won surprisingly twenty dollars
the way was opening up
when the management brought around champagne the breakfast settled its whirling around in his stomach
the golden calf was dimly lit with shaded neon
there were more women than men in the place but he couldn't find a flowerpot
they all had the hard look of gamblers who had stopped dreaming who automatically turned the cards hardly caring what showed up
the mural around the wall depicted early settlers in covered wagons who appeared much more animated than the gamblers
the women had a bright shining expectancy as they leaned out from the wall and gazed splendidly into the distance while the men were stern but hopeful
all of course except the donner party who were bent on starving to death
i wonder if they did eat each other at the end owen mused
he sat down next to a heavily-upholstered blonde but she was cleaned out in twenty minutes
she sighed a dirty word and left
owen was surprised to see mrs. gertrude parker playing the one-arm bandits that were cunningly arranged by the entrance
she sat down and played two slots at once looking grim as if bested by mechanical devices and owen felt sorry for the lay-sisters depending on her support
a dried-up cowboy sat down next to him in the blonde 's place
he was a little more authentic than usual because he smelled slightly of the stables
what you need is a steady martingale the cowboy announced after watching owen play
you can't build on your hit-and-miss five-seventeen
what are you playing
i'm just logging the cowboy explained
i keep all these plays in this little black book and i watch over a twelve-hour period to find out what numbers are repeating
but roulette 's my game
i'm always trying to find a breaking table in blackjack
incidentally i'm pretty famous in these parts i'm called the wrangler
nice to know you
don't you have to spend any time on your ranch
well of course i do
i'm with the bar-h pushing a horse called sparky
he 's my own horse and what i collect from him i use on blackjack
this sparky can rack and single-foot and he 's the fastest thing in washoe county
i figure if i can get any kind of publicity campaign going i'll land him on tv you know one of those favorite horses for some western hero
i once trained a horse for hoot gibson but nothing like sparky
he 's a pinto and he photographs wonderfully
five came up while owen was listening to the wrangler and he neglected to play a loss of ten dollars
this proved conclusively that the wrangler was a jinx so he walked on down to hurrays an even more glorified gambling den than the golden calf
when he looked in the back mrs. gertrude parker was marking keno cards
his adventurous spirit had waned
he studied the pistol exhibition that hurrays featured as an added attraction
he ogled a long redhead with green eyes but she was a shill with her money in front of her
he had no great prejudice against shills
it just seemed such a dry run
there was no cash around
everyone was flipping silver dollars
the management discreetly withdrew the green stuff into the office and gave the customers chips or checks or premium points
he read a special announcement whereby hurrays would feature a special floorshow at three a.m. starring adele the body brenner and fourteen glamorous schoolgirls
he wondered if he might bag a tourist but they looked frightened of him
he passed two brides both wearing orchids and they made him feel a little sad
owen found buzz watching chuck-a-luck
buzz had on a hawaiian shirt and was carrying some sun-tan oil and dark glasses
he was shorter and fatter than owen who felt good standing next to him
we're all going over to lake tahoe and try our luck at cal-neva buzz explained still instigating
we ran into a guy at the pagan room who guarantees we can beat the wheel
he started out as a stickman then became a pit boss until the club found him crossroading
he was knocking down checks at faro
i'm allergic to tahoe owen explained
something about the pollen
well okay buzz said
we'll see you around later
owen went over to the crap table and the dice were hot but he couldn't pyramid with any consecutive success
how 's your luck honey
a short platinum blonde in a bursting sun-suit addressed him
she looked well-fed and prosperous but he didn't get the impression he was being propositioned the way he'd been hoping
i haven't had any luck since i was a baby
stake me she said and let me at those dice
i'll make them dance the tango
we'll get it in a hurry and get it out
let 's have a drink and discuss a merger
if you go broke she said smiling up at him i'll leave you
sounds like real love owen said
it sort of brings a lump to my throat
my name 's gisele the blonde said after she ordered a scotch
named after the ballet
my mother wanted to call me sylphide but it sounded too affected
spencer said nothing
is there any word you would like to offer in your own defense
spencer shook his head
alexander said answer me properly spencer
spencer was quiet for a moment longer then he said there is nothing i want to say captain
alexander walked away
naval procedure he thought had its moments of grim humor
philip spencer had cold-bloodedly planned the murder of his captain yet it seemed in order to chide him for a lapse of proper address
during the morning hours it became clear that the arrest of spencer was having no sobering effect upon the men of the somers
those named in the greek paper were manufacturing reasons to steal aft under pretence of some call of duty so as to be near spencer watching an opportunity to communicate with him
hostile glances were flashed at both alexander and gansevoort
the two met in the captain 's cabin
what is the next step captain
more arrests i fear
in your opinion who is this e. andrews on the certain list
cromwell of course
he is the oldest and most experienced of the lot
he saw the dangers the glories of being identified as a mutineer
somehow he talked spencer into letting him use another name
there was a tap at the door and oliver entered with the word that heiser wished to see the captain
have him come in
heiser breathless and wild-eyed brought the chilling news that the handspikes heavers and holystones had been mysteriously removed from their customary places
and also sir two articles which were considered souvenirs now must be regarded in another light entirely
an african knife and battle-ax are at this moment being sharpened by mckinley and green
mckinley was overheard to say that he would like to get the knife into spencer 's possession and that
where did you gather all this information heiser
who reported to you the disappearance of handspikes and heavers and who
he was interrupted by a crash from the deck and sprang toward the ladder with gansevoort and heiser behind him
a glance revealed that the main topgallant mast had been carried away
the aimless milling about of what had been a well-trained well-organized crew struck alexander with horror
he bellowed orders and watched the alert response of some of his men and watched too the way a dozen or more turned their heads questioningly toward the shackled figure as though for further instruction
adrien deslonde hastened to alexander 's side
small violently jerked the weather-royal brace with full intention to carry away the mast
i saw him myself and it was done after consultation with cromwell
i swear it sir
and it was clear that adrien was mistaken for both small and cromwell took no step toward aiding in the sending up of the new topgallant mast till philip spencer had given the signal to obey
then with disappointment evident upon their faces they moved to the work
alexander guessed that they had planned confusion and turmoil thinking it the ideal climate in which to begin battle and bloodshed
their strategy was sound enough and he reasoned had been defeated only by philip spencer 's unwillingness to sanction an idea he had originated
when the mast was raised alexander gave the order for small and cromwell to be placed under arrest and now three figures in irons sprawled upon the open deck and terror stalked the somers
spencer 's potential followers were openly sullen and morose missing muster without excuse expressing in ominous tones their displeasure at the prisoners being kept in irons communicating with the three by glance and signal
one of the missing handspikes came out of its hiding place after midshipman tillotson had been insolently disobeyed by seaman wilson
tillotson had reported the man to gansevoort and an hour later with back turned had been attacked by wilson brandishing the weapon
wilson shackled and snarling was thrown with the other prisoners and was soon joined by green mckee and mckinley
a man on the brig loyal or villainous could be unaffected by the sight of seven men involved in the crime of mutiny
in the tiny cabin alexander met with gansevoort heiser and wales to speak and to listen
three days had passed since spencer 's arrest and each day had brought new dangers new fears
gansevoort said it requires an omniscient eye to select those if any on whom we can now rely
to have the greek paper is the great help that at first flush it seemed
from actions aboard it is easy to guess that spencer 's boast of twenty staunch followers was a modest estimate
well heiser ventured why don't we hold an investigation with questioning and
that would be worse than useless alexander broke in
there is space to hold or force to guard any increased number of prisoners
besides suppose we hold a court of inquiry then what
then we have informed a large number of our crew that when they reach the united states they will be punished but that in the meanwhile they may run loose and are expected to perform their jobs in good order
mr. heiser does this sound like a truly workable plan to you
do you think these men might choose the black flag here and now
wales said of course they would
they are about to do so at any moment as it is
all that is needed is for one man to feel self-confident enough to take the lead
as soon as that one man is appointed by himself or the others or by a signal from spencer we are going to be rushed
we are going to be rushed and murdered
that is extravagant language mr. wales
we are going to be rushed and murdered alexander said
we are going to bring the somers into new york harbor safe and sound
of course i agree with the captain gansevoort said thoughtfully but the conspiracy is ferocious and desperate
the instinct of discipline has been lost
anything is possible when anarchy has the upper hand
he paused then added everything on a ship is a weapon
implements of wood and iron are available for close and hasty combat no matter where a man stands
and we are positive of so few and suspicious of so many
we ourselves must stand sentinel
under arms day and night watch and watch about
those of us present the perry brothers deslonde and the other midshipmen now have the responsibility of the somers
a great deal of labor we have as well for we are too uncertain of where trust may be placed
and when he was alone again in the cabin alexander lowered his head into his arms and wept for he knew full well what must be done what in the end would be done
with all his heart he had loved the navy and now he must act in accordance with the navy 's implacable laws
and when he did when he gave to his ship that protection necessary to preserve her honor he knew he would lose forever the navy to which he had dedicated his soul
where had he failed
how had he failed
he who had tried so hard who had yearned so passionately to be a great officer
it came to him as he wept there aboard the somers that it was as foolish to strive for greatness as to seek to storm the gates of heaven
it was given or it was given
one did one 's best and if fortune smiled there was a reward
one did one 's best and if fortune frowned an eighteen-year-old boy with murder in his heart sailed aboard one 's ship
and alexander sobbed like a girl for the dreams he had had and he felt no shame
god knew his tears were his to shed if he so desired for it had been with an egotist 's rage for fame that he had held precious his naval career
another field had given him fame enough to satisfy any egotist
it was for love that he had served the navy
to have someday that love returned was what he had lived for
now the hope was gone
yes he would bring the somers safely into new york harbor but at a price
dear god at what a price
and after a while he dried his tears and walked the deck as a captain should with assurance and dignity
stern-faced he inspected the prisoners satisfying himself that they were clean well fed and comfortable within reason
the prisoners averted their eyes but before he had glimpsed hatred and anger
only cromwell the giant boatswain was mild-mannered and respectful
he said captain may i speak please
captain i am innocent of any plot against you or the ship
are you cromwell
before god i swear i am innocent
i know nothing of any plot if there is such a thing
you are the only man aboard who can be in doubt
i cannot speak for others sir but i am innocent
he leaned closer to alexander squinting up at him from the deck
surely captain you did find my name on any suspicious paper or anything
no cromwell i did find your name
you were careful about that
now spencer seeming with effort to shake himself from lethargy spoke
he said cromwell is telling you the truth
he is innocent
alexander shifted his gaze to spencer
the calmness and detachment of his tone suggested unawareness of how implicit was his own guilt in the words he had used to defend cromwell
alexander knew spencer too well to think him naive or thick-skulled
and in a sudden wave of painful clarity alexander recognized a kinship with spencer
here was another human who understood the stupidity of quarreling with the inevitable
there was good fortune and there was bad and philip spencer in handcuffs and ankle irons knew it to be a truth
he expected nothing for himself but that which naturally follows those marked for misfortune
the red-haired captain towering above the prisoner as a symbol of decency and authority was shocked to find himself looking with sympathy upon philip spencer
this tragic lad had forged his own shackles
but he could have done so could have found the way had fortune favored him
and because fortune had favored neither the prisoner nor the red-haired captain they would be each other 's undoing
spencer if there is guilt if you do deny your own how is it possible for cromwell to be innocent
he was your constant companion
the hazel eyes met alexander 's
i tell you he is innocent
and do you think there is a reason why i should accept your word
i have nothing to gain by defending cromwell
nothing to lose either spencer
that 's true spencer agreed and withdrew himself from the conversation
his eyes went back to contemplation of the sea
i am innocent captain cromwell said again
before god captain i am innocent
and though it was logical that a man who could plot mass murder would hesitate to speak an untruth still it was difficult to understand why spencer spoke only for cromwell
the boatswain was as guilty as any
no action of his could be interpreted in his favor and four midshipmen prior to their knowing the significance of the greek paper had seen it in cromwell 's hands while spencer whispered explanations
i thought midshipman rogers had told alexander that spencer was teaching him geometry
it was fantastic to turn from the seven men in shackles to the wardroom where a class of apprentices awaited him
this was a training ship and the training would continue but there was an element of frightful absurdity here which alexander recognized
some of these apprentices were in physical strength already men and doubtless a percentage of them were spencer 's followers
rachel steered me along toward a school for young boys beginning to study the torah
bits of trash lay in the roadway
the air smelled warmish and foul
a young man appeared out of a side alley and walked toward us with quick strides
he wore a long double-breasted coat of a heavy material dark trousers and black boots with buckles
his black hat with its wide brim high crown and fur trim rode high
with his head erect he approached glancing at us and passed by with his clear eyes raised and fixed straight ahead
he had a pinkish-white complexion a small straight nose a short black beard and tightly curled paot
i was suddenly conscious of my bare arms
the girls in the market place wore long-sleeved dresses and covered their legs with cloth stockings
i turned and watched him stride down the center of the road
his hands were swinging at his sides and he passed through the dingy market place with his back straight and pivoting on his heel he entered an old stone building
rachel had seen me watching the young man
when your mother was here he must have been a young boy
like the ones you will see now
i swallowed hard and looked down at my feet plodding along beside rachel
she led me into a twisting side alley
the dirty discolored buildings looked boarded up and their few windows stood high above our heads
rachel said that schools and synagogues occupied most of the buildings
we entered one where the front door stood ajar and climbed a flight of steep steps to the main floor
an old man with a white beard and dressed in a long shabby coat baggy trousers and a black skullcap greeted us
rachel talked to him
he nodded clasping and unclasping his hands over his paunch and flicked glances at me
i thought he would ask us to leave because rachel and i were bare-armed but he looked down into his beard and preceded us down the corridor
his toes pointed out toward the walls
he stopped in front of a door placed a finger on his lips and still peering down into his beard pushed open the door to a classroom
we stepped inside
he left us
little boys crowded together on long wooden benches and in the center of the room sat the teacher
his black beard dripped down over the front of his coat
one white hand poised a stick above his desk
he turned his surly half-closed eyes toward us stared for a second then shouted in yiddish one two three
rapping the stick against the desk
the little boys shrilled out a yiddish translation or interpretation of the five books of moses which they had previously chanted in hebrew
they chanted a fixed tune in time to the report of the stick
each boy opened his small mouth wide and rocked back and forth on the bench in the way his grandfather and great-grandfather had studied and prayed in the ghettos of europe
the boys were tiny
they had large bright eyes the small upturned noses of all babies everywhere and hair cropped short except for the long ringlets of paot framing their little white faces
they bent over yellowed prayerbooks and looked up only to watch the teacher
since they did glance curiously at us once i guessed that there was a penalty for distraction
the guttural language from the ghetto stopped
the teacher plunged the children into a new portion this time in hebrew rapping the stick incessantly
one boy who rocked back and forth over his worn book had bright red hair and freckles
his tightly curled paot hung down to his narrow shoulders
in the center of his brilliant curls sat a small black skullcap
his head barely rose above the table
i stared at him for a long time
he did return my interest
my eyes traveled over the bare walls and up to the one partially open window high above the little figures and back to the boys
some of them ignored the texts and had apparently memorized the words long ago
they singsonged the portion at the teacher who accompanied them in an off-key baritone and spurred them on with the stick
the tapping defined the rhythm and kept the boys awake
i could keep my eyes away from the boy with the red hair
his body pitched back and forth on the bench
his front teeth were missing
i shuddered and backed out of the room
rachel followed looked at me and clucked with her tongue
we walked down the cool hall silently
from behind us came the rapping of the stick and the high-pitched voices of the boys who would grow to devote their lives to rigid study and prayer
i said how long do they keep that up
all day she said
except for shabbat when they are praying all day
i rubbed my hands together
they had turned numb and prickly in the classroom
the old man in the baggy clothes waited at the foot of the steps
he glanced down into his beard and muttered something in yiddish
rachel said he asks for money
she passed by him
i reached into the pocket of my skirt fingered ten pruta and dropped the coin
then i picked it up again and handed it to the old man
he thanked me
i didn't look at him
i grinned at rachel
does this bother you
she smiled to herself
most of our sabras think it 's horrible
when we were fighting a few of our orthodox people were lying down in the roads so we could pass
they said that we must fight but wait for the messiah
i was amazed
you had to have convictions to lie down in the road in all those clothes and appear as though you might wish to turn yourself out of your own home
you had to be stupid or crazy or immortal
and i wasn't
i was american
you had to know also that you were going to fail
all of it might have been heroic but they had done it in the wrong place
i resented them
rachel faced me
her bright eyes were twinkling
she said sometimes i think they are keeping religion for us while we play around
your mother hated this way of life
she wished to change much for the children here
i said quietly respectfully what did she do here
in this section
rachel clicked her tongue behind her teeth
but when she saw the children you have just visited she wanted to take them away and put them out in the country in the kibbutzim
she loved the children
she was a strange woman your mother
when she loved it was with a passion that drove her along and carried along with her those things she loved
nothing was too impossible for her to do when she wanted
she stayed here to work for aliah
for many immigrants for many children the first thing they knew of israel and freedom was your mother
sometimes it was dangerous for her
rachel grinned slyly
but she loved danger
she took it with her wherever she went
she chose it
and i think she sought out danger as much as she sought out helping other people
she was most strange woman
ready to follow her impulse
it was an impulse when she was here in me'a she'arim i was with her that led her to stay in israel
your mother wanted to bring children to israel so that they could leave their ghettos
here they did need to be in ghettos
if she could take the children out of this section at least she could take other children out of their countries and put them on the farms
she set out to make sure that no jewish child anyplace in the world had to live in a place such as this
i said quietly gaining nerve ready to ask any question at all no matter how intimate ready to be rebuffed then why did she leave israel
i'd like to know that very much
rachel clasped her hands together and slowed her pace
the soles of her sandals reported sharply on the cobblestones
she pursed her lips then clamped them together so tightly that i thought she was angry with me
but she sighed and her face relaxed
trouble came into her life
she had good friends here people who liked her
who loved her
but she had to go out and hurt herself
there was a man here in town
he helped her meet people so she could go out and do the work she wanted
she worked very hard
there was a refugee who was able to come here because of her
he came with his son
at first i thought they were relatives of your mother but it was so
this refugee was a middle-aged man a big handsome man with a strut to his walk as i have never before seen
he had the black numerals on his arm so he had been branded in a concentration camp
yet he walked like a young man
often he was terribly despondent and talked to no one
then he would walk off for a few days alone in the direction of europe
all his family was dead except for his son
your mother would always retrieve him when he wandered off and she would send him home to his son
he loved the son and was always glad to be sent back to him
then his son did something rachel threw up her hands i don't know what but something to an official here it was during the mandate and the son was imprisoned
a few hours after the son was arrested your mother was informed
she ran from a little group of us
we were sitting together talking
she went to the father and found he had hanged himself
it was silent in the stone alley
then she continued with energy i myself did see her until a week after she had run off to find the father
no one saw her except the man reuveni
yes i said
i know him
rachel gave me a direct bright-eyed look
she said reuveni wanted your mother to give up her deep interest in this refugee
he said she would only hurt herself
he complained to me once that i must talk to her
when i did she shrugged her shoulders and said that reuveni wanted her to marry him
i asked her if she would and she said she would
he had known when he first helped her to meet the right people and work with them that she did intend to marry him
anyway i did see her until two weeks after the refugee hanged himself
she came to me one day
she was pale and skinny
she was terribly alone
and she said that after this man had been dead for a week she had gone to reuveni and accepted his proposal
he shouted at her and told her he loved her and couldn't understand why she had upset herself
but now he was happy she would let him straighten out her life and take care of her
he would never let her harm herself again
for one whole week he never let her stay alone
she let him lead her around
he took her to a doctor for she was run down nervous did care where she was
reuveni took her with him wherever he went
he did let her talk to people
he did let her choose her own food
she was limp and beaten from her loss
she did care
and i'll take you with me
the two of them against the world
that had been how she imagined it
for when he began to talk and dream all at the same time making his plans as he went she had begun dreaming too
but now the dream was over
the big waking up had happened
what did i imagine
did i see him about to swing low in a chariot
or maybe poling up the south fork of the forked deer river braving the wastes dumped in it
maybe i saw him on a barge with a gang of ethiopians poling it
and i'll take you with me
he had taken her all right
wednesday nights after youth fellowship
out of the church and into his big car it tooling over the road with him driving and the headlights sweeping the pike ahead and after he hit college his expansiveness the quaint little pine board tourist courts cabins really with a cute naked light bulb in the ceiling unfrosted and naked as a streetlight like the one on the corner where you used to play when you were a kid where you watched the bats swooping in after the bugs watching in between your bouts at hopscotch a room complete with moths pinging the light and the few casual cockroaches cruising the walls an insect highway patrol with feelers waving
and the bed that sagged in a certain place where all the weight had been put too many times before and the walls fine and thin for overhearing talk in the next room when gratt went out for ice the sound coming through the walls like something on the other side of the curtain so you knew they heard you when they were quiet and while you lay wondering what they had heard you listened
and gratt shafer would be in memphis today for the wedding rehearsal and then tomorrow he would marry just like everybody knew he would just like everybody knew all along
like mattie and the mayor up there gripping the microphone and toonker burkette back in his office yanking out teeth like they all knew he would
just like the balloon would go up and you could sit all day and wish it would spring a leak or blow to hell up and burn and nothing like that would happen
or you could hope the parachute wouldn't open just so you could say you saw it open because you meant any harm to starkey poe in his suit of red underwear but mainly because you were tired of being an old maid a thing which cannot admit when it thinks it might be pregnant but must stand the dizzy feeling all alone and go on like everything is all right instead of being able to say to somebody in a normal voice i think i'm pregnant
you could wish that
or you could wish your daddy would really do it kill gratt shafer like he said when you all the time all along could feel the nerve draining out of him like air out of a punctured tire when you are on a muddy road alone and it is raining and at night
so you sit in the car and listen to the air run out and listen to the rain and see the mud in front of the headlights waiting for you for your new spectator pumps waiting for you to squat by yourself out there in your tight skirt crying and afraid and trying to get that damned son-of-a-bitch tire off because that is being an old maid too if you happen to drive a car it is changing the tire yourself in the night and in the mud and the rain hating to get out in it but afraid to stay and afraid to try to walk out for help
and every sound that might be the rain also might be the man who thinks after he has raped you he has to beat your brains out with a tire tool so you won't tell a combination like ham and eggs rape her and kill her and that is being an old maid too
it is having his baby nestled warm and fat against your breast and it is having somebody that really gives a damn whether some tramp cracks your skull
and most of all it is having the only man you could love whether he drives a bread truck or delivers the mail or checks the berry crates down at the sheds or owns seventeen oil wells and six diamond mines for if you are anybody what he is or does makes no difference if he is the one
he can even be a mild-voiced little-town guy with big-town ideas and level gray eyes and a heart even houdini couldn't figure out how it is unlocked
and he can be on the way to memphis your gratt shafer can and you discover you can stay alive and hate him and love him and want him even if it means you want him really want him dead
because if you can't then nobody else can either nobody else can have him
for you don't share him even with god
if it is love you don't
and i'll take you with me
even if that 's all the promise he ever gave or ever will give the giving of it once was enough and you believed it then and you will always believe it even when it is finally the only thing in the world you have left to believe and the whole world is telling you that one was a lie
even when he is on the way to memphis you will still have the promise resting inside you like a gift and it is he inside of you
and in a way the promise works out true for whether he wants you or you go with him in your heart
you feel him every mile further away
you feel where he is and what he sees and at night you feel when he is asleep or with the other woman the one that never could love him the way you do the one who got him because she didn't particularly give a damn whether she got him or didn't
and you know you will always wonder all of your life whether it was because you wanted him so bad that you didn't get him and you can feel nearly sorry enough to cry when you think of that other guy the chump who begged you to marry him the one with the plastered hair and the car he couldn't afford and the too-shiny shoes
you think did he feel that way about me
it comes to you that probably he did feel that way to let you use him like you did when you couldn't have gratt shafer
that he must have since he was there like the radio for you to turn on or snap off when you got tired of him that other guy
it dawns on you that instead of a lump to fill the seat across the bridge table from you he was a man and that because gratt shafer was making you miserable you were passing it down to him to gratt shafer 's substitute that other guy
and you wonder if that is why the little man lost his job and his car and stayed drunk about a year before he straightened out and moved to st. louis where he got to be a big unhappy success
you wonder if he looks at his wife now and thinks of you
you wonder about the christmas card with no name on it and it comes to you that maybe it would have been better to have made somebody else happy if you couldn't be happy yourself to give somebody else the one they wanted to give them you
damn the world she thought
she looked out at the corn field the great green deep acres of it rolled out like the sea in the field beyond the whitewashed fence bordering the grounds
the mayor envisioned factories there
homes and factories and schools and a big wide federal highway instead of peaceful corn to rest your eyes on while you tried to rest your heart while you tried to look at the balloon and the bandstand and the uniforms and the flash of the instruments
the bands were impatient but they were the only ones
the others the ones in the stands were spellbound for hearing the mayor was for them like listening to a symphony was for sophisticated folks in new york city
it was like being in the concert hall in the afternoon and hearing the piano virtuoso rehearsing
he was good and they knew that what he was doing for them he would do all over the united states some day
so they stayed quiet and hung on what he said but on how he said it listening exactly but rather feeling
if a man was good if he was going to be governor you felt it and you wanted him to go on forever
you were sorry when he finished talking because while he was up there you were someone else and the world was something else too
it was a place full of courage and hope and you were part of it
you laughed and then your chest swelled and you felt you could cry for a little bit and then a feeling hit you like a chill in your stomach and the goose bumps rippled along your arm
he hit the theme about dying to defend your country and you were ready to do it right then without a second thought
while he talked you wouldn't trade being a west tennessee farmer for being anything else in the whole damned world no matter if it hadn't in six weeks rained enough to wet a rat 's ass
she glanced at the man nodding beside her a man with weather cracks furrowed into his lean cheeks with powdery pale eyes reflecting all the droughts he had seen reflecting the sky and the drought which must follow now in august yes with eyes predicting the drought and here it was only june only festival time again and thoughts of gratt shafer would leave her
i should have stayed at the store she thought
back at the factory-to-you with the other old maids back there she was the youngest clerk and she was thirty-four which made her young enough to resent the usual ideal working conditions like the unventilated toilet with the door you had to hold shut while you sat down
there was no lock because herman didn't allow a lock
a lock on the toilet would encourage malingering and primping
the toilet hadn't had a sincere scrubbing in years and there were things written on the walls of the little boxed-in place because you couldn't keep the public out entirely
she could count the times herman had rapped on the door just a couple of bangs that shook the whole damned closet and might someday break away the pipe connections from the wall
the two little bangs meant that he was getting impatient to have a crowd of customers waited on and that if he had to he would jerk open the door and drag out by the opposite door handle which she would be clutching whichever-the-hell clerk it was who thought she could waste so much store time on the pot
and the hours were six-thirty in the morning until eleven at night on saturdays and during sales and there were no chairs and you couldn't smoke and the cooling was overhead fans and there was no porter or janitor
among us we three handled quite a few small commissions from spot drawings for advertising agencies uptown to magazine work and quick lettering jobs
each of us had his own specialty besides
george did wonderful complicated pen-and-ink drawings like something out of a medieval miniature hundreds of delicate details crammed into an eight-by-ten sheet and looking as if they had been done under a jeweler 's glass
he also drew precise crisp spots which he sold to various literary and artistic journals the new yorker for instance or esquire
i did book jackets and covers for paperback reprints naked girls huddling in corners of dingy furnished rooms while at the doorway daring the cops to take him is the guy in shirt sleeves clutching a revolver
the book could be the brothers karamazov but it would still have the same jacket illustration
i remember once i did a jacket for magpie press
the book was a fine historical novel about edward # and i did a week of research to get the details just right the fifteenth-century armor furnishings clothes
i even ferreted out the materials from which shields were made linden wood covered with leather so i'd get the light reflections accurate
mckenzie the art editor took one look at my finished sketch and said nothing doing rufus
in the first place it 's static
in the second place it doesn't look authentic
and in the third place it would cost a fortune to reproduce in the first place you've got six colors there including gold
i said mr. mckenzie it is as authentic as careful research can make it
he said that may be but it isn't authentic the way readers think
they know from their researches into television and the movies that knights in the middle ages had beautiful flowing haircuts like little lord fauntleroy and only the villains had beards
and girls couldn't have dressed like that it isn't transparent enough
in the end i did the same old picture the naked girl and the guy in the doorway only i put a lord byron shirt on the guy gave him a sword instead of a pistol and painted in furniture from the stills of a costume movie
mckenzie was as happy as a clam
that 's authenticity he said
as for donald he actually sold paintings
we all painted in our spare time and we had all started as easel painters with scholarships but he was the only one of us who made any regular money at it
he sold perhaps three or four a year and usually all to joyce monmouth or her friends
he had style a real inner vision of his very own
it was strange stuff it reminded me of the pictures of a child but a child who has never played with other kids and has lived all its life with adults
there was the freshness of color the freedom of perception the lack of self-consciousness but with a twist that made the forms leap from the page and smack you in the eye
we used to kid him by saying he only painted that way because he was so nearsighted
it may have been true for all i know because his glasses were like the bottoms of milk bottles but it didn't prevent the paintings from being exciting
he also had at times an uncanny absent-minded air like a sleepwalker
he would look right through you while you were talking to him and if you said for christ 's sake donald you've got prussian blue all over your shirt he would smile and nod and an hour later the paint would be all over his pants as well
mrs. monmouth thought of him as her discovery and she paid two to three hundred dollars for a painting
it was all gravy and donald didn't need much to live on
none of us did
we shared the expenses of the studio and we all lived within walking distance of it in cheap lodgings of one kind or another
attending the life class was my idea or rather askington 's idea but i was ripe for it and the other two wouldn't have gone if i hadn't talked them into it
i wanted to paint again
i hadn't done a serious picture in almost a year
it wasn't just the pressure of work although that was the excuse i often used even to myself
it was the kind of work i was doing the quality of the ambition it awoke in me that kept me from painting
i kept saying if i could just build up a reputation for myself make some real money get to be well known as an illustrator like peter askington for instance then i could take some time off and paint
askington was a kind of goal i set myself
i had admired him long before i talked to him
it looked to me as though he had everything an artist could want joy in his work standing in the profession a large and steady income
the night we first met at one of mrs. monmouth 's giant parties he was wearing a brown cashmere jacket with silver buttons and a soft pink viyella shirt
instead of a necktie he wore a leather bolo drawn through a golden ring in which was set a lump of pale pure jade
this set his tone richness of texture and color and another kind of richness as well for his clothing and decorations would have paid the brush-off 's rent for a year
he was fifteen years older than i forty-four but full of spring and sparkle
he didn't look like what i thought of as an old man and his lively and erudite speech made him seem even younger
he was one of the most prominent magazine illustrators in america
you saw one of his paintings on the cover of one or another of the slick national magazines every month
life had included him in its modern american artists series and had photographed him at his studio in the east sixties
the corner of it you could see in the photograph looked as though it ought to have velasquez in it painting the royalty of spain
i had a long talk with him
we went into mrs. monmouth 's library which had low bookshelves all along the walls and above them a modigliani portrait a jackson pollock twelve feet long and a gorgeous miro with a yellow background that looked like an inscription from a martian tomb
the fireplace had tiles made for mrs. monmouth by picasso himself
like certain expensive restaurants just sitting there gave you the illusion of being wealthy yourself
in the course of our talk askington mentioned that he spent part of each week studying
no i take classes with different people he said
i don't think i've reached the point yet where i can say i know everything i ought to know about the craft
besides it 's important to the way a painter thinks that he should move in a certain atmosphere an atmosphere in which he may absorb the ideas of other masters as durer went to italy to meet bellini and mantegna
he made a circle with his thumb and fingers
painting isn't this big you know
it doesn't embrace only the artist alone before his easel
it is as large as all of art interdependent varied multitudinous
he threw his arms wide his face shining
the artist is like a fragment of a mosaic no he is more than that a virtuoso performer in some vast philharmonic
one of these days i'm going to organize a gigantic exhibition that will span everything that 's being painted these days from extreme abstract expressionism to extreme photorealism and then you'll be able to see at a glance how much artists have in common with each other
the eye is all inward or outward
ah what a title for the exhibition the eye is all
what do you study
i was fascinated
just listening to him made me feel intelligent
i'm studying anatomy with burns he replied
maybe you know him
he teaches at the manhattan school of art
i had studied with burns ten years before during the scholarship year the manhattan gave me along with the five-hundred-dollar prize for my paintings of bums on hudson street
burns and i had loved each other
i'm also studying enameling with hajime iijima he went on and twice a week i go to a life class taught by pendleton
my god is he still alive
he must be a million years old
i went to a retrospective of his work when i was eighteen and i thought he was a contemporary of cezanne 's
he 's about sixty now
still painting still a kind of modern impressionist beautiful canvases of mountains and farms
he even makes the city look like one of thoreau 's hangouts
i've always admired him and when i heard he was taking a few pupils i went to him and joined his class
yes it sounds great i said but suppose you don't think of yourself as an impressionist painter
you're missing the point he said
he has the magical eye
and he is a great man
contact with him is stimulating
and that 's the trouble with so many artists today
they lack stimulation
they sit alone in their rooms and try to paint and only succeed in isolating themselves still farther from life
that 's one of the reasons art is becoming a useless occupation
in the middle ages in the renaissance right up to the early nineteenth century the painter was a giant in the world
he was an artisan a man who studied his trade and developed his craftsmanship the way a goldsmith or a wood carver did
he filled a real need showing society what it looked like turning it inside out portraying its wars and its leaders its ugliness and its beauties reflecting its profound religious impulses
he was a propagandist they weren't afraid of the word then satirist nature lover philosopher scientist what you will a member of every party and of no party
but look at us today
we hold safe little jobs illustrating tooth-paste ads or the salacious incidents in trivial novels and most of our easel painting is nothing but picking the fluff out of the navel so it can be contemplated in greater purity
a bunch of amateur dervishes
what we need is to get back to the group to learning and apprenticeship to the cafe and the school
he could certainly talk
the upshot of the evening was that i got the address of pendleton 's studio or rather of the studio in which he gave his classes for he didn't work there himself and joined the life class which met every tuesday and thursday from ten to twelve in the morning
it was an awkward hour but i didn't have to punch any time clock and it only meant that sometimes i had to stay a couple of hours later at the drawing board to finish up a job
after a short time both george and donald joined the class with me so they wouldn't feel lonely and we used to hang a sign on the door of the brush-off reading out to work
it was mostly for the benefit of the mailman because hardly anybody else ever visited us
in a way askington was right
stimulating was the word for it
i don't know that it was always as rewarding as i had expected it to be
partly it was because pendleton himself wasn't what i anticipated
i had come prepared to worship at the feet of this classic and he turned out to be a rather bitter old man who smelled of dead cigars
no that isn't quite fair
actually there was a lot of force in him which is why i kept on in that class instead of quitting after a week
such a little thing to start with the car registration
ida where is the car license
i can't find it in the glove compartment
via must have it i answered readily enough recalling her last visit
via she was frowning
why should via have it
had she forgotten she had signed the car away that whatever they mutually owned had been divided among the children
i was silent
i didn't want to stir things up
i drive my own car by courtesy of via
i'm sure she'd turn it over to you if you'd rather
you know that
she looked as if she were accusing me of some fraud
she must have taken the registration when she went to walter 's
i'll call her
no thank you
i want nothing of via 's
why should this suddenly assail her
walter was giving me checks for my pay the household bills
had she been in such a turmoil that this had slipped her mind
what a fool i've been she said quietly
i knew all this but i paid no attention
i don't even own the house i'm standing in
i was so sure it was all temporary that we would all embrace and then the lawyer would tear up all those things
it narrows down down down and finally there is no way out
if i am to be mrs. salter i am nothing
i suppose i should have paid attention to that half-murmured remark but it seemed one of those extreme statements women under stress indulge in
i love you i hate you i feel like killing you and myself and in the same sequence i love you i think you're the most wonderful the most noble and so on and on meanwhile eating a good breakfast and dinner and enjoying living
so i went about my business
i made a lemon sponge a light dessert roasted a chicken parboiled some frozen vegetables so there would be something nice in the icebox for the weekend
don't bother ida she said
i have these appointments in town for saturday and i'll probably spend sunday with dolly or the thaxters
at last i thought she 's recovering her spirits
with this movie-to-be in london and new faces about her there she would soon be a more tranquil a wiser person all the better for her stay out here
i felt more cheerful as if i had had a part in bringing her through to a greater tolerance of herself
and i went back to my own cottage to live my own little patch of life
it was foggy that evening but the path to my house was so well grooved that i could feel my way accustomed as i was to the dense mists that rise from the sun-warmed palisades of the river and sometimes last for days
in the morning the fog was still thick so that to go to the village i crept along with my headlights full on
i did notice a twinkle of light from the big house through the woods but as i had left a light on in my own house because of the fog i assumed mrs. salter had done the same before she left for town
i did my shopping had my dentist appointment and from there i went to the women 's lunch at our parish church where we discussed plans for the annual christmas bazaar so that dusk was beginning to gather when i drove home in the late afternoon
but the next day sunday
why when i drove down to church didn't it speak to me seeing the lights still on and the day crisp and clear
prisoners brought to the dock accused of murder or accident say they cannot remember and reading the accounts of their testimony you cannot believe that the mind can remove absent itself unsee
when i came back from church at noon mrs. thaxter was turning into the salter driveway
even at a car 's length i could sense that something was wrong and so i followed her up to the turnaround in front of the house
dolly engisch was waiting there on the steps and she came running toward us
she 's nowhere nowhere
she screamed and both women ran up to the house and i followed
the search began in all the rooms running upstairs down opening closets talking exclaiming in rushes and gasps
everything was as i had left it the night before last her portfolio and bag for town her lingerie and dress and shoes laid out only her mink coat was missing
then the telephoning began
i who until that day before had been mrs. salter 's friend her equal was the servant now
it was dolly and mrs. thaxter who were calling via everybody
and when they spoke they spoke to each other and to me
and after i brought them sandwiches and coffee i had to go back to my place in the kitchen and wait
sitting in the kitchen i recalled every word mrs. salter said that could have been a sign to me
if i am to be mrs. salter then i am nothing
why didn't that alarm me then
and when she returned from taking her guests back to new york she had said all they talked about was harvie harvie this harvie that when they know the truth will they drop away from me will i become a nothing
and then i remembered a few years before after their return from a short trip to rome i had heard her boast over and over again on the boat people liked me for myself
i had made a habit of calling her at night from my cottage just to check
the last night i had called but the line was always busy and it reassured me
i assumed it was one of those hour-long conversations with dolly or constance she comfortable in bed
but it seemed from what they were saying
then was it a final desperate plea from her to whom
hanging on and on past any man 's patience some final stab of conclusion
she was found the day after at the bottom of the cliff
i tried to believe that what must have happened was that restless disturbed by this telephone call or whatever she walked out in the night as she had a habit of doing
sometimes she took the path that winds up around my cottage to the walk at the edge of the cliff
it 's so romantic up there she used to say with the broad river gleaming in its moontrack like an enormous dark mirror and all the sounds of the night so poetic
with all that warm rain and the fog it might have been as simple as a loosened rock a misstep
but i didn't really think it was as simple as that nor did anyone else
when a fisherman brought her up in his arms still small as if she were a child asleep i began to shudder with a terrible excitement almost triumphant that i still cannot account for
was it a hysterical release from the long strain of vigilance of those weeks
that at last the vigilance the will gives way
or what was it that before via sonny walter and all i began almost to dance with shuddering and cry out i knew she'd do it
everyone stared at me and drew back
their eyes turned cold and accusing even via 's
and they have never changed
at the same time that i thought i understood her at long last and pitied her underneath this knowing had there burned unquenched by my pity a fire of hate an enduring envy that burst out in that ghastly outcry
was that what had given way in me
even now i am appalled at how little anyone knows of what they really are
it is absurd of course to say that that one exclamation estranged me from the family i considered my very own but there it hangs a cooling void that broke our close connection with each other
at the time i was filled with self-pity at this separation but in the years since i have come to understand that the sight of me was painful to them after that outcry
in my person they would always remember that last long time of me alone with her so if they told themselves that i could have prevented it i can understand that by now and love them still because everyone must justify have a scapegoat for what is to be borne
it is their avoidance that rankles
it is when i meet someone who was a close friend of the family and therefore of mine and they nod to me so coolly and walk away that it hurts
i could tell them but no one ever asked why i had cried out so triumphantly at the sight of her body
no i forget mrs. mathias who had been away visiting a married daughter when it happened
she haunted me
she persisted in explaining how and why she had advised mrs. salter to return to the country
we all feel guilty i turned away from her coldly
it was nobody 's fault
she overplayed her hand
what do you mean
why put such a high value on being top dog
it was coarse almost insulting this harsh appraisal and she has never come to see me since
but suppose she had taken mrs. mathias' advice and lived on like thousands of women in towns dispossessed of love hanging on to makeshifts and altogether and finally arid
if she chose and in that final decision discarded what above all all of us value life itself must she have risen to her fullest height and transcending her murky self felt at last the passion of a great moral decision
if they say i could have stopped her it is because they are ignorant of her last weeks of self-examination her search into herself and its conclusions
yes i had cried out that i knew she'd do it but without my fully realizing it at the time it was a cry of triumph for her praise at her deliverance from pettiness and greed and guilt
she was finally at rest in truth of her own proud free choice
at rest with my darling ellen the first mrs. salter
mr. salter came home
the funeral service was in the house the methodist minister how clean and glistening his eyeglasses and his neat body standing beside that coffin with that doll inside a stranger speaking to strangers the old sacred words and the rain drumming incessantly in accompaniment seven days of relentless rain that turned the ground to mud so the burial had to be postponed
then via called to say they had decided to cremate her as they had ellen the thought leaped to my mind and did i want to meet her at the funeral home the next morning
the coffin stood on trestles in a corner of the long low dimly lit funeral parlor on its dark shining surface the sheaf of white roses i had ordered
i knelt just for decency i thought at the time but found myself whispering our father which art in heaven and it was only after that that something unlocked in me and i felt a grief
via was in the parking lot when i went outside
together we waited in her car until the hearse moved out and we followed it down into the heavy traffic of new jersey
by the time we arrived and entered the building sacred music was already swelling out into the chapel-like auditorium with its discreet symbols of religious faiths
again i felt impelled to kneel and reached back and pulled via down
something would come into her heart if nothing else the sounds of bach would give her some healing
i had a rather small place of my own
a nice bachelor apartment in a place called the lancaster arms
uhhu she said hardly listening as she studied her left eyelid
and then i had another place farther downtown i used as a studio
i'm a man who has many close intimate friends carla he said wanting her to know all about him
oh i'd drink with newspaper people
i think i was what you might call a convivial man and yet it was when i was alone in my studio doing my work that i really felt alive
but i think a man needs at least one intimate friend to communicate with
pausing he waited for her to turn to ask a question
she showed no interest at all in the life he had led back home and it hurt him a little
well what about you carla
she asked turning slowly
what about me
did you make friends easily
somehow i imagine that as you grew up you were alone a lot
how about it
i guess so she said taking a kleenex from her purse
when she had wiped some of the lipstick from her mouth she stared solemnly at her image in the mirror
are your people still alive
he asked trying to touch a part of her life alberto hadn't discussed
so he could have something of her for himself
you talk so well carla he went on
you seem to have read so much you have a natural gift for words he added trying to flatter her vanity
you must have been good at history at school
where did you go to school
what is this
she asked turning suddenly
don't you know all about me by this time
my name 's carla caneli
this is my town
i sleep with you
you know something more about me every day don't you
would you be happier if i made up some stories about my life told you some lies
why are you trying to worry me
i'm trying to worry you
well all right then
the cleansing tissues she had been using had been falling on the floor and he got up and picked up one then another hoping she would notice what he was doing
at home he had been a clean orderly man and now he had to hide his annoyance
was she just naturally sloppy about everything but her physical appearance
would he have to clean up after her every day clean the kitchen the bathroom and get down on his knees and scrub the kitchen floor then hang up her dresses pick up her stockings make the bed while she lay around
he straightened up ready to vent his exasperation then grew afraid
if he dwelt on the indignities he suffered he would lose all respect for her and without the respect he might lose his view of her too
what 's the matter
she asked suddenly
nothing at all he said quietly
let 's go out
are those the only shoes you have sam
what 's the matter with them
the heavy thick soles
look at them
they're an expensive english shoe for walking around a lot
i like them
sam no one around here wears such heavy soles
can't you get another pair
maybe i could he said surprised that she could turn from herself and notice anything about him
i'll get an elegant pair of thin-soled italian shoes tomorrow carla
and i don't know why you want to go on wearing that outfit she said making a face
what 's the matter with it
he had put on the gray jacket and the dark-gray slacks and the fawn-colored shirt he had worn that first night in rome when he had encountered her on the street
you look like a tweedy englishman
can't you wear something else and look a little more as though you belonged
i don't mind at all he said delighted with her attention
changing his clothes he put on his dark-blue flannel suit and laid away the gray jacket with the feeling that he might be putting it aside for good
but it was a hopeful sign he told himself
she no longer wanted anything about him to remind her of the circumstances of their meeting that first night in parioli
that day they loafed around just getting the feel of the city
they looked at the ruins of the old roman wall on the lower via veneto then they went to the farnese gardens
she had some amusing scandal about the farneses in the old days
then they took a taxi to trastevere
there 's a church you should see she said
and when they stood by the fountain in the piazza looking at santa maria he had to keep a straight face letting on he had been there with alberto
he let her tell him all about the church
then they had dinner
all evening she was eloquent and pleased with herself
when they got home at midnight she was tired out
and in the morning when he woke up at ten the church bells were ringing
he had never heard so many bells and as he lay there listening he thought of her scolding him for his remarks when he had looked up at the obelisk and the church at the top of the spanish steps
it was a good thing that she clung to her religion he thought
she might like to take him to st. peter 's
carla wake up he said shaking her
it 's ten o'clock
aren't you going out to mass
you could take me to st. peter 's
uhhu she muttered
come on you'll be late
i think i'll sleep in this morning she said drowsily and as she snuggled against him he wondered if she ever went to church
why did he want her to go to church
he wondered probably because it was a place where she might get a feeling of certainty and security
it would be good for her
it was too bad he had no feeling himself for church
his poor mother 's fault
she would have been better off if she had stuck to her bible
as for himself he just didn't have the temperament for it
from the time he had been at college he had achieved a certain tranquility and composure by accepting the fact that there were certain things he could never know
then he thought of those old testament figures on the ceiling of the sistine chapel
just figures out of a tribal folklore
could he honestly believe it would be good for carla to have those old prophets gripping her imagination now
being a woman though she would take only what she needed from church
it was too bad he wasn't a catholic himself
or a protestant or one of those amusing dogmatic atheists or a strict orthodox communist
what was the matter with him that they all wearied him
it was the times he was sure
all the ideologies changing from day to day right under his eyes so how could a man look to any one of them for an enlargement of his freedom
it was all too wearying
look somewhere else
just the same he thought pondering over it it would be a good thing for a girl like carla if she got up and went to church
a half hour later he got her up to go out for breakfast so the ferraros hearing them hurrying down the stairs would think they were going to a late mass
it seemed to him that if the ferraros felt sure of them could place them it would help him to feel more sure of himself with carla
since we're having coffee with them this afternoon he said i think i'll ask the daughter if we can pay her to come in every day to clean for us
and he waited for her to say oh no i can do it sam
there 's so little to do
i'm good at that kind of thing
this afternoon let 's take an air with them
let 's be fine superior people of great dignity he said as if he were joking
if you find it necessary sam go ahead she said turning on the stair
i am what i am
i can't help it
her words remained with him worrying him for hours
he didn't know how she would behave with other people
when they walked into the ferraro apartment the old lady bowing and smiling said softly
ciao and put out her hand
her little brown face wrinkled up her brown eyes gleamed and with her little gestures she said all the courteous things
agnese smiling too said 'ello and then more slowly i am happy
and they sat down and began their little coffee party
the ferraros offered them biscuits with the coffee
acting only as interpreter carla her hands folded on her lap was utterly impersonal
she would turn to them then turn to him then turn again
watching her he felt like a spectator at a tennis game with the ball being bounced back and forth
signora ferraro bobbing her head encouragingly asked sam about canada having a special interest
the old woman had a nephew from north italy a poor boy from a lumber mill who had got tired of the seasonal unemployment and who had migrated to canada to work on the railway
for a year the boy had lived in the bush in a boxcar
did many of sam 's countrymen live in boxcars in the bush
had sam ever lived in a boxcar
she wanted to know
regretfully sam explained that he had no experience with boxcars
just the same the old woman said she would write to her nephew in his boxcar and tell him she had met a nice man from his adopted country
and sam thanked her and hoped he might meet her nephew back home and asked her if she had any further news of the pope
a very great pope this one the old woman explained her black eyes sparkling
but very mystical too
it was said that he had had a vision
just as thousands that day in portugal had seen the sun dancing in the sky he had seen the same thing later in his own garden and she turned to agnese for confirmation
agnese had been sitting quietly listening with the serenity of the unaware
now a little flush came on her pale homely face and enchantment in her eyes
the holy father would die soon she said to carla so she could translate for sam although he had a brilliant doctor a man who did need the assistance of those doctors offered by the great rulers of the world
yes the pope could die and quickly be made a saint
no he was indeed a saint now
nodding approvingly and swelling with importance the old lady whispered confidentially
there was a certain discontent among the cardinals
the pope in the splendor of his great intellect had neglected them a little
there would be changes made and signor raymond should understand that when the pope died it was like the end of a regime in rome
jobs would be lost and new faces would become prominent
did signor raymond understand
indeed he did sam said solemnly trying to get carla 's eye
surely she could see that these women were her italians too he thought
devout orthodox and plain like a family she might meet in brooklyn or malta or ireland
but carla 's eyes were on agnese whose glowing face and softening eyes gave her a look of warmth and happiness
and carla watching in wonder turned to sam
it means so much to her
it 's like a flame i guess she said in a dreamy tone
but one night dookiyoon moved in the direction of the women 's lodge where shades of night had gone to purify herself
with the blue flesh of night touching him he stood under a gentle hill caressing the flageolet with his lips making it whisper
he saw her emerge suddenly coming in her unhesitant fashion her back stiff her head erect facing with contempt the night and whatever she would encounter as if in her extreme disdain and indifference she would pass by all the outraged looks of those whom she might approach
in her dark scornful fashion she proceeded to her destination afraid of nothing even the evil spirits which kept her company in her time of bleeding
seeing her come he caught his breath feeling his heart bounce in him and turned away afraid now
even he wanting her afraid of her and knowing how to press his suit feared the evil presences in her metabolism more
his breath caught and trembling he closed his eyes and stumbled off
going he saw as often before some queer hideous yellow face over his head shining and weird like the old images which had invested him at other times like those that appear sometimes near the eyeballs when they are perhaps pressed by the thumbs
he cried out to her his back turned
then he fled waiting to see if she minded him or took notice of his cry
but she heard him go
yet she did hesitate and only turned slightly her neck tall as she looked in his direction and continued on her way toward the end of the camp
elsewhere others heard and stopped and waited the women peering from their lodges then gathering in small curious clusters
early spring came from her bed from beside her half-drunk husband walitzee and stood at the entrance way to her lodge hearing the mild commotion the sound of hushed voices
standing there she saw shades of night come through the trees and stop beside the lodge silent almost imperious her body taut simply standing without speaking or moving while the wife of walitzee waited perhaps denying the dread that moved in her
when at last she could suffer the insult no longer nor face the girl 's scorn she said in a voice overloud
i shall call your father
go back where you can bring no harm or i will go and get the old man from his bed so he can see your shame
but the girl said only tell him i am here that i have come
and it was pile of clouds she meant
but now with real anger at last something proud and indignant early spring stood like a she wolf before her den and cried i will shriek at you
i will tell you to go begging
and unsheathing the knife she used for curing hides she stepped away from the lodge holding the knife at her side
you bring only wickedness she said and it was to a child any longer but to another woman who had come to skirt her lodge with the cunning hunger of a wild animal
speaking in a low voice of loathing she went up to the girl who stood with the same upright scornful bearing and did even look at the knife
go take helsq'iyokom your evil spirit to the young boys the woman said
they do have to face battle
i will let your evil in
i will simply kill you first
the other women had come close now their voices murmuring together until they stood buzzing in an angry knot their threats mingling rising nagging at each other each trying to make her indignation and anger felt
they picked up sticks and hurled them at the girl
the sticks fell like a shower around her and she felt them sting her flesh and send tiny points of pain along her thighs
they were all shouting at her as if she were the embodiment of the evil she brought
but she did move taking the words and the sticks in that old defiance of her extreme youth until suddenly pile of clouds came howling among them swinging a great bullhide whip
go back to your lodges
a pack of dogs makes less noise
he made the long whip sing and snap around their heads so that they ran screaming some tripping over themselves in their flight
and early spring seized the whip and said
if you must flog someone let it be her your daughter
drive the demons out of her and teach her to stay away from my husband
but the old man turned on her jerking the whip from her hand
get into your hovel
go back to that double-married man of yours who so parades his fine body among the young women
keep him back if you must tell me what to do
i will be the one to confront my daughter the wife of him who leads her to sin
she retreated before the naked shame in the old man and the fury beyond it and sank into the darkness of her lodge where walitzee stirred mumbling sitting up in a half stupor to say
what worrisome thing happens
i thought i dreamed of wolves fighting
but she went to him and pressed herself against his nakedness smelling the stale odor of the whisky he had stolen from tuhulhulzote
she said there is nothing that concerns you here
lie back and go to sleep
but do dream
do let the wicked spirits enter your brain
he sank back sighing and was soon asleep again
outside the old man beyond all the curses of the spirits his daughter bore went to her and twisted the gnarled talons of his fingers in her hair and turned her and pushed her rudely ahead of him into the trees where the moon sent out a thousand arms
and shoving her against a spruce her back to him he retreated with the whip and made it whine and crack in the damp air shortening its arc until it narrowed to her flesh and the sound of it snarled and cracked settling its own cruel demons on her shoulders while she stood as unchanged as dark and motionless as ever her eyes open and staring at the pale delineaments of the bark so close to her face
she said to him her father how was i begotten in pain or joy
is it for me to be forbidden the flesh you made grow on me
they all know your foolish name
she stared at the pale tracings on the tree hearing her breath refracted from it her face close and touching at time the rough edges of the bark
she felt the lash bite and heard her father say in crazed monosyllables words which had no meaning like unnnt
the sounds of an animal in rage and despair
suddenly the lash stopped fighting the air and she heard pile of clouds say in his high quavering voice
did you follow me to see my shame
move from the line or i will settle the whip on you
do you hear the anger of the whip 's whine
turning the girl saw dookiyoon standing between his narrow shoulders unbent his arms hanging long and resigned
he said let me take her blows for there are demons in me too
then without knowing why she found herself running from them fleeing wildly through the trees dodging her own shadows until she came to a little hollow in the rocky ground with a big stone in the center behind which she knelt and hid listening to the madness of her heart and wanting for once to cry
for a while the young men waited outside the lodge of tuhulhulzote glorying in his harsh language as he talked with himself
he shouted like a hoarse old mastiff his hair stiff and bristling
he ranted and prophesied the doom of his enemies walking in circles in and out of his living place drinking stolen whisky in great gasping draughts until finally incoherent and sick he fell into his own oblivion
he amused the young men who had been silent long enough
but they could taste the appeasement of violence and retribution through his antics
now they moved rubbing their flesh alive again disdaining the gloom they saw in the faces around them
they came out and held their games and races
it was they who held the future in their hands
they went into the sun together and paraded grandly in their war clothes painting their faces with the sacred attis dug far off in the cave of skeletons
they danced the paxam wildly at night the war dance and dipped their arrowheads in the venom of rattlesnakes and rode their horses in swift maneuvers firing their few guns in unison at some indeterminate signal
walitzee was among them and sarpsis and they wore red blankets which flew like broad wings in the air of their passing
and a very young one swan necklace tried to emulate them and followed timidly
yellow wolf was there nephew of the young chief by an older brother long dead in whom also the disordered chemistries of youth worked
he would spring bolt upright suddenly after sitting quietly with inaction because something had boiled over in his fermenting juices
all the young men alokut among them challenged them in matched racing
they raced and maneuvered for war swinging their horses in single file and then abreast like cavalry
at times they would ride frenziedly through the camp letting the women see their courage how handsome they were in their regalia
then again they would stand in circles making other preparations
they combed their hair and streaked it at the part and greased the bangs so that the hair above their foreheads stood rigid like the tails of sage hens making love
walitzee whitened his leggings with clay knowing the girl watched from her place in the trees
he saw himself in a superior reflection and he was as a speeding arrow from the taut bow hurtling with a mad grace his maleness shining and scented with meadow rue
he was always aware of the women 's eyes which followed him admiring him
and the suspicious envenomed eyes of pile of clouds
and those of early spring haunted and now full of hurt and envy
he felt so much like laughing
even like shouting and crying out from the hilltops from which he could descend as an eagle in a mad caper from the cliffs
he and sarpsis planned a great parade with the young men
they would give one final testimony of their challenge to let the people see their arrogance
they would ride with streaming amulets their colors ripening in the sun shouting the last bellicosity of a nation in the throes of death
and so the sun came up again and for a moment its color was the young men 's blood shifting then into the full heat and outcry which ran with their hearts
they mounted their horses and rode off into the hills
young chief stared at the wall of his lodge listening
the sound rose on the other side of the hills vanished and rose again and he could imagine the mad disheveled hoofs of the appaloosas horses the white men once had called the dogs of hell
he saw them in fleet images as they came rolling and now burst across the ridge
standing then with the others peering into the sun he saw the bright multicolored legion their hair flying like dark banners only the thunder the roll of drums the mad cacophony of the hoofs accompanying them
they leaned into the wind and seemed like one thousand-legged monster hurtling and plunging until suddenly they rose straight in their saddles and in one terrifying voice shouted ejaculated their grotesque cry of war
she was moving through a screen of hemlocks in among the white birch and maples
the sounds from the quarry began to pulse in her ears
she stood once more listening
she had never been here at this hour
she felt as if some dark totally unfamiliar shape would clutch at her arm
but she found the path she always used the stubs of branches she had broken those she had pushed aside
and she walked easily now and more slowly until she could see the dark glisten of water beneath her
if i ever committed suicide she thought i would dive straight down from here and no one would find me for days
she smiled and expertly let herself downward holding this known root or that her sneakers sliding in the leaves
she jumped out onto the flat expanse of rock and seating herself shook her short-cut brown hair and tilted her chin far upward
the reedy music of the frogs had faded but presently it began again growing in volume until it was vibrant
julia felt at peace and drew her legs up and clasped her hands tightly around the bent knees
she had accomplished a miracle
this was her place
the hour couldn't change it
only only her thoughts were a little strange
they were becoming confused
perhaps it was because it was so late and because she had no business to be here now
she was thinking of paul a few weeks ago in the easter holidays with her at one of those awful friday evening dancing class parties her mother had made her attend
hello julie how are you
and then off he went so casually to someone else with breasts better developed more obvious in a lower-cut dress someone without a mouthful of wire bands and an inability to find words that would hold him
i wish he was with me now she thought and that we were both the ages we are and doing what was once only pretense and acute embarrassment
i wish i were older or younger julia bentley thought
i wish so much someone loved me
george rawlings remembered seeing the door open sometime during the night millie in a white robe standing like a ghost at the threshold
she had vanished
he must have slept again
he was staring at the blue china lamp left on beside him
it seemed too much trouble even to reach for the switch
but of course the impossible effort of leaving would have to be made on this monday morning
this room was like a prison
he would be indebted to sam
below him as if at the end of some remote tunnel he heard the humming of a vacuum cleaner
his fingers fumbled across the bandages
they had left both of his eyes uncovered
well he told himself let 's put the show on the road
he was walking across to the bathroom
he drank a glass of water and gripped the sink with both hands
a fearful pain had come from his head as if the water were coursing up through the blood vessels and expanding them
he recognized his jacket and trousers
the fabric was dark
the stains weren't too apparent
and there were his shoes thank god but his shirt was one terrible mess
he shivered and then tore away the blood-soaked parts and wound the rest around his neck like a scarf
sam would be amazed to find him gone
millie would have to understand
she must have put his clothes in the closet
he found a lump rising in his throat because of that one simple act of tidiness
he was on the verge of tears
alex poldowski in a fashion he owed a debt to that effete gentleman
at least alex had told him he wasn't dying
perhaps george rawlings would be better off dead
what time was it
he peered at his wristwatch
strange it was still running
a quarter to seven
too early for a vacuum cleaner but probably sam wanted the whole house in order before he came downstairs
he was kneeling to tie his shoelaces
his fingers felt absurdly thick and clumsy
he rose slowly and looked into the mirror on the inside of the closet door
he barely knew himself
this was some freak two strands of adhesive tape across his nose like ugly roots from the mass of gauze suddenly moist over his cheekbones
the surface however was perfectly white
he was drinking another glass of water
it was after seven o'clock
he was supposed to be in court this afternoon at city hall
who would take over
he'd have to think but the main thing the imperative necessity was to leave before sam bentley was up and about and before millie detained him with sympathy
he entered the hallway
he was actually walking down the stairs
a plane up in the sky above the clouds and this freakish wreck of a man desperately trying to get away
father is that you
the voice issued from the cavern of the hall below
george did reply
is that you father
for a moment he felt like a thief discovered
then julia appeared under the arch leading to the dining room
she stood gazing at him
he was trying to smile at her
you shouldn't be up should you
i i was just leaving here julie
i'm all set
just about to call a taxi
she was wearing some sort of gray blazer
she seemed overly tall her brow knitted in concern
well at least you won't have to do that she was saying
i'm about to leave myself
i'll drop you off
i'm going back to school she answered
pietro 's driving me
i'm just finishing breakfast
but have you told mother you were going
she asked him
i just don't want anyone disturbed julie
that 's my wish
it 's quite a big one he added
her face seemed to float in an implausibly bright shaft of sunlight
well won't you come in then have a cup of coffee or something
or maybe a drink
she asked in a way that seemed oddly sophisticated considerate and yet perhaps partly scornful
he tried to see her face more clearly
no nothing at all he said after a moment 's hesitation
i'll just wait for you here
he leaned his head against the wood paneling behind him but the vivid red images of pain inserted themselves against his eyelids
he raised them
julia moved past
i have to say good-bye upstairs
i won't be long
as a great favor julie he said please don't mention you've seen me
i'll call your mother as soon as i get home
it'll be so much easier
all right she was staring at him
i'm fine julie
please you just go ahead
she had disappeared
he could feel a pulse pounding against the bandages
he imagined sam 's voice george what the hell goes on
i wouldn't have the strength to answer he thought
maybe i couldn't have called a taxi
he could hear the footsteps overhead
he saw the suitcase which julia was holding
he stood up
i'll take that julie for you
oh no she said
i can manage
she went ahead of him
outside the lincoln was parked
he could hardly believe he was getting in
pietro was gazing at him in an insolent disdainful fashion
but that didn't matter
we'll drop mr. rawlings off in ardmore julia said and for the merest second george was reminded of her father 's tone with servants
to the manner born odd to have such a thought at a time like this
yet her inflection seemed forced or rehearsed
he could stop to analyze
he had never felt particularly close to her
carrie seemed more affectionate but obviously julia had respected his request
he took her hand
i wish i didn't have to go back to school she said and then i wish you lived in new york
that 's in the opposite direction
i wish i did he responded
i wish i wasn't wearing this ridiculous costume and that we could go to a theater together or a nice restaurant forget we knew he stopped speaking
forget we ever knew what
oh just sort of everything in general
she said nothing until pietro had slackened their pace
i know you feel badly but that sounds like such a queer thing for you to say
i'm supposed to joke about things aren't i
but sometimes life can be rather a disappointing business
his voice seemed thick and purposeless
he relinquished her hand
he could see the stone building where he lived
just a few more steps
abruptly he reached into his pocket
yes there was the key
are you positive you'll be all right by yourself
she asked him
for a moment he smiled
yes julie dear
you've done me the greatest possible service
by myself i'll be fine
take care of yourself then
don't work too hard
it was an automatic phrase
as he crossed through the courtyard he regretted it
he should have discovered a more tender farewell
someone shouted at him well
will you look at george rawlings
what happened to you
i bumped into a door handle george said
george walked steadily ahead into his entry
his bandages seemed on fire
he had shut his door with the brass number screwed to it
in the kitchenette the raw whiskey made him gasp
just one or two swallows he told himself enough to lessen some of the pain
he was telephoning
no millie i'm home
no really right as rain
tell sam to worry about the car
i'll get it hauled away
no please no visit today i'll be asleep
for god 's sake don't worry
that upsets me more than anything
yes sure i'll see the doctor this evening if you insist
there was one more call to make
joan did i wake you
yes i thought you'd probably be up
look sweetheart some fool was
happened to be driving somewhat intoxicated last night
unfortunately it turned out to be me but i wouldn't quite put it that way to the boss
oh hell no i'm in a hospital
i won't be in town for a couple of days though and there 's that case i was supposed to handle this afternoon
too bad a jury isn't involved
i might struggle in for a jury
i'd win hands down
but i thought maybe tony elliott could pinch-hit for me
he'll understand you might give him sort of a tactful nudge
he 's got all the facts
i wouldn't want to ask for a postponement it 's really just a routine thing
no darling i'd rather you didn't come out
a smile pulled at the lower strip of adhesive tape
don't even send flowers
i'll see you wednesday
i'll bribe you with a nice he was about to say double martini but thought better of it
i'll take you out to dinner
he had put down the receiver
a strange relationship between joan fulbright and himself
who knew about it
she lived alone in the older part of the city in one of those renovated houses whose brick facade some early settler had constructed
she had two tiny rooms on the second floor
she was a clever girl a most efficient secretary
she let him come and go as he pleased or as it pleased her
in the office you might have thought them only casual friends
yet if he said make an excuse yourself come out here today she would have been on the next train and similarly if she had been in need he would have gone to her
they make us conformists look good
that 's a peculiar way to think
it wasn't just the obnoxious birds that had ruffled her own feathers of course
she knew that
it was jim 's little sister myra the unreliable irresponsible forever flyaway myra
she 's a year older than i am lucy told herself
come come jim said jollying lucy a little
i love you
obviously susan was
upstairs busy feet showering like raindrops pattered around her room
susan would be visiting her grandmother for only a few days but even at seven she was a prudent soul
she always packed for a lifetime just in case
every doll in the house must be going with her
she'd better step on it
it 's a long way to websterville
jim 's fine young face was an expressive one too
as he looked at her it registered anxiety
you know he said
myra wanted me to thank you for taking cathy
it'll be only a couple of weeks before she finds a home for them in paris but even so she wants you to know that she 's awfully grateful
lucy did believe him
myra appreciated nothing
jim had put the thanks in his sister 's mouth
darling she said and the single word mingled love and exasperation in an equal blend
she should have told me herself
and will it be only a couple of weeks
remember what happened the last time
leaving cathy with them myra had gone out to the coast for a supposedly brief visit
but she had stayed all winter and cathy had stayed all winter too with them
lucy suspected that myra would never have come home if gregg myra 's husband hadn't gone out to fetch her
that was an awfully long two weeks
for an otherwise silent moment jim 's keys jingled nervously in his pocket
but she promised this will be different he said at last
you've got to admit she was smart to scare up this fine government job over there she'll get a home for herself and cathy in no time
you'll see myra 's settling down
on the defensive he added i wish you'd think what it must be like for her to be without greg to be a new widow a young widow
it depends on the widow
lucy had an idea that myra loved it
and for one moment did she believe that myra had settled down
it seemed to lucy that all their married life she and jim had been doing nothing but rescue his sister from the constant crises that were her way of life
remembering that succession of disasters she now considered cathy an ominous child-cloud on her horizon
it was that she disliked cathy
the youngster drew her troubled her depths
whenever lucy saw her she tried without noise or fuss to give her the warmth she had never had from myra
but cathy was myra 's responsibility hers
i wouldn't even be surprised she said unhappily if myra tried to leave her with us forever
myra loved big cities
thousands of miles away in paris of all places she might forget she had ever been a mother
lucy knew her too well to find it impossible
that 's a horrible thing to accuse her of
jim was so indignant it was obvious that no matter what he said he too had seen the looming specter of a forever-cathy
he went to the foot of the stairs and shouted up fiercely susan
a startled piping sound returned
don't yell at susan lucy said
was it only a few nights ago that they had been standing together in front of the house looking at the moon-washed river
their arms around each other they had been talking of the present and the future
their talk and their feeling had been as deep and warm as steeped in light as the air around them
then from within the still sleeping house the telephone had rung
myra with her news was on the other end of the line
jim turned back from the stairway and looked at her
his dark brows which had been lowered in anger smoothed
please he said
there isn't a chance of myra 's letting anything like that happen
let 's stay friends
but they weren't just friends lucy thought
they were husband and wife and myra had no right muddling and chilling their marriage
the only thing that had ever come between them was that worthless selfish sister of his
lucy was sick of it
well at last she said because susan was clattering down the stairs
susan looked like an overwhelmed baby nurse
her arms were straining with a burden of dolls
i'm ready she announced
do you need that big bundle
his voice had sharp edges as though he knew very well lucy and he were friends at the moment
all that junk
susan stared at him with hurt blue eyes that gushed an instant grief
to her each of her dolls was a real person with a living heart
now now lucy said approaching susan with a handkerchief mopping skillfully
your father didn't mean it susan
she gave jim a quick shape-up look of warning
she'll take every one of them
jim groaned but he lifted susan 's suitcase and said in a gentler tone sure the entire thousand
and when you get back from grandma 's cathy will be here to play with you
no susan said grappling with her outsized armload of dolls with a scrooge-like effect
and at this point lucy thought there should be a lecture on little cousins' sharing dolls but she could sympathize with susan
there ought to be a limit to sharing too
that was one more reason she didn't look forward to cathy 's visit short or long
the last one had been a lilliputian war
she suspected that cathy had been competing with susan for attention that she had never had
well jim said out of the silence let 's get going dolls and all
when the car with susan 's hands waving wildly from the rear window disappeared down the driveway lucy stood looking after its pale dust
the day was brilliant around her flower-scented crisp with breeze yet her inner turmoil darkened it
she had let jim go with a chilly good-by a chillier kiss
she was sorry and angry at herself because never in their life together had she done that
she turned and began to walk toward the house
at the feeding station the raffish group of cowbirds again bobbed and gobbled over the ground but now gorgeous among them was a beautiful red cardinal radiant in its feathered vestments
the handsome bird was solitary
its mate must be at home silently guarding their nest
she had better stay there lucy thought
the sly female cowbirds took instant advantage of nests without sentinels
she said to herself abandoning the cardinals and the cowbirds
she had a day of things to do
among them she had to prepare the guest room
how long would it be occupied
she wondered with a baffled feeling of helplessness
as long as the unscrupulous myra chose
for a moment her mind returned again to the strange flying world of birds and she said to herself
it isn't only birds that dump their children in other people 's nests
in the sunshine of late afternoon lucy stood looking at the ready guest room
there were new yellow curtains bright as a child 's life ought to be a new bedspread lively with hopping rabbits and hanging from the ceiling was an airy mother goose mobile spinning slowly in the breeze
a row of little hangers waited for a child 's clothes in the neatly empty closet
since myra had always put most of greg 's money on her own back lucy suspected that no more than a few of that long row would be needed
the closet was faintly fragrant with lavender and as lucy shut the door an unhappy memory slipped into her mind like a lavender ghost greg 's house on the day he was buried and the child pale silent baffled watching the funeral guests with panicky eyes
many times since his death that memory had worried and troubled her
out in the hall the upstairs phone shrilled and the small ghost vanished
when she picked up the receiver her mother 's cheerful voice was there
websterville junction calling she said
i just thought i'd let you know
myra dropped cathy this morning and jim picked cathy up and left susan a few hours ago
i'd have phoned sooner but i've been busy
i can imagine
susan was an active character
for mother to be able to call susan must be napping now surrounded by her multitude of dolls
lucy drew out the chair and sat down
she relaxed a little and some of the tension went out of her
you could think yourself as grown up as methuselah yet the maternal voice still kept its comforting magic
how was cathy
but myra was the merriest widow i ever saw
on her way to the airport on her way to paris you bet lucy said to herself
i've been fixing up the guest room for cathy
there was a momentary pause and then her mother said how long is she supposed to stay
just for a couple of weeks till myra finds a place for them
well this time there was a long silence while the telephone hummed faintly with a voiceless life
puzzled lucy stared at the flowered wallpaper
her mother was forthright
she was usually given to mysterious silences
was she thinking along the same lines lucy was that it was quite possible cathy might be left with her for good
you mean once myra gets to paris
once the soft pretty moth found the bright light she had always wanted
suddenly seekingly lucy asked mother do you know something i don't know
again there was that curious pause and then her mother said i guess i do
just before myra left she was saying good-by to cathy and she didn't realize i was near
she hesitated as though hunting over words and ways of putting them
cathy was in tears of course and i heard myra say now be good and at christmastime i'll send you a wonderful present from paris
shocked speechless lucy sat there
then she jumped to her feet the elastic phone cord uncoiling like a black snake
then it was no bogey she had dreamed up
it was only too true
myra had no intention whatever of sending for cathy in two weeks
for a moment anger darkened the hallway about her and when she found her voice anger thickened it
that does it
i'll keep cathy for two weeks
then if myra does nothing about fetching her i'll pack her right back to her mother if i have to take her myself
her hand tightened on the receiver
and that 's what i'm going to tell jim
for lucy the day 's nagging to-and-fro had come to an abrupt end
as she hung up she saw through the hall 's open window the purple-black flying of the cowbirds' wings and heard their grotesque singing
she 's going to get away with it
cathy is tired lucy thought watching them come slowly up the path
the child 's thin legs were plodding
she trudged along slowly both hands clutching a tired teddy bear
she was at the moment just a small walking package being delivered to her aunt 's and uncle 's house
unlike susan she was traveling light
the worn teddy bear a tiny suitcase that jim carried and the clothes she wore were all she had
lucy glancing at the miniature case knew there would be enough in it for the shortest of stays
they would have to buy things for her
she opened the door
unimpressed the dog plopped on the sand
quint couldn't blame maggie for disbelieving
for eleven days they'd done the same thing leaving the cottage quietly before breakfast before esperanza beach got jammed with tourists and beach balls and show-offy lifeguards
the swirling sand made quint 's limp more pronounced
they walked slowly past the sherbet-colored cottages eleven lemon nine mint seven orange around the curve to a deserted stand with an eats sign jiggling in the wind
now they were in friendly territory
nothing but sand and a ridge of rocks sloping jaggedly to the water 's edge
his rock was to the right of a v-shaped inlet a big brown lumpy rock trailing seaweed whiskers
his rock was special because no one on the beach could see him here
here he was enclosed and safe
if a dragon or a sea monster came along didn't he have a red swiss hunting knife on his belt ten blades and a corkscrew
here was a perfect place to lie down and make believe
he was canute controlling the waves
he was a knight of the round table sir quintus the brave slaying evil spirits and banshees and vampires and witches with warty noses
one good thing about a suit of armor his leg wouldn't show
he was the first astronaut on the moon chosen because of his small size and intrepid nature
he was six feet one like his father with big hands and a hairy chest a man the weak and persecuted would turn to
every night when he wanted a drink of water didn't he practice being fearless by turning on the bathroom light
a dark bathroom can be pretty scary and he'd creep back to bed proud of himself thinking tomorrow for sure i'll go down to the rock and keep my promise to dad
he hadn't intended to make the promise
it happened two weeks ago the night before his father left on a business trip to south america
every piece of the nightmare was clear in place
and when he woke up his father was saying stop screaming quint
it 's all right
he could remember the feel of his father 's big hands the thump of his father 's heart sending out signals regular like radar
let 's talk about the beach
while i'm gone you get brown and fat as a pig hear
look i can put two fingers between the cords in the back of your neck
dr. fortman says swimming would help your leg
he says you're limping more than you need to
how does he know
big dumb nut
he never had polio
in the light from the bedside table his father looked so worried that the promise spilled out
you just wait dad
when you get back i'll probly be swimming better than victoria
wait and see dad
victoria was fourteen months younger than quint a head taller and could lick any boy or girl on the beach
he called her fatso
she called him stuck-up that 's why nobody plays with you mister stuck-up
or what was worse she prayed for him out loud at bedtime please lord gord please give my brother the strength to go swimming like he promised
she 's got a nerve
quint said now to the clouds
strength began to zip up and down his chest
he felt strong as a giant
he unlaced his high brown shoes and took off the metal brace on his leg
he wadded his sweat shirt into a ball and stripped down to his swimming trunks
goolick goooolick creaked a sea gull
aw shut up he said
he stood on the rock a skinny dignified boy surrounded by the ocean
the wind bored a hole between his shoulder blades and when he looked at the choppy waves coming and going and crossing each other he could see his head down there bleeding wedged between the rocks and the waves
i can't go in
i'm scared of the nightmare
shivering he put on his clothes
and shivering with shame he crawled to the narrow end of the rock and spat into the water
watch it big shot a hoarse voice yelled back
she was holding on to his rock with one hand
she smelled of peppermints
she wore a bathing suit like his mother 's no straps on the shouders
why didn't you duck
this is my rock
she was sore as a boil
ever hear of squatter 's rights
they started with the kansas-nebraska bill of eighteen
mister big britches aren't you
i'm mark gordon peters the fifth
they call me quint
then why don't you stop squinting
i said quint
that 's short for quintus
quintus in latin means
i can speak both kinds of latin smart aleck
her cough sounded like cloth ripping
you shouldn't smoke so much he said unconsciously imitating victoria 's holier-than-thou voice
i don't smoke
she was horrified
having said hell before he stumbled a bit before gathering momentum
sometimes eleven fourteen a day
if i was your mama i'd wop your tail off
my mother never wops me
i've got this leg brace
she seemed so unimpressed that he was obliged to roll up his blue jeans so she could see his brace
dingy-looking was what she said
why don't you paint it red and white like a barber pole
because maybe i won't have to wear it always
dr. fortman says if i exercise my leg more maybe i can use a cane when i'm big
she spouted a mouthful of water into the air
a cane 's mighty handy
someone 's walking past you want to stop him zoooop snag him around the neck with the crook in your cane
or say a waiter brings you a bowl of soup with a dead fly in it all you got to do is bannnnnng stooooomp your cane on the floor
hey will you look at that
maggie had shaken himself awake and was licking the sand off his stubby whiskers and his long plume of a tail
that 's some dog
part collie part wire-haired terrier
he always did when people asked
holy mackerel that 's the most unique dog i ever saw she said firmly
his real name 's dimaggio only we call him maggie because he has to take tranquilizers
he 's braver than he looks
he 's been sick lately
last tuesday he went on a ham jag
he would have told her but victoria was yodeling
that meant mama wants you quint
come home or i'll come find you
i gotta go
even though this is my rock you can use it sometimes
i come early in the morning
so do i
see you around mister squint
that was how they started being friends
they met next morning and all the mornings thereafter
same time early before the fog burned off because she didn't like the sun
it made her blister
her name was sabella and the strip of seaweed around her neck was an emerald necklace the king gave her as a token of his undying love
you going to marry the king
he 's got a long beard and picks his teeth with a fork
my hair is what he 's nuts about
naturally curly hair runs in my family
personally i prefer straight hair like yours but as they say on the continent what can one do
name one i been there
japan she said smelled pugh because people let dead fish lie on the beaches till the fish got hard as rocks
then they scraped off the mold and made fish soup
camels in tripoli had harelips
near galway the tinkers drove their caravans down to the beach and sang and drank and fought all night
as for dancing holy mackerel he ought to see the gypsies in jerez
they danced on the sand till your blood got hot and danced with them
quint smothered a yawn
she made better pictures than any book he'd read but he didn't say so
artfully as the days went by he found occasion to tell her that his father had won the navy cross in the korean war
that his baby sister could spit up through her nose when she felt like it
that he personally had an iq of ### and was currently reading the mushr to ozon volume of the encyclopedia
books are for schnooks
she skipped a piece of water at him and laughed a funny hoarse laugh he liked to hear
nobody ever appreciated his jokes as much as sabella
what did one tonsil say to the other tonsil
let 's get dressed up the doctor 's taking us out tonight
and what time did the chinaman go to the dentist
encouraged by her giggles he imitated maggie who was crazy about ham
he described the ham decorated with pineapple and cherries cooling on the porch
he snuck up on the ham like maggie gumming it with soft stumpy teeth then panting with thirst lapping up the water in the lagoon swelling up like a balloon staggering home to be sick while his mother said that does it
that dog has to go
say you're quite a comic sabella said admiringly
ever thought about going on the stage
but it was such a nice thought that he nodded his head
either that or a veterinarian
better make up your mind son sabella said
you can't serve cod and salmon
sometimes they argued
she said sharks have no bones and shrimp swam backward
his encylopedia agreed with sabella
next morning he tied a bunch of sea daisies with string and threw them across the v-shaped inlet to the rock where she was swimming around
boy could she catch
like willie mays in the outfield
nobody gave me flowers before
thank you quint
her face turned pink with pleasure and a smothered cough
you can always tell a real gentleman they got a certain je ne say quok
sometimes they didn't talk at all
he daydreamed on the rock while she swam and splashed around
once when she asked why he never went swimming and he answered don't feel like it he was tempted to tell her about being scared
but victoria began yodeling just then and he went home carrying sabella in the back of his head thinking about her just knowing she was there smiling smelling of peppermints
as for his promise oh he had plenty of time buckets of time
wednesday morning it happened
they were eating breakfast
we beseech thee lord gord to bless this food that was victoria saying grace while the baby sprayed raisin toast on her plastic bib
same old breakfast till the phone rang making his mother 's voice shake with excitement
your daddy 's in san francisco she told them
he says he'll be here on the one-o'clock plane
fifteen days early isn't that wonderful
a cave seemed to be opening in quint 's stomach
children we'll have to get organized
the baby can have an early nap
victoria i want you to
quint closed the screen door quietly so maggie wouldn't be scared
hurry up we're late he said noticing with a chill how gray the sky was this morning the fog like a rope along the horizon the choppy waves sending off sheets of blue and kool-aid green
the cave in his stomach hurt
he had to go into the water
he'd tell sabella about the nightmare
it had started two years ago when he was in an iron lung
what caused it he didn't know
the metal collar gagging his neck
sweating so much
the unbearable weight on his chest
all of it together meant drowning
the first time the nurse took him out of the lung she said if he got frightened she'd put him back for a second
when bobbie evans smashed up his car the jaguar his wife linda had given him for his last birthday and himself quite thoroughly with it driving back from an afternoon 's golf at oakmont it seemed to mark the end of a long miswritten chapter in the social life of the community
linda looked remote yet lovely in black and everyone held his or her breath
that linda was heartless that she would do anything prematurely or in bad taste any more than john cooper would
hadn't linda been a perfect wife to bobbie who was the least bit of a disappointment all these years
wasn't john cooper even more attractive at forty-seven than he had been twenty-five years earlier
and wasn't john 's wife edythe even more appalling if possible
didn't john cooper after all this time deserve something better of life
wasn't it adult and realistic to look at it that way
everybody knew that john cooper had married edythe on the rebound
it was the kind of thing that could ruin a man 's life and it was a tribute to john 's strength of character and very real business ability that it hadn't ruined his
of course there was nothing you could do but you still ought to be ashamed of yourself for letting it happen mousie chandler said to linda stuart
linda accepted the reproach which was something she did rarely in all her life and most rarely in that summer of #### when she was by all odds the prettiest and brightest young woman west of the allegheny mountains and john was surely one of the handsomer and brighter young men around pittsburgh
for it had been john and linda ever since she had come out two seasons before at the golf club to the goggle-eyed admiration only of the stag line but even of her fellow debs
john had claimed her from the stag line a young man a year out of dartmouth with skiing crinkles still around his eyes
you saw them always together those years
you talked about john-and-linda as an entity
john-and-linda were at longue vue last night
john-and-linda drove to conneaut in three and a half hours
then there was a spat over something as there had been lovers' spats before
only this one didn't heal
you still said john-and-linda but as if you were speaking of a national catastrophe such as the depression or dillinger
it got worse instead of better
first it came out after mr. cooper 's will was settled he had died the year before that john and his mother weren't rich any more
and then there was linda 's engagement to bobbie evans
there was no connection between the two events because bobbie wasn't rich either though he was more aggressive than john
he was a bright and handsome young man from new york who worked for the same steel company as john did
some people said linda had just announced the engagement to jolt john into some action but when john came home from a business trip to cleveland with edythe with edythe his bride it could no longer be john-and-linda even to sentimental wishful thinkers
it wasn't even john and edythe
it was simply poor john
there was nothing specifically wrong with edythe but there was absolutely nothing right about her either
mousie chandler had been to school with her someplace near baltimore and tried to explain rather than defend her to the gang having lunch at horne 's
well you shouldn't underestimate edythe mousie said
i know she gives the impression of being shallow and frivolous and scatterbrained
she is frivolous and scatterbrained but she really isn't shallow
bobbie and linda looked magnificent at their wedding
john was at the church with edythe
she giggled during the ceremony and mousie chandler who was one of linda 's bridesmaids said john glared black as death at her
as if he were choking she said
edythe settled down to become a social myth and a horrible example
her hair never seemed to be in place and her skirts were never quite the correct length
she didn't have a bad shape when you caught her at the pool at longue vue but her bathing suits were far from smart
and you didn't see her much at longue vue or anywhere for john had drifted away from the gang
mousie said it was because he was too proud to stand pity
others thought he couldn't stand seeing linda mrs. bobbie evans still so beautiful so much in command of everything
there were less-dramatic reasons too
john 's mother died long after his marriage and there was even less cooper money left
john sold the big old place in sewickley and bought a smaller house in fox chapel
he was reduced to poverty but his job at the steel company had become a real job and a method of passing the day
john was good at his job
it probably wasn't hard for him to keep his nose to the grindstone with nothing but edythe to come home to
though that may be unfair since ben cooper john 's first son came along early in #### the cutest baby you ever saw and a blessing that he looked all cooper from fontanel to pink toes nary a trace of edythe
but the continuing charm of the other children sally in #### and jack in #### and all john 's success at his work only made edythe 's dizziness and general uselessness more glaring
she never could fit into a crowd which had known which still knew and admired linda
when there was bridge at edythe 's house the cards shuffled like wet graham crackers and the food probably was wet graham crackers
she managed a missionary drive for the church once and got the books so confused that old mr. webber the eldest elder who'd never donated more than five dollars to anything had to cough up five hundred dollars to avoid a scandal in what edythe called the bosoms of the church
john did find the missing checks and money afterward and the drive was actually oversubscribed which was a real bit of luck for the missionaries
being an intelligent man john must have guessed what everyone thought about edythe but he never let on by so much as a brave smile
poor john was the kind of stock that keeps a bargain without whimpering and maybe bends over backward to keep a bad one
he was an attentive and generous husband overgenerous a lot of people felt because they knew that money must be a problem to him
but he got ahead in business on leave from his job to an important washington assignment during the war
after the war back to the heir apparency of the steel company
the coopers saw bobbie and linda socially but no more than was necessary
bobbie had been successful too though he didn't match john 's pace and after all he didn't need to with all the stuart money
he and linda settled down to being social leaders and linda managed to look a little more beautiful each year
and then came the hairpin turn the smashed jaguar and linda mourning alone and lovely
everyone held his or her breath
don't think linda couldn't have got john back any time if she'd tried mousie gordon who had been mousie chandler said between bites of a chicken sandwich at a luncheon table at le mont
now you know she could've but she isn't that kind of girl
but now well it would be a blessing i think
linda evans felt more wretched than she had ever dreamed bobbie 's death could move her to feeling
what she felt was a bone-deep loss with a sense of waste to it so much sorrow for handsome ambitious bobbie but for the lost years that had been brought into high relief by his death
she knew what people were thinking
it was what she had been thinking herself
it was up to her to save poor john dear john to undo the wrong she had done but she trembled at the decision as at the brink of a cold stream
there was no one who would blame her or john
she could be sure of that
it might be rough on edythe at first but linda and john between them could make a settlement handsome enough to soothe her to send her back to cleveland or anywhere
and linda felt capable of capturing the affection of the children anxious even since she and bobbie had had none of their own
it would be good for them to have a mother they need be ashamed of
linda would have to wait she knew
but what was a decent six months or so after the more than twenty years gone by
years of watching while poor john struggled without the help and understanding of the kind of wife a man needed to get ahead
of course he had done wonders
alloy steels and regular steels had different sales departments at smith & macisaacs where john and bobbie both worked
bobbie had been head of the alloy division while john was just another good salesman in the regular branch
so when old mr. lovejoy the company president talked about putting in a single sales manager for both branches after the head of the regular steels had gone with carnegie-illinois it looked like the perfect chance for bobbie
for linda knew how to help her husband just the stuart-family contacts but also the little dinners for reuben lovejoy
she was almost sick when bobbie came home with the news that poor john had won the job
what did you do
she asked bobbie
you must have done something something wrong
lord knows i had everything set for you
bobbie said something about damned pittsburghers sticking together and linda got angry at him
they had their first real fight and bobbie went off to get drunk
linda dragooned her uncle donald murkland into a lunch the next day to find out what had happened
he was a director of s. & m. and must have been in on the decision
but jolly old uncle donald would tell her no more than that bobbie had certainly been considered for the job but there were factors in a large company which outsiders and even some insiders couldn't understand
he didn't tell her of the long board meeting where bobbie and john were weighed one against the other
i'm behind john cooper mr. lovejoy said finally
i think we're agreed that he and evans are equal in ability so we have to look at the thing in terms of incentive
now i believe poor john'll work just a little harder
with that wife of his i think he feels every chance he gets is his big chance
bobbie with linda behind him will have plenty of other opportunities
and also the money can't mean as much to bobbie
bobbie will take the job as his just reward and work hard at it
poor john will take it as a miracle and have every other independent steel company sitting up nights worrying about us
most of the directors nodded
uncle donald murkland found himself nodding agreement too
after the surprise was over linda was almost as pleased as anyone with john 's good luck though she agreed with bobbie 's decision some months later to move to funk furnaces
the job at funk wasn't particularly better but it got him away from being subordinate to john and assured him steady advancement since funk was owned to a large degree by various branches of linda 's family
poor john 's rise continued to be meteoric
when he was made a vice president only a year after the new sales job a leading business magazine ran his photograph with a brief biography in a series on national business leaders of the future
she called then to say she had a baby-sitter for that night
shirley appreciated the chance to make some money
such a nice little thing lives right in the building
that 's swell i said sweetly
i could get along without that three dollars
in some ways it was worth being out the money just knowing i was no longer obligated to nadine
it was past midnight and we were in bed when the phone rang
i stumbled through the hall wondering who would be calling at this hour
i answered to find nadine at the other end
you scared me half to death i said shakily
janice nobody answers at the apartment
her voice came shrill
i'm absolutely frantic
that stupid girl might have gone off and left francie
oh she wouldn't do that i said
she 's probably fallen asleep and doesn't hear the phone
but if you're worried you can go home and check
i can't leave the party
we're at ken thom 's apartment and when one couple leaves early everything falls flat
old mr. thom is already down on wally and we simply can't afford to get ken mad at us
i was all set for what came next
janice could you possibly go over and make sure everything 's all right
i'll call you there in ten minutes
i can't make it in ten minutes wondering as i said it why i should make it at all
why should i go over at midnight to check on francie when her parents didn't care enough to leave a party
fifteen minutes then
i'll be glad to pay you
so sure that money could do anything
all right i said
i'd do it
for the dollar or so nadine would give me
but because there was the chance that something had gone wrong at the apartment and if i didn't go over who would
chris was sound asleep and i didn't see any sense in waking him
i dressed in the kitchen then left a note on the table telling him what had happened
i drove off through the cool darkness to nadine 's apartment and rang the bell and in a few seconds a young girl opened the door
her face was flushed from sleep
it 's all right i said as she started to look scared
mrs. roberts had called and couldn't wake you
i just came over to make sure everything was all right
i'm hard to wake up she faltered
she didn't look over thirteen
and nadine insisted that her sitters be reliable
i have to get up early for church tomorrow she went on
i didn't know it was going to be this late
the phone started ringing
that 's mrs. roberts again i said
i'll answer it
i crossed the beautifully furnished living room to the pale yellow phone
i told nadine everything was fine and that i'd be getting on home
janice would you mind staying
there was a ragged edge to her voice now as if she'd been crying
wally 's drunk i'll get him out of here as soon as i possibly can but i don't want shirley to see him like this
you know how gossip of that sort spreads through an apartment building
a word of thanks for what i'd already done
the receiver clicked in my ear
she didn't even give me a chance to refuse
well there wasn't any law that said i had to stay
but then i looked at shirley and thought that i might as well the child needed her sleep and heaven knew what kind of a mess it would be with wally coming home drunk
so i told her mrs. roberts would pay her in the morning and she scooted off to her own apartment
after i looked in at francie i went into the living room and waited
i must have dozed off because i came to with a start at the sound of voices
nadine 's shrill with anger wally 's loud and thick as i went to the door i heard the clock strike two
i opened the door and wally stumbled in fast as if nadine had pushed him
i had always thought she was so beautiful
but now she looked ugly
her skin was stretched so tight that her cheekbones stuck out and if looks could kill wally would have been dead
pack your clothes she hissed
pack and get out
you're crazy wally said thickly
he lurched and stumbled to the davenport and sank down on it and was instantly asleep
nadine strode over to him and her pointed nails raked across his face
i grabbed her arm and she turned on me and for a scared second i thought that maybe wally was right and she was crazy
you stay out of this she spat at me
he 's ruined us do you hear me he 's ruined us
he insulted ken thom
her eyes were wild
he told ken to his face that he doesn't have what it takes to get a woman
and the other people there were listening
we're ruined and he 's going to get out if i have to throw him down the stairs
you'd better simmer down i said nervously
i was plenty scared
in the state she was in she could actually kill him
now you just take it easy and i'll make you some tea
tea nadine screeched
how can you be so damn stupid
wally 's lost his job
ken will never forgive him never
and we don't have any money we don't have a dime
all we own is francie 's bedroom set and the televison-record player and we even owe on them
and we'll be poor and have to live in a grubby little house like yours and all because of that
i clamped my hand over her mouth to stop the stream of filth
you'll wake up the whole building
wally can't go any place at this hour
well then i'll get out but she looked uncertain
she was coming to her senses enough to realize that you don't go traipsing off anywhere at two in the morning
you go to bed i said curtly
in the morning you and wally can talk things out
she collapsed against me as if everything inside her snapped
i got her into bed and sat with her until she had sobbed herself out
it was three o'clock before i figured it was all right to go
i left her a limp bundle of self-pity shivering with terror because her bubble had burst around her
wally was snoring on the davenport
i had done all i could
i had done all i was going to do
whether or wally lost his job was no concern of mine
i drove home found chris still asleep
i snuggled up close to him loving him thankful for a man like him
thankful i wasn't nadine
i kept on being thankful
in the afternoon nadine and wally came over with francie
wally sat in our big chair his hands between his knees looking ready to cry
i'd had all this trouble with the old man that 's why i drank so much
i got fired yesterday for attending to business
old mr. thom himself had stopped at the service station for a grease job wally confessed and couldn't get one because there were cars on the pits waiting to be repaired
seems that the kid wally had hired had a repair business of his own going on the side
mr. thom had gotten wally on the phone and fired him
i thought i'd smooth things over through ken wally said miserably
but ken got coy and wouldn't make any promises
and i was plastered and i blew my stack
and told him right to his face he'd never slept with a woman
i tried to quiet nadine because the children were there
but she was beyond caring what she said
things may smooth over yet chris said his nice lean face grave with honest concern
but i couldn't help thinking that nadine and wally were getting just what they deserved
now maybe they'd realize that life can be tough
when a bubble breaks there 's nothing
little by little during the week chris and i discovered the crazy unbelievable way nadine and wally had lived
they had only spent every cent they were in debt up to their necks owing on everything they owned
on top of everything else they were two months behind on their apartment rent and the day wally received written notice that he was fired they were evicted
worst of all wally had no training for any kind of work
he had fallen into a soft job and now the job was gone and he was stranded
i wish we were in a position to offer a little money to tide them over
i said i wished we were too
it was easy enough to say it because of course we couldn't spare a cent
but chris brightened up like a candle
i'm glad you feel that way honey
there is one big way we can help them
we can let them move in with us
something i had simply never thought of
something so incredible
i just stared at him
it was incredible he gave me an embarrassed pleading look
i know we'd be pretty crowded
but it would only be for a couple of weeks until they get straightened out
straightened out they'd had years of making all that money
i won't do it i said flatly
nadine was always too good to live in a little house like this
well now she can sleep in the street for all i care
that isn't like you janice chris said uncomfortably
then i felt uncomfortable too
i didn't want to be like that mean and bitter
but darn it all why should we help a couple of spoiled snobs who had looked down their noses at us
but in the end we did
it just seemed as if there was nothing else to do
the finance company took all their furniture and they didn't have a cent to their name
then wally got sick
to my way of thinking he was scared sick
his luck had failed him and it was easier to crawl off into bed than to get out and fight the world
chris made trip after trip in our old car moving the clothes and dishes and the stock of groceries nadine had bought on special
at least we'll eat i thought grimly as i put all the food away
while i worked nadine sat and cried
when she wasn't crying she was in our bedroom fighting with wally
virus infection nothing she'd scream at him
you're too lazy to go out and look for another job
you're just a no-good bum
it was a mess all right
but it couldn't go on forever a couple of weeks chris had said
i figured i could stand practically anything for a couple of weeks
but the two weeks dragged into three and they were still with us
nadine 's constant nagging had finally gotten wally out of bed
he set out every morning looking for work and come home around noon full of alibis and excuses
wendell thom had black-balled him
nobody would even take his application
you can get something nadine would snap
you can get a job working in a grocery store if nothing else
the high school kids have got everything sewed up he said a whine in his voice
those damn punks taking work away from men who need it
by fall they'll be back in school i'd say trying to sound encouraging
but this was only the middle of july
and i couldn't take six more weeks of this
i mentioned it to chris one stifling hot night when i had slipped outside for a breath of fresh air
i don't really believe in intuition
but i swear to you from the moment i opened my eyes i knew it was going to be a bad day
part of it was the weather so foggy it would take me twice as long to get to the hospital
part of it was being so tired i'd only had my usual full day yesterday but a dinner meeting as well that kept me up late
but the rest of it the main part wasn't based on logic at all
it was just going to be one of those days
for the thousandth time i wished i'd chosen some nice nine-to-five five-days-a-week profession
and for the thousandth time i answered myself
i hadn't chosen medicine it had chosen me
actually i shouldn't complain i told myself in the shaving mirror
i had a lot to be thankful for
a profession that brought me as good an income as mine wasn't to be sneezed at
maybe i didn't see as much of gladdy as i'd like but how much worse it would have been if i'd had to board her out somewhere after alice went send my daughter to an orphanage or a boarding-home
at least we were together and we had mrs. hodges bless her to look after us no mother could be fonder of gladdy than mrs. hodges was
i was lucky in lots of ways no doubt about it
especially in the way gladdy had turned out
growing up without a mother from the time she was three it wasn't a good thing for a child even knowing the kind of mother alice had been
but i mustn't start on alice
she is a closed book a picture i keep on my bureau but never look at
if she'd kept on as she'd been going the story i'd told gladdy would probably have been true by now anyhow
as usual gladdy 's bright smile greeted me at the breakfast table
her first class wasn't until ten but she always got up to have breakfast with me
it made me feel good and knowing that she'd decided all on her own to go to college right here in town made me feel good too
oh i knew that i couldn't give myself all the credit for her decision
i had a feeling that young pete michelson the most promising intern at fairview had something to do with it too
she'd been out with pete the night before and her gay chatter about their date lightened my mood a little
but once i was alone again driving to the hospital the heaviness returned
if she and pete were really getting serious i'd have to do some hard thinking
should i tell him the truth about alice
did he have a right to know the secret i'd kept from gladdy all these years
the boys were already waiting in the corridor outside my office when i got to fairview
two interns and dick ishii the other resident
i'm chief of medicine here and this morning would start like all others with me taking the boys on the rounds
pete was down on seven dick told me and he'd meet us there
there wasn't anything of special interest that morning no one sicker than they should have been
pete came to meet us when we stepped out of the elevator on seven he'd had a case of post-operative shock but it was all taken care of now
seven is a women 's floor and as it happened very busy right then
when we'd finished our regular rounds pete pointed me toward the small ward at the end of the floor
got a new one in last night he said
i haven't seen her yet but i hear she 's a lulu
i wasn't surprised
the ward was a small one four beds kept reserved for female alcoholics
we didn't get many at fairview and they were never pretty sights
it was thought wiser to keep them segregated from the patients in the regular charity ward
the moment i walked in the whole miserable feeling of the day seemed to focus on the woman in the bed
they'd cleaned her up some of course and she'd pretty much slept off her drunk
but there was something about her and i felt my lips forming a name
alice but this woman 's name was rose bancroft
i looked at the chart for reassurance
yes rose bancroft diagnosis acute alcoholism
she looked about sixty though i recalled that the chart gave her age as forty-four
an ugly scar disfigured the somewhat familiar puffy face already marred by the tell-tale network of broken red veins that heavy drinkers carry
her coarse hair was two-colored bleached blonde and its real dirty gray
oh could it be
no no it was an unfortunate resemblance that was all it was and i turned to dick forcing myself to put my disquiet out of my mind
in a low voice dick filled us in
she'd been picked up downtown passed out in the doorway
although quiet when they brought her in she'd suddenly turned violent and had to be knocked out
it was the old story
we'd keep her a day or two and the aa people would talk to her
but if she wasn't interested she'd just go back to the same life she'd left
turning toward the patient again i i can't describe what happened to me then except to say that i felt sick
i tell you it took every ounce of control i had to be able to speak
now miss or is it mrs. bancroft
i never liked going straight into an examination with patients it relaxes them i've always thought to chat first
this was one time i'd have gladly broken my own rule but habit was too strong
her voice was flat and dull
but those penetrating eyes i had to turn my head away
it was then that i saw what the drawn-back covers revealed
there were bloodspots on the sheet
she shook her head
i been spotting a little now and then she said quietly no emotion in her voice
have you spoken to a doctor about it
once again there was a negative shake
i told miss groggins to move her down the hall where we had an examining table
better do a papanicolaou i told pete
it was only a few moments before miss groggins had her in the proper position for a vaginal but i couldn't see anything wrong on gross examination
pete stood by with a slide and took the smear sent it down to the lab with a request for the test
that done i told miss groggins to take her patient back to bed and again put her out of my mind
i was busy the rest of the day
late in the afternoon i was up on seven again
one of my private patients was being admitted and i went in to see her settled
on my way to the elevator i ran into pete
i've got the results on the bancroft smear test he said
there 's something there all right
class three they said
do you want to talk to her doctor
well i didn't i didn't ever want to see that woman again
but that was ridiculous of course
we'll do a d. and c. and get her permission for a hysterectomy
maybe it 's nothing maybe it 's intraepithelial or in situ can't take any chances
if you can keep her here that long pete said wryly
groggins tells me she 's started badgering already wants to get out
wants to get to her booze i guess
i grimaced in distaste
well better see what i can do
we'd been standing right outside miss bancroft 's door and as i went to turn the knob to enter i was surprised to find that the door was slightly ajar
but she seemed to be dozing and in any case we'd been talking in low tones
her eyes opened as soon as she heard me though and once again i felt an inward shiver
i sure can't complain about the service in this place she said
i just got through seeing one of you guys
what do you want
there was something almost insulting in her tone but i disregarded it
i've just been talking to dr. michelson i said
we'd like you to have a dilatation and curettage
that 's quite minor nothing to worry about
but we would like your permission to do that is to go further if it proves necessary
it was flat definite
suppose you let me explain
actually i rather doubt that we'll have to do this
even if we do you'll be out of here in a week probably
i was sure that was the difficulty she just didn't want to stay here where she couldn't get to the liquor
i looked at her in amazement
i'd had patients who'd refused surgery before of course but never one who didn't show in one way or another the reason why
mostly it was fear but this woman 's voice didn't tremble and her hands were still on the coverlet
will you tell me why
she smiled a smile without humor
you shouldn't tell your little secrets outside of the patient 's door she said
i've got cancer haven't i
she went on disregarding my protests
i'm going to be one of your guinea pigs
let your pupils learn on someone else doctor
just let me die in peace
i stared at her almost speechless
her little speech was totally out of character with the sort of person i thought she was
even her voice had taken on a more cultivated tone
this was someone who'd come down in the world i thought
a long long way down
again there was something familiar about her something
you haven't got cancer i said as strongly as i could
i don't know what you heard that would make you think so but i assure you i don't even know myself so how can you be so sure
and even if
don't give me a lot of talk joe
i gaped at her
she could have found out my first name of course that wouldn't be difficult
but there was that something some echo in the way she spoke
she was watching me intently a funny little half-smile on her lips
guess i've changed haven't i
but you haven't changed much joe
i knew then knew with a heart-stopping shock
alice i stammered through dry lips
alice for goodness sake
alice she echoed mockingly
what 's the matter joe you scared of me
think i'm going to make you introduce a drunk as your wife
well don't worry
just let me outta here
but why did you come back
i'd found my voice
where have you been all these years
here and there
as for coming back here well i'll tell you the truth i didn't even know where i was when i came to
the last thing i remember is a bar in san diego
the way she spoke her flat acceptance of her alcoholic blackout made me shudder
and this was gladdy 's mother
i never asked you for any favors joe she went on but i'm asking one now
let me outta here
you doctors are all alike all you want is to cut up people and what 's the good
no i want out joe
i looked at the pathetic wreck of a woman before me
let her out let her out that would be the solution wouldn't it
what she'd said was true in all these years she'd never asked for anything from me
if i let her go she'd disappear once more
and gladdy would be safe
i was slowly swimming down to the bottom of the sea
she made me welcome
her dark cool caresses were sweeter than any woman 's
the many little tricks she knew made her embrace the ultimate one the ever more fantastic pressures deeper in her body squeezed me but the air i breathed into a nitrogen anesthetic
yielding-mediterranian-woman- she soothed me and drew me deeper into her
i no longer knew how deep i was somewhere under ### feet getting drunker happier and more contented by the second
the reasons for this dive seemed foolish now
only the dive itself had any meaning
the metal-tasting nitrogen made me wonder if i should remove the mouthpiece and suck in the sweet water
perhaps if i took off the aqua-lung i could swim better love my woman better
i chuckled aloud and the mouthpiece fell out
while a hazy part of my mind concentrated on swimming down a clear part sorted over recent events among them my only positive act in a long time
it was when i packed up what duds i had and went to paris
it was no vacation just me getting out after a bellyfull
i knew it wouldn't be the same
wild kicks never are but i hoped to dig up a better frame of mind
once before i had been to paris long before i married valery
that first time was good and it stuck with me
i was twenty-one back then in the army and fog put our plane down at orly instead of rhine-main
it was a saturday evening in april with a mist-like rain and i was a little high on the good taste of life
i had a pocketful of money which was unusual when i was in the army and the plane would be grounded all night
in less than an hour i had gotten a hotel showered shaved and was out on the champs elysees in a fresh uniform
i felt like a hun in rome
all the women were beautiful and the men were equal to them
everything was glamorous to my dazzled eyes
there were some sweet machines other than women an old bugatti a lean farina coachwork on an american chassis a swallow a type a##-ajk mercedes and lots more
there was the arc de triomphe and the tour d'eiffel i was no yokel but i was young and this was paris
i had champagne at maxim 's then went into a cafe called the jour et nuit to ask the way to montmartre
i never got there
i met claire which was better
she was eating bread and cheese just as fast as she possibly could and washing it down with red wine
i didn't know a human could feed so fast and still be beautiful
she was blonde and young and nice and round in a tight white dress
maybe her ravenous eating wasn't grotesque because she was so positive about it
when she had drained the last of the bottle and paid her bill she came directly to my table and said
handsome soldier i have assuaged one hunger with food
i feel another of terrible urgency
is your evening free
madame i said with noblesse oblige because of the handsome yeah
and so off we went to her apartment
she was a nymphomaniac of course the poor girl
toward the break of day i waxed philosophical and drew analogies about her way of eating bread and cheese
now it was nine years later and it wasn't spring but winter when i returned
i got there on a saturday evening
i made the mistake of going to the jour et nuit
the place was busy but i didn't feel like a hun
i sat waiting for life to come along and sweep me up
i had part of a bottle of french beer called panther pils so help me then switched to tuborg
after a few hours life hadn't showed and i was crocked
i went to my hotel and slept
the next morning a little cognac made me feel better but what can you do in paris on sunday morning
so i drank more cognac
all that day and monday i drank just enough to orbit but make deep space
i read the tropic of capricorn and the tropic of cancer
elemental but sex
that 's what was on my mind
i was turning over the idea of a good debauchery when i dozed off
i felt better tuesday evening when i woke up
my head was clear my thinking sober and i was reconciled to this paris idea as a flop on top of all my others
a good binge has that kind of therapeutic value
sometime earlier the weather had turned cold and it was snowing
i went out into it
i walked around breathing the cold wine of the air until i found a park and i sat down on a snowy bench where the light was dim and came from the sky
there was dignity and beauty in the little white flakes falling through the blue night
i had on only a topcoat but i wasn't cold
i was just miserable
pretty soon a woman came along carrying a folded umbrella as a walking stick
she saw me and sat down beside me three feet away
suddenly i understood why she had the umbrella
it gave her poise and posture
without it she would have been drab and limp
it gave her propriety
it gave her the right to sit down beside me back straight one hand out on the handle
i couldn't imagine her without it
i knew all about her
she was another human being and happened to be a hustler
i didn't much care if she were there or
after a while she said with sort of an unuttered laugh you have snow in your hair and ears
i didn't have on a hat
hardly glancing at her i smiled a bleak one which said thanks baby but i'd rather be alone
she was silent for a while then said why are you so unhappy
i'm unhappy i lied staring at the snow
she was trying to make a hole in my armor and i didn't want it
is it a woman
she asked gently
she must have seen the ring on my left hand
well women and unhappiness go together i observed profoundly adding you can wager your derriere on that
ah monsieur it is my business to wager it
this took me so funny i had to look at her
i felt my frozen sad face crumble and i grinned a silly one i couldn't have helped
i even snorted a chuckle
she smiled at me but it was an awfully sad smile
she was even more miserable than me
her eyes were smiling too but so sadly and there was tiredness and infinite wisdom in them
now isn't it better to smile
because i liked this sad person so much i said will you have a drink with me
i could see the ancient cynicism reinforce itself in her eyes and i wondered how many men she had picked up with this same gambit
anyway i pulled a bottle of remy martin out of my topcoat drew the cork and passed it to her
i could see she was shocked
i'm sorry i haven't got a glass i said
non non she said taking the bottle for that be sorry
she tilted up and drank and then i drank
it 's really rotten to drink good cognac like that but i hadn't cared before
i wasn't going to lug around a glass
there wasn't much light in the blue dark but i could see her well
no child this tart she must have been thirty-five or even forty
i couldn't be sure
somehow she was attractive
good looking but self-confident and wise so that it made her attractive
i liked her and all at once i was glad she was there
we finished the bottle i hadn't had a lot out of it earlier speaking much to each other and we stayed sober
i suppose we were cold but we didn't feel it
we seemed to be drowsing sadly soberly in the cold cold air while the snow fell
then she said allons and we got up and went to my hotel without another word
i sensed no stranger in her
we undressed and made love with the comfortable acceptance i had once known with valery
i decided thirty-five was the best estimate of her age
she had a funny little scar on her stomach on the left side
i think we were very tired for we awoke at the same moment deeply rested surprised to see the late morning sun on the windows which were wet where the rime had melted
i felt wonderful the absolute opposite of last night 's melancholy
my head was clear
i was hungry as a wolf and my body felt lean and vital
bon jour i said brightly sitting up which pulled the covers to her hips
she looked good with her short tousled hair and no make-up
maybe closer to thirty i thought
she exclaimed smiling
yeah but breakfast first
with a laugh she beat me to the bathroom
i called downstairs for food and a toothbrush for her
she came out pink from a hot bath and i gave her my robe
i had brushed my teeth showered shaved and dressed by the time a waiter wheeled in breakfast
the toothbrush monsieur he said presenting it
i gave it to the woman
what is this for
she asked innocently
why to brush your teeth
but i already have
i used yours
i said with round eyes
i wondered if i ought to go use the new one myself
but i smelled the coffee and thinking what the hell live dangerously i decided i would scald my worries away
the coffee wasn't very hot though made in a filter pot but it was good
we sent the waiter away and ate a tremendous amount of cold ham hot hard-boiled eggs and hot garlic bread
as we ate we talked
her name was suzanne and mine stephen
we sat back comfortably on the bed with our last cups of coffee
you are very tactful do you know stephen she remarked
i grunted sipping
yes because you didn't run off to use that new toothbrush
i raised my eyes to look at her in the mirror
i didn't really use yours she went on
i carry one in my purse
i know men never kiss les putains
to my immense relief she changed the subject in the next sentence shall we go to the louvre today
i said with enthusiasm at the idea
i put aside my empty cup
she smiled all the way to her wise sad eyes and drained her own
we were rushed
what is this from
i asked touching the scar on her stomach
it was like a long thin line drawn through a pink circle
a bullet she answered
the cynicism was back in her eyes a bitter wisdom and i wondered if forty were so far wrong after all
she understood sex anyway and played at it well
we went to the louvre for a few hours then by metro to a cabaret in montmartre
it was a nice place filled with smoke
we had champagne and steamed mussels
the sommelier brought the wine first a magnum instead of the bottle i had ordered
he must have thought i was a tourist
i fixed him with a steely eye and said what 's this for
i didn't ask for a jeroboam of champagne
i thought that was pretty humorous but i didn't laugh
two letters had arrived for miss theresa stubblefield she put them in her bag
she would stop to read them in american express as many were doing sitting on benches or leaning against the walls but pushed her way out into the street
this was her first day in rome and it was june
an enormous sky of the most delicate blue arched overhead
in her mind 's eye her imagination responding fully almost exhaustingly to these shores' peculiar powers of stimulation she saw the city as from above telescoped on its great bare plains that the ruins marked aqueducts and tombs here a cypress there a pine and all around the low blue hills
pictures in old latin books returned to her the appian way today the colosseum the arch of constantine
she would see them looking just as they had in the books and this would make up a part of her delight
moreover nursing various stubblefields her aunt then her mother then her father through their lengthy illnesses everybody could tell you the stubblefields were always sick theresa had had a chance to read quite a lot
england france germany switzerland and italy had all been rendered for her time and again and between the prescribed hours of pills and tonics she had conceived a dreamy passion by lamplight to see all these places with her own eyes
the very night after her father 's funeral she had thought though never admitted to a soul now i can go
there 's nothing to stop me now
so here it was here was italy anyway and terribly noisy
in the street the traffic was really frightening
cars taxis buses and motorscooters all went plunging at once down the narrow length of it or swerving perilously around a fountain
shoals of tourists went by her in national groups english school girls in blue uniforms german boys with cameras attached smartly dressed americans looking in shop windows
glad to be alone theresa climbed the splendid outdoor staircase that opened to her left
the spanish steps
something special was going on here just now the annual display of azalea plants
she had heard about it the night before at her hotel
it was yet complete workmen were unloading the potted plants from a truck and placing them in banked rows on the steps above
the azaleas were as large as shrubs and their myriad blooms many still tight in the bud ranged in color from purple through fuchsia and rose to the palest pink along with many white ones too
marvelous thought theresa climbing in her portly well-bred way for she was someone who had learned that if you only move slowly enough you have time to notice everything
in rome all over europe she intended to move very slowly indeed
halfway up the staircase she stopped and sat down
other people were doing it too sitting all along the wide banisters and leaning over the parapets above watching the azaleas mass or just enjoying the sun
theresa sat with her letters in her lap breathing mediterranean air
the sun warmed her as it seemed to be warming everything perhaps even the underside of stones or the chill insides of churches
she loosened her tweed jacket and smoked a cigarette
how could you be both at once
strange but she was
presently she picked up the first of the letters
a few moments later her hands were trembling and her brow had contracted with anxiety and dismay
of course one of them would have to go and do this
poor cousin elec she thought tears rising to sting in the sun but why couldn't he have arranged to live through the summer
and how on earth did i ever get this letter anyway
she had reason indeed to wonder how the letter had managed to find her
her cousin emma carraway had written it in her loose high old lady 's script t 's carefully crossed but l 's inclined to wobble like an old car on the downward slope
cousin emma had simply put miss theresa stubblefield rome italy on the envelope had walked up to the post office in tuxapoka alabama and mailed it with as much confidence as if it had been a birthday card to her next-door neighbor
no return address whatsoever
somebody had scrawled american express piazza di spagna
across the envelope and now theresa had it all as easily as if she had been the president of the republic or the pope
inside were all the things they thought she ought to know concerning the last illness death and burial of cousin alexander carraway
cousin emma and cousin elec brother and sister unmarried devoted aging had lived next door to the stubblefields in tuxapoka from time immemorial until the stubblefields had moved to montgomery fifteen years ago
two days before he was taken sick cousin elec was out worrying about what too much rain might do to his sweetpeas and cousin elec had always preserved in the top drawer of his secretary a mother-of-pearl paper knife which theresa had coveted as a child and which he had promised she could have when he died
i'm supposed to care as much now as then as much here as there she realized with a sigh
this letter would have got to me if she hadn't even put rome italy on it
she refolded the letter replaced it in its envelope and turned with relief to one from her brother george
but alas george when he had written had only just returned from going to tuxapoka to cousin elec 's funeral
he was full of heavy family reminiscence
all the fine old stock was dying out look at the world today
his own children had suffered from the weakening of those values which he and theresa had always taken for granted and as for his grandchildren he had one so far still in diapers he shuddered to think that the true meaning of character might never dawn on them at all
a life of gentility and principle such as cousin elec had lived had to be known at first hand
the only boy the family darling
together with her mother both of them tense with worry lest things should somehow go wrong
theresa had seen him through the right college into the right fraternity and though pursued by various girls and various mammas of girls safely married to the right sort however much in the early years of that match his wife anne had seemed to understand poor george
could it just be theresa wondered that anne had understood only too well and that george all along was extraordinary only in the degree to which he was dull
as for cousin alexander carraway the only thing theresa could remember at the moment about him except his paper knife was that he had had exceptionally long hands and feet and one night about one o'clock in the morning the whole stubblefield family had been aroused to go next door at cousin emma 's call first papa then mother then theresa and george
there they all did their uttermost to help cousin elec get a cramp out of his foot
he had hobbled downstairs into the parlor in his agony and was sitting wrapped in his bathrobe on a footstool
he held his long clenched foot in both hands and this and his contorted face he was trying heroically to cry out made him look like a large skinny old monkey
they all surrounded him the family circle theresa and george as solemn as if they were watching the cat have kittens and cousin emma running back and forth with a kettle of hot water which she poured steaming into a white enamelled pan
can you think of anything to do
she kept repeating
i hate to call the doctor but if this keeps up i'll just have to
can you think of anything to do
you might treat it like the hiccups said papa
drop a cold key down his back
i just hope this happens to you someday said cousin elec who was at his best
poor cousin elec george said
he was younger than theresa she remembered looking down and seeing his great round eyes while at the same time she was dimly aware that her mother and father were unamused
poor cousin elec
now here they both were still the same george full of round-eyed woe and cousin emma in despair
theresa shifted to a new page
of course george 's letter continued there are practical problems to be considered
cousin emma is alone in that big old house and won't hear to parting from it
robbie and beryl tried their best to persuade her to come and stay with them and anne and i have told her she 's more than welcome here but i think she feels that she might be an imposition especially as long as our rosie is still in high school
the other possibility is to make arrangements for her to let out one or two of the rooms to some teacher of good family or one of those solitary old ladies that tuxapoka is populated with miss edna whittaker for example
but there is more in this than meets the eye
a new bathroom would certainly have to be put in
the wallpaper in the back bedroom is literally crumbling off
theresa skipped a page of details about the house
i hope if you have any ideas along these lines you will write me about them
i may settle on some makeshift arrangements for the summer and wait until you return in the fall so we can work out together the best
i really shouldn't have smoked a cigarette so early in the day thought theresa it always makes me sick
i'll start sneezing in a minute sitting on these cold steps
she got up standing uncertainly for a moment then moving aside to let go past her talking a group of young men
they wore shoes with pointed toes odd to american eyes and narrow trousers and their hair looked unnaturally black and slick
yet here they were obviously thought to be handsome and felt themselves to be so
just then a man approached her with a tray of cheap cameos parker fountain pens rosaries papal portraits
no said theresa
the man did wish to leave
he knew how to spread himself against the borders of the space that had to separate them
carrozza rides in the park the colosseum by moonlight he specialized
theresa turned away to escape and climbed to a higher landing where the steps divided in two
there she walked to the far left and leaned on a vacant section of banister while the vendor picked himself another well-dressed american lady carrying a camera and a handsome alligator bag ascending the steps alone
was he ever successful theresa wondered
the lady with the alligator bag registered interest doubt then indignation
at last alarm
she cast about as though looking for a policeman this really shouldn't be allowed
finally she scurried away up the steps
theresa stubblefield still holding the family letters in one hand realized that her whole trip to europe was viewed in family circles as an interlude between cousin elec 's death and doing something about cousin emma
they were even anne and george probably thinking themselves very considerate in hinting that she really should cut out one or two countries and come home in august to get cousin emma 's house ready before the teachers came to tuxapoka in september
of course it wasn't anne and george 's fault that one family crisis seemed to follow another and weren't they always emphasizing that they really didn't know what they would do without theresa
the trouble is theresa thought that while everything that happens there is supposed to matter supremely nothing here is supposed even to exist
they would care if all of europe were to sink into the ocean tomorrow
it never registered with them that i had time to read all of balzac dickens and stendhal while papa was dying to mention everything in the city library after mother 's operation
it would have been exactly the same to them if i had read through all twenty-six volumes of elsie dinsmore
she arranged the letters carefully one on top of the other
then with a motion so suddenly violent that she amazed herself she tore them in two
she became aware that two italian workmen carrying a large azalea pot were standing before her and wanted her to move so that they could begin arranging a new row of the display
mi diapiace signora ma insomma
oh put it there
she indicated a spot a little distance away
i knew it as surely as everybody in westfield that lucille was a husband stealer
you can't keep that kind of information quiet in a town of only ####-plus
and i've been told that just about every town no matter what its size has its lucille warren
just as it has its susan dolan though nobody'd ever bothered to tell me that
susan dolan that 's me
they even talked about lucille down at the young christians' league where i spent a lot of time in bible classes and helping out with the office work for our foreign mission
i never heard my folks talk about her though
they were good-living religious people and i can truthfully say i never heard them spread any gossip about anybody
even if they ever did say anything about people like lucille warren i know they wouldn't have dreamed of saying it in front of me
my folks and my faith protected me from things like that
and so i was really upset the first time i discovered that my boy friend johnnie was seeing mrs. warren
i asked him about it one night while we were sitting in his truck
i asked him if it was true
he gave me a straight honest answer
look sue baby he'd said
much as i love you well a guy 's a guy and lucille 's willing to to come across
honest kitten that 's all it is i don't even like lucille much
i guess it was at that moment that i realized what i was up against in the person of lucille warren
but it didn't seem fair
my love for johnnie was young and clean how could i possibly compete with a woman like that who didn't hesitate to use her sex
johnnie was a trucker with a small lumber outfit in a town about twenty miles away and he was also pretty good at anything in the carpentry line
it was a vivid sharp february morning that johnnie first made his appearance in my back yard bringing some stuff dad had ordered
i wasn't in the habit of batting my eyes at delivery men but the moment i saw johnnie i knew he was different
he wasn't only different he was it
he had an easy masculine grace about him the kind that kids don't have but that i had sometimes admired in other older men
his smile was quick and his eyes held some promised secret that made my knees go limp
the most unbelievable thing about the chance meeting was that he seemed interested in me too
i could hardly believe such good luck was mine
and now lucille warren had gotten a look at him
i guess she was between affairs or something but anyway she had set her sights on johnnie my johnnie
i didn't like it one bit
but what could i do
a man had to have his release at least that 's what the boys used to say in high school and i wasn't providing it for johnnie
neither was his wife
she wouldn't have even if he'd asked her
but he wouldn't ask her he wasn't the kind of man who would force his wife to submit to him against her will
and he wouldn't leave her either he'd told me that
he was too honorable to leave his wife penniless and leave those helpless children without their daddy
johnnie loved me and wanted me
but the only love i was giving him was the pure kind
it was weeks before we even kissed for the first time
against my folks' wishes we'd been seeing each other for short rides in the truck
the rides were tame enough mostly we talked
but by the time the first crackling of spring came around we both knew we were hopelessly in love
yet even then we did nothing much but talk and maybe neck a little
it 's so crazy i told him once
i always imagined i would probably end up marrying a minister or somebody like that
somebody with no vices
and you fall for a lumber jockey
who drinks far too much
and smokes too much
and i was ticking off the items on my fingers swears too much and goes out with the boys whoever they are too much and who ever goes to church and won't even listen when i try to persuade him to come back to the fold
he examined his nails carefully
i could walk out the door
don't you dare
and never show my face or my truck around here again
he still wasn't looking at me
or i could visit lucille warren
he shrugged noncommittally
and now he was seeing her
he'd just admitted it to me
i huddled miserably beside him in the truck
it was all my doing his seeing her
johnnie and i had been innocent in our love and that was the way i wanted to keep it
at first johnnie hadn't understood how could he being a religious person like me
but then he had said all right kid if that 's how you want it that 's how it'll be
but what had i done trying to keep us pure
i had driven him into the arms of that scheming woman
i had just the same as delivered him into the hands of the devil
so one week later i surrendered to him in the little motel on route ##
my very first time
i was desperate to hold him to give him whatever in this world he wanted or needed and to keep him from the clutches of lucille warren
and though at the time i blushed to admit it even to myself there was in me a growing desire a sexual awareness that johnnie had set in motion an awareness that no other man had ever triggered
i wanted him with a terrifying fierceness
astonishingly enough it was my own voice i heard there in the darkness begging this man to make love to me
love me johnnie
i will kitten
outside in the summertime fields behind the motel a thousand crickets serenaded us
will you always love me this way
and i snuggled closer to the man i loved
it was as blissful and fulfilling a night as any bride ever experienced
i had had no wedding ceremony no witnesses no certificate of marriage but i had all the joy that goes with them
it can't be wrong can it
johnnie rose on one elbow
it 's never wrong if love is real
i took great comfort from his words and smiled to myself in the darkness
infinite peace complete contentment
idiot 's delight i later discovered
i felt no conflict between what i was doing and my strict religious upbringing
i had always resisted the passes made at me by other kids and many times i had thought about my love for johnnie who being thirty brought a maturity to love that the kids around town could know nothing about
i had also thought a lot about how god must look on true love and so in a way i was keeping my promise to god my promise to remain pure until i was married
i was practically a bride after all
there would have been a ceremony if it had been possible
of this i had no doubt
wouldn't johnnie do practically anything in the world to insure my happiness
of course he would
he'd only told me so he'd proved it
it wasn't johnnie 's fault that he was hopelessly tied down to that frightful woman who did her best to make his life unbearable
just because he was honorable enough to want to continue supporting his two children as any decent man would that was no reason he should be denied his own small share of happiness too
and if i could contribute to that i'd do it
the cost didn't matter
no price is too high when true love is at stake
and i had no doubts about how true this love was
i'd never even petted with a boy and after i met johnnie he never touched me for the longest while until i all but threw myself at him
he was plenty attentive all right but he behaved like a gentleman and i figured that emotionally i was closer to his age than to my own eighteen and a half
what could a mere twelve years matter
it wasn't i was sure a difference in age that came between people but a difference in maturity
and hadn't i rescued him from lucille warren
she'd have gotten him if i hadn't stopped her
after all lucille warren was a husband-stealer from way back
but i'd been a good girl and now god was blessing me with the gift of this magnificent man and the wondrous love we shared
it was only fitting that we seek out whatever joy our union might bring
always and always johnnie
convention time in boston
a chill wind in the air and the narrow streets packed with snow
from the entire eastern half of the nation they'd be coming members of the young christians' league and i'd been chosen to represent our chapter
i had mixed emotions about going
i'd been seeing johnnie almost a year now but i still didn't want to leave him for five whole days
but i had looked forward so much to being with this church group
i hadn't been doing as much work as i used to in westfield and i felt funny about that and wanted to work harder than ever
i wanted to just throw myself into the good works of this fine group
so i went to boston
the first meeting was held in faneuil hall a great big place where we were able to meet members from all the other states
my cousin alma at whose home i was staying during the convention introduced me to a group of young people from rhode island
one of them was a very friendly lovely fellow named ronald a boy about my age with slick blond hair and dancing blue eyes
he looked very different from johnnie in fact he looked sort of like me
i thought so and he mentioned it and alma said so too
after the meeting there was going to be a party at someone 's house
i assumed alma would get me there but in the confusion of the meeting breaking up we were separated
outside the hall i anxiously looked around for her then all at once there was a hand on my elbow
hey there beautiful twin of mine ronald said
need a pumpkin to get to the party
i couldn't help laughing with him
well i should find alma i began
come along with me
by the time we arrived the party was already going strong
a couple of the girls were laughing rather shrilly and i realized they were drinking
my folks wouldn't dream of having alcohol in the house so my first taste of it had been of course with johnnie
i hadn't liked it at first it was bitter and burning
but when johnnie disguised the taste with ginger ale i enjoyed it
of course i enjoyed 'most anything if i did it with johnnie
johnnie i suddenly realized he'd been totally out of my thoughts all evening
but that was only natural i decided
surely he was still resting snugly in my heart
i don't see alma anywhere i said
she 's invisible tonight
c'mon let 's find out where they're keeping the glasses
i drew back
i i don't think so ronald
aw come on
but at least come along while i get lubricated
the kitchen was jammed
strange faces most of them and i wasn't even sure all of them had come from the league meeting
under normal circumstances he had a certain bright-eyed all-american-boy charm with great appeal for young ladies old ladies and dogs
today he looked like an astronaut who had left his vitamin pills on the bureau and spent six months in space hollow eyes hollow cheeks hollow stomach
breakfast he thought
a shot of orange juice would make everything seem better
he looked around his little eden bureau bed table chair two-burner stove
then he remembered
you share a refrigerator mrs. kirby had said and somehow at midnight after the long drive from new york in pelting rain that had sounded reasonable
in the cold light of day it seemed a lunatic arrangement
share bath maybe but share refrigerator
she had explained it something about summer people 's eating out and enough space in the units
and where was the thing
he remembered seeing it last night when he put away his small store of bachelor-type eatables
ah yes his half of a refrigerator stood outside on the curving veranda between unit number three and unit number four
it was still raining and mrs. kirby 's cottages bloomed through the gray haze like the names they bore vivid blue and green and magenta
charlie downed his orange juice and one of the long skinny green pills his spirits as damp as the day
this vacation had seemed like a good idea last week when his doctor had prescribed it
take a full month the doctor had said
lots of sun lots of rest
the red pills are a vitamin-and-iron compound
this is a sleeping capsule
the others will make you a little more comfortable until you get it licked
you young men get to be my age you won't take flu so lightly
charlie had accepted the diagnosis without comment
the doctor could call it anything from flu to beriberi
but charlie knew what was wrong with him and knew too that there was no pill to cure it
he had loved and lost vivian wayne to somebody else had watched her marry the somebody else and had caught a bear of a cold by kissing the bride good-by forever which was really piling it on
he had caught too like an ailment a confirmed distrust of women
once burned scalded really because vivian had given him every encouragement forever shy
from now on his was going to be a man 's world the north woods duck blinds at dawning beer and poker and male secretaries
meanwhile he had this miserable cold and as he leaned against the refrigerator watching the rain make sandy puddles at his feet the doctor 's prescription for lots of sun seemed like a hollow mockery
in these damp circumstances he was an odds-on bet to develop pneumonia
he looked up to see mrs. kirby awesome in a black-and-yellow polka-dotted slicker bearing down on him
she bellowed triumphantly
he had noticed before that the natives seemed to regard really filthy weather as a kind of pyhrric victory over the tourists
fine day after tomorrow she added
i hope so he said
i've got this cold
thought i'd bake it out in the sun
she studied him briefly
you've got a peaked look
better get in out of the wet
charlie forbore to mention that the wet was somewhat universal peony being less than weatherproof
as for its being fine day after tomorrow he had the unhappy conviction that it would never be fine again with vivian lost to him forever
he could imagine her at this minute honeymooning in nassau with what's-his-name lounging on golden sands looking forward to a life of unalloyed bliss
all charlie could look forward to was a yellow pill at noon a salami sandwich for lunch and a lonely old age if he lived that long
he leafed through the light reading provided by mrs. kirby for her guests four separate adventures of the bobbsey twins at the seashore at the mountains on the farm and in danger and several agricultural bulletins on the treatment of hoof-and-mouth disease in cattle hideously illustrated
he dozed only to dream of vivian and woke only to crash into the night table bruising his other shin
he took a yellow pill only to choke on it and went for the salami only to find something alive in the refrigerator something pink and fuzzy
his first thought was that mrs. kirby in her mania for color had dyed a cat and that cat had somehow managed to open the refrigerator door and climb in
but on further investigation the thing proved to be a sweater of the long-hair variety that sheds onto men 's jackets pale pale pink and according to the label size thirty-four
he thought about it for a minute could find no reasonable explanation for the presence of a sweater in the refrigerator got the salami bread and a bermuda onion and put the whole thing out of his mind
next morning he found a note in the refrigerator
would you mind wrapping your onion
said this note
the smell permeates everything
everything being the sweater a lipstick case and a squirt bottle of kissin' kare pink hand lotion
the note paper was pink too and the handwriting small and dainty and utterly feminine
that he had supposed considering the evidence that he was sharing this refrigerator with a member of the beach patrol
he scrawled sorry across the bottom of the note and then against his better judgment added don't you eat
he didn't want to encourage anything here
but on the other hand he didn't want her swiping his salami
onions came the answer the following day
must have really smelled up her sweater he thought and wondered idly just why she kept the sweater fast-frozen
but then as he well knew women are guided by logic or common sense
yes take vivian
now if this were vivian next door to him and if for some obscure female reason she kept her clothes in the refrigerator they would be pink
they would be black or white or horse-blanket plaid chic and splashy like vivian herself
pink vivian once had told him was for baby girls and grown-up girls who wore pink were subconsciously clinging to their infancy
why does this girl keep a sweater in the refrigerator
he mused aloud
it was mrs. kirby making her toilsome way along the veranda laden with a clattery collection of mops brushes and pails
what 's that you say
just glad the rain 's stopped
just look at that sky
be a scorcher by afternoon
i hope so
i've got this cold
so you said
she scrutinized him
my you're peaked
you want to watch out that you don't get burned to an ash first sunny day
i must remember to warn the girl next to you in larkspur
that pale kind 's the worst
that pale kind charlie thought
hardly an inviting description
but then neither was peaked
he could hear mrs. kirby now warning her pale guest against sunburn
i spoke to the fellow next door too she might say
he 's that peaked kind
surely there was a better word
charlie looked in the mirror
he looked more closely
frail feeble peaked
clearly two damp days with the bobbsey twins had done him no good
the sun blazing hot as prophesied was far from kind to mrs. kirby 's varicolored properties
when charlie came up from the beach for his four-o'clock pill the whole establishment gaudy enough when seen through mist and fog looked like a floodlit modern painting great blocks of dizzy color punctuated at regular intervals by the glaring white of five community refrigerators
this weekend he thought he would look around for some more subdued retreat with cape roses maybe at the door
he could imagine a flower 's being brave enough to grow beside peony larkspur and the rest
the sweater was gone from the refrigerator and in its place was a large plastic bag full of wet pink clothes
no wonder she was so pale wearing all those cold clothes
he got a red pill and a beer and then on impulse transferred the rest of his salami to her side of the refrigerator and scrawled be my guest on the wrapping
it gave him a good feeling
thanks was her answer the next day
the note was propped against his pill bottles and bore a postscript you're at all well are you
i've got this cold he wrote
that it was any of her business
it 's none of my business said the next note but my aunt elsie used to take lemon juice and honey in hot water for a cold and she lived to be ninety-six
i mean she 's still living and she 's ninety-six
why don't you try that
i don't have a lemon
he had to write very small to get it on the bottom of the scrap of paper
by the next morning she had turned the paper over
gee neither do i
she didn't sound like a pale girl
she sounded a little like a redhead
but then redheads are often pale
he stuck his head in mrs. kirby 's little rental office
i guess that redhead next to me took your advice
i haven't seen her on the beach
you won't if you're looking for a redhead
she 's got browny hair
he spent that afternoon on the beach looking for a pale browny-haired girl in a pink bathing suit
there were pink bathing suits on blondes and browny-haired girls in red or black or green bathing suits
there were a sprinkling of daring bikinis and a preponderance of glorified tank suits
up on a dune he saw a girl all by herself sitting on a camp stool before an easel and absorbed in her painting
he paid little attention to her because she was a redhead and because she was wearing white one of those bulky turtle-neck sweaters
on the beach there were pale girls and not-so-pale girls
and he saw them all as he walked up and down
at two that morning he was still walking up and down peony up and down the veranda up and down the silent moonlit beach
finally in desperation he opened the refrigerator filched her hand lotion and left a note
i've got this sunburn said the note and i used some of your hand lotion
hope you don't mind
of course i don't mind she answered
you're having a miserable time aren't you
use all the lotion you want and for goodness' sake stay in out of the sun for a couple of days
this was a very warm sympathetic girl he decided
sympathy is a fine quality in a woman
now vivian for instance was too long on sympathy
she felt and said that sympathy only made people feel sorry for themselves
it was a tough world and you had to be tough to hold your own
he didn't know what was so tough about vivian 's world slopping around nassau with what's-his-name
suppose what's-his-name got a sunburn
charlie couldn't see vivian offering any hand lotion
she might peel him once the worst of the agony was over
charlie spent the next two days in his pajama bottoms waiting for the fire in his back to subside and used generous quantities of the hand lotion
correspondence passed back and forth
how 's your sunburn now
the only thing this lotion has glycerin in it and that whitens the skin so if you're so anxious to get a tan you may want to use it
i'm that anxious but maybe that 's why you're so fair
that mrs. kirby
i'll bet she told you i was puny too
how 's your cold
she didn't say you were puny
puny goes with pale and peaked
do you have anything to read while you're shut up
there are two things here about surviving in the wilderness and a book called tom swift and his speedy canoe
but the picture of tom swift is pretty sinister
also the canoe
there was a crowd in the stands for a change and the sun was hot
the new riverside pitcher turned out to have an overhand fast ball that took a hop
for a few innings the anniston team couldn't figure him out
then in the fifth anniston 's kid catcher caught onto a curve and smacked the ball into left center field
eddie lee riverside 's redheaded playing manager ran after the ball but it rolled past him
phil rossoff cut over to center from left field to get the relay
eddie caught up with the ball near the fence and threw it to phil
phil spun around and made an accurate throw into mike deegan 's hands on third base
mike caught the ball just as the catcher slid into the bag
but the anniston boy had begun his slide too late
he came into the bag with his body and mike deegan brought the ball down full in his face
the anniston catcher screamed
he jumped to his feet and started to throw punches
mike deegan tossed his glove away and began to swing at the catcher
this brought in everybody from both sides while the spectators stood up and added to the uproar
the fighters were separated in a few minutes
the game was resumed
but mike deegan was boiling mad now
when the inning was over he cursed the anniston catcher all the way into the dugout
phil rossoff coming in from left field stopped at the water fountain for a drink
mike deegan was standing beside it facing the field
he was eyeing the anniston catcher warming up his pitcher before the inning began
keep your eyes open sonny
mike yelled to the catcher
you're in for trouble
the anniston catcher did reply with words
he simply turned to mike and smiled
this so infuriated deegan that he spun around and said i'll get that little bastard
so help me god i'll get him
phil rossoff said why don't you leave him alone
mind your own goddamn business mike deegan said
he stepped into the dugout wondering why deegan was always looking for trouble
maybe the answer was in his eyes
when deegan smiled his eyes never fit in with his lips
in the last of the sixth inning mike deegan got up to bat and hit a fast ball over the left fielder 's head
by the time the fielder got his hands on the ball deegan was rounding third base and heading for home
the left fielder threw and it was a good one
but mike had no chance of being tagged
the anniston catcher was straddling home plate
all deegan had to do was slide fall away but instead he rammed into the catcher
both fell heavily to the ground
only mike got to his feet
he went back to touch home plate turned and walked to the dugout without looking back
the anniston players and their manager ran out on the field
they poured water over their catcher 's face
he did move
then the manager called for a doctor
the riverside physician came down to look over the injured ballplayer
then quickly and a little nervously the doctor ordered a couple of ballplayers to carry the catcher into the dressing room
mike deegan was sitting on the bench watching
when the ballplayers started to carry the catcher off the field he said that ought to teach the sonofabitch
phil rossoff seated next to deegan got up and moved to the other end of the bench
the anniston manager was coming over to the riverside dugout
he was followed by four of his men
it began to look as if something was going to happen
mike sat quietly watching the manager come nearer
eddie lee moved over to mike deegan 's side
no one said a word
the anniston manager came right up to the dugout in front of mike
his face was flushed
deegan the manager said his voice pitched low quivering
that was a rotten thing to do
for god 's sake mike said waving the manager away
stop it will you
tell your guys to block the plate
you didn't have to ram him
that 's what you say
the anniston manager looked at eddie lee
it was a cold and calculated look
he turned and went back across the field to his dugout
he called in the pitcher who had been pitching and a big heavy powerfully built right hander moved out to the mound for anniston
the game started again and in the eighth inning mike deegan came up to bat
everyone in the ball park seemed to be standing and shouting
the first ball the hefty pitcher threw came in for mike 's head
deegan fell into the dirt the ball going over him
he arose slowly and brushed himself off
he got back into the batter 's box and on the next pitch dropped into the dirt again
hit the bum
somebody yelled from the anniston bench
in the riverside dugout frankie ricco shortstop whispered into phil 's ear there 's gonna be a fight
look at those bastards
charlie haydon a pitcher said
they're looking for trouble
mike was slow getting into the box this time
when he finally did he had to duck his head quickly away as the pitch came in
he shouted to the pitcher
one more and i'm coming out there
i'll be waiting
the pitcher yelled back
mike deegan pounded the rubber plate with the end of his bat
he stood flat-footed in the box but very close to the plate now
the pitcher wound up and the ball came in straight for mike 's head
deegan dropped got up turned and holding the bat with both hands up against his chest began to walk slowly out to the mound
the pitcher tossed his glove away and came towards mike deegan
they were both walking towards each other unhurried
riverside and anniston players rushed out on the field
in the next moment it seemed the infield was crowded with spectators ballplayers cops kids and a dog
there was much shouting and screaming
fights sprang up and were quickly squelched
mike and the anniston pitcher were pulled away before they even came together
phil rossoff and two other riverside players did go out on the field when the fighting started
after the game phil was taking off his sweatshirt in the dressing room when mike deegan came in
it 's a helluva thing mike said looking at phil when a guy 's own team-mate won't come out and help him in a fight
phil sighed and pulled the wet sweatshirt over his head
frankie ricco sat down on the bench near phil
the other players were undressing quietly
eddie lee had come in yet
mike went over to phil and stood over him
why the hell didn't you come out when you saw them gang up on me
i didn't think it was necessary
now that 's just fine
you didn't think it was necessary
mike placed both his hands on his hips
he pushed his jaw forward
listen wise guy if you think i'm gonna do all the fighting for this ball club you're crazy
mike had a good two inches over phil and phil had to look up into mike 's face
i didn't ask you to fight for the ball club phil said slowly
nobody else did either
you trying to say i started the fight
i'm trying to say anything
phil turned away and opened his locker and then he heard mike deegan say you're yellow rossoff
and phil banged his locker door shut and spun around
but before anything could happen frankie ricco was between them and eddie lee had come into the dressing room
phil come into my office eddie said
phil followed eddie into the office and shut the door
he sat down before eddie 's desk
i'm doing you a favor eddie said quickly
you get your unconditional release as of today
phil 's eyes widened just a trifle
the best thing for you to do eddie said is go home
you don't belong in professional baseball
phil had to clear his throat
is this because of what happened out there
no eddie said
but it does confirm what i've suspected all along
phil stood up
this is the second time
sit down sit down eddie said
i'm saying you're yellow
i am saying you're a professional ballplayer
eddie lee leaned forward over the desk
now listen to me phil
i'm steering you wrong
you haven't got the heart for baseball
phil shook his head and eddie frowned
suddenly his voice grew hard
what the hell do you think baseball is
you're in the big leagues but if you can't give and take down here what the hell do you think it'll be like up there
phil started to say something but eddie cut him short
now don't tell me what a good ball player you are
i know you've got talent
but what you haven't got is the heart to back up that talent with
the heart phil
you just haven't got the heart for pro-ball and that 's it
dazed phil said i don't get it
my batting average
eddie stood up abruptly then sat down just as abruptly
what difference does your batting average make
or your fielding average
or even the way you run bases
i tell you when it 's necessary to hurt in order to win you won't do it
that 's what i mean by no heart for the game
baseball 's no cinch
deegan had no business ramming into that kid out there
he did it because he knows for each guy he puts out of commission that 's one less who might take his job away later on
what the hell do you think baseball is
it 's a way of life goddamit
and you've got to be ready to cut to ribbons anybody who wants to take your way of life away from you
it 's only his opinion
there were other clubs in this league
he stood up slowly
he was a little pale and shaky
his lips felt glued together
i think you're wrong eddie he said finally
you'll get your pay in the morning
phil turned and left the room hearing eddie say someday you'll see i was right
phil shut the door behind him
outside in the dressing room frankie ricco sat on the bench dressed in his street clothes
phil said i got my release
frankie shook his head
i don't get it
i don't know phil said
they were silent for a few moments
then frankie said what are you gonna do
phil started to take his clothes off and frankie sat down on the bench again
phil took off one shoe and stared at it
don't take it like this frankie said
hell plenty of guys get let out and come back later
the leagues are full of guys like that
phil was very quiet
what are you gonna do phil
phil did answer
why try another club
phil looked up
what the hell right did eddie have saying a thing like that
springfield 's in tomorrow frankie said
talk to whitey jackson
he just didn't know what he was talking about saying a thing like that
will you do it phil
ask whitey for a job
sure he said
springfield come in tomorrow
i'll speak to whitey
i'll talk to him all right
don't worry frankie said
you'll get a job there
he needs outfielders bad
i'm worried about it phil said
that 's the way to talk
what else did eddie have to say
nothing phil said
richard 's next interest seemed the product of his insularity
his broad reading took him into certain by-ways of religion and the subject of religion began to fascinate him
when he was twelve he took to reading st. augustine and aquinas then lao-tse confucius mencius suzuki hindu tomes by endless krishnaists and numerous socio-archaeological papers
for his birthday because richard had seen them in a store and asked for them his mother bought him the zend-avesta and a little image of the indian god acala
and one day on her own his mother came home with a present entitled the book of the dead which she suspected richard would enjoy
he was enormously happy with her gift and smiled then went to his room to read
at dinner one night when he was fourteen richard announced there is only one god
did you think there were two
grinned his father
you don't understand richard said gloomily
through quiet laughter his mother said don't speak to your father like that richard
richard seldom spoke anyhow and he didn't speak to his parents about religion again
his interest in the formal study of religion waned when he was sixteen and he substituted for it an interest in asian affairs
although he still didn't speak to anyone he grew fond of saying the future lies in asia when the opportunity arose and when he graduated from high school his parents sent him to new york to give him a foundation they said for his life in asian studies
richard was a solitary student in new york and acquired in his remoteness a thorough if bookish knowledge of asian lore literature life politics and history
he was awarded a fellowship to continue his studies in tokyo and he packed up his clothes the biwa upon which he had been practicing and his image of acala and left to spend a week at home before leaving the country
the week at home was comfortable
his mother who had seen little of him for four years appeared worried about his sailing off by himself for an orient which she herself having slight knowledge of it had to be distrusted
she seemed to work to grow close to her son in the few days he spent at home talking to him about some of the more pleasant moments of his childhood and then trying to talk to him about those things in which he alone was interested
do you still have the book of the dead
she asked him and laughing she added i was nervous about buying a book with a title like that but i knew you'd like it
yes he lied to shorten the conversation i still have it
he was no longer able to relax in the presence of his parents and found it difficult to keep up a conversation with his mother or father no matter the subject
as for the book of the dead it along with his other books on religion had been incarcerated in a furnace in the basement of the building in which he had lived in new york
he had dusted each of the books carefully and carried them all to the basement and trembling at having to open the big furnace given them up to the flames
then he sped from the dark basement and returned to his room and cried
richard left america with his clothes his biwa and his image of acala and on the freighter which took him to japan he plucked at the biwa trying to make the sounds he wrought resemble an ancient japanese tune he had once heard
during his second week at sea he brought the curious melody out of the instrument and suddenly wanted to force the biwa to remain at just that moment in its history when it had given him pleasure
he stole from his cabin late that night and crept out into a gusty north pacific wind and dropped the biwa into the water
it was so dark that he didn't see it hit the water and the noisy rush of the ocean kept him from hearing it
it was as though the biwa had been eaten up by the wind
in tokyo richard took up a life similar to that which he had lived in new york except that he had replaced his biwa with a friend
an american student named charlotte adams had refused to take notice of his evident aversion to people and had at last succeeded in getting him to talk to her
he had nothing much to say to her but that he said anything seemed to please her and he accompanied her on some of her unusually searching tours of tokyo
in charlotte richard saw a frankness and a zest for doing things which after a fashion he envied
in time he grew to depend upon her occasional company and she at length was able to encourage him to participate in more social activity
she convinced him that he ought to be a member of some of the small tea-drinking parties she held at her rooms and in the end he complied with her wishes although it was only rarely that he added anything to the random conversations
at one such gathering charlotte announced i was at ryusenji today
have you ever been to ryusenji
no one had
well it 's at fudomae and there was a tan young man quite naked taking a shower in the pool
i was thoroughly startled
richard thought it a more promising remark than any made during the last conversation but charlotte 's manner during the gatherings was more flippant and superficial than when she was alone with him and he was sure her remark would lead to nothing much better than the pointless words which had preceded it
three of the four persons present all foreign students in tokyo had been playing a game of judging popular japanese foods by the in and out system an equation in which zen philosophy was used as the modifier
soba udon and tea were in because they could be taken noisily
sushi was out because it was pretentious
sashimi was in samuel burns had suggested because it was too far out to stay out even if it was a little pretentious
richard had kept his eyes down throughout the game the very sound of the chatter nearly painful to his ears
he wasn't the least bit disturbed by my watching him said charlotte
did you watch him
asked a red-haired girl named ceecee witter
i shouldn't have been able to do that
well i was able to do it charlotte said with no sign of irritation
for a minute anyhow
i'm surprised no one has been there
i've been there a number of times
sam i thought you knew everything about tokyo
you've never been to ryusenji
i've heard about it samuel burns said
there 's a little place there called lovers mound dedicated to gompachi and komurasaki
yes a little parkish place charlotte said and concluded anyhow it 's all very nice
and the man who brought sweet potatoes into kanto is buried there next to a beautiful seated statue of fudo
oh that 's what i meant to tell you
this is the interesting part richard she had a bothersome habit of trying to pull him into the talking
there was that fellow out there in the bitter cold
my god it was cold today said samuel burns
twenty-two or twenty-three
and the water would be still colder ceecee seemed to shiver at the thought of it
and your golden god said samuel burns probably went right home and poured himself into a boiling bath
it would kill one of us
but the point is charlotte said there he was freezing naked in a little stream of water at ryusenji all in worship of fudo the god of fire
richard 's dark eyes came up and seemed for the tiniest moment to reflect sharp light
it was true
fudo the god of wisdom was also thought of as the japanese version of acala
the conversation went on but richard stopped listening
he found himself trying to remember something but he couldn't decide even the nature of what it was he worked to recall
he had almost given up when he realized that the dropping of his biwa into the icy jowls of the black pacific was the memory for which he had been searching
perhaps he sensed some connection between the incident on the freighter and the ascetic at ryusenji he was unable to put it together
that night after leaving charlotte 's apartment richard walked about for a time before returning to his room
when he at last did go to his room he couldn't sleep and instead paced up and down before his little image of acala thinking first of charlotte 's tale of the man at ryusenji then of his biwa and the invisible pacific waters
and the next morning sure of why he went he took the train to fudomae and walked to ryusenji
he was surprised by the sharp sensation he experienced as he approached the pool which charlotte had mentioned
he went through a gate to stand at the edge of the water and gazed at the two thin falls which dropped from large spigots high at the back of the pool
on the hillside above was caged what might have been an incarnation of fudo or perhaps a demon
the strange creature housed in wire made him shudder
the sensation he so overwhelmingly realized was one which told him he had been there before but he knew he had and could recall any place he had visited to be likened to the limpid green water or the little fountain-falls or the green demon imprisoned beyond his reach
he left the pool and climbed the steep stone stairs to the temple and the sense of familiarity with the place would leave him
into a little well before the temple he dropped a hundred-yen coin and then he had an urge to sound the bell before the temple to take hold of the rope and crash it against the circle of bronze
but the spirit he wished to call out would he knew come in the person of the temple priest
instead he walked around the temple and mounted still another flight of stairs and stood before the seated fudo at their head
the black fudo seemed to stare rigidly back at him and richard 's eyes were caught by the fudo 's in fascination and then richard was shocked as all at once flames shot out from the sharp features of fudo 's face and there was a terrible metallic scraping sound as if the large statue were about to burst from some pressure within it
then the flames were gone the stillness fell upon the severe black face and richard began to tremble violently
suddenly he emptied his pockets of all his coins and dropped them into the box before the seated fudo and hurried back down both stairways and away from the temple never looking back
he walked all the miles back to his room
he seemed to have picked up a virus that day because the next morning he had a small cough and felt a bit hot
he stayed home reading and refusing to think about his frightening experience at ryusenji
but the process of refusing to think about it was an active reminder in itself and he couldn't rid himself of a consciousness of it throughout the day
the cold lingered making sleep difficult that night and he remained in bed still the next morning now unable to keep from thinking about the inexplicable sight of burning metal the wretched sound the unbearable feeling of having been to a remote tokyo temple at some earlier time in his life
all of the elements of the experience were impossible and yet the reality of them was heavy upon him and he resolved never again to visit the temple at fudomae
i was thinking of the heat and of water that morning when i was plowing the stubble field far across the hill from the farm buildings
it had grown hot early that day and i hoped that the boy my brother 's son would soon come across the broad black area of plowed ground carrying the jar of cool water
the boy usually was sent out at about that time with the water and he always dragged an old snow-fence lath or a stick along to play with
he pretended that the lath was a tractor and he would drag it through the dirt and make buzzing tractor sounds with his lips
i almost ran over the snake before i could stop the tractor in time
i had turned at the corner of the field and i had to look back to raise the plow and then to drop it again into the earth and i was thinking of the boy and the water anyway and when i looked again down the furrow the snake was there
it lay half in the furrow and half out and the front wheels had rolled nearly up to it when i put in the clutch
the tractor was heavily loaded with the weight of the plow turning the earth and the tractor stopped instantly
the snake slid slowly and with great care from the new ridge the plow had made into the furrow and did go any further
i had never liked snakes much i still had that kind of quick panic that i'd had as a child whenever i saw one but this snake was clean and bright and very beautiful
he was multi-colored and graceful and he lay in the furrow and moved his arched and tapered head only so slightly
go out of the furrow snake i said but it did move at all
i pulled the throttle of the tractor in and out hoping to frighten him with the noise but the snake only flicked its black forked tongue and faced the huge tractor wheel without fright or concern
i let the engine idle then and i got down and went around the wheel and stood beside it
my movement did frighten the snake and it raised its head and trailed delicately a couple of feet and stopped again and its tongue was working very rapidly
i followed it looking at the brilliant colors on its tubular back the colors clear and sharp and perfect in orange and green and brown diamonds the size of a baby 's fist down its back and the diamonds were set one within the other and interlaced with glistening jet-black
the colors were astonishing clear and bright and it was as if the body held a fire of its own and the colors came through that transparent flesh and skin vivid and alive and warm
the eyes were clear and black and the slender body was arched slightly
his flat and gracefully tapered head lifted as i looked at him and the black tongue slipped in and out of that solemn mouth
you beauty i said i couldn't kill you
you are much too beautiful
i had killed snakes before when i was younger but there had been no animal like this one and i knew it was unthinkable that an animal such as that should die
i picked him up and the length of him arched very carefully and gracefully and only a little wildly and i could feel the coolness of that radiant fire-colored body like splendid ice and i knew that he had eaten only recently because there were two whole and solid little lumps in the forepart of him like fieldmice swallowed whole might make
the body caressed through my hands like cool satin and my hands usually tanned and dark were pale beside it and i asked it where the fire colors could come from the coolness of that body
i lowered him so he would fall and his body slid out onto the cool newly-plowed earth from between my pale hands
the snake worked away very slowly and delicately and with a gorgeous kind of dignity and beauty and he carried his head a little above the rolled clods
the sharp burning colors of his body stood brilliant and plain against the black soil like a target
i felt good and satisfied looking at the snake
it shone in its bright diamond color against the sun-burned stubble and the crumbled black clods of soil and against the paleness of myself
the color and beauty of it were strange and wonderful and somehow alien too in that dry and dusty and uncolored field
i got on the tractor again and i had to watch the plow closely because the field was drawn across the long hillside and even in that good soil there was a danger of rocks
i had my back to the corner of the triangular field that pointed towards the house
the earth was a little heavy and i had to stop once and clean the plowshares because they were scouring properly and i did look back towards the place until i had turned the corner and was plowing across the upper line of the large field a long way from where i had stopped because of the snake
i saw it all at a glance
the boy was there at the lower corner of the field and he was in the plowed earth stamping with ferocity and a kind of frenzied impatience
even at that distance with no sound but the sound of the tractor i could tell the fierce mark of brutality on the boy
i could see the hunched-up shoulders the savage determination the dance of his feet as he ground the snake with his heels and the pirouette of his arms as he whipped at it with the stick
stop it i shouted but the lumbering and mighty tractor roared on above anything i could say
i stopped the tractor and i shouted down to the boy and i knew he could hear me for the morning was clear and still but he did even hesitate in that brutal murdering dance
it was no use
i felt myself tremble thinking of the diamond light of that beauty i had held a few moments before and i wanted to run down there and halt if i could that frenetic pirouette catch the boy in the moment of his savagery and save a glimmer a remnant of that which i remembered but i knew it was already too late
i drove the tractor on looking down there
i was afraid to look for fear the evil might still be going on
my head began to ache and the fumes of the tractor began to bother my eyes and i hated the job suddenly and i thought there are only moments when one sees beautiful things and these are soon crushed or they vanish
i felt the anger mount within me
the boy waited at the corner with the jar of water held up to me in his hands and the water had grown bubbly in the heat of the morning
i knew the boy well
he was eleven and we had done many things together
he was a beautiful boy really with finely-spun blonde hair and a smooth and still effeminate face and his eyelashes were long and dark and brushlike and his eyes were blue
he waited there and he smiled as the tractor came up as he would smile on any other day
he was my nephew my brother 's son handsome and warm and newly-scrubbed with happiness upon his face and his face resembled my brother 's and mine as well
i saw then too the stake driven straight and hard into the plowed soil through something there where i had been long before
i stopped the tractor and climbed down and the boy came eagerly up to me
can i ride around with you
he asked as he often did and i had as often let him be on the tractor beside me
i looked closely at his eyes and he was already innocent
the killing was already forgotten in that clear mind of his
no you cannot i said pushing aside the water jar he offered to me
i pointed to the splintered upright stake
did you do that
yes he said eagerly beginning a kind of dance of excitement
i killed a snake
it was a big one
he tried to take my hand to show me
why did you kill it
snakes are ugly and bad
this snake was very beautiful
didn't you see how beautiful it was
snakes are ugly he said again
you saw the colors of it didn't you
have you ever seen anything like it around here
snakes are ugly and bad and it might have bitten somebody and they would have died
you know there are no poisonous snakes in this area
this snake could harm anything
they eat chickens sometimes the boy said
they are ugly and they eat chickens and i hate snakes
you are talking foolishly i said
you killed it because you wanted to kill it for no other reason
they're ugly and i hate them the boy insisted
nobody likes snakes
it was beautiful i said half to myself
the boy skipped along beside me and he was contented with what he had done
the fire of the colors was gone
there was a contorted ugliness now
the colors of its back were dull and gray-looking torn and smashed in and dirty from the boy 's shoes
the beautifully-tapered head so delicate and so cool had been flattened as if in a vise and the forked tongue splayed out of the twisted torn mouth
the snake was hideous and i remembered even then the cool bright fire of it only a little while before and i thought perhaps the boy had always seen it dead and hideous like that and had even stopped to see the beauty of it in its life
i wrenched the stake out that the boy had driven through it in the thickest part of its body between the colored diamond crystals
i touched it and the coolness the ice-feeling was gone and even then it moved a little perhaps a tiny spasm of the dead muscles and i hoped that it was truly dead so that i would have to kill it
and then it moved a little more and i knew the snake was dying and i would have to kill it there
the boy stood off a few feet and he had the stake again and he was racing innocently in circles making the buzzing tractor sound with his lips
i'm sorry i thought to the snake for you were beautiful
i took the broken length of it around the tractor and i took one of the wrenches from the tool-kit and i struck its head looking at it to kill it at last for it could never live
the boy came around behind me dragging the stake
it 's a big snake isn't it
i'm going to tell everybody how big a snake i killed
don't you see what you have done
don't you see the difference now
it 's an ugly terrible snake he said
he came up and was going to push at it with his heavy shoes
i could see the happiness in the boy 's eyes the gleeful brutality
don't i said
i could have slapped the boy
he looked up at me puzzled and he swayed his head from side to side
i thought you little brute you nasty selfish little beast with brutality already developed within that brain and in those eyes
i wanted to slap his face to wipe forever the insolence and brutal glee from his mouth and i decided then very suddenly what i would do
cady didn't come unglued easily but this had been a day of glad tidings
tax worries production worries personnel worries and the letter from hanford college his own alma mater a real snapper
hanford realized he had enrolled his son four years ago
yes the boy 's credentials were in order scholastic transcript character references picture health record successful college boards
but due to the many applicants on file would he co-operate and write a personal letter giving them his son 's motivation interests and his qualifications for leadership
cady partlow lit his pipe with no comfort
this was it
this was the letter which would or would enroll his son david in hanford
his son who had never held an office in any organization in the eighteen years of his life
his son who did know whether he wanted to be doctor lawyer merchant or chief
he wondered if he had played it wrong
maybe he should have kept in touch
gone back for reunions
but he had been busy building a business being a big man in his own town just as he had been a big man at hanford class of ####
besides cady partlow knew he wasn't the old-grad-type
it wouldn't help anyway
look at pete alcorn who hadn't missed a hanford ball game in fifteen years
pete 's son was rejected
hanford college little ivy league had no room for football players with low grades
cady looked at his own son 's scholastic record with pride
good solid b average with a sprinkling of a 's in math and science
imagine his son being that good in science
mr. partlow could still feel a cold sweat on his slightly gray temples as he remembered what a near thing chemistry had been for him at hanford
but then he hadn't studied very hard
getting elected president of the student body took a lot of time and politicking
he put down his pipe and started to type
in response to your letter i can in good conscience recommend my son david in the field of leadership
he stopped and looked at the picture of his son the picture on his desk which had changed with the years from a laughing baby to a candidate for hanford college
he didn't have to be told his son looked like him
david had the same gray eyes high cheekbones dark hair and a certain rugged ugliness
he turned back to the typewriter with a little more confidence
his interests range from astronomy and geology to electronics tennis and swimming
his chief motivation for enrolling at hanford is the desire to
mr. partlow banged his fist on the keyboard ruining the letter
he paced to the window and looked at the city he had helped to build
how do you tell a college president that your son doesn't know what he wants to do
that you have refused to drive him into the family business or push him into a profession so you can say at the club of course david has known since he was twelve he wanted to be an engineer or a lawyer or an editor
how do you tell a college like hanford that your son has a vast potential that he will find himself
just give him time give him a chance
cady snapped the venetian blind shut and slammed himself down before the typewriter rolled in a fresh sheet and gave his letter the same savage attention he bestowed on a salesman who needed to have the bucket taken off his thick head
what a production to make of a letter commending your own son
his eyebrow went up in amusement at his soul-searching panic
he told hanford his son wanted to go into the field of electronics
he told hanford his son had participated in numerous high-school activities
he belonged to a social club a civic group little theater swimming team and had been president of the student forum as well as treasurer of the science club
he finished with a flurry of good wishes to hanford college and signed the letter
there that did it
then he met the grave eyes of his wife anne from the photograph next to david 's
he shoved the unsealed letter into his coat pocket
better show it to anne and see if he had omitted anything
after all his wife had written most of his letters for him in those first lean days of partlow products
anne had a way with words
half of it was natural half was smith college
yet the whole of anne was something she had never learned in any college
a woman had it or she didn't
anne had it
she said what she meant and let it be
she never got on his back
he could take the advice or leave it
he whistled as he locked the office and grinned as he got on the elevator
you look like you just heard a real gasser mr. partlow
cady looked at tom who had taken him up and down for fifteen years
i was just thinking how things have changed
when i went to college they begged you to come
be our guest
it 's our pleasure
now you have to be well rounded firm in motivation and pre-packed with knowledge
tom slid open the door to the lobby
that 's a fact mr. partlow
my john applied to six colleges before he got in
going to state
he 's president of the rocket club here you know
always messing around with science stuff
real bright along those lines you might say
he got a science scholarship to yale
oh said mr. partlow that 's fine tom
as he drove home through the thinning traffic cady felt the unease growing
he hadn't told anyone but he too had applied to five colleges for david
they had all turned down his son
weakness in leadership
no clear motivation
he suddenly realized when he walked into his own pretty darned expensive house that he needed the martini anne had waiting for him
but tonight his drink tasted like branch water and even his favorite meal of steak and tossed salad gave no surcease from the growing weight of the letter in his pocket
nor did looking at anne ease the tension as it usually did
he liked looking at anne
most people did
he liked her blond hair and the sprinkle of freckles across her nose
from those navy-blue eyes she saw things as clearly and honestly as david did
she always could sense the shag end of a woolly day
board meeting tonight cady
no i begged off
work to do
can i have the car dad
why let him take it cady
i know it is midweek but it 's only eight days before commencement
let 's forget the rules
cady deep in thought neither heard nor answered
carefully he put down his steak knife and said loudly mr. chairman
cady partlow 's head came up like that of the proverbial fire horse
i'm sorry dave
of course you can have it
dave ate two pieces of pie as he did everything else slowly methodically and with interest
hear anything from hanford yet dad
cady begged the question
don't worry about it dave
your acceptance will come through
dave shrugged on his sports coat and picked up the car keys
don't be too sure dad
charles burke got turned down by dartmouth and he is a straight-a student
anne said it wasn't surprising because charles was antisocial a lone wolf and completely one-sided
i can hardly say the same about you dave
dave kissed her lightly
girls my dear parent are here to stay
get my old man to bed early
he looks a little bit frayed
anne waited until the door had slammed and picked up the coffeepot
let 's go into the library
you do seem somewhat tattered
cady trailed her with the coffee cups and settled into his favorite chair in the comfortable book-lined room
i didn't know i looked so dilapidated
wrong word darling
your fur has been rubbed the wrong way and you show it
need any help
in a way yes
hanford college hasn't decided on dave 's application yet
they want a letter from me on his motives interests and leadership
here 's what i wrote
cady handed her the letter drank his coffee and waited with what he suddenly realized was belligerence
already he could feel anne 's questioning eyes
i know you wrote this in a hurry but cady dave was only acting president of the student forum for a few days
that was when half the school was down with flu
but he was president
and he wasn't really elected treasurer of the science club
he just took over the week bill daley was in the state basketball play-off
cady stuck his jaw out
the fact remains he was treasurer
and the swimming team
no cady he made second team
just missed the first
a team is a team insisted cady
yes she said quietly
i don't think you've been quite honest cady
it isn't like you
he was mad about stars at the age of nine
geology you and dave used his rock collection for the bottom of the fishpond six years ago
those aren't his interests now
what do you suggest
just say he likes swimming tennis chess and music
he hasn't been to a symphony concert all season
but he plays bass with chief crazy horse and his five colts
you mean that rock-and-roll combo
even in that he never solos like jack on guitar or rich on sax
he 's he 's just there that 's all
yes he 's just there
he keeps the beat going
he likes to play bass because he doesn't have to solo
he doesn't like to rise and shine
don't worry cady he'll be back in the beethoven fold by next year
cady appeared slightly mollified
but i refuse to be brutally honest and mention chief crazy horse and his five colts
anne laughed and cady felt the tension loosen its grip on the back of his neck
maybe i am padding it a bit anne he said
but you know how hard it is to get a boy into a good college
he has to have leadership as well as grades
anne folded the worrisome document
did you know he is advertising his ham-radio equipment for sale this weekend
he hasn't used it now for several years
can you really say his motivation for college is electronics
cady felt the jolt as though he had stepped off the curb on his heel
and what would you say he wants to do
it 's dave who is applying to hanford college
why don't you ask him
for once cady partlow wished anne would yell at him so he could yell back
i have talked to him but you know i've never tried to push him into any profession
i won't be guilty of trying to run his life
anne picked up the towel she was hemming for the hospital guild
just because your father tried to make a banker out of you you've leaned over backward to keep your hands off
but subconsciously you've wanted him to conform to your mold
you want him to be a leader of men like you
cady put the well-worn chip back on his shoulder
dave has qualities of leadership
he just hasn't developed them yet
give him time
he never will cady
the kind of leadership you mean working with lots of people
all your wishful thinking won't change that
remember what you used to say in the army
you can't run a war with ninety-nine generals and one private
cady walked the block to the mailbox almost ashamed of himself for arguing with anne
martin felt it was incredible that the situation had come to exist at all
and once begun had grown to such monstrous proportions
the pair of white cotton shorts ruled his life
lying awake at night he could see them laid out on the floor of his mind
when he rose in the morning the image was still there
he had always been a messy and negligent man
in his bachelor days his bedroom had been strewn with clothes which his mother or later the hotel maid generally saw fit to put in order
no doubt dolores resented following in their footsteps
but it was fun those first days kidding about the trail of garments he left littered across the rug
there was an assertive maleness in his grinning refusal to pick them up
half slyly he enjoyed seeing her stoop to lift the things
he remembered the first time he saw her standing across the room at a party
the smooth curve of her neck very white against hair which curled against it like petals
her hair was the color of those blooms which in seed catalogues are referred to as black but since no flower is actually without color contain always a hint of grape or purple or blue he wanted to draw the broad patina of hair through his fingers searching it slowly for a trace of veining which might reveal its true shade beneath the darkness
so he sought her out and spoke to her and thought of his hand in her hair
or against her back pressed on the column of vertebrae which held her so magnificently straight and unyielding until the segments of bone made tiny sharp cracking noises like the snapped stem of a tulip
but to put it bluntly nothing snapped
yet that had seriously troubled him then
more he could take at leisure
all martin thought he needed was time to what better use could time be put
he saw later that they had made their marriage too quickly
there was too little occasion beforehand for resistance the brave strong delights of emotional clash and meeting
they had left themselves too much to discover
but at the start his new life felt invigorating
it was on the tenth day after the wedding how could it have been so soon
that he dropped the shorts on the floor
now i'm going to pick up those shorts
martin gave her a teasing pat
i think you'll get tired of them there
in the morning the shorts were where he had left them
he smiled to himself and decided to mention them till dolores did
it was almost too easy
for he had just remembered tonight they were having their first guests
the shorts would be on the floor when he came home that evening
he was wrong
the rest of the bedroom had been groomed to a superhuman neatness but in the middle of the carpet lay the disheveled shorts
they gave the room a strange note of incongruity like a mole on a beautiful face
he saw that dolores intended to wait until the last minute thinking he would get nervous
quietly he determined to foil her
i can be as stubborn as she can he thought
my nerves are as strong
she'll rush to the bedroom when the doorbell rings
ten minutes early
martin was standing a few feet from the front door
he swung around eyes toward the bedroom some fifteen feet away
dolores stood motionless in the doorway
he could cross the living room brush past her and bend down to retrieve the shorts
martin turned his back
he strode to answer the bell
bill 's hat was deposited in the hall closet
with the most casual and relaxed manner in the world dolores led anthea to the bedroom
martin strained his ears
at first he could be sure
then he caught just enough to know that the shorts were still there
a glissade of giggles slid over their voices
all evening anthea favored him with odd coy looks
clearly she had been instructed to say a word
for some reason this ellipsis in the conversation spread until it swallowed up every other topic
at last there was a void no one could fill
the brainards went home early
martin realized later on that he should have had it out with dolores that night
as violently as possible
but he was so taken aback he could believe any rage of his would make her give in
on the contrary it would only weaken his position if he fumed while she stayed calm and adamant
and if he surrendered after raving at her
suppose he ran up the white flag altogether
he considered the sober possibility
in his head was the echo of those titters with anthea
there was something about private feminine whisperings which always made him feel scabrous and unclean
he remembered his mother gossiping with her neighborhood women friends lowering her voice to a penetrating hoarseness which might be trusted to carry to the head of the stairs where he crouched listening
he could even recall the last time he sat there
she was talking about him that time because he had done some bad thing something she disliked but afterwards martin said he was sorry
he apologized so sweetly i couldn't keep being annoyed with him
it wasn't even true that he'd said he was sorry that time
he had in fact said simply that he wished the thing hadn't happened which was as honest as he could put it
but his mother told the story over and over till her martin said he was sorry was as much a part of her as the shape of her thin pallid ears
the battle had to be fought
let the best sex win
but his resolution hardly seemed to help
if the situation had been bad it now got worse
about this time people began dropping in considering that the newly married had been left alone long enough
angrily martin wished they had delayed the wedding and gone on a trip preferably one that lasted months instead of deciding to postpone the date until he could get away
here they were at the mercy of anyone who chose to come by
these stray people nearly always insisted on dolores showing them around the apartment
of course the tours of inspection included the ever-present shorts
it was curious how the different visitors took this
some tried to ignore the blot on the bedroom 's countenance
quite a few laughed
to them all dolores told a lighthearted and witty tale
it 's a little contest martin and i have she would begin gaily carrying the anecdote through a frothy and deceptive course
while he waited in the living room
once martin went along
they entered the bedroom and dolores said nothing
then one of the guests showed his merriment
you were in a hurry weren't you
martin would have liked to break the man 's neck
she let the interpretation stand
now martin heard himself give a snort of mock good nature
with her eyes dolores dared him for the truth ready to begin it 's a little contest
never again did he enter into the ritual of showing the apartment
they kept up a rigid pretense of speaking relations
but martin seldom felt the impulse to talk about anything
what to talk about
dolores kept picking up any of his clothes except the fatal shorts which he left about but he had been robbed of pleasure in scattering his possessions
he fell into the habit of putting his clothes in drawers and closets so his life might impinge as little as possible on hers
the shorts alone remained
in his moments of worst agony martin imagined what his friends were saying
the sound of their amazement
bizarre he could hear the word
the most bizarre situation
we were up to visit them and
he had thought her exactly what he wanted
six weeks of marriage and i'm using the past tense he told himself furiously
pursuing his idea he saw that it would be impossible to leave her now
everyone would know why
he would cut a supremely ridiculous figure
he was trapped
day and night martin could drag his mind from the dilemma he had made for himself
his mind scurried frantically seeking an exit
alternately he had periods of hostile defeatism in which he determined sullenly morosely to live out his life in this fashion
nothing would change nothing would ever change
when the solution finally came to him one night while he was in bed he was so shaken by its simplicity that he could only wonder why it had occurred to him before
in a frenzy of excitement he considered his plan
beside his shorts he would place something of hers
instantaneously he would have won an immeasurable moral victory for if she picked up say a pair of her panties she might just as well lift his shorts lying alongside the expenditure of energy was almost the same
he felt that it would be a particular humiliation to dolores to pick up her own underwear which he had laid on the floor
furthermore he could go on repeating the maneuver endlessly every time he went in the bedroom he could drop a slip or a brassiere or maybe a girdle next to his shorts
sooner or later dolores would crack
on the other hand if she didn't remove her own things it would be difficult to explain to the parade of guests which traversed the apartment
martin guessed that dolores would be so eager to tell the next installment of her story
the tale he thought would become less gay
she had used his rumpled shorts as the very image of his childishness his lack of control his general male looseness while she remained cool airy and untouched the charming teacher who disciplined an unruly body
to have her underclothes linked with his on the floor would draw her visibly into a struggle both bitter and absurd
something in the back of his mind was aware that the magnificence of the plan lay in his faith that the idea would work because he believed in it since his courage and virility were involved because it was truly his
the knowledge kept him from analyzing his scheme to death and took him through the last hours of that night in a peace of exalted fanaticism
the next morning while dolores was out of the room he went to her bureau drawer took out a pair of nylon lace pants and tenderly dropped them next to his shorts
he sat down on the bed
in a surprisingly short time dolores appeared
to his delight her eyes focused at once upon the two garments
slowly and deliberately she reached down and touched the lace with her fingers then hesitated for about a second
ah he thought she 's going through the chain of reasoning which says she might really just as well pick up my shorts too
he saw that in a moment she had grasped all the implications of a plot which had been weeks in occurring to him
extending her fingers another inch she caught up the shorts and swiftly left the room
she did look at him but he noticed that her face was flushed and her eyes unsteady
they breakfasted together but martin did refer to his triumph and dolores found a great deal to do in the kitchen bobbing up and down from the table so that talk was impossible
well martin thought that'll save
he left for work in high spirits
as he relaxed that day martin realized how tense he had been these past weeks
he found that he no longer hated dolores he knew how much he had hated her and he was surprised at a resurgence of an affectionate feeling
good old a-z cap said
you know i've got one of your cars at home
as a prominent industrialist you ought to be interested in his nibs' support group
isn't his racket down your alley
once it was william thought
but any more
a rush of memory swept him back and he forgot cap
how did he start on such a ride to brief glory
simply enough through the inadvertent agency of his brother-in-law
general hershey 's draft and doc eddyman and cap were responsible for his first eminence but fearless freddy bryan could take credit if he cared to and he did for the second time
freddy needed a job having been detached from a rather dangerous career in real estate and skyscraper financing by gerry and it was up to arthur willis to provide him with one
mr. willis bought zenith plastic products a skeleton corporation of sorts which had undergone many vicissitudes and whose principal assets were a couple of electronics plants on long island engaged in working out government contracts and installed freddy in an executive position
shortly after freddy had his usual proliferation of bold ideas
willis listened patiently and once in a while william was exposed to them at a family gathering
he generally heard freddy 's suggestions without interest being absorbed by his own prospering concerns
probably mr. willis was influenced toward deeper involvement by familial loyalty and a concern for his grandchildren
gerry began to aid freddy with her father prodded no doubt by joan 's open contempt for freddy and william 's irritating competency
another factor must have been the eventual disposal of willis' fortune
she unquestionably assumed that the more he was entwined with freddy the more likely he was to reward freddy richly upon his death
whatever the reasons willis and bryan started expanding zenith
they acquired another electronics factory a specialized ceramics company an organization that built very experimentally high-speed research calculators
since they were hunting for national defense contracts adam herberet a man of surprising resources entered the combination as a silent partner because of his political connections
feeling his power freddy looked for additional worlds to conquer
heavy industry slanted toward inexhaustible government coffers attracted him
the allstates auto company a medium-sized firm which manufactured four-wheel-drive vehicles and other off-road equipment had recently constructed an over-large modern plant in a burst of misguided optimism
cursed with a shaky management and dissatisfied stockholders it was ripe for amalgamation and freddy 's instinct was to keep growing by stock mergers and small expenditure of cash and never mind inevitable consequences
with herberet 's blessing he was convinced that allstates' wisconsin folly would be ideal for conversion to airplane sub-assembly tanks missiles or ordnance of some kind
at that point william came into the picture
although much desiring the account he had been appointed advertising head of zenith
freed of routine by having his own firm and a complaisant partner his work in new york had given him a broader overall knowledge of business administration and corporate structure
and if he wasn't entirely committed to what he did he was at least fascinated by the chance of wider opportunities
mr. willis eager to have him allied with the family wanted advice beyond the confines of his field and william set out on a serious study of the situation including trips to wisconsin and washington
in the end he said i'm enchanted by the proposition sir
i know a guy named jack hamrick a very bright young engineer who was with chrysler and i took him with me to allstates
it 's his expert opinion that the plant isn't well suited to what you have in mind
the conversion will cost a fortune
besides that i'm acquainted more or less with the defense hardware situation through my contacts in the air force
i think adam herberet is guilty of being too hopeful and better informed on defense financing than on the technical side
missiles have thrown everything up for grabs and nobody seems to be sure where we go from here
the future of manned aircraft is in doubt which affects government procurement and jet transports have revolutionized the airline trade one jet can take the place of three compound-engine planes
this means the aircraft companies are going to tear into the government market looking for anything they can get and making the competition tough
here are a few facts and figures i've assembled
can't you stay with what you have and wait till the dust settles
willis glanced at the bound pages given him and shrugged
well he said there is freddy you know
freddy is deeply committed to our plans already
he assures me he has people to handle the money raising and ham richert my lawyer says the legal aspects of the wedding of zenith and allstates are no problem
i don't like to exhibit the deadly dampening effect of an elderly man 's caution
yes i appreciate that
i wish you wouldn't tell freddy i'm lukewarm
i've caused him trouble before and he 's beginning to resent me
if we don't take care the sisters will be entering the fray on opposite sides brandishing their cudgels
which is a frightful prospect bill
one shouldn't mix commercial affairs with patriarchy but in this case i have no choice
let me think about it
i'm most grateful to you so grateful i wish you were my principal aide instead of freddy
to william 's surprise freddy adam and hamilton richert prevailed
allied to them was gerry devoting much time to swaying her father and joan dismissed all thought of the project and william was unwilling to interfere further
zenith absorbed allstates stock transfers were arranged and freddy became president of the hyphenated combination
through jack hamrick william fell into the world of automobile promotion and got several accounts for shoals and clay
he forgot about a-z till unhappily he and hamrick were proved correct
freddy 's backing dropped away from him and mr. willis was forced to make up the deficit
adam beset by changing defense conditions and the open secret that he was part of the new corporation couldn't deliver from his end
the wisconsin plant turned out to be a white elephant
stock willis held in abundance fell sharply in value
confronted by a grim future freddy lost his nerve and plumped for a drastic liquidation
once more willis summoned william
you were right he said you and your engineer and i'm in something of a bind
freddy 's solution doesn't appeal to me
in addition to other defects i'm a stubborn man and hate to admit to the common garden variety of bad judgment
will you see if you can help me
william spent a long week end closeted with hamrick
his recent experience in motor car advertising a love for cars of themselves the existence of a-z 's useless wisconsin set-up exposure to exciting conceptions of hamrick 's that nobody would buy and the coincidental recent failure of a respected but out-dated small-car manufacturer called ticonderoga motors had given him an idea of such dimensions he was almost afraid to broach it
initially hamrick 's reaction to a-z going into the passenger car market was discouraging
he thought the financing the advertising the production of new models the founding of a nationwide chain of dealerships was simply too difficult
then he caught fire
if a-z could buy ticonderoga cheaply and use their presses and dies and other equipment if william could hit precisely the right promotion note if the money hurdle was insurmountable
they took nearly a month to investigate marshal statistics and put their arguments down in black and white
taking hamrick with him william went to mr. willis
he was surprised and dubious but impressed by the engineer and the report
your alternative is breathtaking he said and i'm frank in saying a bit mad
i wish i was younger and less timid
well i can't resolve this myself
i'll have to call in the brain trust
are you willing to run the gantlet
i can't guarantee you a sympathetic audience
we'll be in there swinging william said but in a way sir you've got to decide it yourself
you have the controlling interest and the principal expenditure is yours and besides nobody else is going to have the courage
if they follow anyone it'll have to be you
i should explain there 's more here for me than advocating my little dream there 's you
you mustn't take a fall or publicly back away
i hate that
you're you're arthur willis
forgive the hearts and flowers theme
i rather like the music willis replied quietly
at the meeting attended by freddy richert herberet and the a-z executive staff with mr. willis presiding william and hamrick did indeed run the gantlet
from shock and incredulity most of the listeners went on to open resistance and animosity
oh my god ham richert said a little child shall lead them
move over general motors
it 's absurd bill freddy said from a pale face
you're leading dad down the garden path
your garden god damn it
i don't enjoy family quarrels adam said
nor crazy relatives
we're here to transact business
can't we put an end to this arthur
hear me out please william begged
i'm an advertising hustler i admit but i have to get hot once in a larger sphere
sure ticonderoga went broke in the low-priced market bucking the big three
their cars weren't small enough they didn't have the power they were old-fashioned
they tried to sell 'em on economy and simple merit
we've arrived at an age for romance and snobbery
we've all been rich and spoiled long enough to hate the machine age
look what those little european jobs are doing
we'll woo the consumer with a product bludgeon him with chromed excess length and weight
let 's make it moonlight and the call of far places and a seduction at reasonable rates
ticonderoga folded a few minutes too soon before the tide changed still honest and stupid and the network of dealers the company had is around waiting to be signed up again waiting for us ready-made
we've got rid of the steam yachts and georgian houses and the bloated too-expensive automobile is next
why come down smartly in the world in a chic fashion with an allstates-zenith
he swayed them somewhat but the debate raged on
financing emerged as the main obstacle
mr. willis made it evident that he had contributed his maximum
nobody will underwrite it i'm telling you freddy said
i know what i'm talking about in that department
there 's plenty of risk money ham richert added but for anything this risky
all right william said
we'll try to swing the deal on that basis
if we can't raise the capital we're through
nothing has been lost
you're up against it anyhow
why won't you give me a chance
a silence fell
heads instinctively turned in willis' direction
he smiled at william and slowly rubbed his hands together
i feel i must answer the question he said since the onus later if any should fall on me i don't relish recriminations spread broadcast outside my family
i'm giving you a chance bill but availing myself of your generous offer of assistance
good luck to you
all the in-laws have got to have their day adam said and glared at william and freddy in turn
sweat started out on william 's forehead whether from relief or disquietude he could tell
across the table hamrick saluted him jubilantly with an encircled thumb and forefinger
nobody else showed pleasure
spike-haired burly red-faced decked with horn-rimmed glasses and an ivy league suit jack hamrick awaited william at the officers' club
hello boss he said and grinned
i suppose i can never expect to call you general after that washington episode
it was among these that hinkle identified a photograph of barco
for it seems that barco fancying himself a ladies' man and why after seven marriages
had listed himself for mormon beard roles at the instigation of his fourth murder victim who had said with your beard dear you ought to be in movies
mills secured barco 's photograph from the gentleman in charge rushed to the hollywood police station to report the theft and less than five minutes later detectives with his picture in hand were on the trail of cal barco
on their way they stopped at every gas station along the main boulevards to question the attendants
finally at ye olde gasse filling station on avocado avenue they learned that their man having paused to get oil for his car had asked about the route to san diego
they headed in that direction and at san juan capistrano by-the-sea came upon barco sitting in the quaint old spanish mission drive-in eating a hot tamale
at the moment barco 's back was to the road so he didn't see the detectives close in on his convertible which in their quest for the stolen lap rug they proceeded to search
the robe however was missing for by that time barco had disposed of it at a pawnshop in glendale
the detectives placed barco under arrest and without informing him of the nature of the charge took him back to hollywood for questioning
thus it was that barco apprehended for mere larceny now began to suspect that one or another of his murders had been uncovered
during the return trip barco kept muttering to himself in meaningless phrases such as they're under sand dunes they're better off i tell you i saved their souls
the detective commenting on barco 's behavior felt that he merely belonged among the myriad citizens of our community who are mentally unhinged that he was a more or less harmless nut
however while in his cell awaiting trial for theft barco in a fit of apprehension made an attempt to take his own life
the attempt had failed because when endeavoring to cut his wrists this murderer of seven women had fainted at the sight of blood
the jail authorities attaching no particular significance to the episode offered barco whisky to revive him
but the old fellow a lifelong teetotaler refused it and no more was thought of the matter
then it was that district attorney welch entered the case
a man of vaulting ambition with one eye on the mayorship of los angeles nothing ever escaped him which might possibly lead to personal publicity
it was reported to welch 's office that a thief in the city jail had attempted suicide
welch wanted to know why
no one knew
now welch had a pet theory that everyone is guilty of breaking more laws than he ever gets caught at
the suicide attempt looked to him like an opportunity to put his theory to the test
so he paid a call on barco in his cell and began their chat by stating bluntly
barco we've got the goods on you
it'll be a lot better if you come clean
at first barco was evasive and shifty
but with welch 's relentless pursuit of the subject barco finally broke and started confessing to one murder after another
by the time barco reached the count of three the situation seemed to welch almost too good to be true
but if true it was the case of which he had dreamed the case which would throw him into headlines all over america as the hero of a great murder trial
welch summoned jail officials to barco 's cell
but to welch 's chagrin the police captain pooh-poohed welch 's credulity in barco 's confession
barco was clearly a nut
it required strength bravado daring to commit murder
that worm a murderer
then for the first time since his arrest a glint of spirit lit barco 's eyes
his manhood had been attacked
he stiffened and rose to his feet
he'd show them
is that so
well for ten years i've been murdering women
i can lead you to every one of the bodies and there ain't four nor five nor six of 'em there 's seven
the next day the police captain in derision organized what he termed welch 's wild goose chase
for indeed it seemed incredible that anyone could go on committing murder for ten years and get caught at it even in hollywood
the searching party consisted of the police captain welch barco policemen with shovels newspaper reporters and cameramen
barco his state of apprehension gone never to return had assumed a matter-of-factness which remained his principal attitude from that time on
he directed the cortege of autos to the sand dunes near santa monica
stopping the cars at a fork in the road he got out paced off a certain distance to a spot between two shrub-covered sand hills and indicated a location
orders were given to dig
nothing was found
welch was worried
the police captain chortled
the newspaper boys cracked jokes and again barco 's pride was aroused
with greater precision he again paced off a location this time a little more to the left
with quibs and gibes the policemen again started digging
welch was on edge
the captain was remarking that it was a nice day for a picnic when finally one of the shovels struck an object
there 's something here
said the digger
joking stopped and everyone gathered around
the digger thrusting about with his shovel now raised into view a package crudely wrapped in one of the murderer 's hollywood sport shirts
although it was a mere fragment of the victim 's remains it was enough
welch was wild with delight
his elation grew as barco 's seven disclosures brought to light one reward after another
now did welch truly become the man of the hour and everything that followed in the procedure of justice was a new triumph for him
it went to his head and his ambition increased
it was apparent that welch was in cahoots with marshall and would use his power as d.a. to drag every possible sensation into the case
every new scandal which would provide more copy for marshall 's pen would thus mean more publicity for welch
i knew that both these cynics were waiting with impatience for the dramatic moment when viola was called to the stand
once there the d.a. with devilish cleverness would provide marshall with headlines viola 's multiple romances viola lake an addict downfall of another film idol
it would be fine publicity for the man who was willing to walk to the mayor 's throne over the broken reputation of a helpless girl
i studied welch closely as the trial progressed for any hint which might give me a lead as to how he might be thwarted
it wasn't long before i sensed that there was something deeper than overvaulting ambition back of his desire for viola 's destruction
he was bitter and resentful toward her personally resentful
a dreadful fear entered my consciousness that perhaps he had entertained aspirations toward viola 's favors or even more serious perhaps that he had attained a share of them and had then been superseded by some luckier chap
i did rest until i had tracked the mystery down
well here it is
one day over a year before there had been a cocktail party in an apartment of a downtown hotel
viola had been urged to attend by telephone and knowing the host or the character of the party she had gone
she arrived late and as she entered the party noted that gentlemen seemed to be in the majority
the air was thick with smoke empty bottles were in evidence and several of the guests were somewhat the worse for liquor
naturally viola had no wish to remain but she felt she couldn't leave so soon after her arrival in all politeness to her host
and it so happened that adjacent to a couch on which she had taken refuge was a small table on which she noted a vase of red rosebuds
while projecting from beneath the couch were a pair of feet which as fate would have it belonged to district attorney welch
as viola sat there a playful impulse overcame her to remove the shoes and socks from the unidentified feet and as a prank insert rosebuds between the toes
a little later the district attorney woke up emerged from under the couch looked at his watch and realized he had an engagement that very hour to address a meeting of the culture forum on the civic spirit of the southland in the byzantine room of the hotel where his wife as president of the forum was to preside
he made his way to his host 's bedroom where he carefully brushed himself off neatly arranged his hair and painstakingly selected his hat from the many on the bed
then noting neither the absence of his footwear nor the presence of the rosebuds he made his way to the byzantine room and with his usual dignity mounted the rostrum
the effect on the intellectuals among his audience may well be imagined
the incident aside from reflecting on welch 's political career had all but wrecked his home life
he never rested until he discovered who the culprit was and when he did he vowed vengeance on viola lake if ever the chance came his way
and here it was
by such innocent actions are human tragedies sometimes set in motion
during these first days of the trial i didn't have as much time to commiserate with viola as i should have liked
in the first place it was difficult for us to meet
we couldn't be seen together for the tongue of scandal was ever ready to link our names and the tongue of scandal finds but one thing to say of the association of a man with a girl no matter how innocent
i couldn't invite viola to our house for mother snobbishly refused to receive her
now the czarship had affected my own sense of social values but mother had attained a reflected glory through it which had opened the doors of los angeles-pasadena society to her
there mother was received by the scions of aristocratic lines which are dominated by the budweisers of beer derivation the chalmers of underwear origin and the heinzes whose forbears founded a nationally famous trade in pickles
i hated being dragged into the salons of these aristocrats
but mother insisted for it is seldom indeed that anyone remotely connected with the cinema is ever received in their exclusive midsts
in fact it was until the king of spain had visited at pickfair that mary and doug were beckoned to cross the sacred barriers which separate los angeles and pasadena from the hoi-polloi
mother even went so far as to trump up for me matrimonial opportunities with pasadena debs who had been educated abroad and with those of the more lenient los angeles area where a debutante was a girl who had been to high school
but at long last came a time when i broke away from mother and her society chi-chi in order to spend a cosy evening with viola and her chaperon at her home
however such a hotbed of gossip had grown up during the trial that every precaution had to be taken to keep my visit from being whispered to the world society and even alas to my own mother
when i arrived at viola 's i was shown to my surprise into the kitchen
viola greeted me in checked apron ladle in hand and explained it was the cook 's night out and that she herself was preparing dinner
i sat and watched proceedings
there was to be roast chicken with dressing giblet gravy asparagus new peas with a sprig of mint creamed onions and mashed potatoes all chosen prepared and cooked by viola herself
i realized that hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem but his agony could have been no greater
the most that was accomplished was adding mrs. beige 's tray to the dish pile and by means of repeated threats on an ascending scale seeing that the girls dressed themselves after a fashion
i was saved from making the decision as the phone rang and the girls were upon me instantly
here 's a household hint if you can't find your children and get tired of calling them pick up the phone
no matter if your children are at the movies in school visiting their grandmother or on a field trip in some distant city they will be upon you magically within seconds after you pick up the phone
jennie and miranda twined themselves around me murmuring endearments
louise climbed onto a stool and clutched the hand with which i was trying to hold the phone claiming my immediate attention on grounds of extreme emergency
somehow managing to get out a cool poised won't you hold on a second please i covered up the mouthpiece and with more warmth and less poise gave a quick lecture on crime and punishment mostly the latter including devil 's island and the remoter reaches of siberia
i promised to illustrate the lecture if they so much as breathed till after the call was completed
speaking into the phone again and recognizing the caller i resumed my everyday voice
soon we were deep in a conversation that was interrupted many times by little things like jennie 's holding her breath and pretending to black out miranda 's dumping the contents of the sugar bowl on the table and various screeches thuds and giggles
under the circumstances i had difficulty keeping up with the conversation on the phone but when i hung up i was reasonably certain that francesca had wanted to remind me of our town meeting the next evening and how important it was that hank and i be there
i discovered that the girls had shrewdly vacated the kitchen and were playing quietly in the living room
it seemed that i would be the gainer if i accepted the peace and quiet instead of carrying out my threats
resolving to get something done i started in on the dishes
i'm saying it right
what i meant to say was that i started to start in on the dishes by gathering them all together in the kitchen sink
they looked so formidable however so demanding that i found myself staring at them in dismay and starting to woolgather again this time about francesca and her husband
how about them i thought
francesca and herbert were among the few people we knew in catatonia
we didn't even know them till about a month after we moved at that time they had called on us after i met fran at a pta meeting and had taken us in hand socially
they had been kind to us and we were indebted to them for one or two pleasant dinners and for information as to where to shop which dentist doctor plumber and sitter to call that there was much of a choice since catatonia was just a village
the yellow pages of the telephone book were amazingly thin
they were personalities
herb an expert on narrow ties thin lapels and swatches was men 's fashion editor of parvenu the weekly magazine with the tremendous circulation
fran and he had met about two years after she had arrived in manhattan from nebraska or was it wyoming
she was the daughter and sole heiress of either a cattle baron or an oil millionaire and having arrived in new york with a big bank roll became a dabbler in various fields
she patronized greenwich village artists for awhile then put some money into a broadway show which was successful terrible but successful
it was during her writing period that she and herb met and decided that they were in love
they were married at a lavish ceremony which was duly recorded in parvenu and all other magazines and newspapers and then they honeymooned in bermuda
bermuda was in style that year
they had honeymooned in rome
everyone was very high on rome that year
they had bought their house in catatonia after investigating all the regions of suburbia surrounding new york
they had chosen catatonia because of its reputation for excellent schools beaches and abundance of names
you are bound to get involved with people when you have children fran had told me at our first meeting so it is good to know that those with whom you get involved are just dreary little housewives and dull husbands but people who do things
i admired their easy way of doing things but i couldn't escape an uneasiness at their way of always doing the right things
their house was a centuries-old colonial which they had had restored guided by an eminent architect and updated and added on to
it had a gourmet 's corner instead of a kitchen a breakfast room a luncheon room a dining room a sitting room a room for standing up a party room dressing rooms for everybody even a room for mud
it was all set up so there would be no dust anywhere and so that their children would color in the coloring room paint in the painting room play with blocks in the block house and do all the other things in the proper rooms at exactly the right time
their two boys were well adjusted and like their parents always did the right thing at the right time and damn the consequences
francesca and herbert considered themselves violently nonconformist and showed the world they were by filling their colonial house with contemporary furniture and paintings and other art objects expensive but necessarily valuable contemporary things
fran flaunted her independence by rebelling against the catatonia uniform of bermuda shorts and knee-length socks by wearing bermuda shorts and knee-length socks in colors
bright pinks and plaids and vivid stripes
sometimes she even wore the uniform in solid unrelieved black and with her blonde hair cut so closely wearing this uniform she strongly resembled a member of the ss.
no one could dislike them i thought
sometimes though they did seem quite human
it seemed indeed that their house was so much a home but rather a perfect stage set and that they were actors who had been handed fat roles in a successful play and had talent enough to fill the roles competently with nice understatement
practically the only enthusiasm they showed was when they were discussing names
even brand names
you should hear the reverence in fran 's voice when she said baccarat or steuben or madame alexander
she always let it be known that there was wine in the pot roast or that the chicken had been marinated in brandy and that koussevitzky 's second cousin was an intimate of theirs
i wouldn't have wasted time puzzling over this couple were it for my fear that all the other inhabitants of catatonia were equally unreal
i couldn't feel at home among them
besides francesca there was blanche
francesca was pleasant and charming but blanche was sweet
yes blanche was very very sweet being in her company was like being drowned in warm melted marshmallows
i had once been a witness when blanche had smiled and said with only minimum ruefulness oh my souffle has collapsed
anyone knows how a real red-blooded woman would react to such a catastrophe
if blanche had been honest she would have yelled slammed at least a couple of doors and thrown a few little valueless things
but dear me no
after five minutes with blanche one might welcome the astringency of grazie who was a sort of gwen cafritz to francesca 's perle mesta
francesca and grazie were habitual committee chairmen and they usually managed to be elected co-chairmen equal bosses of whatever pta or civic project was being launched
they were inseparable because they were fond of each other but because they wanted to keep an eye on each other as they were keen rivals for social leadership
grazie was mean quietly mean and bitterly unfunnily sarcastic
she it was who had looked to see if i was wearing shoes upon learning that i couldn't drive
grazie had a small slick head and her hair and skin were the color of golden toast
she lived in an ultra-modern house whose decoration appointments paint and even pets were chosen to complement her coloring
the pets were a couple of siamese cats
her uniform was of rich raw silk in a shade which matched her hair skin housepaint and cats and since she was so thin as to be almost shapeless she rather resembled a frozen fish stick
the husbands of these women and others i had met in catatonia were distinguished only in that they were to me at least indistinguishable
i couldn't tell one from the other
like herbert they were all in communications radio television magazines and advertising
one or two were writers of books
all were fellows of finite charm
each had developed a hair-trigger chuckle and the habit of saying zounds
in deference to country-squirehood
i never thought i'd live to hear people chuckle and say zounds
in real life
i wouldn't have missed it for anything
they were sincere men of the too-hearty handclasp and the urgent smile
these boys acknowledged an introduction to anybody by gently pressing one of his hands in both of theirs while they gazed misty-eyed with care into the eyes of the person they were meeting
could such unadulterated love for a total stranger be credited
they were always leaping to light cigarettes open car doors fill plates or glasses and i mistrusted the whole lot of them to the same degree that i mistrusted bake shops that called themselves sanitary bake shops
i thought and wondered what kind of homesteads such odd pioneers would establish in this suburban frontier
pioneers who looked like off-duty gardeners even at parent-teacher conferences and who never called the school principal mister
i sighed thinking that among other things people here seemed to be those who would have to cut down if they earned less than $##,### yearly
people who would give their teeth for a chance to get on person to person
people who thought it was nice to be important but important to be nice
who were more ingratiating than gracious more personalities than persons
in my estimation they were people who read daphne du maurier and discussed kafka
well discussed him exactly but said kafka
reverently and raised their eyes as if they were at a loss to describe how they felt about kafka which they were because they had no opinions about kafka having read kafka
they were i felt people invariably trying to prove who but what they were and trying to determine what who others were
becoming aware that it was nearly lunchtime i brought myself back to the tasks at hand
i made plans for the afternoon doing the breakfast and luncheon dishes all at once making the beds and then maybe painting the kitchen
then i remembered that the girls had had a banana for dessert every day for the last week
jennie had shouted each time
they're even food
they're just something you're supposed to put on cereal for breakfast
i dug around and found a mix and was able to surprise them with a devil's-food cake with chocolate icing
sometimes i think you need only one rule for cooking if you can't put garlic in it put chocolate in it
the cake was received in a stunned silence that was evidence in itself of the dearth of taste thrills mama had been providing
then jennie closed her eyes stretched forth her arms and said take my hand louise
i'm a stranger in paradise
needless to say i was furious at this unparalleled intrusion upon free enterprise
how dared they demand to snoop in private financial records disbursements confidential contracts and agreements
it is as though i said on the historic three-hour coast-to-coast radio broadcast which i bought following father coughlin and pre-empting the eddie cantor manhattan merry-go-round and major bowes shows that man in the white house like some despot of yore insisted on reading my diary raiding my larder and ransacking my lingerie
my impassioned plea for civil rights created a landslide of correspondence and one sponsor even asked me to consider replacing the eddie cantor comedy hour on a permanent basis
but what quarter could a poor defenseless woman expect from a dictator who would even make so bold as to close all of the banks in our great nation
the savage barbarian hordes of red russian communism descended on the athens that was mighty metronome sacking and despoiling with their bolshevistic battle cry of soak the rich
after an unspeakable siege lasting the better part of two months it was announced that the studio owed the government a tax debt in excess of eight million dollars while i who had always remained aloof from such iniquitous practices as paying taxes on the salary i had earned and the little i legally inherited as morris' helpless relict was stung with a personal bill of such astronomical proportions as to wipe out all but a fraction of my poor hard-come-by savings
i was also publicly reprimanded dragged through the mud by the radical press and made a figure of fun by such leftist publications as the new republic the new yorker time and the christian science monitor
it was then that i availed myself of the rights of a citizen and declared the income tax unconstitutional
the litigation was costly and seemingly endless
i fought like a tigress but by the time i appealed my case to the supreme court #### mr. roosevelt and his henchmen had done their dirty work all too well even going so far as to attempt to pack the highest tribunal in the land in order to defeat little me
presidential coercion had succeeded only in poisoning the courtiers toadies and sycophants of the bench against me but it had been so far-reaching as to discourage any lawyer in the nation from representing me
i was ready like portia to present my own brief
but the supreme court wouldn't even hear my case
my plea was unanimously voted down and thrown out
again my name was on all the front pages
i was it seemed persona non grata in every quarter but entirely without a staunch following of noted political thinkers and students of jurisprudence
as charles evans hughes said miss poitrine 's limitations as an actress are exceeded only by her logic as a litigant
albert einstein was quoted as saying the workings of the woman 's mind amaze me
henry ford spoke of me as utterly astounding
heywood broun wrote belle poitrine is the most original thinker since caligula and even f.d.r. had to concede that if the rest of this nation showed the foresight and patriotism of miss poitrine america would rapidly resemble ancient babylon and nineveh
only were the court costs prohibitive but i was subjected to crippling fines in addition to usurious interest on the unpaid debts which the government claimed that metronome and i owed a severe financial blow
nor as manny said had the notoriety done my career any good
my enemies were only too anxious to level against me such charges as reactionary robber baroness and even traitor
i point now with pride to the fact that long ere the committee on un-american activities the minute women the economic council and other such notable watchdog organizations were so much as heard of i was hollywood 's leading bulwark against communism fighting single-handedly creeping socialism against such insuperable odds as the fascio-communist troops of the nra pwa wpa ccc and an army of more than twenty-two million mercenaries whom f.d.r. employed secretly through the transparent ruse of regular relief checks
needless to say my art suffered drastically during this turbulent period
could it do otherwise
even though i have always had a genius for throwing myself into every role and playing it for all it 's worth no actress can be expected to do her best work when her fortune her reputation her livelihood her home and her nation itself are all imperilled
such sweeping distractions are hardly conducive to oscar winning performances
i tried my hardest with little help may i say from my husband and leading man but somehow the outside pressures were too severe
having through my unflagging effort and devotion achieved stardom a fortune and a world-renowned wife at an age when most young men are casting their first vote letch proceeded to neglect them all
never a quick study he now made no attempt to learn his lines and many a mile of film was wasted many a scene sometimes involving as many as a thousand fellow thespians was taken thirty forty fifty times because miss poitrine 's co-star and helpmate had never learned his part
each time letch went up in his lines i was the one to be patient helpful and apologetic while he indulged in outbursts of temperament profanity and abuse blaming others going into sulks and on more occasions than i care to count storming off the set for the rest of the day
as for his finances i was never privileged to know exactly how much money letch had salted away
it was i who paid for our little home the food the liquor the servants even letch 's bills at his tailor and the los angeles athletic club
never once did he buy me a single gift and for our third anniversary he gave me a dislocated jaw
but that is another story
as for his private monies they were rapidly dissipated in drinking gaming and carousing
more than once i was confronted by professional gamblers bookies loan sharks gangsters thugs and finger men people of a class i did even know existed to repay my husband 's staggering losses or else i shuddered to think that someone so dear to me could even associate with such a sinister milieu
and at three different times during our turbulent marriage strange girls with the commonest of accents telephoned to announce to me that letch had sired their unborn children
having the deepest of maternal instincts my heart fairly bled when i thought of the darling pink and white bundles from heaven i would have proudly given my husband
ah you're too old was invariably his ungallant and untrue retort whenever i suggested starting a family
letch had made it abundantly clear that he did care for the company of my own precious daughter
i now felt it wiser to keep baby-dear in school and during the summers at a camp run by the society of friends all year around
her presence only made letch more distant and irritable and in the hurry of buying chateau belletch i had neglected to consider a room for baby-dear so there was no place to put her anyhow
i sometimes feel that god in his infinite wisdom wants us to have these inexplicable little lapses of memory
it almost always works out for the best
yet i adored this man letch feeley why i cannot say
with faint heart and a brave smile i endured his long absences from chateau belletch his coldness his indifference his slights and his abuse
the times i can recall when i was publicly humiliated by him lovely dinner parties in our trianon suite where the collation was postponed and postponed and postponed only to be served dry and overcooked at a table where the host 's chair was vacant
a splash party at the new pool which i had built in the hope of keeping letch away from public beaches when letch and a certain aquacutie stayed underwater together for the better part of an hour
a lovely epiphany party at errol flynn 's on which sacred occasion letch stole away with an unknown starlet leaving me high and dry to get home as best i could
these are but a sampling of the insults i endured
as mrs. letch feeley was it any wonder that i once the social arbiter of filmdom was excluded from the smart entertainments given by the astaires the coopers the gables the colmans the rathbones the taylors the thalbergs and such devout closely knit families as the barrymores and the crosbys
as letch 's antisocial conduct increased our invitations decreased and my heart was in my mouth whenever i played hostess at a fashionable screenland gathering
between #### and #### letch and i made ten films together each less successful both artistically and commercially than the one before it
our last joint venture sainted lady a deeply religious film based on the life of mother cabrini and timed so that its release date would coincide with the beatification of america 's first saint in november #### was a fiasco from start to finish
as i was playing mother cabrini the picture was actually all mine with nearly every scene built around me
but in order to keep letch in the public eye and out of trouble i wrote in a part especially for him that of a dashing ruffian who sees the light and is saved by the inspiring example of mother cabrini
and did he appreciate my efforts on his behalf
did he trouble to memorize the very small part which i had tailor-made to his specifications a role eventually cut down to three short speeches
did he show the rest of the cast numbering four thousand the consideration of arriving at the studio punctually or even at all
the shooting went on for eight months
most of our working days were spent on the telephone calling bookies illegal gambling dens a certain residential club for young actresses more than a hundred different bars or the steam room of the athletic club
whenever he deigned to appear at the studio he was hung over uncooperative rude and insulting
he made many tasteless irreverent and unfunny remarks only about me in the title role but about religion in general
by the time the film was released we were three million dollars over-spent war was imminent and the public apparently had forgotten all about mother cabrini
thanks to letch feeley and the terrible strain he imposed on me the notices were few and unfavorable
only george santayana seemed to understand and appreciate the film when he wrote miss poitrine has perpetrated the most eloquent argument for the protestant faith yet unleashed by hollywood
but it was small consolation
in a rare fit of anger and spite i farmed out my own husband to a small and most undistinguished studio to make one picture as a form of punishment
an actor must have discipline
the film was called the diet of worms which i felt was just what letch deserved
it turned out to be a life of martin luther of all things
it was a disaster
in clothes letch simply did project
he was laughed off the screen
at the same time however i availed myself of the services of that great english actor and master of make-up sir gauntley pratt to do a quickie called the mystery of the mad marquess in which i played a young american girl who inherits a haunted castle on the english moors which is filled with secret passages and sliding panels and unbeknownst to anyone is still occupied by an eccentric maniac
it was a potboiler made on a shoestring and the sort of film i like as all i had to do was look blank and scream a great deal
my heart was in it but oddly enough it remains the most financially successful picture of my career
i watched it on television late one night last week and it stands up remarkably well even twenty years later
letch had returned from his debacle unrepentant and more badly behaved than before
i really loved that boy and in a feverish attempt to preserve our marriage and to try to revive the wonderful wonderful person letch had once been i took my troubles to momma hoping that her earthy advice would help me
if i could only think of something at the studio near me to absorb his boundless energy i said
what is letch interested in
bookies booze and babes momma said bluntly
her reply stung me but this was too important to let my hurt make any difference
i can't turn the studio into a gambling hell or a saloon i said
up to date however his garden was still more or less of a mess he hadn't even started his workshop and if there was a meadow pond in the neighborhood he hadn't found it
it wasn't his fault that these things were so
the difficulty was that each day seemed to produce its quota of details which must be cleaned up immediately
as a result life had become a kind of continuous make-ready
once he disposed of these items which screamed so harshly for attention he could undertake the things which really counted
then at last his day would fall into an ordered pattern and he would be free to read or garden or just wander through the woods in the late afternoon accompanied by his dogs
he had almost forgotten them although they had played such an important part in his early dreams
then they had always been romping around him on these walks yelping with delight dashing off into the bushes on fruitless hunting expeditions returning to jump up on him triumphantly with muddy paws
dogs did something to one 's ego
they were constantly assuring you that you were one of the world 's great guys
regardless of how much of a slob you knew yourself to be you could be certain they would never find out and even if they did it would make no difference
now it became increasingly apparent that there were to be no dogs in the picture
what in the world were you going to do with a lot of dogs when you left for town on monday afternoons
you certainly couldn't take them into the little apartment and if you tried to farm them out for two or three days every week they would become so confused that they would have nervous breakdowns
why in the world couldn't he live in one place the way everyone else seemed to
it worried him this inability to get the simplest things done in the course of a day
he would wake up in the middle of the night and fret about it
how in the world had he formerly found time to build up a business raise a family be on half a dozen boards work actively on committees and either go out in the evening or plow through the contents of a bulging brief case
was it possible that as people grow older the nature of time changed
could it be that it speeded up for the aged in some mysterious way as if a bored universe were skipping through the end of the chapter just to get it over with
or was the answer less metaphysical
did older people work more slowly
did it take a man of sixty-five longer to write a letter shave clean out a barn read a newspaper than a man of thirty
did men become perfectionists as they grew older polishing polishing reluctant to let go
it might be that certain people were born with a compulsion to complicate their lives while others could live blissfully motionless almost indefinitely like lizards in the sun too indolent to blink their eyes
perhaps it was his misfortune or good fortune whichever way one looked at it to belong to the former group and he was struggling unconsciously to build up pressure in a world which demanded none which was positively antagonistic to it
and then again perhaps the reason why he couldn't find time to do any of the things he had planned to do after retirement reading roaming gardening lying on his back and watching the clouds go by was because he didn't want to do them
there was no compulsion behind them
they could be done or left undone and nobody really gave a damn
during all his busy life he had only done things which had to be done
this habit had become so fixed over the years that it seemed futile to do anything for which no one was waiting
he looked at the luminous dial of his wrist watch
it was five minutes after four
on some distant farm a rooster crowed and far down the valley an associate answered
he turned over impatiently and pulled the sheet over his head against the treacherous encroachment of the dawn
at least he could buy the equipment for his workshop
thus committed action might follow
he went down to mills and bradley 's hardware store and bought a full set of carpenter 's tools including a rotary power saw and several other pieces of power machinery that mr. mills said were essential for babbiting and doweling whatever they were
he also bought a huge square of pegboard for hanging up his tools and lumber for his workbench sandpaper and glue and assorted nails levels and t squares and plumb lines and several gadgets that he had no idea how to use or what they were for
there said mr. mills
that'll get you started
best to get everything at once
add things as you find you need 'em
he didn't even ask the cost of this collection
after all if you were going to set up a workshop you had to have the proper equipment and that was that
when he returned home the station wagon loaded with tools jinny had gone with a friend to some meeting in the village using the recently purchased second car
he was glad
it gave him a chance to unload the stuff and get it down to the cellar without a barrage of acid comments
he had made such a fuss about buying that second car that he knew he was vulnerable
he piled everything neatly in a corner of the cellar and turned to stare at the blank stone wall
that was where the pegboard would go on which he would hang his hand tools
in front of it would be his workbench
the old nightmare which had caused him so many wakeful hours came charging in on him once more only this time he couldn't pacify it with a sleeping pill and send it away
how in the world did one attach a pegboard to a stone wall
how did one attach anything to a stone wall for that matter
after the pegboard there would be the paneling
he sat down on an old box and focused on the problem
perhaps one bored holes in the stone with some kind of an electric gadget
but then when you stuck things into the holes why didn't they come right out again
it all seemed rather hopeless
he turned his attention to the workbench
perhaps that was the first thing to do
a workbench had a heavy top and sturdy legs but how did you attach sturdy legs to a heavy top so that the whole thing didn't wobble like a newborn calf and ultimately collapse when you leaned on it
mr. mills had done some figuring on a scrap of paper and given him the various kinds of boards and two-by-fours which properly handled would he had assured him turn into a workbench
they lay on the cellar floor in a disorderly pile
mr. crombie poked at it gingerly with his foot
how could anyone know what to do with an assortment like that
perhaps he had better have someone help him put up the pegboard and build the workbench someone who knew what he was about
then at least he would have a place to hang his tools and something to work on
after that everything should be simpler
he went upstairs to phone crumb
to his amazement he reached him
mr. crumb was laid up with a bad cold
he didn't seem to think that attaching a pegboard to a stone wall was much of a problem and he tossed off the building of the worktable equally lightly
the only trouble was that he himself was tied up on the school job
that was why he hadn't been able to finish the porch
no he didn't know of any handyman-carpenter
there wasn't any such thing any more
carpenters all wanted steady work and at the moment every mother 's son for twenty miles around that could hammer nails for twenty-five dollars a day was working on the school job
there was a fellow named blatz over smithtown way
nobody liked to hire him because you never could tell when he was going to be taken drunk
mr. crumb would probably see him at lodge meeting the next night
if he was sober which was doubtful he'd have him get in touch with mr. crombie
mr. blatz had been at least sober enough to remember to telephone and he turned out to be the greatest boon that had come into mr. crombie 's life since he moved to highfield in spite of the fact that he didn't work very fast or very long at a time and he didn't like to work at all unless mr. crombie hung around and talked to him
he said he was the lonely type and working in a cellar you saw funny things coming out of the cracks in the wall if they wasn't nobody with you
so mr. crombie sat on a wooden box and talked in order to keep mr. blatz 's mind from funny things
at the same time he watched carefully to see how one attached pegboards to stone walls but mr. blatz was usually standing in his line of vision and it all seemed so simple that he didn't like to disclose his ignorance
while mr. blatz was putting up the pegboards and starting the workbench mr. crombie told him of this idea about paneling the whole end of the cellar
mr. blatz agreed that this would be pretty
without further discussion he appeared the next morning with a pile of boards sticking over the end of his light truck and proceeded with the paneling which he then stained and waxed according to his taste
now he said we got to put in some outlets for them power tools
then a couple of fluorescent lamps over the workbench an' i guess we're about through down here
it all did look very efficient and shipshape
there was no question of that
by the way said mr. blatz packing his tools into a battered carrier them power tools needs extra voltage
i guess you know about that
before you use 'em the light company 's got to run in a heavy line and you'll need a new fuse box for the extra circuits
that ain't too bad 'ceptin' the light company 's so busy you can't ever get 'em to do nothin'
instead of being depressed by this news mr. crombie was actually relieved
at least the moment was postponed when he had to face the mystery of the power tools
he followed mr. blatz up the cellar stairs
as usual mrs. crombie was standing in the midst of a confusion of cooking utensils
mr. blatz sat down in the only unoccupied kitchen chair
well he said got your man fixed up nice down there
he oughta be able to build a new house with all them contraptions
mr. crombie watched his wife with an anxious expression
i was just sayin' to him that i'm all ready now for anything else you want done
mr. crombie couldn't remember his saying any such thing
oh that 's wonderful cried mrs. crombie
i have a thousand things for you to do
doors that won't open and doors that won't close and shelves and broken
but those are the things i built the workshop for protested mr. crombie
those are the things i can do now that i'm set up
i've been waiting to get these things done for months she said
we won't live long enough if i wait for you besides which you don't need to worry there'll be plenty more
but the discussion was academic
mr. blatz was already taking measurements for a shelf above the kitchen sink
nothing in english has been ridiculed as much as the ambiguous use of words unless it be the ambiguous use of sentences
ben franklin said clearly spoken mr. fogg
you explain english by greek
richard brinsley sheridan said i think the interpreter is the hardest to be understood of the two
and a witty american journalist remarked over a century ago what is even more true today many a writer seems to think he is never profound except when he can't understand his own meaning
there are many types of ambiguity and many of them have been described by rhetoricians under such names as amphibology parisology and other ologies
in common parlance they would be described as misses misinterpreters misunderstanders misdirectors and kindred misdeeds
one species of ambiguity tries to baffle by interweaving repetition
did you or did you say what i said you said because jane said you never said what i said
another woman addressing christmas cards said to her husband we sent them one last year but they didn't send us one so they probably won't send us one this year because they'll think we won't send them one because they didn't last year don't you think or shall we
such ambiguous exercises compound confusion by making it worse compounded and they are sometimes expanded until the cream of the jest sours
ambiguity of a non-repetitious kind describes the dilemma one girl found herself in
i'm terribly upset she told a girl-friend
i wrote bill in my last letter to forget that i had told him that i didn't mean to reconsider my decision to change my mind and he seems to have misunderstood me
evidently bill was another of those men who simply don't understand women
another case involves a newspaper reporter who tripped up a politician
mr. jones you may recall that we printed last week your denial of having retracted the contradiction of your original statement
now would you care to have us say that you were misquoted in regard to it
questions like this framed in verbal fog are perhaps the only kind that have ever stumped an experienced politician
they recall byron 's classic comment i wish he would explain his explanation
similarly when a reporter once questioned lincoln in cryptic fashion lincoln refused to make any further statement
i fear explanations explanatory of things explained he said leaving the biter bit and bitter
the obscurity of politicians may always be as innocent as it looks
senator said an interviewer your constituents can't understand from your speech last night just how you stand on the question
replied the senator
it took me five hours to write it that way
the misplaced modifier is another species more honored in the observance of obscurity than in the breach
this creates an amusing effect because its position in a sentence seems to make it apply to the wrong word
a verse familiar to all grammarians is the quatrain i saw a man once beat his wife when on a drunken spree
now can you tell me who was drunk the man his wife or me
the wooden-leg gag of vaudeville another standby of this sort had endless variations
there 's a man outside with a wooden leg named smith
what 's the name of his other leg
another stock vaudeville gag ran mother is home sick in bed with the doctor
when radio came in it continued the misplaced modifier in its routines as a standard device
do you see that pretty girl standing next to the car with slacks on
i see the girl but i don't see the car with slacks on
in recent years gagwriters have discovered this brand of blunder and thus the misplaced modifier has acquired a new habitat in the gagline
in one cartoon a family is shown outside a theater with the head of the family addressing the doorman excuse me but when we came out we found that we had left my daughter 's handbag and my wife 's behind
journalism supplies us with an endless run of such slips
long ago a newspaper advised those taking part in a contest that snapshots must be of a person larger than af inches
classified ads are also chockfull of misrelated constructions
readers of the reader 's digest are familiar with such items which often appear in its lists of verbal slips like the ad in a california paper that advertised house for rent
view takes in five counties two bedrooms
since brevity is the soul of ambiguity as well as wit newspaper headlines continually provide us with amusing samples
officials meet on rubbish
many shapes in bathtubs
son and daughter of local couple married
apart from misplaced modifiers and headlinese journalism contributes a wide variety of comic ambiguities in both editorial and advertising matter
a weekly newspaper reported a local romance and the couple were married last saturday thus ending a friendship which began in their schooldays
an item in the letters column of a newspaper renewed a subscription adding i personally enjoy your newspaper as much as my husband
then there was the caterer 's ad which read are you getting married or having an affair
we have complete facilities to accommodate ### people
the newspaper too is the favorite habitat of the anatomical
this slip is so-called because its semi-ambiguous english always seems to refer to a person 's anatomy but never quite means what it seems to say
samples he walked in upon her invitation
she kissed him passionately upon his reappearance
he kissed her back
without good reason has the anatomical been called jocular journalese
in news items a man is less often shot in the body or head than in the suburbs
while henry morgan was escorting miss vera green from the church social last saturday night a savage dog attacked them and bit mr. morgan on the public square
such items recall the california journalist who reported an accident involving a movie star the area in which miss n was injured is spectacularly scenic
the double meaning in the anatomical made it a familiar vaudeville device as in the gags of weber and fields
when a witness at court was asked if he had been kicked in the ensuing rumpus he replied no it was in the stomach
strangely enough this always brought the house down
apart from journalese and vaudeville gags the anatomical is also found in jocular literature
a conscientious girl became the secretary of a doctor
her first day at work she was puzzled by an entry in the doctor 's notes on an emergency case
it read shot in the lumbar region
after a moment of thought her mind cleared and in the interest of clarity she typed into the record shot in the woods
there are many grammatical misconstructions other than dangling modifiers and anatomicals which permit two different interpretations
at the home of a gourmet the new maid was instructed in the fine points of serving
i want the fish served whole with head and tail the epicure explained and serve it with lemon in mouth
the maid demurred
that 's silly lemon in mouth she said
but since the gourmet insisted that it is done that way at the most fashionable dinners the girl reluctantly agreed
so she brought the fish in whole and she carried a lemon in her mouth
another specimen of such double-entendre is illustrated by a woman in a department store
she said to the saleslady i want a dress to put on around the house
the puzzled saleslady inquired how large is your house madam
this saleslady was a failure in the dress department and was transferred to the shoe department
when a customer asked for alligator shoes she said what size is your alligator
the comic indefinite comprises an extensive class of comedy
one species is restricted to statements which are neither explicit nor precise regarding a particular person place time or thing
a woman met a famous author at a literary tea
oh i'm so delighted to meet you she gushed
it was only the other day that i saw something of yours about something or other in some magazine
this baffling lack of distinct details recalls the secretary whose employer was leaving the office and told her what to answer if anyone called in his absence
i may be back he explained and then again i may
the girl nodded understandingly
yes sir she said is that definite
an old-fashioned mother said to her modern daughter you must have gotten in quite late last night dear
where were you
the daughter replied oh i had dinner with well you don't know him but he 's awfully nice and we went to a couple of places i don't suppose you've heard of them and we finished up at a cute little night club i forget the name of it
why it 's all right isn't it mother
her woolly-minded parent agreed
of course dear she said
it 's only that i like to know where you go
no less ambiguous was the indefinity of a certain clergyman 's sermon
dearly beloved he preached unless you repent of your sins in a measure and become converted to a degree you will i regret to say be damned to a more or less extent
this clergyman should have referred to shakespeare 's dictum so-so is a good very good very excellent maxim
and yet it is
it is but so-so
indefinite reference also carries double-meaning where an allusion to one person or thing seems to refer to another
a news item described the launching of a ship completing the ceremony the beautiful movie star smashed a bottle of champagne over her stern as she slid gracefully down the ways into the sea
this is unlike the order received by the sergeant of an army motor pool four trucks to fort mason gym #:## tonight for hauling girls to dance
the bodies must be cleaned and seats wiped off
a politician was approached by a man seeking the office of a minor public official who had just died
what are my chances for taking joe 's place
if you can fix it up with the undertaker returned the politician it 's all right with me
the manager of a movie theater received a telephone call from a woman who was equally indefinite
what have you got on today
a blue suit he answered
who 's in it
i am he said
there was a short pause for reflection
oh said the woman i've seen that picture already
another brand of indefinite reference arises out of the use of the double verb
when a question contains two verbs the response does make clear which of them is being answered
the moonlit night was made for romance and he had been looking at her soulfully for some time
finally he asked do you object to petting
that 's one thing i've never done she said promptly
he thought a moment then inquired you mean petted
no she smiled objected
replies to requests for character reference are notorious for their evasive double-entendre
it would be hard to find anything more equivocal than i cannot recommend him too highly
another less ambiguous case read as follows the bearer of this letter has served me for two years to his complete satisfaction
if you are thinking of giving him a berth be sure to make it a wide one
in the comedy of indefinite reference it-wit occupies a prominent place because of its frequent occurrence
ambiguity arises when the pronoun it carries a twofold reference
two friends were talking
one said when i get a cold i buy a bottle of whiskey for it and within a few hours it 's gone
the speaker referred to the whiskey but his friend thought he meant the cold
it-wit is a misnomer because it covers slips as well as wit
an excited woman was making an emergency call over the phone doctor please come over right away
my husband is in great pain
i called the other afternoon on my old friend graves moreland the anglo-american literary critic his mother was born in ohio who lives alone in a fairy-tale cottage on the upson downs raising hell and peacocks the former only when the venerable gentleman becomes an angry old man about the state of literature or something else that is dwindling and diminishing such as human stature hope and humor
my unscientific friend does believe that human stature is measurable in terms of speed momentum weightlessness or distance from earth but is a matter of the development of the human mind
after gagarin became the greatest man in the world for a nation that does believe in the cult of personality or in careerism moreland wrote me a letter in which he said i am interested in how long a bee can live in a vacuum or how far it can fly
a bee 's place is in the hive
i have come to talk with you about the future of humor and comedy i told him at which he started slightly and then made us each a stiff drink with a trembling hand
i seem to remember he said that in an interview ten years ago you gave humor and comedy five years to live
did you go to their funeral
i was wrong i admitted
comedy didn't die it just went crazy
it has identified itself with the very tension and terror it once did so much to alleviate
we now have only what has been called over here the comedy of menace but we also have horror jokes magazines known as horror comics and sick comedians
there are even publications called sick and mad
the zeitgeist is crazy as a loon or mad as a march hare
it is manic as a man
i woke up this morning moreland said paraphrasing lewis carroll
do you want to hear the paraphrase
can i bear it
i asked taking a final gulp of my drink and handing him the empty glass
just barely he said and repeated his paraphrase the time has come the walrus said to speak of manic things of shots and shouts and sealing dooms of commoners and kings
moreland fixed us each another drink and said for god 's sake tell me something truly amusing
i'll try i said and sat for a moment thinking
oh yes the other day i reread some of emerson 's english traits and there was an anecdote about a group of english and americans visiting germany more than a hundred years ago
in the railway station at berlin a uniformed attendant was chanting foreigners this way
foreigners this way
one woman she could have been either english or american went up to him and said but you are the foreigners
i took a deep breath and an even deeper swallow of my drink and said i admit that going back to ralph waldo emerson for humor is like going to a modern musical comedy for music and comedy
what 's the matter with the music
it doesn't drown out the dialogue i explained
let 's talk about books moreland said
i am told that in america you have non-books by non-writers brought out by non-publishers for non-readers
is it all non-fiction
there is non-fiction and non non-fiction i said
speaking of nonism the other day in a story about a sit-down demonstration the paris herald tribune wrote the non-violence became noisier
and then eichmann was quoted as saying in non-english that hitler 's plan to exterminate the jews was nonsense
if we cannot tell evil horror and insanity from nonsense what is the future of humor and comedy
moreland asked grimly
cryptic i said
they require for existence a brave spirit and a high heart and where do you find these
in our present era of science and angst the heart has been downgraded to use one of our popular retrogressive verbs
i know what you mean moreland sighed
last year your tennessee williams told our dilys powell in a television program that it is the task of the playwright to throw light into the dark corners of the human heart
like almost everybody else he confused the heart both as organ and as symbol with the disturbed psyche the deranged glands and the jumpy central nervous system
i'm pleading for the heart that leaps up when it beholds a rainbow in the sky or for the heart that with rapture fills and dances with the daffodils
the sentimental pure heart of galahad is gone with the knightly years but i still believe in the heart of the george meredith character that was made of the stuff that breaks
we no longer have tom moore 's and longfellow 's heart for any fate either i said
moore and longfellow didn't have the fate that faces us moreland said
one day our species promises co-existence and the next day it threatens co-extinction
we sat for a while drinking in silence
the heart i said finally is now either in the throat or the mouth or the stomach or the shoes
when it was worn in the breast or even on the sleeve we at least knew where it was
there was a long silence
you have visited england five times in the past quarter-century i believe my host said
what has impressed you most on your present visit
i would say depressed impressed i told him
i should say it is the turning of courts of law into veritable theatres for sex dramas involving clergymen and parishioners psychiatrists and patients
it is becoming harder and harder to tell law courts and political arenas from the modern theatre
do you think we need a new henry james to re-explore the anglo-american scene
or perhaps a new noel coward
but you must have heard it said that the drawing-room disappeared forever with the somnolent years of james and the antic heyday of coward
i myself hear it said constantly in drawing-rooms
in them there is usually a group of anglo-americans with tragicomic problems worthy of being explored either in the novel or in the play or in comedy and satire
i stood up and began pacing
if you are trying to get us out of the brothel the dustbin the kitchen sink and the tawdry living-room you are probably wasting your time moreland told me
too many of our writers seem to be interested only in creatures that crawl out of the woodwork or from under the rock
furiouser and furiouser i said
i am worried about the current meanings of the word funny
it now means ominous as when one speaks of a funny sound in the motor
disturbing as when one says that a friend is acting funny
and frightening as when a wife tells the police that it is funny but her husband hasn't been home for two days and nights
moreland sat brooding for a full minute during which i made each of us a new drink
he took his glass clinked it against mine and said toujours gai what the hell
borrowing a line from don marquis' mehitabel
be careful of the word gay for it too has undergone a change
it now means in my country homosexual i said
oh i forgot to say that if one is taken to the funny house in the funny wagon he is removed to a mental institution in an ambulance
recently by the way i received a questionnaire in which i was asked whether or i was non-institutionalized
my host went over and stared out the window at his peacocks
then he turned to me
is it true that you believe the other animals are saner than the human species
oh that is demonstrable i told him
do you remember the woman in the french alps who was all alone with her sheep one day when the sun darkened ominously
she told the sheep the world is coming to an end
and the sheep said all in unison i have no doubt ba-a-a
the sound mockery of sheep is like the salubrious horse laugh
that is only partly non-nonsense he began
if you saw the drama called rhinoceros i said think of the effect it would have on an audience of rhinos when the actor on stage suddenly begins turning into a rhinoceros
the rhinos would panic screaming help
if that can be screamed in their language
you think the russians are getting ahead of us in comedy
non-god no i said
the political and intellectual left began fighting humor and comedy years ago because they fear things they do understand and cannot manage such as satire and irony such as humor and comedy
nevertheless like any other human being upon whom the spotlight of the world plays continually khrushchev the anti-personality cultist has become a comic actor or thinks he has
in his famous meeting with nixon a couple of years ago he seemed to believe that he was as funny as ed wynn
but like caesar he has only one joke so far as i can find out
it consists in saying that would be sending the goat to look after the cabbage
why in the name of his non-god doesn't he vary it a bit
such as sending the cat to guard the mice or the falcon to protect the dove or most terribly sharp of all the human being to save humanity
you and i have fallen out of literature into politics moreland observed
what a nasty fall was there
moreland went over to stare at his peacocks again and then came back and sat down restively
the world that was once foot-loose and fancy-free he said has now become screw-loose and frenzy-free
in our age of science and angst it seems to me more brave to stay on earth and explore inner man than to fly far from the sphere of our sorrow and explore outer space
the human ego being what it is i put in science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats
it seems to me that the first human being to reach one of these planets may well learn what it is to be a truly great and noble species
now we are leaving humor and comedy behind again moreland protested
in the largest sense of the words i said
the other day arnold toynbee spoke against the inveterate tendency of our species to believe in the uniqueness of its religions its ideologies and its virtually everything else
why do we realize that no ideology believes so much in itself as it disbelieves in something else
forty years ago an english writer w. l. george dealt with this subject in eddies of the day and said as an example that saint george for merry england would start a spirit half so quickly as strike frog-eating frenchmen dead
there was also gott strafe angleterre moreland reminded me and carthago delenda est or if you will deus strafe carthage
it isn't what the ideologist believes in but what he hates that puts the world in jeopardy
this is the force in our time and in every other time that urges the paranoiac and the manic-depressive to become head of a state
complete power only corrupts but it also attracts the mad
there is a bitter satire for a future writer in that
great satire has always been clearly written and readily understandable i said
but we now find writers obsessed by the nooks and crannies of their ivory towers and curiously devoted to the growing obscurity and complexity of poetry and non-poetry
i wrote a few years ago that one of the cardinal rules of writing is that the reader should be able to get some idea of what the story is about
one day the children had wanted to get up onto general burnside 's horse
they wanted to see what his back felt like the general 's
he looked so comfortable being straight
they wanted to touch the mystery
arlene was boosting them up when the policeman came by
he was very rude
arlene had a hard voice too this time
the policeman 's eyes rather popped for a second
but then arlene got another tone in a hurry and she said if it wasn't for these dear children
the policeman got a confused funny look on his face and he had answered kind of politely now look here lady i know you got to entertain these kids and all
but this is a public park and it 's a city ordinance that the statues cannot be crawled on
arlene was so ashamed that she hung her head when she said yes sir
the policeman walked on but he looked back once
that had happened on the day when two other unusual things had occurred
arlene had taught them a new way to have fun in their little private area
and they had told their mother about the tumbles
in matters of exact information that kept her one step behind developments
and so they were consistently true to their principles
never mind arlene had said after the policeman had left having pursued the usual unco-operative course of grownups
i know something that is much more fun that we can do on our little lawn
what is it
asked the children whose reflexes and replies were invariably so admirably normal and predictable
maybe that was why they were cordial and loyal towards the unpredictability of arlene
just you wait advised arlene echoing the dialogue in a recent british movie
and when they had got to their little lawn they had had a most twirlingly magnificent time
first arlene had put them through some rapid somersaults
they had protested that that wasn't any surprise
just you wait said arlene again as though she were discovering the pleasantly tingling insinuations of that handy little sturdy statement
this is a warm-up
is it anything like cooked-over oatmeal
asked one of the children
the least bit arlene snapped
one of the many things that was so nice about her was that she always took your questions seriously particularly your very very serious questions
those were especially the ones that all other grownups laughed at loudest
she would sometimes even get a little hard on you she took you so seriously
but hard for very long
just long enough to make you feel important
now said arlene eventually making them both sit in formation on a big root of a live oak the sort of root that divided itself and made their bottoms sag down and feel comfortable
now we're going to be like what general burnside and his horse make us think of
the children looked at each other and sagged their bottoms down even more comfortably than ever
their curiosity went happily out of bounds
then arlene threw herself backwards and wiggled in a way that was just wonderful
she held herself that way and turned her head towards them and laughed and winked
imagine being able to laugh and wink when you're like the top part of that picture frame at home one of them said
they both laughed and winked back
i'm general burnside 's horse upside down arlene said sort of gaspingly for her even she had to breathe kind of funny when she was in that position
she made general burnside 's horse 's belly do so funny when it was upside down
then she was back on her feet winking and smiling that enormous smile she had lots of wonderful big teeth that you never would have suspected she had when she was smiling
and she would wink and throw kisses
they both tried to keep smiling and winking for a long time but it made their lips and eyelids tremble
but they kept on clapping for a long long time
this time arlene said and she even kept on wiggling a little bit while she was just talking you're going to tell me what i am and what i'm doing
it all has something to do with general burnside and his horse
this time it was so grand
they could tell exactly what it was
it was general burnside 's horse running in a circle
his legs shook and the shaking went right on up his body through his hips to his shoulders
that 's the general 's horse one of them cried out
the other remarked in a happy laughter that 's a funny old horse
the first one said he sure does shake
then there was the general kissing his wife
they had to be told that one
but it was even funnier after they had been told
their father when he came back from those many business trips just bumped their mother on the forehead with his lips and asked if anybody had thought to mix the martinis and put them in the electric icebox
but general burnside
he was the funniest man
he never could keep still even when he didn't move his feet
then they had to get up and be general burnside
or his horse
all they could think of was to run around in circles kicking their legs out
it wasn't very funny
then they said general burnside was going to jump over his horse 's head
and they did some somersaults
but that wasn't very funny either
you ought to shake arlene advised them
and arlene showed them how to begin
she also taught them to sing i wish i could shimmy like my sister kate
that helped a lot
they were clumsy but they were beginning to catch on
they also caught on a little bit on how to smile a lot without your lips trembling
imagine you won't get your allowance if you're caught smiling or smiling with your lips trembling too much arlene suggested
that helped a great deal
they were a little late in getting home
i'm sorry mrs. minks arlene said in a tone so low you could hardly hear it
my mother constituted herself the voice of all of us
it 's perfectly understandable arlene my mother said in a friendly way
i suppose you all were playing and forgot
yes ma'am the children chorused heartily
we couldn't help laughing
the children rushed off to get rid of their sweaters
and arlene began tapping the kitchen door open
arlene 's a good girl my uncle remarked to us
but he said it too soon for it came out just before the tap to which the door responded
that tap had a slight bangish quality
she really is a dear little thing my mother agreed
her upper lip lifted slightly
she was biting into a small red radish
and that action always caused her to lift her lip from the sting of the thing
also she lived in continual fear of finding a white worm curled up in a neat mean little heap at the white center of the radish
she would try to see over the bulge of her cheeks and somewhat under her teeth to the place where she was biting
it never worked naturally
but it made her look unusual
also when she had bitten off half of the small radish she found the suspense unbearable
and she would snatch the finger-held half of the radish out to where she could inspect it
one could hear a very faint ladylike sigh of relief
actually it was inaudible to anyone expecting it
but the warm joy of her brown eyes was open to the general public
later on the children told her further about somersaulting
it must be awfully good for them
and awfully kind of arlene she told us later
but do you know something curious
i reached into that funny little pocket that is high up on my dress
i have no notion why i reached
and i found a radish
was it an omen
i thought for a second
but i would pamper myself in that silly way
i opened the window and threw the radish out
then my mother blushed at this small lie
for she knew and we knew that it was cowardice that had made one more radish that night just too impossible a strain
arlene became indispensable
nobody could have told why
but she was
it was in the air
a friend of my father 's came to dinner
he was passing through town and phoned to say hello
as a result he was persuaded out to dinner
as a matter of fact this happened every four or five months
sometimes he coincided with my father 's being at home
sometimes as at this juncture he did
but he was always persuaded out
he liked children in a loathsome kind of way
the two youngest in our family always had to be brought in and put through tricks for his entertainment
when he had left i could never remember whether he had poked them in their middles laughingly with a thick index finger or whether he was merely so much the sort of person who did this that one assumed the action bothering to look
the children loathed him too
this evening they were pushed in from the breakfast room with odds and ends of dessert distributed over them
there had been some coconut in it for i remember my mother 's taking a quick glance at a stringy bit of this nut on the cheek of one of them and then putting down her radish with a shiver
they were pushed gently into the room by arlene whose only part appearing were hands that crept quickly back around to the kitchen side of the door
we had just sat down
tell mr. gorboduc what you're doing these days my mother advised the children ceremonially
there was an air of revolt about the children even irreverence for their own principles
this could be told chiefly from a sort of head-tossing and prancing a horselike balkiness of demeanor
possibly the coconut-containing dessert had brought up bitter problems of administration
but at the beginning this stayed just in the air
we go to the park with this nice lady one of them said
we have good times
this happy bulletin convulsed mr. gorboduc
he asked between wheezes of laughter
he was forced to wipe his eyes
you don't step on the flowers do you
one of the children maneuvered out of range of the poking index finger
no he said
mr. gorboduc took a swig of his sherry
he was so long thinking that my mother had time to inspect her sherry for dregs
usually this was done when attention was diverted by someone else 's long boring story
but this time she was nervous she was open
mr. gorboduc was finally in command of his mind again
tell me what do you do at the park
this was delivered in a forthright way without coyness and over-pretended interest an admirable way with children
only unfortunately he could remove from his voice a nagging insinuation of the direct command
this nettled the children into the revelation of exact truth a sacrifice of their secret superiority over grown people but a victory in the wide fields of perpetration and illegitimate accomplishment
we bump one said
and the other went on to development of the idea
we grind too he said
my mother was beside herself with curiosity
say that again she pleaded
she laughed a little and tossed the dregs rakishly around in her glass
she could see that mr. gorboduc was intrigued
the hostess in her took over
she was rollickingly happy
my uncle looked at mr. gorboduc
he read henry james and used to pretend profundity through eye-beamings at people
mr. gorboduc looked down
he would look up
he was very funny about the whole thing
pueri aquam de silvas ad agricolas portant a delightful vignette set in the unforgettable epoch of pre-punic war rome
marcellus the hero is beset from all sides by the problems of approaching manhood
the story opens on the eve of his fifty-third birthday as he prepares for the two weeks of festivities that are to follow
suddenly a messenger arrives and just before collapsing dead at his feet informs him that the saracens have invaded silesia the home province of his affianced
he at once cancels the celebrations and buckling on his scimitar stumbles blindly from the house where he is hit and killed by a passing oxcart
the albany civic opera 's presentation of spumoni 's immortal il sevigli del spegititgninino with guest contralto hattie sforzt
an unusual if extraordinary rendering of the classic myth that involves the rescue of prometheus from the rock by the u.s. cavalry was given last week in the warehouse of the albany leather conduit company amid cheers of hubba hubba and yalagaloo pip pip
after a busy overture the curtain rises on a farm scene the ranavan valley in northern maine
a dead armadillo the sole occupant of the stage symbolizes the crisis and destruction of the old order
old order acted and atonally sung by grunnfeu arapacis the lovely serbantian import then entered and delivered the well-known invocation to the god phineoppus whereupon the stage is quite unexpectedly visited by a company of wandering gorshek priests symbolizing love lust prudence and general motors respectively
according to the myth old order then vanishes at stage left and reappears at extreme stage right but director shuz skillfully sidesteps the rather gooshey problem of stage effects by simply having miss arapacis walk across the stage
the night he saw it a rather unpleasant situation arose when the soloist refused to approach the armadillo complaining in ad-lib that it smelled
we caught the early train to new york
the dharma dictionary a list of highly unusual terms used in connection with eurasian proto-senility cults
it 's somewhat off the beaten track to be sure but therein lies its variety and charm
for example probably very few people know that the word visrhanik that is bantered about so much today stems from the verb bouanahsha to salivate
likewise and equally fascinating is the news that such unlikely synonyms as pratakku sweathruna and the tongue-twister nnuolapertar-it-vuh-karti-birifw- all originated in the same village in bathar-on-walli province and are all used to express sentiments concerning british imperialism
the terms are fairly safe to use on this side of the ocean but before you start spouting them to your date it might be best to find out if he was a member of major pockmanster 's delhi regiment since resentment toward the natives was reportedly very high in that outfit
the breeze and chancellor neitzbohr a movie melodrama that concerns the attempts of a west german politician to woo a plaster cast of the apollo belvedere
as you have doubtless guessed already the plot is plastered with freudian jungian and meinckian theory
for example when the film is only four minutes old neitzbohr refers to a small victorian piano stool as wilhelmina and we are thereupon subjected to a flashback that informs us that this very piano stool was once used by an epileptic governess whose name of course was doris the english equivalent when passed through middle-gaelic derivations of wilhelmina
for the remainder of the movie chancellor neitzbohr proceeds to lash the piano stool with a slat from a venetian blind that used to hang in the pre-war reichstag
in this manner he seeks to expunge from his own soul the guilt pangs caused by his personal assaults against the english at dunkirk
as we find out at the end it is the stool symbolizing doris therefore the english that he is punishing but the piece of venetian blind
and when the slat finally shatters we see him count the fragments all the while muttering he loves me he loves me
after a few tortuous moments of wondering who he is the camera pans across the room to the plaster statue and we realize that neitzbohr is trying to redeem himself in the eyes of a mute piece of sculpture
the effect needless to say is almost terrifying and though at times a bit obscure the film is certainly a much-needed catharsis for the repressed movie-goer
the music of bini salfininistas capital lp ab#####-r one of the rare recordings of this titanic yet unsung composer
those persons who were lucky enough to see and hear the performance of his work at the brest-silevniov festival in august #### will certainly welcome his return to public notice
and it is unlikely that even as the great bach lay dormant for so many years so has the erudite ingenious salfininistas passed through his purgatory of neglect
but now under the guidance of the contemporary composer marc schlek jr. a major revival is under way
as he leads the neurenschatz skolkau orchestra schlek gives a tremendously inspired performance of both the baslot and rattzhenfuut concertos including the controversial tschilwyk cadenza which was included at the conductor 's insistence
a major portion of the credit should also go to flautist haumd for his rendering of the almost impossible indianapolis movement in the baslot
only was haumd 's intonation and phrasing without flaw but he seemed to take every tonal eccentricity in stride
for example to move as the score requires from the lowest f-major register up to a barely audible n minor in four seconds skipping at the same time even one of the ### fingerings seems a feat too absurd to consider and it is to the flautist 's credit that he remained silent throughout the passage
we would have preferred however to have had the rest of the orchestra refrain from laughing at this and other spots on the recording since it mars an otherwise sober if lofty performance
as broadway itself becomes increasingly weighted down by trite heavy-handed commercially successful musicals and inspirational problem dramas the american theatre is going through an inexorable renaissance in that nebulous area known as off-broadway
for the last two years this frontier of the arts has produced a number of so-called non-dramas which have left indelible bittersweet impressions on the psyche of this veteran theatregoer
the latest and significantly greatest fruit of this theatrical vine is the an adaptation of basho 's classic frog-haiku by roger entwhistle a former university of maryland chemistry instructor
although the play does show a certain structural amateurishness there are eleven acts varying in length from twenty-five seconds to an hour and a half the statement it makes concerning the ceaseless yearning and searching of youth is profound and worthy of our attention
the action centers about a group of outspoken and offbeat students sitting around a table in a cafeteria and their collective and ultimately fruitless search for a cup of hot coffee
they are relentlessly rebuffed on all sides by a waitress the police and an intruding government tutor
the innocence that they tried to conceal at the beginning is clearly destroyed forever when one of them asking for a piece of lemon-meringue pie gets a plate of english muffins instead
leaving the theatre after the performance i had a flash of intuition that life after all as rilke said is just a search for the nonexistent cup of hot coffee and that this unpretentious moving clever bitter slice of life was the greatest thing to happen to the american theatre since brooks atkinson retired
aging but still precocious french feline enfant terrible francoisette lagoon has succeeded in shocking jaded old paris again this time with a sexy ballet scenario called the lascivious interlude the story of a nymphomaniac trip-hammer operator who falls hopelessly in love with a middle-aged steam shovel
a biting pithy parable of the all-pervading hollowness of modern life the piece has been set by mlle lagoon to a sumptuous score a single motif played over and over by four thousand french horns by existentialist hot-shot jean-paul sartre
petite lovely yvette chadroe plays the nymphomaniac engagingly
ever since bambi and more recently born free there have been a lot of books about animals but few compare with max fink 's wry understated charming and immensely readable my friend the quizzical salamander
done in the modern style of a confession fink tells in exquisite detail how he came to know and more important love his mother 's pet salamander alicia
it is an entirely happy book as mrs. fink soon becomes jealous of alicia and in retaliation refuses to continue to scrape the algae off her glass
max in a fit of despair takes alicia and runs off for two marvelous weeks in burbank fink calls it the most wonderful and lovely fourteen days in my whole life at the end of which alicia tragically contracts parkinson 's disease and dies
this brief resume hardly does the book justice but i heartily recommend it to all those who are engages with the major problems of our time
opera in the grand tradition along with mah-jongg seems to be staging a well-deserved comeback
in this country the two guiding lights are without doubt felix fing and anna pulova
fing a lean chiseled impeccable gentleman of the old school who was once mistaken on the street for sir cedric hardwicke is responsible for the rediscovery of verdi 's earliest most raucous opera nabisco a sumptuous bout-de-souffle with a haunting leitmotiv that struck me as being highly reminiscent of the mudugno version of volare
miss pulova has a voice that maria callas once described as like chipping teeth with a screw driver and her round opalescent face becomes fascinatingly reflective of the emotions demanded by the role of rosalie
the champs elysees is literally littered this summer with the prostrate bodies of france 's beat-up beatnik jeunes filles
cause of all this commotion squat pug-nosed balding hopelessly ugly jean-pierre bravado a bogartian figure who plays a sadistic amoral philosophic tasti-freeze salesman in old new-waver fredrico de mille rossilini 's endlessly provocative film a sour sponge
bravado has been alternately described as a symbol of the new grandeur of france and myself de gaulle and a decadent disgusting slob
norman mailer but no one can deny that the screen crackles with electricity whenever he is on it
soaring to stardom along with him margo felicity brighetti a luscious and curvaceously beguiling italian starlet turns in a creditable performance as an airplane mechanic
the battle of the drib-drool continues but most of new york 's knowing sophisticates of abstract expressionism are stamping their feet impatiently in expectation of v for vindication day september first when augustus quasimodo 's first one-man show opens at the guggenheim
we have heard that after seeing mr. quasimodo 's work it will be virtually impossible to deny the artistic validity and importance of the whole abstract movement
and it is thought by many who think about such things that quasimodo is the logical culmination of a school that started with monet progressed through kandinsky and the cubist picasso and blossomed just recently in pollock and de kooning
quasimodo defines his own art as the search for what is there
i paint the nothing he said once to franz kline and myself the nothing that is behind the something the inexpressible unpaintable tick in the unconscious the spirit of the moment resting forever suspended like a huge balloon in non-time
it is his relentlessness and unwaivering adherence to this revolutionary artistic philosophy that has enabled him to paint such pictures as the invasion of cuba
in this work his use of non-color is startling and skillful
the sweep of space the delicate counterbalance of the white masses the over-all completeness and unity the originality and imagination all entitle it to be called an authentic masterpiece
i asked quasimodo recently how he accomplished this and he replied that he had painted his model a beautiful shade of red and then had her breathe on the canvas which was his typical tongue-in-cheek way of chiding me for my lack of sensitivity
dear sirs let me begin by clearing up any possible misconception in your minds wherever you are
the collective by which i address you in the title above is neither patronizing nor jocose but an exact industrial term in use among professional thieves
it is i am reliably given to understand the technical argot for those who engage in your particular branch of the boost
i.e. burglars who rob while the tenants are absent in contrast to hot-slough prowlers those who work while the occupants are home
since the latter obviously require an audacity you do possess you may perhaps suppose that i am taunting you as socially inferior
far from it
i merely draw an etymological distinction hoping that specialists and busy people like you will welcome such precision in a layman
above all disabuse yourselves of any thought that i propose to vent moral indignation at your rifling my residence to whimper over the loss of a few objets d'art or to shame you into rectitude
my object rather is to alert you to an aspect or two of the affair that could have the gravest implications for you far beyond the legal sanctions society might inflict
you have unwittingly set in motion forces so malign so vindictive that it would be downright inhumane of me to warn you about them
quite candidly fellows i wouldn't be in your shoes for all the rice in china
as you've doubtless forgotten the circumstances in the press of more recent depredations permit me to recapitulate them briefly
sometime on saturday evening august ##nd while my family and i were dining at the hostaria dell' orso in rome you jimmied a window of our home in bucks county pennsylvania and let yourselves into the premises
hastening to the attic the temperature of which was easily hotter than the gold coast you proceeded to mask the windows with a fancy wool coverlet some khaki pants and the like and to ransack the innumerable boxes and barrels stored there
what you were looking for unless you make a hobby of collecting old tennis rackets and fly screens eludes me but to judge from phonograph records scattered about a fumed-oak victrola
you danced two tangos and a paso doble which must have been fairly enervating in that milieu
you then descended one story glommed a television set from the music room the only constructive feature of your visit by the way and returning to the ground floor entered the master bedroom
from the curio cabinet on its south wall and the bureaus beneath you abstracted seventeen ivory metal wood and stone sculptures of oriental and african origin two snuffboxes and a jade-handled magnifying glass
rummaging through a stack of drawers nearby you unearthed an antique french chess set in ivory and sandalwood which along with two box kodaks you added to your haul
then having wrapped the lot in an afghan my dog customarily slept on you lammed out the front door considerately leaving it open for neighbors to discover
so much for the tiresome facts as familiar to you i'm sure as to the constables and state troopers who followed in your wake
the foregoing aided by several clues i'll withhold to keep you on your toes will pursue you with a tenacity worthy of inspector javert but before they close in gird yourselves i repeat for a vengeance infinitely more pitiless
fourteen of the sculptures you took possess properties of a most curious and terrifying nature as you will observe when your limbs begin to wither and your hair falls out in patches
in time these minor manifestations will multiply and effloresce riddling you with frambesia the king 's evil sheep rot and clonic spasm until your very existence becomes a burden and you cry out for release
all this though is simply a prelude a curtain-raiser for what ensues and i doubt whether any occidental could accurately forecast it
if however it would help to intensify your anguish i can delimit the powers of a few of the divinities you've affronted and describe the punishment they meted out in one analogous instance
hold on tight
first of all the six figures of the buddha you heisted four siamese heads a black obsidian statuette in the earth-touching position and a large brass figure of the dying buddha on a teakwood base
now you probably share the widespread western belief that the lord buddha is the most compassionate of the gods much more so than jehovah and allah and the rest
'fess up don't you
well ordinarily he is except as the wheel of the law specifies toward impious folk who steal disturb or maltreat the presence
very peculiar retribution indeed seems to overtake such jokers
eight or ten years ago a couple of french hoods stole a priceless khmer head from the musee guimet in paris and a week later crawled into the salpetriere with unmistakable symptoms of leprosy
hell 's own amount of chaulmoogra oil did nothing to alleviate their torment
they expired amid indescribable fantods imploring the blessed one to forgive their desecration
any reputable french interne can supply you with a dozen similar instances and i'll presently recount a case out of my own personal experience but for the moment let 's resume our catalogue
whether the pair of sudanese ivory carvings you lifted really possess the juju to turn your livers to lead as a dealer in khartoum assured me i am competent to say
likewise the ivory chinese female figure known as a doctor lady provenance honan
a friend of mine removing her from the curio cabinet for inspection was felled as if by a hammer but he had previously drunk a quantity of applejack
the three indian brass deities though ganessa siva and krishna are an altogether different cup of tea
they hail from travancore a state in the subcontinent where kali the goddess of death is worshiped
have you ever heard of thuggee
but it is the wooden sculpture from bali the one representing two men with their heads bent backward and their bodies interlaced by a fish that i particularly call to your attention
oddly enough this is an amulet against housebreakers presented to the mem and me by a local rajah in ####
inscribed around its base is a charm in balinese a dialect i take it you don't comprehend
neither do i but the tjokorda agoeng was good enough to translate and i'll do as much for you
whosoever violates our rooftree the legend states can expect maximal sorrow
the teeth will rain from his mouth like pebbles his wife will make him cocu with fishmongers and a trolley car will grow in his stomach
furthermore and this to me strikes an especially warming note it shall avail the vandals naught to throw away or dispose of their loot
the cycle of disaster starts the moment they touch any belonging of ours and dogs them unto the forty-fifth generation
sort of remorseless isn't it
still there it is
now you no doubt regard the preceding as pap
you're tooling around full of gage in your hot rods gorging yourselves on pizza and playing pinball in the taverns and generally behaving like ubermenschen
in that case listen to what befell another wisenheimer who tangled with our joss
a couple of years back i occupied a village apartment whose outer staircase contained the type of niche called a coffin turn
in it was a stone tibetan buddha i had picked up in bombay and occasionally to make merit my wife and i garlanded it with flowers or laid a few pennies in its lap
after a while we became aware that the money was disappearing as fast as we replenished it
our suspicions eventually centered by the process of elimination on a grocer 's boy a thoroughly bad hat who delivered cartons to the people overhead
the more i probed into this young man 's activities and character the less savory i found him
i learned for example that he made a practice of yapping at dogs he encountered and in winter of sprinkling salt on the icy pavement to scarify their feet
his energy was prodigious
sometimes he would be up before dawn clad as a garbage collector and hurling pails into areaways to exasperate us and thereafter would hurry to the bronx zoo to grimace at the lions and press cigar butts against their paws
evenings he was frequently to be seen at restaurants like enrico & paglieri 's or peter 's backyard drunkenly donning ladies' hats and singing o sole mio
in short and to borrow an arboreal phrase slash timber
well the odious little toad went along chivying animals and humans who couldn't retaliate and in due course as was inevitable overreached himself
one morning we discovered only that the pennies were missing from the idol but that a cigarette had been stubbed out in its lap
now he 's bought it said my wife contentedly
no divinity will hold still for that
he 's really asking for it
and how right she was
the next time we saw him he was a changed person
he had aged thirty years and his face the color of tallow was crisscrossed with wrinkles as though it had been wrapped in chicken wire
some sort of nemesis was haunting his footsteps he told us in a quavering voice either an ape specter or abe spector a process-server we couldn't determine which
his eyes had the same dreadful rigid stare as dr. grimesby roylott 's when he was found before his open safe wearing the speckled band
the grocery the youth worked for soon tired of his depressing effect on customers most of whom were sufficiently neurotic without the threat of incubi and let him go
the beautiful the satisfying part of his disintegration however was the masterly way the buddha polished him off
reduced to beggary he at last got a job as office boy to a television producer
his hubris deficiency of taste and sadism carried him straightaway to the top
he evolved programs that plumbed new depths of bathos and besmirched whole networks and quickly superseded his boss
long ago i rode down with him in an elevator in radio city
he was talking to himself thirteen to the dozen and smoking two cigars at once clearly a man in extremis
see that guy
the operator asked pityingly
i wouldn't be in his shoes for all the rice in china
there 's some kind of a nemesis haunting his footsteps
however one looks at it therefore i'd say that your horoscope for this autumn is the reverse of rosy
the inventory you acquired from me isn't going to be easy to move
you can't very well sidle up to people on the street and ask if they want to buy a hot bodhisattva
additionally since you're going to be hors de combat pretty soon with sprue yaws delhi boil the granville wilt liver fluke bilharziasis and a host of other complications of the hex you've aroused you mustn't expect to be lionized socially
my advice if you live long enough to continue your vocation is that the next time you're attracted by the exotic pass it up it 's nothing but a headache
as you can count on me to do the same
s. j. perelman
revulsion in the desert
the doors of the d train slid shut and as i dropped into a seat and exhaling looked up across the aisle the whole aviary in my head burst into song
she was a living doll and no mistake the blue-black bang the wide cheekbones olive-flushed that betrayed the cherokee strain in her midwestern lineage and the mouth whose only fault in the novelist 's carping phrase was that the lower lip was a trifle too voluptuous
from what i was able to gauge in a swift greedy glance the figure inside the coral-colored boucle dress was stupefying